- The HART protocol allows devices to communicate digitally over analog 4-20mA loops, enabling both analog and digital communication over the same wiring.
- It uses frequency-shift keying to superimpose digital signals on top of the analog 4-20mA current without interfering with the analog signal.
- The HART protocol supports point-to-point and multidrop communication and can be used to access device configuration, diagnostics, and process variables.
The document discusses network devices, communication protocols, and related topics. It describes the OSI reference model and TCP/IP model, detailing the layers and functions of each. It provides information on IP addressing, DNS, and gateway addressing. The OSI model has 7 layers including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers comprising network interface, internet, transport, and application layers.
This document discusses the key components of a local area network (LAN). It describes common network topologies like star, ring, bus and mesh. It also covers different types of network classifications based on transmission technologies and architecture. The main hardware components of a LAN discussed include network interface cards, hubs, switches, cables and connectors, routers and modems. Important software components mentioned are network operating systems and protocol suites.
The document summarizes Profibus DP (distributed peripheral) and Profibus FMS (Fieldbus message specification). Profibus DP allows multiple masters that each assign slaves, while FMS allows peer-to-peer messaging between masters. Profibus DP uses EIA-485 physical layer and operates at speeds up to 12Mbps for high-speed sensor/actuator data transfer. It provides cyclic and acyclic data services between masters and slaves. Profibus FMS uses the same data link layer as DP and enables messaging between masters.
The document discusses various network media and hardware components. It describes transmission media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber cable. It also discusses network interface cards, connectors like RJ-45 and fiber optic connectors, and network devices like repeaters, hubs, switches, and routers.
Communication Protocol - Arindam Samantasankhadeep
Communication protocols define rules for data communication between devices. They specify what is communicated, how it is communicated, when, and how errors are handled. Protocols encapsulate data with control information like addresses and error codes. They support functions like segmentation, reassembly, connection control, flow control and error control. Popular protocol suites like TCP/IP define standards for communication at physical, data link, network and transport layers to enable reliable data exchange across networks.
Serial data communication involves transmitting digital data between a source and receiver using a communications link. It requires a transmitter to encode the digital data, a communications link to carry the signal, and a receiver to decode the signal. Common components are computers, modems, cables. Transmission can be simplex, half duplex, or full duplex. Formats define start/stop bits, data/parity bits, and transmission speed. Protocols establish rules for data exchange, flow control, error checking, and more. Troubleshooting tools like breakout boxes, null modems, and protocol analyzers help test and diagnose serial communication circuits and connections.
The document discusses network devices, communication protocols, and related topics. It describes the OSI reference model and TCP/IP model, detailing the layers and functions of each. It provides information on IP addressing, DNS, and gateway addressing. The OSI model has 7 layers including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers comprising network interface, internet, transport, and application layers.
This document discusses the key components of a local area network (LAN). It describes common network topologies like star, ring, bus and mesh. It also covers different types of network classifications based on transmission technologies and architecture. The main hardware components of a LAN discussed include network interface cards, hubs, switches, cables and connectors, routers and modems. Important software components mentioned are network operating systems and protocol suites.
The document summarizes Profibus DP (distributed peripheral) and Profibus FMS (Fieldbus message specification). Profibus DP allows multiple masters that each assign slaves, while FMS allows peer-to-peer messaging between masters. Profibus DP uses EIA-485 physical layer and operates at speeds up to 12Mbps for high-speed sensor/actuator data transfer. It provides cyclic and acyclic data services between masters and slaves. Profibus FMS uses the same data link layer as DP and enables messaging between masters.
The document discusses various network media and hardware components. It describes transmission media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber cable. It also discusses network interface cards, connectors like RJ-45 and fiber optic connectors, and network devices like repeaters, hubs, switches, and routers.
Communication Protocol - Arindam Samantasankhadeep
Communication protocols define rules for data communication between devices. They specify what is communicated, how it is communicated, when, and how errors are handled. Protocols encapsulate data with control information like addresses and error codes. They support functions like segmentation, reassembly, connection control, flow control and error control. Popular protocol suites like TCP/IP define standards for communication at physical, data link, network and transport layers to enable reliable data exchange across networks.
Serial data communication involves transmitting digital data between a source and receiver using a communications link. It requires a transmitter to encode the digital data, a communications link to carry the signal, and a receiver to decode the signal. Common components are computers, modems, cables. Transmission can be simplex, half duplex, or full duplex. Formats define start/stop bits, data/parity bits, and transmission speed. Protocols establish rules for data exchange, flow control, error checking, and more. Troubleshooting tools like breakout boxes, null modems, and protocol analyzers help test and diagnose serial communication circuits and connections.
This document discusses layer 2 switching and VLANs. It provides information on:
- How layer 2 switches break up large collision domains into smaller ones by creating separate collision domains for each switch port. This improves network performance over hub-based networks.
