IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
In the present study, innovative idea of touchpad controlled vehicle and its real life implication is
described. Generally in such system touchpad is interfaced with ADC [0808/MCP 3208] which gives the coordinates
of the points touch by the user on touchpad. But in this research work Programmable
Intercombination Circuit (PIC) [18F4550/18C4550] is used purposefully instead of ADC as input signal were
in analog which required converting into digital signal. PIC can be used to interface touchpad and also perform
serial port programming far better than ADC. PIC gives output to 8051 microcontroller which uses keil
software program in C for input and output programming. Test drive was done to crosscheck the performance
of touchpad as well as vehicle and it was observed that car was running at corresponding given location
directed by touchpad at al instants.
Design and implementation of real time security guard robot using GSM/CDMA ne...Claude Ndayisenga
This is my "Design and implementation of real time security guard robot using GSM/CDMA networking " final year project.NDAYISENGA JEAN CLAUDE at PERIYAR UNIVERSITY .
In the present study, innovative idea of touchpad controlled vehicle and its real life implication is
described. Generally in such system touchpad is interfaced with ADC [0808/MCP 3208] which gives the coordinates
of the points touch by the user on touchpad. But in this research work Programmable
Intercombination Circuit (PIC) [18F4550/18C4550] is used purposefully instead of ADC as input signal were
in analog which required converting into digital signal. PIC can be used to interface touchpad and also perform
serial port programming far better than ADC. PIC gives output to 8051 microcontroller which uses keil
software program in C for input and output programming. Test drive was done to crosscheck the performance
of touchpad as well as vehicle and it was observed that car was running at corresponding given location
directed by touchpad at al instants.
Design and implementation of real time security guard robot using GSM/CDMA ne...Claude Ndayisenga
This is my "Design and implementation of real time security guard robot using GSM/CDMA networking " final year project.NDAYISENGA JEAN CLAUDE at PERIYAR UNIVERSITY .
A proof of concept how a land rover could be handled using a cell phone. Using a MT8870 series DTMF decoder, Atmega16 AVR microcontroller, L293D motor driver and 74LS04 NOT gate.
Although the appearance and the capabilities of robots vary vastly, all robots share the feature of a mechanical, movable structure under some form of control. The Control of robot involves three distinct phases: perception, processing and action. Generally, the preceptors are sensors mounted on the robot, the processing is done by the on-board microcontroller or processor, and the task is performed using motors or with some other actuators.
Part of our 3rd year-end Summer project.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Mobile Phone Operated Dual-tone-multiple-frequency controlled Microcontroller...IOSRJEEE
Dual-tone-multiple-frequency (DTMF) controlled vehicle is a specific idea in automotive whose actions can be controlled by a mobile phone from all over the world using the DTMF signaling. Traditionally wireless controlled vehicles make use of RF (radio frequency) circuits, which have its own disadvantages of restricted operational range, limited frequency range and limited control. Use of mobile phones for robotic controls provides working range as large as the coverage area of the service provider and no interference with other controllers. I can propose a microcontroller based less effort oriented, cost productive hockey ground roller with smooth pitch rolling technique operated from long range distance by using Mobile phone which acts as a DTMF signal controller with GSM technology. Generally the field of play is 91.4 by 55.0 meters with an area of 5,027 square meters for Hockey. According to my proposed work ground authority can be able to operate that roller to roll aforesaid measurement from pavilion without taking any help of ground staff. Combination of DTMF-GSM technology is more controller friendly as it doesn’t interfere with other controllers and can use up to twelve controls. It also has the advantages of robust control and provides working range as large as the coverage area of the service provider.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Log into android mobile to fetch the device oriented information using remote...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A dynamic policy based security-as-a-service infrastructure for cloud environ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparative analyses of enhancing bandwidth of micro strip patch antennas a s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
System to convert 2 d x-ray image into 3-d x-ray image in dentistryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A proof of concept how a land rover could be handled using a cell phone. Using a MT8870 series DTMF decoder, Atmega16 AVR microcontroller, L293D motor driver and 74LS04 NOT gate.
Although the appearance and the capabilities of robots vary vastly, all robots share the feature of a mechanical, movable structure under some form of control. The Control of robot involves three distinct phases: perception, processing and action. Generally, the preceptors are sensors mounted on the robot, the processing is done by the on-board microcontroller or processor, and the task is performed using motors or with some other actuators.
