This document summarizes key anatomical variations of the sphenoid sinus that can impact trans-sphenoid pituitary surgery. It describes variations in pneumatization degree, type of pneumatization, sellar bulge prominence, septation, and intercarotid distance that are evaluated on preoperative CT and MRI to assess surgical complexity. Examples of imaging findings of each variation are also provided.
Radiology Spotters collection by Dr Pradeep. Nice collection Radiology spotters mixed collection ppt made by or collected by Dr. Pradeep, this is a collection of confusing spotter and very important spotter commonly asked in exams, our references is radiopaedia, learning radiology and Aunt Minnie.. Thanks
Congenital neck mass radiology pk final is very good power point presentation for radiologist, radiology resident, student and even ent surgeon or resident doctor.. Every disease of neck lesion is properly describe with multi usg, ct and MRI images. this will help a lot. thanks.
This presenation includes anatomy and pathology of intraconal conal and extraconal orbital pathology. this presenation dealsimaging feature of different pathology. Thanks.
Radiology Spotters collection by Dr Pradeep. Nice collection Radiology spotters mixed collection ppt made by or collected by Dr. Pradeep, this is a collection of confusing spotter and very important spotter commonly asked in exams, our references is radiopaedia, learning radiology and Aunt Minnie.. Thanks
Congenital neck mass radiology pk final is very good power point presentation for radiologist, radiology resident, student and even ent surgeon or resident doctor.. Every disease of neck lesion is properly describe with multi usg, ct and MRI images. this will help a lot. thanks.
This presenation includes anatomy and pathology of intraconal conal and extraconal orbital pathology. this presenation dealsimaging feature of different pathology. Thanks.
Meningeal Based Intracranial Masses Beyond MeningiomaDr Varun Bansal
Dural based masses other than meningioma ( which is the most common dural based intracranial mass) their appearance on imaging modalities such as CT and MRI.
In this presentation we will dscuss the imp imaging features of Posterior fossa tumors in pediatric age group.
Medulloblastoma
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Ependymoma
Brainstem Glioma
Schwanoma
Meningioma
Epidermoid Cyst
Arachnoid Cyst
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
7. HAEMANGIOMA
(Solid lesion with vascular channels and sizable parenchymal component)
• The most common.
• Not present in birth.
• 3 phases: proliferative, quiescent and
involutional.
Infantile
• At birth
• RICH…rapidly involuting congenital
haemangioma.
• NICH…. Non involuting congenital
haemangioma.
congenital
8. Infantile Haemangioma
Right parotid gland infantile haemangioma.
Lobulated well-defined hypointense mass with intense enhancement on
post-contrast fat-sat image.
9. ARTERIAL MALFORMATION
*AVM *AVF
A tangle of flow voids in and around the left body of the mandible with no
sizable parenchymal component … high flow vascular malformation.
10. VENOUS MALFORMATIONS (The most common)
• Focal VMs :-
• Reside within one layer of tissue: muscle, skin or mucosa.
• Treated with sclerotherapy.
• Diffuse VMs:-
• Involve multiple tissue layers and usually include muscle, subcutaneous
fat and skin.
• Require multiple sclerotherapy sessions and are more likely to recur.
13. Capillary malformation
• Typically isolated findings, they can be linked with more serious disease.
• Sturge–Weber syndrome is the most well-known associated disease and
presents with ipsilateral angioma formation and arteriovenous malformation
(AVM).
• CMs are diagnosed clinically, flat, pink, blanching lesion.
• However, further work-up with MRI is required when CM occurs on the face,
as this increases the risk of having Sturge–Weber syndrome
14. LYMPHATIC MALFORMATIONS
Occurs before the age of 2 years in 90% of cases.
Classifications:-
• Macrocystic (cyst >1 cm). present at birth.
• Microcystic (cyst < 1 cm). present later and more common.
19. Venolymphatic malformation
The venous component shows significant enhancement. (Yellow arrows)
The lymphatic component shows septated enhancement on postcontrast
fat-saturated T1 image.
20. Soft tissue vascular lesions.
High flow
No enhancing tissue….
AVM, AVF
Low flow
Enhancing tissue …. vascular tumor/haemangioma
Heterogenous enhancement…..venous malformation
Marginal / septal enhancement….macrocystic lymphatic
Minimal or no enhancement…… microcystic lymphatic
Mixed patterns of enhancement…..combined
malformations.