- The two main types of VLAN membership - static VLANs where ports are manually assigned to VLANs, and dynamic VLANs where VLAN assignments are determined automatically based on device MAC addresses.
- How VLANs simplify network management by allowing logical segmentation of broadcast domains independent of physical port locations, and improve network security by restricting communication between VLANs.
The document discusses managing Cisco IOS images and configuring WAN connections. It covers topics such as copying flash images using TFTP, resolving hostnames, password recovery, and configuring encapsulation protocols like HDLC and PPP. Specific configuration examples are provided for setting the CHAP authentication protocol on serial interfaces between two routers.
Signaling System No. 7 is a set of telephony signaling protocols developed in 1975, which is used to set up and tear down telephone calls in most parts of the world-wide public switched telephone network.
What is Signaling?Common Channel Signaling Modes?What is SS7?
The document provides information about the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard and its various layers:
- The PHY layer includes the physical layer convergence protocol and physical medium dependent sublayers. The PHY layer supports FHSS, DSSS and infrared spread spectrum techniques.
- The MAC layer supports distributed coordination function based on CSMA/CA and RTS/CTS, as well as point coordination function controlled by an access point. It defines frame formats and medium access mechanisms.
The document discusses managing Cisco IOS images and configuring WAN connections. It covers topics such as copying flash images using TFTP, resolving hostnames, password recovery, and configuring encapsulation protocols like HDLC and PPP. Examples are provided for configuring CHAP authentication between two routers connected over a serial link.
The document discusses managing Cisco IOS images and configuring WAN connections. It covers topics such as copying flash images using TFTP, resolving hostnames, password recovery, and configuring encapsulation protocols like HDLC and PPP. Specific configuration examples are provided for setting the CHAP authentication protocol on serial interfaces between two routers.
WIRELESS NETWORKS EC6802 BABU unit 1 & 2 PPTbabuece
WIRELESS NETWORKS EC6802 BABU unit 1 & 2 PPT
BABU M
ASST PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OD ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CHENNAI
THIRUVALLUR DISTRICT
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It defines key OSPF concepts like link state advertisements (LSAs), neighbor and topology tables, designated routers (DRs), flooding, shortest path first (SPF) algorithm, and areas. It also compares OSPF to distance vector protocols, describes OSPF network types and neighbor relationships, and provides examples of basic OSPF configuration.
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes key OSPF concepts like link state routing, areas, neighbor relationships, designated routers, link state advertisements, and shortest path first algorithms. It also provides configuration examples and compares OSPF to other routing protocols.
HART protocol for network data communicationAmol Dudhate
This document summarizes the key aspects of HART communication. It introduces HART as an open protocol that enables bidirectional digital communication over 4-20mA analog loops using FSK. It describes the main communication modes of HART including master-slave and burst modes. It also provides an overview of the HART protocol layers and details about the physical, data link and application layers.
H.323 is a recommendation from the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) that defines the protocols to provide audio-visual communication sessions on any packet network.
The H.323 standard addresses call signaling and control, multimedia transport and control, and bandwidth control for point-to-point and multi-point conferences.
It is widely implemented by voice and videoconferencing equipment manufacturers, is used within various Internet real-time applications such as GnuGK and NetMeeting
It is widely deployed worldwide by service providers and enterprises for both voice and video services over IP networks.
It is a part of the ITU-T H.32x series of protocols, which also address multimedia communications over ISDN, the PSTN or SS7, and 3G
H.323 call signaling is based on the ITU-T Recommendation Q.931 protocol and is suited for transmitting calls across networks using a mixture of IP, PSTN, ISDN, and QSIG over ISDN.
This document discusses layer 2 switching and VLANs. It begins by explaining how switching breaks up large collision domains into smaller ones by creating individual collision domains per switch port. It then discusses how VLANs allow further segmentation of the network by logically grouping ports regardless of their physical location. VLANs create separate broadcast domains to limit broadcast traffic to specific groups of users. The document provides examples of creating, assigning ports to, and deleting VLANs on a switch to segmented the network.
This document outlines the evolution of Ethernet networking standards from the original Ethernet developed at Xerox PARC to modern Gigabit and 10-Gigabit Ethernet standards. It discusses the IEEE 802.3 working group and standards for various Ethernet technologies including 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T, and 10GbE. Encoding methods like 4D-PAM5 that have allowed Ethernet speeds to increase over twisted pair cabling are also covered at a high level.
IMS is an IP-based architecture that enables the delivery of multimedia services over both fixed and wireless networks. It provides a common service delivery platform for various access networks and allows for convergence of services. Key benefits of IMS include enabling a user-centric network, reducing costs through network resource sharing, and providing a consistent user experience across multiple devices and access networks through a single user identity and profile.