Part of our 3rd year-end Summer project.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Mobile Phone Operated Dual-tone-multiple-frequency controlled Microcontroller...IOSRJEEE
Dual-tone-multiple-frequency (DTMF) controlled vehicle is a specific idea in automotive whose actions can be controlled by a mobile phone from all over the world using the DTMF signaling. Traditionally wireless controlled vehicles make use of RF (radio frequency) circuits, which have its own disadvantages of restricted operational range, limited frequency range and limited control. Use of mobile phones for robotic controls provides working range as large as the coverage area of the service provider and no interference with other controllers. I can propose a microcontroller based less effort oriented, cost productive hockey ground roller with smooth pitch rolling technique operated from long range distance by using Mobile phone which acts as a DTMF signal controller with GSM technology. Generally the field of play is 91.4 by 55.0 meters with an area of 5,027 square meters for Hockey. According to my proposed work ground authority can be able to operate that roller to roll aforesaid measurement from pavilion without taking any help of ground staff. Combination of DTMF-GSM technology is more controller friendly as it doesn’t interfere with other controllers and can use up to twelve controls. It also has the advantages of robust control and provides working range as large as the coverage area of the service provider.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Log into android mobile to fetch the device oriented information using remote...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A dynamic policy based security-as-a-service infrastructure for cloud environ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparative analyses of enhancing bandwidth of micro strip patch antennas a s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
System to convert 2 d x-ray image into 3-d x-ray image in dentistryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis the effects of different types of tool on metal spinning processeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and implementation of address generator for wi max deinterleaver on fpgaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Simulation of pedestrian at intersection in urban congested areaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Secure and efficient key pre distribution schemes for wsn using combinatorial...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The interconnecting mechanism for monitoring regular domestic conditioneSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of tuck loop in bursting strength of single jersey knitted fabricseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Interactive irrigation system through mobile with ivr responseeSAT Journals
Abstract Now a day’s Constant electricity fluctuation and irregular power availability for irrigation are daily problems faced by many farmers for a long time. Though many farmers use diesel operated pumps, a suitable alternative, which requires neither diesel nor electricity and yet meets their irrigation requirements may be welcome. And also in home power will be wasted in so many situations due to those situations electricity bill increases. To rectify such type of problems we developed a device which is for use of controlling Motor pumps from any location. It is a mobile based remote control system [7]for switching on/off and monitoring the water pumps, by using which a farmer or a person can be free from so many routine problems associated with timely irrigation, saving a lot of water, electricity, fuel, time, cost effective. The way of it works is, Motor Pump is connected to the device. Mobile is kept near device which can trigger the motor pump to start and stop. Whenever power comes at field then an automatic call[9] from system to the user to indicate power status. The person has to just call to Mobile kept near to the Motor pump and has to press his code to Start or Stop the Motor with IVR[10] response. He can also know whether the power is present or not and know the motor status. Keywords: DTMF decoder, IVR module, Phase selector, Rain detector, Water sensor.
Aim of project is to make use of mobile phone to control robot movement
The movement is controlled by pressing relevant keys on a mobile phone that makes a call to another mobile phone attached to the robot.
voice control robot using arduino,Bluetooth module and android application to driving it forward , backward,turn right,turn left,stop or automatic work to avoid obstacles with ultra-sonic sensor fixed on servo motor to detect distance in forward,right and left.
Abstract : In the present study, innovative idea of touchpad controlled vehicle and its real life implication is
described. Generally in such system touchpad is interfaced with ADC [0808/MCP 3208] which gives the coordinates
of the points touch by the user on touchpad. But in this research work Programmable
Intercombination Circuit (PIC) [18F4550/18C4550] is used purposefully instead of ADC as input signal were
in analog which required converting into digital signal. PIC can be used to interface touchpad and also perform
serial port programming far better than ADC. PIC gives output to 8051 microcontroller which uses keil
software program in C for input and output programming. Test drive was done to crosscheck the performance
of touchpad as well as vehicle and it was observed that car was running at corresponding given location
directed by touchpad at al instants.
Keywords - Touch screen, PIC 18F4550, Motor driverL293D, RF Transmitter & Receiver, Keil software.
