The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine. The ureters then carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine temporarily until urination. During urination, urine exits the body through the urethra. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid levels.
What is Excretion ?, organ used, types of regulation, modes of excretion, explanation of each, human excretory system & function, kidney and its parts, mechanism of urine formation, Dialysis
What is Excretion ?, organ used, types of regulation, modes of excretion, explanation of each, human excretory system & function, kidney and its parts, mechanism of urine formation, Dialysis
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
i. component organs of the urinary system;
ii. describe the structure of the kidneys;
iii. describe the structure of the ureters;
iv. describe the structure of the urinary bladder;
v. describe the structure of the urethra; and
vi. explain the formation of urine and it's composition
these slides are prepared to understand Urinary system IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#Nephrons, #kidney, #urine, #BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #APGAR, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and
nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation,
micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance, role of RAS in kidney
and disorders of kidney.
The purifying system for blood.
Blood passes through the urinary system in order to be cleaned of toxins and poisons.
Organs of the urinary system include:
Kidneys – paired
Ureters – paired
Bladder – single
Urethra - single
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
i. component organs of the urinary system;
ii. describe the structure of the kidneys;
iii. describe the structure of the ureters;
iv. describe the structure of the urinary bladder;
v. describe the structure of the urethra; and
vi. explain the formation of urine and it's composition
these slides are prepared to understand Urinary system IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#Nephrons, #kidney, #urine, #BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #APGAR, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and
nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation,
micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance, role of RAS in kidney
and disorders of kidney.
The purifying system for blood.
Blood passes through the urinary system in order to be cleaned of toxins and poisons.
Organs of the urinary system include:
Kidneys – paired
Ureters – paired
Bladder – single
Urethra - single
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Urinary system
The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product.
The urinary system is also known as Excretory and renal system .
The urinary system consists of a two kidneys, two ureter, one urinary bladder and one urethra.
(i) Two Kidneys : formation of urine
(ii) Two Ureter –transports the urine
(iii) One Urinary bladder – stores urine temporarily
(iv) One Urethra – carries urine out side the body .
I. Kidneys –
The kidneys are reddish brown color , bean-shaped
organs about 11 cm long, 5 cm wide and 3 cm thick, each weight about 150 gm in an adult
male and about 135 gm in adult female.
Located below the ribs toward the middle of the back.
The right kidney is positioned slightly lower than the left kidney to accommodate the liver.
The kidney is divided into two major structure: renal cortex and renal medulla
3.
4. Cont..
The hilum is a notch located near the centre of the kidney's inner concave surface. It is the point where the
ureter, blood vessels, as well as nerves, all enter.
Adrenal gland. Atop each kidney is an adrenal gland, which is part of the endocrine system is a distinctly
separate organ functionally.
Fibrous capsule. A transparent fibrous capsule encloses each kidney and gives a fresh kidney a glistening
appearance.
Perirenal fat capsule. A fatty mass, the perirenal fat capsule, surrounds each kidney and acts to cushion it
against blows.
Renal fascia. The renal fascia, the outermost capsule, anchors the kidney and helps hold it in place against
the muscles of the trunk wall.
Renal cortex. The outer region, which is light in color, is the renal cortex.
Renal medulla. Deep to the cortex is a darker, reddish-brown area, the renal medulla. Renal pyramids. The
medulla has many basically triangular regions with a striped appearance, the renal, or medullary pyramids; the
broader base of each pyramid faces toward the cortex while its tip, the apex, points toward the inner region of
the kidney.
Renal columns. The pyramids are separated by extensions of cortex-like tissue, the renal columns.
Renal pelvis. Medial to the hilum is a flat, basinlike cavity, the renal pelvis, which is continuous with the
ureter leaving the hilum.
Calyces. Extensions of the pelvis, calyces, form cup-shaped areas that enclose the tips of the pyramid and
collect urine, which continuously drains from the tips of the pyramids into the renal pelvis.
5. Renal artery. The arterial supply of each kidney is the renal artery, which divides
into segmental arteries as it approaches the hilum, and each segmental artery
gives off several branches called interlobar arteries.
Arcuate arteries. At the cortex-medulla junction, interlobar arteries give off
arcuate arteries, which curve over the medullary pyramids.
Cortical radiate arteries. Small cortical radiate arteries then branch off the
arcuate arteries and run outward to supply the cortical tissue.
1. Perirenal fat: This covers the fibrous capsule.
2. Renal fascia: This is a connective tissue that lies outside the perirenal fat and
encloses the kidneys and suprarenal glands.
3. Pararenal fat: This lies external to the renal fascia and is often in large
quantities.
6.
7.