These ppt are the part 2 of mobile computing concepts. These ppt defines the following things
Wireless Networking
Wireless LAN Overview: IEEE 802.11
Wireless applications
Data Broadcasting
Bluetooth
TCP over wireless
Mobile IP
WAP: Architecture, protocol stack, application
environment, applications.
The document discusses various types of network components and transmission media. It provides details on:
1. Digital signals and how binary data is encoded into signal elements.
2. Several common encoding schemes for digital signals including unipolar, polar, and Manchester encoding.
3. Types of transmission media including guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable, and wireless media like radio waves, microwave signals, infrared light, and Bluetooth.
4. Key factors and tradeoffs in choosing different transmission media like cost, bandwidth capacity, attenuation levels, and vulnerability to electromagnetic interference.
INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)
, Datagram Format
, Fragmentation
, Options
, Security of IPv4 Datagrams
,ICMPv4
, MESSAGES
, Debugging Tools
, ICMP Checksum
, MOBILE IP
, Addressing
, Agents
, Three Phases
, Inefficiency in Mobile IP
The document discusses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links. PPP consists of encapsulating packets into frames, a Link Control Protocol (LCP) for establishing and configuring the connection, and Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for network layer configuration. It describes PPP frame formats, byte stuffing for transparency, and authentication protocols like PAP and CHAP. The presentation includes a Wireshark demo and addresses questions about PPP design requirements and non-requirements.
IV B.Tech I Sem CSE&IT JNTUK R10 regulation students have Mobile computing paper. This slides especially contains UNIT - 5 total material required for end exams
The document provides an overview of HART communication, including how it originated, its theory of operation, benefits, and conclusions. Some key points:
- HART allows digital communication over analog 4-20mA wiring, providing additional process data without disrupting existing infrastructure.
- It uses Frequency Shift Keying to encode digital signals which are superimposed on the analog current loop.
- HART provides bidirectional communication, device configuration/diagnostics, and supports point-to-point and multidrop network topologies.
- Benefits include improved operations, flexibility, and protection of existing instrumentation investments.
Highway Addressable Remote Terminal(HART), one of the most modern technology used in process industries for communication between field instruments and DCS.
This document discusses layer 2 switching and VLANs. It provides information on:
- How layer 2 switches break up large collision domains into smaller ones by creating separate collision domains for each switch port. This improves network performance over hub-based networks.
- The two main types of VLAN membership - static VLANs where ports are manually assigned to VLANs, and dynamic VLANs where VLAN assignments are determined automatically based on device MAC addresses.
- How VLANs simplify network management by allowing logical segmentation of broadcast domains independent of physical port locations, and improve network security by restricting communication between VLANs.
The document discusses managing Cisco IOS images and configuring WAN connections. It covers topics such as copying flash images using TFTP, resolving hostnames, password recovery, and configuring encapsulation protocols like HDLC and PPP. Specific configuration examples are provided for setting the CHAP authentication protocol on serial interfaces between two routers.
Signaling System No. 7 is a set of telephony signaling protocols developed in 1975, which is used to set up and tear down telephone calls in most parts of the world-wide public switched telephone network.
What is Signaling?Common Channel Signaling Modes?What is SS7?
The document provides information about the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard and its various layers:
- The PHY layer includes the physical layer convergence protocol and physical medium dependent sublayers. The PHY layer supports FHSS, DSSS and infrared spread spectrum techniques.
- The MAC layer supports distributed coordination function based on CSMA/CA and RTS/CTS, as well as point coordination function controlled by an access point. It defines frame formats and medium access mechanisms.
The document discusses managing Cisco IOS images and configuring WAN connections. It covers topics such as copying flash images using TFTP, resolving hostnames, password recovery, and configuring encapsulation protocols like HDLC and PPP. Examples are provided for configuring CHAP authentication between two routers connected over a serial link.
The document discusses managing Cisco IOS images and configuring WAN connections. It covers topics such as copying flash images using TFTP, resolving hostnames, password recovery, and configuring encapsulation protocols like HDLC and PPP. Specific configuration examples are provided for setting the CHAP authentication protocol on serial interfaces between two routers.
WIRELESS NETWORKS EC6802 BABU unit 1 & 2 PPTbabuece
WIRELESS NETWORKS EC6802 BABU unit 1 & 2 PPT
BABU M
ASST PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OD ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CHENNAI
THIRUVALLUR DISTRICT
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It defines key OSPF concepts like link state advertisements (LSAs), neighbor and topology tables, designated routers (DRs), flooding, shortest path first (SPF) algorithm, and areas. It also compares OSPF to distance vector protocols, describes OSPF network types and neighbor relationships, and provides examples of basic OSPF configuration.
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes key OSPF concepts like link state routing, areas, neighbor relationships, designated routers, link state advertisements, and shortest path first algorithms. It also provides configuration examples and compares OSPF to other routing protocols.