Implementation of flex sensor for hand gesture based wireless automation of j...eSAT Journals
Abstract The project is totally based on automation. It has been made to contribute in the field industry. Many Projects have been undertaken previously to develop automatic JCB using various technology like Remote control, Zig bee control etc. But none have such Dual Mode feature like Flex Sensor control and DTMF control with LDR sensor, Flame Detector and IR sensor integrated on a single chip. This project will not require a worker sitting inside a JCB and can be run from outside with more comfortable and more accuracy and is also cost effective and requires low maintenance. It can be controlled by simple hand gestures. It employs a Flex sensor which controls the JCB’s movements like up-down and 360 degree clockwise and anticlockwise rotation by bending it and making our JCB move accordingly. Also if any problem occur in Flex Sensor then we can switch to other mode of operation which is DTMF. Using which we can easily control our JCB worldwide through cell phone. The entire core of the project lies in the microcontroller which is a device used to establish automation. The main aim of this paper is to implement a JCB with Dual mode of operation. It also includes other features like IR sensor to detect any obstacle in field work like excavation, LDR sensor to make our JCB work at night also by automatically illuminating the LED’s in the dark places. Flame Detector to detect fire when any kind of accident occur. Key Words: Flex sensor, DTMF control, IR sensor, Flame detector etc…
Master slave autonomous surveillance bot for military applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Defense and surveillance are some of the most important aspects in today's society. In a place where knowledge translates to power, having a little more information can make a lot of difference in the outcome of any conflict. Therefore, the military is always looking for new technologies to improve their preparedness for any event. Knowing their surroundings and the battlefield well beforehand can turn the tables on the battlefront and can possibly save lives. In this paper, the protocol for detection and wireless transmission of this data has been illustrated and the various problem statements regarding locomotion, ranging, defense, temperature, moisture and various other parameters have been resolved and implemented. The intercommunication between master and slave bots is demonstrated and used to transmit and receive data and instructions to one another. The bots perform tasks that would normally be too extreme for humans to do. All the information is also stored as a database while some of the data can also be published for the information of the public. Keywords - Defense, surveillance, sensors communication, master-slave robots
Cell phone operated car using bluetooth technology and android applicationeSAT Journals
CELL PHONE OPERATED CAR USING BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY AND ANDROID APPLICATION Pooja Gangan1, Amol Joglekar2 1M.Sc Computer Science student, Mithibai College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India 2Guide and Professor, Computer Science, Mithibai College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Application of dual tone multi frequency technology
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 52
APPLICATION OF DUAL TONE MULTI FREQUENCY TECHNOLOGY
AND SENSING IN AUTONOMOUS ROBOTIC NAVIGATION
Vishveshwar Ramanathan Subramanian
Student, Grade 12, American Embassy School, New Delhi, India, ishwar.subra@gmail.com
Abstract
The goal of this project is to use DTMF decoders, sensors and micro-controllers to control autonomous navigation of a robot between
a start and end point along a fixed path. This has very practical applications, eg. a mobile phone can be used to start the car and
allow it to autonomously drive itself to a pick up point and vehicles in warehouses to carry goods from point A to point B, etc. A
DTMF decoder is interfaced with the microcontroller, and a phone on auto answer mode is connected to the decoder. When the robot
is called and a number on the user’s phone is pressed, the tone is sent to the decoder, which decodes and sends a signal to the
microcontroller, and the robot is started. To avoid obstacles the robot has inbuilt Infrared sensors which detect obstacles and inform
the microcontroller, which accordingly guides the robot. In this setup only three sensors were used given the limitation in terms of
input ports. However, a greater number of sensors would allow for the robot to be aware of more specific situations. Therefore, it can
be made more adaptable in varying situations. The test robot was programmed using Embedded C with AVR Studios. This approach
uses existing technologies and is very inexpensive.
Index Terms: Drivers, Autonomous and Navigate.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Dual Tone Multi Frequency is a technology that can be used to
send information through phone lines. It is very common in
Australia, where many companies use it as a way to decode
and call typed numbers [5]. The idea of using DTMF in
applications is not new, but the purpose of this paper is to
address a new approach to this. Most mobiles have this
technology and by using the right techniques, decoded DTMF
signals can be used in robotic microcontrollers to make the
robot perform certain actions.