21. Management.
• In terms of treatment decisions, recognizing whether the lesion is
a low-flow vascular malformation is more important than
determining exactly whether the lesion is predominantly venous,
lymphatic, or capillary.
• Diagnosis of low-flow malformation is based on the absence of
flow voids on SE images.
22. Venous malformations
• Have often termed ‘’cavernous haemangioma’’ but
unlike haemangioma they don’t involute and may
involve bone.
• From imaging stand point , venous malformation and
deep haemangioma share many MR features making
their differentiation difficult.
23. Intraocular medulloepithelioma
• A congenital tumor of the ciliary epithelium.
• Tumor of the childhood (6m- 5y).
• Rare. But remains the second most common primary intraocular
neoplasm.
• Good prognosis as long as tumor does not spread beyond the eye.
D.D:-
• Retinoblastoma.
• Sarcoma.
• Ciliary epithelial adenoma, adenocarcinoma.
24. MRI features
Heterogeneous, solid and cystic
mass.
T2:- hypointense to vitreous and
T1:- isointense to vitreous.
Post contrast:- intense
enhancement of the solid
component of the mass.
Retinal detachment (red
arrow)
Subretinal exudate. (Yellow
arrow)
26. Malignant teratoid variant (“teratoneuroma” and
“diktyoma)
• The malignant teratoid variant shows intratumoral calcifications.
• Differentiation from retinoblastoma by imaging is impossible.
27. #Differentials
Retinoblastoma
Site:- commonly in
the posterior ocular
pole.
- Has calcifications in
70% of patients.
- Usually lack
intratumoral cysts
Medulloepithelioma
Site:- in the ciliary
body
- Lack of calcifications in
the non teratoid variant.
- Intratumoral cysts is a
hallmark.
Melanoma
intensely
hyperintense to
vitreous on T1-
weighted
Toxocara endophthal-
mitis
Nonspecific mass of
increased attenuation
without calcification in
the posterior globe.
29. Epibulbar fatty masses
(in the lateral canthal area).
• Fatty mass at the temporal or
superotemporal epibulbar area, without
connection to the intraconal fat.
• Anterior to lateral rectus muscle insertion.
• Congenital
Dermolipoma
• Herniated fat at the superotemporal
epibulbar area, continuous with the
intraconal fat.
• Medial to lateral rectus.
• Acquired.
Subconjunctival
fat prolapse
30. Causes
• Congenital choristomatous
tumor containing dermis-like
connective tissue and
adipose tissue.
Dermolipoma
• Herniation of intraconal fat
due to weakness of the
Tenon capsule by the aging
process, trauma, or surgery
Subconjunctival
fat prolapse
31. Tenon’s capsule.(blue lines)
Like a glove for the whole eye.
- It starts at the limbus and lid
muscles.
- Initially fused to conjunctiva.
- Loose matrix.
- Follows sclera around globe.
- Sleeves around rectus oblique
muscles.
- Attaches to optic nerve
sheaths.
32. #Differentials
Volume loss of maxillary sinus
Silent sinus syndrome
Inward bowing of all four walls
Enophthalmos
Sinus hypoplasia
Thickened sinus walls.
34. Greisinger's sign
• Oedema of the postauricular soft tissues overlying the mastoid process due to
thrombosis of the mastoid emissary vein ‘arrow’ complicating acute
otomastoiditis
42. Anatomic Variations of the Sphenoid Sinus and
Their Impact on Trans-sphenoid Pituitary Surgery
• Preoperative contrast-enhanced CT scan and MRI were routinely
done
• Patients were reviewed for the following four anatomical
variation:-
43. Degree of pneumatization
• Conchal, presellar, sellar, and postsellar.
- Absence of pneumatization of the sphenoid
sinus.
45. • Prominent sellar bulge (arrow)
• Pneumatized Dorsum sella (arrowhead).
Type of sphenoid sinus pneumatization
on the
.
46. Sellar configuration
• To evaluate the prominence (well
defined) or absence (ill defined) of
sellar bulge.
• Determined according to the degree of
pneumatization of the sinus in relation
to the sellar floor.
• Evaluate the pneumatization of the
planum sphenoidale and the Dorsum
sella, namely in the sagittal MRI.
47. Septation
• The presence or absence of an
intersphenoid septum: and the place of
its insertion, whether it is in the
at the , or at the
• Same done if more than one septum is
present(accessory septum).
• This was best evaluated on both axial
and coronal CT scans.
Intersphenoid septum pointing toward the left internal
carotid artery.