1. The document summarizes the anatomy of the orbital spaces and their clinical importance. It describes the four main anatomical spaces in the orbit - subperiosteal, peripheral orbital, central, and sub-Tenon's space.
2. The spaces are important because benign tumors typically remain within their space of origin, while large, malignant, or infiltrative tumors can spread beyond their original space. Understanding the orbital anatomy helps determine the surgical approach for orbitotomy or local anesthesia techniques.
3. Common pathologies are described for each space, such as dermoid cysts in the subperiosteal space and cavernous hemangiomas in the central space. Imaging features and clinical presentations of select conditions are
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anatomy of optic nerve and its blood supply and clinical corelation
Presentation Layout: optic nerve anatomy
Embryology of optic nerve
Introduction
Parts of optic nerve
Blood supply
Clinical significance
For Further Reading
Wolff’s Anatomy of the eye and orbit by Bron, Tripathi and Tripathi
Anatomy and Physiology of eye by A.K. Khurana 2nd edition
Comprehensive Ophthalmology by A.K. Khurana 5th edition
AAO- Fundamentals & Principles of Ophthalmology : sec 2
Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Ophthalmology
Internet
This lecture includes anatomy, Physiology of eyelids, if u like it kindly share it with colleagues and like it. I will share more lectures related to eye anatomy and optometry.
Thank You.
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Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com/eye-ppt/❤❤❤
anatomy of optic nerve and its blood supply and clinical corelation
Presentation Layout: optic nerve anatomy
Embryology of optic nerve
Introduction
Parts of optic nerve
Blood supply
Clinical significance
For Further Reading
Wolff’s Anatomy of the eye and orbit by Bron, Tripathi and Tripathi
Anatomy and Physiology of eye by A.K. Khurana 2nd edition
Comprehensive Ophthalmology by A.K. Khurana 5th edition
AAO- Fundamentals & Principles of Ophthalmology : sec 2
Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Ophthalmology
Internet
This lecture includes anatomy, Physiology of eyelids, if u like it kindly share it with colleagues and like it. I will share more lectures related to eye anatomy and optometry.
Thank You.
A complete unit of the various diseases involving the orbit and the surrounding structures. It involves the unilateral and bilateral proptosis conditions. Also, the various proptosis etiologies involved in adults and children along with various tumors involving the orbit is also dealt with.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
3. Gross Anatomy
Dimensions
Depth – about 42 mm(40-45 mm) along the medial wall
- about 50 mm along the lateral wall.
Base width- 40mm, height- 35mm.
Intraorbital width - 25mm
Extraorbital width- 100mm
Volume of each orbit about 29-30 ml.
Ratio between the volume of orbit and eyeball- 4.5:1.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Anatomical spaces in the Orbit
The orbit is divisible into a number of spaces.
1.Subperiosteal space
2.Peripheral orbital space (anterior space)
3.Central space
4.Sub-Tenon’s space
9. 1. Subperiosteal space
Space between orbital bones and the periorbita,
limited anteriorly by the strong adhesions of
periorbita to the orbital rim.
Tumors arising from the bones separate periorbita
from the bone, which becomes thicker and tougher
forming an effective barrier against spread of the
tumor towards the eye.
10.
11. 2. Peripheral anterior space/ Extraconal
space
- bounded peripherally by periorbita, internally by the 4
EOM with their intermuscular septa and anteriorly by
the septum orbitale.
- Posteriorly merges with the central space.
- Contents include peripheral orbital fat, SO, IO, LPS,
lacrimal, frontal, trochlear nerves, ant & post.
Ethmoidal N, sup. And inf. Ophthalmic V., lacrimal
gland and half of lacrimal sac.
12.
13. 3. Central space/ Intraconal space
- aka Muscular cone / posterior/ Retrobulbar space.
- Bounded anteriorly by Tenon’s capsule lining the back
of the eye, peripherally by EO rectus muscles and their
intermuscular septa
- Posteriorly, space becomes continuous with peripheral
orbital space.
- Contents include optic N & its meninges,
occulomotor(sup. & inf. Div), abducent, nasociliary N,
ciliary ganglion, ophthalmic A, superior ophthalmic V
and the central orbital fat.