One could use DTMF to create a robot that would navigate its
way through a set “arena” or space to a specific location by
press of a button on a cell phone. The investigation will be
based on the situation where one or several trips have to be
made between two points following a path and will try taking
into account the changing nature of this environment. The
algorithm will mainly focus on starting the robot using a
mobile and controlling the robot to navigate past the obstacles
in its path to a specific point.
2. WORKING OF DTMF
The DTMF system uses eight frequency signals transmitted in
pairs to represent sixteen numbers, symbols and letters
(Table1). Pressing a key will cause a high and low tone for
each of the two frequencies. The HT9170B IC, using digital
counting techniques, decodes these two tones to determine the
key being pressed. The tone from the phone is filtered through
the operational filter. A high voltage on the Output enable pin
(pin10) enables outputs D0, D1, D2 and D3, which are the
decoded outputs of the IC. DV (pin 15) is an output pin that is
set high by the IC just after the output pins D0-3 have been
filled; this action shows the data is valid and usable. RT/GT
and EST monitor the time taken for the authenticity check of
the tone. If the tone is too long the steering control mechanism
of these pins will automatic fill the latches of the D0, D1, D2
and D3 pins after which it will set the DV pin high to indicate
the output is ready for use by the microcontroller. By this
process the DTMF decoder can decode 16 different key tones
in 4 bit binary code output.[1]
Table 1- DTMF Keypad frequencies [1]
1209 Hz 1336Hz 1477Hz 1633Hz
697Hz 1 2 3 A
770Hz 4 5 6 B
852Hz 7 8 9 C
941Hz * 9 # D
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Table 2- Four Bit binary code for each key tone for number
[1]
Figure 1 – HT9170B IC Decoder
3. THE MOTOR DRIVE AND MC
3.1 Pins and Basic Working of the Driver
The motor being used is a Dual H-Bridge Motor Driver that
can provide bidirectional currents, the motors are controlled
by a 5V “logical” supply voltage and run on a separate 12V
supply. It consists of Input pins 1-4 (pins 2, 7, 10, 15) and
output pins 1-4 (Pins 3, 6, 11, 14). Pin 1 (Enable 1) starts the
left Bridge while Pin 9 (Enable 2) starts the right bridge.
Inputs 1 and 2 correspond to one motor where if Input 1 has a
high voltage (5V) and Input 2 has a low voltage (0V), the
motor moves forward, whereas if the opposite occurs the
motor moves in reverse. The VSS pin provides the logical
supply voltage, 5V, whereas the VS pin provides the voltage
for the motors to run on: this is anywhere between 5V to 12V.
OUPUT 1-4 is the corresponding output pin to INPUT1-4.
3.2 The Microcontroller Unit
The microcontroller used in this circuit is an AVR® Atmega 8
built with RISC architecture and 8Kb of self-Programmable
flash memory. It can process 8 bits of data in one clock cycle.
The RISC architecture allows the MCU to process an
instruction per second. [1]
Figure 12 – Diagram of the Motor Driver
3.3 Interfacing to the MCU, HT9170B IC and the IB
L293D
In this case, D0-3 of the DTMF decoder will connect to the
Pins C0-3 (pins24-26) on the Microcontroller as the program
sets PORTC as the input port of the Microcontroller. Port B is
set to be the output port of the microcontroller. Pins B4-7
(pins 18,19,9,10) on the microcontroller are connected to Input
pins 1-4 on the IBL293D, the enable pin on the motor driver is
connected to the 5V logical voltage supply so it is enabled
fully. [3]
When a call is made to the cell phone in the robot and that call
is accepted by the cell-phone (by setting the phone to auto-
accept) a connection between the two phones is established.
When a tone is pressed on one phone (i.e. the user’s phone)
the phone on the robot receives this tone and feeds it to the
circuit through the headphone jack. The decoder then
identifies the tone and feeds it to the Microcontroller as binary
code, e.g. 8 is 1000. According to the program the input will
be responded to with an output from the microcontroller, for
example, key ‘8’ outputs 00000110, causing the robot to move
in reverse. In this case pins PB5 and PB6 are high and
Digit OE D0 D1 D2 D3
1 H 1 0 0 0
2 H 0 1 0 0
3 H 1 1 0 0
4 H 0 0 1 0
5 H 1 0 1 0
6 H 0 1 1 0
7 H 1 1 1 0
8 H 0 0 0 1
9 H 1 0 0 1
0 H 0 1 0 1
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therefore drive the motors in reverse [1][2]. However when
two is pressed, the microcontroller is told to read the inputs
from the sensors in order to determine the direction of its
motion.