HART protocol for network data communicationAmol Dudhate
This document summarizes the key aspects of HART communication. It introduces HART as an open protocol that enables bidirectional digital communication over 4-20mA analog loops using FSK. It describes the main communication modes of HART including master-slave and burst modes. It also provides an overview of the HART protocol layers and details about the physical, data link and application layers.
H.323 is a recommendation from the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) that defines the protocols to provide audio-visual communication sessions on any packet network.
The H.323 standard addresses call signaling and control, multimedia transport and control, and bandwidth control for point-to-point and multi-point conferences.
It is widely implemented by voice and videoconferencing equipment manufacturers, is used within various Internet real-time applications such as GnuGK and NetMeeting
It is widely deployed worldwide by service providers and enterprises for both voice and video services over IP networks.
It is a part of the ITU-T H.32x series of protocols, which also address multimedia communications over ISDN, the PSTN or SS7, and 3G
H.323 call signaling is based on the ITU-T Recommendation Q.931 protocol and is suited for transmitting calls across networks using a mixture of IP, PSTN, ISDN, and QSIG over ISDN.
This document discusses layer 2 switching and VLANs. It begins by explaining how switching breaks up large collision domains into smaller ones by creating individual collision domains per switch port. It then discusses how VLANs allow further segmentation of the network by logically grouping ports regardless of their physical location. VLANs create separate broadcast domains to limit broadcast traffic to specific groups of users. The document provides examples of creating, assigning ports to, and deleting VLANs on a switch to segmented the network.
This document outlines the evolution of Ethernet networking standards from the original Ethernet developed at Xerox PARC to modern Gigabit and 10-Gigabit Ethernet standards. It discusses the IEEE 802.3 working group and standards for various Ethernet technologies including 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T, and 10GbE. Encoding methods like 4D-PAM5 that have allowed Ethernet speeds to increase over twisted pair cabling are also covered at a high level.
IMS is an IP-based architecture that enables the delivery of multimedia services over both fixed and wireless networks. It provides a common service delivery platform for various access networks and allows for convergence of services. Key benefits of IMS include enabling a user-centric network, reducing costs through network resource sharing, and providing a consistent user experience across multiple devices and access networks through a single user identity and profile.
These ppt are the part 2 of mobile computing concepts. These ppt defines the following things
Wireless Networking
Wireless LAN Overview: IEEE 802.11
Wireless applications
Data Broadcasting
Bluetooth
TCP over wireless
Mobile IP
WAP: Architecture, protocol stack, application
environment, applications.
The document discusses various types of network components and transmission media. It provides details on:
1. Digital signals and how binary data is encoded into signal elements.
2. Several common encoding schemes for digital signals including unipolar, polar, and Manchester encoding.
3. Types of transmission media including guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable, and wireless media like radio waves, microwave signals, infrared light, and Bluetooth.
4. Key factors and tradeoffs in choosing different transmission media like cost, bandwidth capacity, attenuation levels, and vulnerability to electromagnetic interference.
INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)
, Datagram Format
, Fragmentation
, Options
, Security of IPv4 Datagrams
,ICMPv4
, MESSAGES
, Debugging Tools
, ICMP Checksum
, MOBILE IP
, Addressing
, Agents
, Three Phases
, Inefficiency in Mobile IP
The document discusses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links. PPP consists of encapsulating packets into frames, a Link Control Protocol (LCP) for establishing and configuring the connection, and Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for network layer configuration. It describes PPP frame formats, byte stuffing for transparency, and authentication protocols like PAP and CHAP. The presentation includes a Wireshark demo and addresses questions about PPP design requirements and non-requirements.
IV B.Tech I Sem CSE&IT JNTUK R10 regulation students have Mobile computing paper. This slides especially contains UNIT - 5 total material required for end exams
The document provides an overview of HART communication, including how it originated, its theory of operation, benefits, and conclusions. Some key points:
- HART allows digital communication over analog 4-20mA wiring, providing additional process data without disrupting existing infrastructure.
- It uses Frequency Shift Keying to encode digital signals which are superimposed on the analog current loop.
- HART provides bidirectional communication, device configuration/diagnostics, and supports point-to-point and multidrop network topologies.
- Benefits include improved operations, flexibility, and protection of existing instrumentation investments.
Highway Addressable Remote Terminal(HART), one of the most modern technology used in process industries for communication between field instruments and DCS.
The document discusses the HART Communication Protocol, which allows for sending and receiving digital information across analog wires between field devices and control systems. Some key points:
- HART uses Frequency Shift Keying to superimpose digital signals on top of the standard 4-20 mA analog signal, allowing bidirectional communication without disrupting the existing infrastructure.
- It provides digital access to configuration, diagnostics, and additional process variables from field instruments.
- HART networks can operate in point-to-point or multidrop mode with up to 15 devices connected via a single pair of wires.