8. Renal Cortex: The outer region, which is light in color.
Renal Medulla: It is a darker reddish-brown area, deep
to the cortex.
Function
Remove waste products and drugs from the body.
Balance the body's fluids.
Release hormones to regulate blood pressure.
Control production of red blood cell
9. Characteristics of Urine
Daily volume. In 24 hours, only about 1.0 to 1.8 liters of urine are produced.
Components. Urine contains nitrogenous wastes and unneeded substances.
Color. Freshly voided urine is generally clear and pale to deep yellow.
Odor. When formed, urine is sterile and slightly aromatic, but if allowed to
stand, it takes on an ammonia odor caused by the action of bacteria on the
urine solutes.
pH. Urine pH is usually slightly acidic (around 6), but changes in body
metabolism and certain foods may cause it to be much more acidic or basic.
Specific gravity. Whereas the specific gravity of pure water is 1.0, the specific
gravity of urine usually ranges from 1.001 to 1.035.
Solutes. Solutes normally found in urine include sodium and potassium ions,
urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, bicarbonate ions, and various other ions.
10. Ureters
Size. The ureters are two slender tubes each 25 to 30 cm (10 to
12 inches) long and 6 mm (1/4 inch) in diameter.
Location. Each ureter runs behind the peritoneum from the
renal hilum to the posterior aspect of the bladder, which it
enters at a slight angle.
Function. Essentially, the ureters are passageways that carry
urine from the kidneys to the bladder through contraction of
the smooth muscle layers in their walls that propel urine into
the bladder by peristalsis and is prevented from flowing back
by small valve-like folds of bladder mucosa that flap over the
ureter openings.
11. Urinary Bladder
Location. It is located retroperitoneally in the pelvis just
posterior to the symphysis pubis.
Function. The detrusor muscles and the transitional
epithelium both make the bladder uniquely suited for its
function of urine storage.
Trigone. The smooth triangular region of the bladder base
outlined by these three openings is called the trigone, where
infections tend to persist.
Detrusor muscles. The bladder wall contains three layers of
smooth muscle, collectively called the detrusor muscle, and its
mucosa is a special type of epithelium, transitional
epithelium.
12. urethra
The urethra is a thin-walled tube that carries urine by peristalsis from the
bladder to the outside of the body.
Internal urethral sphincter. At the bladder-urethral junction, a thickening
of the smooth muscle forms the internal urethral sphincter,
an involuntary sphincter that keeps the urethra closed when the urine is
not being passed.
External urethral sphincter. A second sphincter, the external urethral
sphincter, is fashioned by skeletal muscle as the urethra passes through the
pelvic floor and is voluntarily controlled.
Female urethra. The female urethra is about 3 to 4 cm (1 1/2 inches)
long, and its external orifice, or opening, lies anteriorly to the vaginal
opening.
Male urethra. In me, the urethra is approximately 20 cm (8 inches) long
and has three named regions: the prostatic, membranous, and spongy
(penile) urethrae; it opens at the tip of the penis after traveling down its
length.
13. Nephron
Nephron is a basic microscopic structural and functional unit of the Kidney
The structure that actually produces urine in the process of removing waste
and excess substances from the blood.
There are about 1 million nephrons in each human kidney.
A nephron is used separate to water, ions and small molecules from the blood,
filter out wastes and toxins, and return needed molecules to the blood.
The renal corpuscle and renal tubule are two main components of the nephron
The nephron of the kidney in mammals is a tube that is approximately 30-55
mm in length.
The nephron has an inflated and closed tube. The end of this tube is folded to a
cuplike shape structure. The nephron is composed mainly of two structures—
the renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
14. There are three parts to nephrons:
1- Renal corpuscular consists of the glomerulus and bowman's capsule and has a role in
blood filtration.
2- Renal tubules consist of distal and proximal convoluted tube and loop of Henle and
have a role in reabsorption of essential nutrients back to the blood.
3- Collecting duct collects urine and passes it to the ureters to be expelled later through
the urethra.
Function :-
A nephron is responsible for removing waste products, stray ions, and excess water
from the blood.
The blood travels through the glomerulus, which is surrounded by the glomerular
capsule.
As the heart pumps the blood, the pressure created pushes small molecules through the
capillaries and into the glomerular capsule.
Filter and reabsorb water molecules and other important solutes present in the blood.
15.
16. There are three stages involved in the process of urine
formation. They are
1. Glomerular filtration or ultra-filtration
2. Selective reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion
Physiology of urine formation
17.
18.
19. Glomerulus. One of the main structures of a nephron, a glomerulus is a knot of
capillaries.
Renal tubule. Another one of the main structures in a nephron is the renal tubule.