4. The IR Sensor
4.1 The working of the IR Sensor
To detect obstacles, an IR sensor will be used in the robot. The
IR sensor consists of a Photo-Diode and an LED. The LED
emits Infrared radiation. If the surface is reflective it will
reflect this light and the reflected light will be absorbed by the
photodiode. The resistance of the Photo diode decreases as
light falls on it and the potential difference across diode
increases.[4] The Op-Amp in this circuit is set in comparative
mode so once the increasing voltage in Pin 3 of the Op-Amp
exceeds the voltage of Pin 2, the Op-Amp will produce a high
output (5V). If the surface is not reflective and the Photo-
Diode detects no reflected IR radiation, the resistance of the
diode will remain infinite.
One can change the resistance of the variable resistor, by
setting the resistance high, the voltage at Pin 2, the reference
voltage, is much smaller making the sensor more sensitive and
by setting the resistance low the reference voltage increases
decreasing the IR sensors sensitivity. [1] [4]
Figure 4- IR Sensor Diagram
4.2 Interfacing the IR Sensor with the motor driver
PC4-6 are interfaced with IR sensor. When the key ‘2’ is
pressed, the autonomous program is activated. The reading
from the sensor is fed through the ports PC4-6 to the
microcontroller, which creates the programmed output through
the pins PB4-7, which are connected to the input pins 1-4 on
the motor driver. For example, if the right and left sensors
detect a wall or any other obstacle, the robot will move
forward, 00001001.[1]
5. Setup, Control and Environment
5.1 Setup and Control
To setup this robot, cut out the headphone jack from old
headphones and connect it to the circuit. After which the
headphone jack is inserted into the port of the phone. An
external phone must then call the phone connected to the
circuit. Put the phone connected to the circuit on auto answer.
Then one can press the buttons on the external phone and the
DTMF tones are conveyed to the phone connected to the
circuit. The robot acts accordingly.
In this case key ‘2’ initiates the sensors and the robot reads the
input from the sensor to determine the direction in which it
moves. However manual control is still a possibility given that
1, 4, 6, 8 move the robot forward, left, right, and backward
respectively.
Figure 5- Sensor Circuit
5.2 Environments/Scenarios
The design is flexible to many uses, it can be used in cars
when they come from their parking space to their owner and it
can be applied to automated trolleys in factories that transport
parts around the premises. The sensors are programmed to
detect obstacles and so will navigate themselves through
pathways by using these obstacles as guides. The following
program was done with the trolley application in mind.
6. ALGORITHMS AND PROGRAMMING
6.1 Algorithm
Call phone in robot
Initiation of DTMF decoder
Set sensor L, sensor R, sensor F as 0
Sensor L is = SL and Sensor R = SR and sensor F = SF
While(1)if DTMF=2
Initiate logic
End
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Algorithm Logic
6.2 Program
The program was done using AVR® studios using the C
language. It detects lines other obstacles in the car park.