- Standard HART commands are used to communicate with devices from any manufacturer.
This document discusses smart transmitters, which are microprocessor-based transmitters that can be programmed and communicate digitally. It describes how smart transmitters offer advantages like improved accuracy and the ability to access data remotely compared to conventional transmitters. The document then provides details on the HART communication protocol that smart transmitters use to transmit process variables and additional data digitally over the same wires as the 4-20 mA analog signal. It also discusses calibrating smart transmitters, noting that calibration is still important for accuracy even though smart transmitters have digital communication.
Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) is an industrial standard protocol which is widely well established and used by most of the industries.Among the 45-50 Million industrial devices,48% devices are non-smart devices and 52% devices are smart devices.Among the 52% means around 25-26 million smart devices 26% means near about 12-13 million devices are HART based devices.
Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) is an industrial standard protocol which is widely well established and used by most of the industries.Among the 45-50 Million industrial devices,48% devices are non-smart devices and 52% devices are smart devices.Among the 52% means around 25-26 million smart devices 26% means near about 12-13 million devices are HART based devices.
Everything You Need to Know About HART Communication ProtocolBrianCraig51
Today, HART protocol has become an industry standard for industrial automation. The pressure transmitters are configured to HART communicator for achieving desired performance. This post analyzes HART protocol, its working, benefits, and everything else you want to know about it.
Industrial communication protocols all.pdfvinaytuli1970
This document provides an overview of industrial communication standards and protocols. It discusses basics such as network topologies and communication modes. The OSI model is explained along with several serial communication standards including RS-232, RS-485, and current loop. Industrial protocols such as Modbus, HART, AS-I, and DeviceNet are described including their specifications, layers, frame formats, and benefits.
Hart protocol physical and data link layer implementation projectMohan Patel
HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) was developed to add digital communication capabilities to existing 4-20mA analog loops. It uses frequency-shift-keying to modulate two frequencies onto the analog signal without affecting the average current. The HART protocol allows simultaneous analog and digital multi-drop communication for monitoring and configuration of smart field devices. A C8051F340 microcontroller and HART modem chip like the DS8500 can be used to implement the physical and data link layers of the HART protocol for communication with field transmitters.
The HART protocol allows field instruments to communicate digitally by superimposing an FSK signal on top of the traditional 4-20mA analog signal. It operates at 1.2kbps using 1,200Hz and 2,200Hz frequencies to represent binary 1s and 0s. HART can be used in point-to-point or multidrop modes and supports both master-slave and burst communication modes. The physical layer defines cable and connector specifications while higher layers ensure reliable data transfer and define supported commands. HART is globally accepted as it preserves existing control strategies and infrastructure.
The document discusses the HART communication protocol, which defines a standard for sending and receiving digital information across analog wires between smart field devices and host systems. It describes how HART works by superimposing digital signals on top of the standard 4-20mA analog signal, allowing bidirectional communication at 1200 bits per second without interrupting the analog signal. Benefits of HART include access to device parameters and diagnostics, compatibility with existing equipment, and open interoperable standards.
VEGA Communication for Process Automation - Technology BrochureThorne & Derrick UK
The document discusses various communication options for connecting field instruments to automation systems. It covers traditional 4-20 mA connections with digital HART communication, as well as fieldbus systems like Profibus and Foundation Fieldbus. Wireless technologies such as Wireless HART and PLICSMOBILE radio are presented as options to reduce wiring costs. The document also introduces VEGA's signal conditioning instruments that interface sensors to control systems via different protocols and allow remote access to sensor data through Ethernet, modem, and wireless connections.
The GET-1032BD controller is a flexible platform for control applications using a Rabbit 4000 processor. It has 512KB of flash memory, 512KB of fast RAM, and 512KB of battery-backed RAM. It includes 8 digital inputs, 8 analog inputs, 8 digital outputs, and 8 analog outputs. Communication interfaces include 2 RS485 ports, 1 RS232 port, USB, and Ethernet. The controller is housed in a DIN rail mountable enclosure and is programmable using Dynamic C.
Design and Implementation of Low Power High Speed Symmetric Decoder Structure...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The key objective of this project is to design a
decoder which can be used for hardware purposes.
Hardware, here accompanies with software which is more
we can discuss as a Software Defined Radio application. The
decoder implemented here offers to new radio equipment
(SDR), the flexibility of a programmable system. Nowadays,
the behavior of a communication system can be modified by
simply changing its software. Large tree decoder is made by
reusing smaller similar sub-modules. Thus the structure is
symmetric. The symmetric and regular structure of tree
decoder makes the system a less complexity one. The
structure obeys regularity and modularity concepts of VLSI
circuit, thus is easy to fabricate using cell library elements.
Design a Tree Decoder proposed architecture for SDR
application on FPGA. The Structures made here are
hardware synthesizable on FPGA board and are done in a
respective manner. The design to be implementing by using
Verilog-HDL language. The Simulation and Synthesis by
using Xilinx Vivado design suite.
