The pancreas is an endocrine and exocrine gland located in the abdominal cavity. It has three regions - the head, body, and tail. The pancreas contains exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine to break down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It also contains clusters of endocrine cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels. Insulin is released from beta cells when blood sugar rises and promotes the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells.

1. Anatomy & Physiology of the Pancreas Reynel Dan Galicinao Omar Khayyam Macadato

2. Pancreas The pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland. It is a wedge-shaped elongated gland which lies in the abdominal cavity. Structurally the pancreas can be divided into three regions: the head, which lies over the vena cava in the C-shaped curve of the duodenum; the body, which lies behind the duodenum; and the tail, which is situated under the spleen. The pancreas is composed of two types of cell, exocrine and endocrine cells.

4. Lipases, which are important in the early stages of fat breakdown.

6. Insulin Beta cells have channels in their plasma membrane that serve as glucose detectors. Beta cells secrete insulin in response to a rising level of circulating glucose ("blood sugar"). Physiological effects The actions of insulin on the global human metabolism level include: Control of cellular intake of certain substances, most prominently glucose in muscle and adipose tissue (about ⅔ of body cells). Increase of DNA replication and protein synthesis via control of amino acid uptake. Modification of the activity of numerous enzymes.

8. Increased fatty acid synthesis

9. Increased esterification of fatty acids

10. Decreased proteolysis

11. Decreased lipolysis

12. Decreased gluconeogenesis

13. Decreased autophagy

14. Increased amino acid uptake

15. Increased potassium uptake

16. Arterial muscle tone

18. Role of the Insulin