#define F_CPU 1000000UL
#include <avr/io.h>
#include<util/delay.h>
int move_back=0b00000110;
int move_right=0b00001010;
int move_forward=0b00001001;
int move_left=0b00000101;
int stop=0b0000000;
int left_sensor_on=0b0010000;
int right_sensor_on=0b0100010;
int forward_sensor_on=0b0001000;
int left_sensor_off=0b0000000;
int right_sensor_off=0b0000000;
int forward_sensor_off=0b0000000;
int main(void)
{
DDRB=0b11111111;
DDRC=0b0000000;
int ls=0;int rs=0; int fs=0;
int DTMF=0;
while(1)
{
ls = (PINC&0b0010000);
rs = (PINC&0b0100000);
fs = (PINC&0b0001000);
DTMF=PINC&0b0001111;
if(DTMF==2)
{
PORTB=move_forward;
_delay_ms(4000);
PORTB=move_right;
if ((ls==left_sensor_on) & (rs==right_sensor_on) &
(fs==forward_sensor_on))
{
PORTB=stop;
}
if((ls==left_sensor_on) & (rs==right_sensor_off) &
(fs==forward_sensor_on))
{
PORTB=move_back;
_delay_ms(3000);
PORTB=move_right;
_delay_ms(3000);
}
if((ls==left_sensor_off) & (rs==right_sensor_on) &
(fs==forward_sensor_on))
{
PORTB=move_back;
_delay_ms(3000);
PORTB=move_left;
_delay_ms(3000);
}
if((ls==left_sensor_off) & (rs==right_sensor_off) &
(fs==forward_sensor_on))
{
PORTB=stop;
}
if((ls==left_sensor_on) & (rs==right_sensor_on) &
(fs==forward_sensor_off))
{
PORTB=move_forward;
}
if((ls==left_sensor_on) & (rs==right_sensor_off) &
(fs==forward_sensor_off))
{
PORTB=move_forward;
}
if((ls==left_sensor_off) & (rs==right_sensor_on) &
(fs==forward_sensor_off))
{
PORTB=move_forward;
}
if((ls==left_sensor_off) & (rs==right_sensor_off) &
(fs==forward_sensor_off))
{
PORTB=move_forward;
if((ls==left_sensor_off) & (rs==right_sensor_off) &
(fs==forward_sensor_on))
{
PORTB = move_right;
}
}
}
if(DTMF==4)
{
PORTB=0b00001000;
}
if(DTMF==6)
{
PORTB=0b00000001;
}
if(DTMF==8) // if Key 8 of cell phone pressed
Situation SF SR SL Action
1 0 0 0 Forward
2 1 0 0 Stop
3 1 0 1 Right 90
4 1 1 1 Stop
5 0 1 0 Forward
6 0 0 1 Forward
7 0 1 1 Forward
8 1 1 0 Left 90
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Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 56
{
PORTB=0b00000110; // move back
}
}
CONCLUSIONS
This robot is only a rudimentary version of what could be
implemented in the real world. Given the limitation in terms of
input ports, only three sensors were used in this robot.
Therefore only a certain set of conditions could be taken into
account. What is represented here is a reasonably accurate
solution to the navigation of vehicles in a specified area.
The program allows for both manual and autonomous features
so the user can choose between the two. A camera could also
be added as an additional feature to allow the user to track the
progress of the vehicle as it performs its’ task. By using
Ultrasound sensors instead of infrared, one could extend the
application of this technology to scenarios in which infrared
would be ineffective. The investigation represents a step into
autonomous vehicles that could well be implemented in the
very near future. While Autonomous cars are still in their
infancy, the simple use of IR technology and Dual Tone Multi
Frequency could lead the way to more advances in
autonomous vehicles. It is also fairly affordable given that IR
and DTMF are common technologies.
REFERENCES
[1] Sharma, Toshendra K. Robotics with AVR. 2nd ed. Noida:
Robosapiens India Publications, 2011. Print.
[2] Gupta, Sabuj D., Arman R. Ochi, Mohammad S. Hossain,
and Nahid A. Siddique. "Designing & Implementation of
Mobile Operated Toy Car by DTMF" International Journal of
Scientific and Research 3.1 (2013): n. pag. Web. 12 July 2013.
<http://www.ijsrp.org/>.
[3] Singh, Surinder, Mr. "DTMF-Tester." Electronics for You
2003: n. pag. Web.
[4] "Infrared Sensor Designing- Basic." Robosense. N.p., n.d.
Web. 14 July 2013.
[5] Hector of SCP. "Dual Tone Multiple Frequency A Guide
to Understanding and Exploiting Australia’s Most Common
Telecommunications Signaling Method." N.p., n.d. Web. 12
July 2013. <http://www.pogden.co.uk>.
BIOGRAPHIES
Vishveshwar R Subramanian is currently
a 12th
grade student at the American
Embassy School of New Delhi. After taking
part in his schools FTC and IRO teams, he
became interested in autonomous systems,
especially in field robotics. While at a
Summer Internship at Robosapiens India,
Vishveshwar became exposed to various technologies like
DTMF and UART. Ever since he has been investigating the
application of these technologies to the real world