Bowman’s capsule. The closed end of the renal tubule is enlarged and cup-shaped and
completely surrounds the glomerulus, and it is called the glomerular or Bowman’s
capsule.
Podocytes. The inner layer of the capsule is made up of highly modified octopus-
like cells called podocytes.
Collecting duct. As the tubule extends from the glomerular capsule, it coils and twists
before forming a hairpin loop and then again becomes coiled and twisted before
entering a collecting tubule called the collecting duct, which receives urine from many
nephrons.
Proximal convoluted tubule. This is the part of the tubule that is near to the
glomerular capsule.
Loop of Henle. The loop of Henle is the hairpin loop following the proximal
convoluted tubule
20. .
Distal convoluted tubule. After the loop of Henle, the tubule continues to coil and
twist before the collecting duct, and this part is called the distal convoluted tubule.
Cortical nephrons. Most nephrons are called cortical nephrons because they are
located almost entirely within the cortex.
Juxtamedullary nephrons. In a few cases, the nephrons are called juxtamedullary
nephrons because they are situated next to the cortex-medullary junction, and their
loops of Henle dip deep into the medulla.
The afferent arteriole carries blood into the glomerulus, whereas the efferent
arteriole transports blood out.
Peritubular capillaries. They arise from the efferent arteriole that drains the
glomerulus.
21. Glomerular filtration
This takes place through the semipermeable walls of the glomerular capillaries
and Bowman’s capsule.
The afferent arterioles supplying blood to glomerular capsule carries useful as
well as harmful substances.
The useful substances are glucose, aminoacids, vitamins, hormones,
electrolytes, ions etc and the harmful substances are metabolic wastes such as
urea, uric acids, creatinine, ions, etc.
Due to this difference in diameter of arteries, blood leaving the glomerulus
creates the pressure known as hydrostatic pressure
The glomerular hydrostatic pressure forces the blood to leaves the glomerulus
resulting in filtration of blood.
On average, the kidney filters 1100 mL to 1200 mL of blood per minute.
A capillary hydrostatic pressure of about 7.3 kPa (55 mmHg) builds up in the
glomerulus
22. Cont..
However this pressure is opposed by the osmotic pressure of the blood, provided
mainly by plasma proteins, about 4 kPa (30 mmHg), and by filtrate hydrostatic pressure
of about 2 kPa (15 mmHg in the glomerular capsule
By the net filtration pressure of 10mmHg, blood is filtered in the glomerular capsule.
Water and other small molecules readily pass through the filtration slits but Blood cells,
plasma proteins and other large molecules are too large to filter through and therefore
remain in the capillaries.
The filtrate containing large amount of water, glucose, aminoacids, uric acid, urea,
electrolytes etc in the glomerular capsule is known as nephric filtrate of glomerular
filtrate.
The volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys each minute is called the glomerular
filtration rate (GFR).
In a healthy adult the GFR is about 125 mL/min, i.e. 180 litres of filtrate are
formed each day by the two kidneys
23. Selective reabsorption
As the filtrate passes to the renal tubules, useful substances including some water,
electrolytes and organic nutrients such as glucose, aminoacids, vitamins hormones etc
are selectively reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood in the proximal
convoluted tubule.
Reabsorption of some substance is passive, while some substances are actively
transported. Major portion of water is reabsorbed by Osmosis.
Only 60–70% of filtrate reaches the Henle loop. Much of this, especially water, sodium
and chloride, is reabsorbed in the loop, so that only 15–20% of the original filtrate
reaches the distal convoluted tubule, More electrolytes are reabsorbed here, especially
sodium, so the filtrate entering the collecting ducts is actually quite dilute.
The main function of the collecting ducts is to reabsorb as much water as the body
needs. Nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and vitamins are reabsorbed by active
transport.
Positive charged ions ions are also reabsorbed by active transport while negative
charged ions are reabsorbed most often by passive transport.
Water is reabsorbed by osmosis, and small proteins are reabsorbed by pinocytosis.
24. Tubular secretion
Tubular secretion takes place from the blood in the peritubular capillaries to
the filtrate in the renal tubules and can ensure that wastes such as creatinine or
excess H+ or excess K+ ions are actively
secreted into the filtrate to be excreted. Excess K+ ion is secreted in the
tubules and in exchange Na+ ion is reabsorbed otherwise it causes a clinical
condition called Hyperkalemia.
Tubular secretion of hydrogen ions (H+) is very important in maintaining
normal blood pH.
Substances such as , e.g. drugs including penicillin and aspirin, may not be
entirely filtered out of the blood because of the short time it remains in the
glomerulus.
The tubular filtrate is finally known as urine. Human urine is usually
hypertonic