Rf module interfacing without microcontrollersTauseef khan
The document describes how to implement RF communication between a transmitter and receiver without using microcontrollers. It involves using an RF module paired with a serial encoder and decoder. The transmitter section uses switches and an encoder to convert parallel input into a serial data stream transmitted via the RF module. The receiver section uses a decoder and RF module to receive the serial data and convert it back to parallel output controlling LEDs. Address pins on the encoder and decoder must match to ensure communication between the paired devices only.
A smart transmitter contains a microprocessor that allows for self-diagnostics, non-linear compensation, remote re-ranging without recalibration, and digital communication over a network. HART transmitters can communicate digitally by superimposing a digital signal on top of the 4-20 mA analog signal without interrupting it. Calibration of smart transmitters is still important to maintain accuracy over time as electronic components can drift, even though they are advertised as very accurate.
A smart transmitter contains a microprocessor that allows for self-diagnostics, non-linear compensation, remote re-ranging without recalibration, and digital communication over a network. HART transmitters can communicate digitally by superimposing a digital signal on top of the 4-20 mA analog signal without interrupting it. Calibration of smart transmitters is still important to maintain accuracy over time as electronic components can drift, even though they are advertised as very accurate.
Alexander Bolshev, Alexander Malinovsky - HART (in)securityDefconRussia
This document discusses security issues with the HART industrial protocol. It describes how the researchers were able to build a custom HART shield for an Arduino board that allowed them to sniff and inject packets on the current loop used to transmit HART data. This revealed that physical security of HART networks is important. The document also explains how the researchers exploited an XML injection vulnerability in a plant asset management system to perform an XXE attack by encoding a payload in a long HART device tag. Overall, the document shows that while HART aims to be secure, vulnerabilities exist in both the physical layer and application layer that could allow an attacker to disrupt industrial operations or extract sensitive information.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
1. Write the salient feature of HART protocol which is generally not found in other
protocol
•The HART Communication Protocol (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) is a hybrid
analog digital industrial automation open protocol.
• legacy 4–20 mA analog instrumentation current loops, sharing the pair of wires used by the
analog-only host systems.
• HART is widely used in process and instrumentation systems ranging from small automation
applications up to highly sophisticated industrial applications.
Unit-5 MODBUS & HART Module
applications up to highly sophisticated industrial applications.
• HART protocol has made a good transition protocol.
•The protocol was developed by built off the Bell 202 early communications standard in the mid-
1980s.
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2. Discuss the features of HART for smart instrumentation
Smart (or intelligent) instrumentation protocols are designed for applications where
actual data is collected from instruments, sensors, and actuators by digital communication
techniques. These components are linked directly to programmable logic controllers
(PLCs) and computers.
The HART (highway addressable remote transducer) protocol is a typical smart
instrumentation fieldbus that can operate in a hybrid 4–20 mA digital fashion.instrumentation fieldbus that can operate in a hybrid 4–20 mA digital fashion.
HART is, by no means, the only protocol in this sphere. There are hundreds of smart
implementations produced by various manufacturers – for example, Honeywell – that
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3. compete with HART. This chapter deals specifically with HART.
At a basic level, most smart instruments provide core functions such as:
• Control of range/zero/span adjustments
• Diagnostics to verify functionality
• Memory to store configuration and status information (such as tag numbers
etc)
Accessing these functions allows major gains in the speed and efficiency of the
installation and maintenance process. For example, the time consuming 4–20 mA loop
check phase can be achieved in minutes, and the device can be readied for use in the
process by zeroing and adjustment for any other controllable aspects such as the dampingprocess by zeroing and adjustment for any other controllable aspects such as the damping
value.
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4. HART protocol
This protocol was originally developed by Rosemount and is regarded as an open
standard, available to all manufacturers.
Its main advantage is that it enables an instrumentation engineer to keep the existing
4–20 mA instrumentation cabling and to use, simultaneously, the same wires to carry
digital information superimposed on the analog signal.
This enables most companies to capitalize on their existing investment inThis enables most companies to capitalize on their existing investment in
4–20 mA instrumentation cabling and associated systems and to add further capability
of
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5. HART without incurring major costs.
HART is a hybrid analog and digital protocol, as opposed to most fieldbus systems,
which are purely digital.
The HART protocol uses the frequency shift keying (FSK) technique based on the Bell
202 communications standard. Two individual frequencies of 1200 and 2200 Hz,
representing digits 1 and 0 respectively, are used.
The average value of the sine wave (at the 1200 and 2200 Hz frequencies), which is
superimposed on the 4–20 mA signal, is zero. Hence, the 4–20 mA analog information is
not affected.