17. Dermoid
• Choristoma-Normal tissue at abn place
• Lined by stratified squamous
epithelium
• Fibrous wall
• Sweat gland, sebaceous glands, hair
follicles
• Superficial and deep
• Painless, superotemporal , firm ,round,
smooth , non tender, adhere to
periosteum, post margin palpable
• Deep – proptosis, dystopia, indistinct
post margin
• Ct scan- well circumscribed
heterogenous lesion
• Can erode bone, extend intracranially
or inferotemporal fossa
1. Ct /mri
2. Orbit/brain/ both
3. Plain/ contrast enhanced
4. Axial/coronal/saggital
5. Level of scan
6. Abnormalities
7. Lesion – size, shape location,
number, margin, internal
consistency, surrounding
tissue, surrounding bone, ;
extraorbital extension
8. Benign/
malignant/vascular/cystic
9. Diagnosis
mid axial section of plain ct scan of orbit
and brain showing proptosis of left eye
with single well defined oval isodense mass
present behind the globe and pushing the
lateral wall of orbit. suggestive of a benign
lesion and it could be orbital dermoid
18. Sinus mucocele
• Infection, allergy, trauma, tumour,
congenital narrowing
• Obstruction of drainage of paranasal
sinus
• Accumulation of mucoid secretion
• Erodes the bony walls of sinus
• Causing proptosis or dystopia
19. Sub-Perisoteal Abscess
• Commonly occurs from ethmoidal sinusitis, extending into the orbit via
the lamina papyracea but can also occur secondary to frontal sinusitis.
• Mass effect on MR
• Opacification of ethmoid cells
• Iv antibiotics
• External drainage
• Transnasal endoscopic drainage
• if any of the following criteria are present, then surgical intervention is
warranted:
• Presence of frontal sinusitis
• Large, non-medial SPA
• Suspicion of anaerobic infection (presence of gas in abscess on CT)
• Re-accumulation of SPA after previous drainage
• Evidence of chronic sinusitis (e.g., nasal polyps)
• Acute optic neuropathy
20. Peripheral orbital space tumors
• Orbital varices
• Capillary hemangioma
• Lymphoma
• Lacrimal gland tumours
• Pseudotumors
21. Orbital varices
• Venous- lymphatic
malformation
• Thin walled, distensible , vein
like vessels of low flow nature
• M/c cause for spontaneous
orbital hemorrhage- painful
proptosis
• Stress proptosis-Increase in
venous pressure- distension
of lesion
• Ct scan- varices may be
smooth contoured, or
segmentally dilated or
tangled mass, along with
contrast enhancemet.
22. Capillary haemangioma
• most common tumour of the orbit and
periorbital area in childhood.
• Girls are affected
• Hamartoma
• Superficial cutaneous lesion- bright red
• Deeper preseptal- dark blue
• Deep orbit- u/l proptosis, no
discoloration
• Can be extraconal or anterior orbit
• Usg- medium internal reflectivity
• CT scan- lobulated, heterogenous mass
with irregular margin and Contrast CT-
homogenous enhancement of soft
tissue mass
23. Pleomorphic lacrimal gland
adenoma
• m/c epithelial tumour
• Painless
• Palpebral lobe- upper lid swelling
without dystopia
• Orbital lobe- smooth, firm, non
tender, mass in lac gland fossa,
inferonasal dystopia, post
extension causes proptosis
• Ct scan –round mass, smooth
outline, indent the globe, no
bony erosion
• Pain is frequent feature
• Inferolateral dystopia
• Post extension- superior
orbital fissure, proptosis
• CT scan– irregular serrated
edges, bony erosion
Lacrimal gland carcinoma
24. Idiopathic orbital inflammatory
disease
• non-specific orbital inflammation or orbital
pseudotumor
• non-neoplastic, non-infective, space
occupying orbital infiltration with
inflammatory features
• Acute or subacute ocular and periocular
redness, swelling and pain
• Proptosis
• Mild to severe ophthalmoplegia
• Frozen orbit-ophthalmoplegia +ptosis
+visual impairment
• CT scan- ill defined orbital opacification and
loss of definitions of contents
25. Tumors of central space
• Cavernous hemangioma
• Optic nerve glioma
• Optic nerve sheath meningioma
• Neurilemomas
• Solitary neurofibroma
26. Cavernous haemangioma
• Middle age, female
• m/c orbital tumour in adult
• Lateral part of muscle cone ,
behind the globe
• u/l axial proptosis
• Encapsulated mass
• Ct/mri- well circumscribed oval
lesion, slow contrast
enhancement
27. Optic nerve glioma
• Ass with NF1
• Age = 6yr -8yrs
• Slowly progressive visual
loss
• Non axial proptosis, inferior
dystopia
• Intracranial spread
• Mri/ ct- fusiform
enlargement of the optic
nerve
28. Optic nerve sheath meningioma
• Primary uncommon
• Gradual loss of vision
• Most meningioma of ON
sheath arises from the
extension of prim intracranial
lesion
• Tumour encircles the optic
nerve
• Ass with NF2
• Mri- tram track sign
29. LYMPHOMA
• Asymptomatic
• Double vision, bulging eye or visible
mass- Rubbery consistency
• Any part of the orbit affected
Ct scan- homogeneous mas, either
isodense or slightly hyperdense when
compared to the extraocular muscles
32. Importance of orbital spaces
• Benign tumors remains in their space of origin
• Large or malignant or infilterative tumour spreads beyond their origin
• Deciding the approach for orbitotomy
• Anesthesia