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6. The HART protocol can be used in three ways:
• In conjunction with the 4–20 mA current signal in point-to-point mode
• In conjunction with other field devices in multidrop mode
• In point-to-point mode with only one field device broadcasting in burst
Mode
Traditional point-to-point loops use zero for the smart device polling address.
Setting the smart device polling address to a number greater than zero creates a multidrop
loop.loop.
The smart device then sets its analog output to a constant 4 mA and communicates only
digitally.
The HART protocol has two formats for digital transmission of data:
• Poll/response mode
• Burst (or broadcast) mode
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7. In the poll/response mode the master polls each of the smart devices on the highway
and requests the relevant information.
In burst mode the field device continuously transmits process data without the need for the
host to send request messages. Although this mode is fairly fast (up to 3.7 times/second), it
cannot be used in multidrop networks.
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8. Physical layer
The physical layer of the HART protocol is
based on two methods of communication.
• Analog 4–20 mA
• Digital frequency shift keying (FSK
•The basic communication of the HART protocol is the 4–20 mA current system.
This analog system is used by the sensor to transmit an analog value to the HART PLC or
HART card in a PC.
• In a 4–20 mA system, the sensor outputs a current value somewhere between 4 and 20 mA• In a 4–20 mA system, the sensor outputs a current value somewhere between 4 and 20 mA
that represents the analog value of the sensor.
• For example, a water tank that is half full – say 3400 kiloliters – would put out 12 mA. The
receiver would interpret this 12 mA as 3400 kiloliters. This communication is always point-to-
point, i.e. from one device to another. It is not possible to do multidrop communication using
this method alone.
•If two or more devices put some current on the line at the same time, the
resulting current value would not be valid for either device
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9. For multidrop communications, the HART protocol uses a digital/analog modulation
technique known as frequency shift keying (FSK).
This technique is based on the Bell 202 communication standard. Data transfer rate is 1200 baud
with a digital ‘0’ frequency (2200 Hz) and a digital ‘1’ frequency (1200 Hz).
Category 5 shielded, twisted pair wire is recommended by most manufacturers. Devices can be
powered by the bus or individually.
If the bus powers the devices, only 15 devices can be connected. As the average DC current ofIf the bus powers the devices, only 15 devices can be connected. As the average DC current of
an AC frequency is zero, it is possible to place a 1200 Hz or 2200 Hz tone on top of a 4–20 mA
signal.
The HART protocol does this to allow simultaneous communications on a multidrop system
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13. Data link layer
Two-dimensional error checking, including vertical and longitudinal parity checks, is
implemented in each frame. Each character or frame of information has the following
parameters:
• 1 start bit
• 8 data bits
• 1 odd parity bit
• 1 stop bit
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15. Application layer
The application layer allows the host device to obtain and interpret
field device data.
There are three classes of commands:
• Universal commands
• Common practice commands
• Device specific commands
Examples of these commands are listed below.
Universal commands
• Read manufacturer and device type• Read manufacturer and device type
• Read primary variable (PV) and units
• Read current output and per cent of range
• Read up to 4 predefined dynamic variables
• Read or write 8-character tag, 16-character descriptor, date
• Read or write 32 character message
• Read device range, units and damping time constant
• Read or write final assembly number
• Write polling address
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17. Common practice commands
• Read selection of up to 4 dynamic variables
• Write damping time constant
• Write device range
• Calibrate (set zero, set span)
• Set fixed output current
• Perform self-test
• Perform master reset
Trim pv zero
• Write PV units
• Trim DAC zero and gain
• Write transfer function (square root/linear)• Write transfer function (square root/linear)
• Write sensor serial number
• Read or write dynamic variable assignments
Instrument specific commands
• Read or write low flow cut-off value
• Start, stop or clear totalizer
• Read or write density calibration factor
• Choose PV (mass flow or density)
• Read or write materials or construction
information
• Trim sensor calibration
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18. Troubleshooting
Beside the actual instruments that require calibration, the only major problem that can
occur with HART is the cable length calculation.
The HART protocol is designed to work over existing analog signal cables but the
reliable length of cable depends on:
• Loop load resistance
• Cable resistance
• Cable capacitance
• Number and capacitance of field devices
• Resistance and position of other devices in the loop
The main reason for this is that network must pass the HART signal frequencies
(1200 Hz and 2200 Hz) without excessive loss or distortion. A software package such as
H-Sim can be used to calculate whether you are operating with the correct signal level. In
addition, you should ensure that you have the correct bandwidth of at least 2500 Hz. You
can do this by ensuring that the product of the cable resistance and capacitance is less
than 65 microseconds.
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19. Modbus® is a transmission protocol (note – a protocol only), developed by Gould
Modicon (now Schneider Electric) for process control systems. It is, however, regarded
as a ‘public’ protocol and has become the de facto standard in multi-vendor integration.
In contrast to other buses and protocols, no physical (OSI layer 1) interface has been
defined.
Modbus is a simple, flexible, publicly published protocol, which allows devices to
exchange discrete and analog data. End users are aware that specifying MODBUS as the
required interface between subsystems is a way to achieve multi-vendor integration
with the most purchasing options and at the lowest cost.
Small equipment makers are also aware that they must offer MODBUS with EIA-232
and/or EIA-485 to sell their equipment to system integrators for use in larger projects.
System integrators know that MODBUS is a safe interface to commit to, as they can be
sure of finding enough equipment on the market to both realize the required designs
and handle the inevitable ‘change orders,’ which come along. However, Modbus suffers
from the limitations imposed by EIA-232/485 serial links, including the following:
• Serial lines are relatively slow – 9600 to 115 000 baud means only
0.010 Mbps to 0.115 Mbps. Compare that to today’s common ‘control
network’ speeds of 5 to 16 Mbps – or even the new Ethernet speeds of 100
Mbps, and 1 Gbps and 10 Gbps
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20. Modbus overview 97
• While it is easy to link 2 devices by EIA-232 and 20–30 devices by EIA-485, the only
solution to link 500 devices with EIA-485 is a complex hierarchy of masters and slaves in a
deeply nested tree structure. Such solutions are never simple or easy to maintain.
• Serial links with Modbus are inherently single-master designs. That means,
only one device can talk to a group of slave devices – so only that one
device (the master) is aware of all the current real-time data.
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21. Modbus has the advantage of wide acceptance among
instrument manufacturers and users with many systems in operation. It can therefore be
regarded as a de facto industrial standard with proven capabilities.
Certain characteristics of the Modbus protocol are fixed, such as frame format, frame
sequences, handling of communications errors and exception conditions and the functions
performed. Other characteristics are selectable.
These are transmission medium, transmission characteristics and transmission mode, viz. RTU or
ASCII. The user characteristics are set at each device and cannot be changed when the system isASCII. The user characteristics are set at each device and cannot be changed when the system is
running.
The two transmission modes in which data is exchanged are:
• ASCII – readable; used, for example, for testing. (ASCII format)
• RTU – compact and faster; used for normal operation. (Hexadecimal
format)
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22. The RTU mode (sometimes also referred to as Modbus-B for Modbus Binary) is the
preferred Modbus mode. The ASCII transmission mode (sometimes referred to as
Modbus-A) has a typical message that is about twice the length of the equivalent RTU
message.
Modbus also provides an error check for transmission and communication errors.
Communication errors are detected by character framing, a parity check, a redundancy
check or a sixteen bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC-16). The latter varies depending on
whether the RTU or ASCII transmission mode is being used.whether the RTU or ASCII transmission mode is being used.
Modbus packets can also be sent over local area and wide area networks by
encapsulating the Modbus data in a TCP/IP packet
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23. address field between 1 and 247; although practical limitations will limit the maximum
number of slaves.
.
The second field in each message is the function field, which also consists of a single
byte of information. In a host request, this byte identifies the function that the target PLC
is to perform.
If the target PLC is able to perform the requested function, the function field of its
response will echo that of the original request. Otherwise, the function field of the request
will be echoed with its most-significant bit set to one, thus signaling an exception
response
The third field in a message frame is the data field, which varies in length according toThe third field in a message frame is the data field, which varies in length according to
which function is specified in the function field. In a host request, this field contains
information the PLC may need to complete the requested function. In a PLC response,
this field contains any data requested by that host.
The last two bytes in a message frame comprise the error-check field. The numeric
value of this field is calculated by performing a cyclic redundancy check (CRC-16) on the
message frame. This error checking assures that devices do not react to messages that
may have been damaged during transmission.
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25. Read coil or digital output status (function
code 01)
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26. This function allows the host to obtain the ON/OFF status of one or more logic coils in
the target device
The data field of the request consists of the relative address of the first coil followed
by the number of coils to be read
The coil data bytes are packed with one bit for
the status of each consecutive coil
(1=ON, 0=OFF).
In the following example, the host requests the
status of coils 000A (decimal 00011)
and 000B (decimal 00012). The target device’s
response indicates both coils are ON.
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28. In the following example, the host requests the status of discrete inputs with
the relative address of the first discrete
input followed by the number of discrete inputs to be read. The data field of the
response
frame consists of a count of the discrete input data bytes followed by that many
bytes of
discrete input data.
The discrete-input data bytes are packed with one bit for the status of each
consecutive
discrete input (1=ON, 0=OFF).
In the following example, the host requests the status of discrete inputs with
offsets
0000 and 0001 hex i.e. decimal 10001 and 10002. The target device’s response
indicates
that discrete input 10001 is OFF and 10002 is ON.
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30. The data field of the request frame consists of the relative address of the first holding
register followed by the number of registers to be read. The data field of the response
time consists of a count of the register data bytes followed by that many bytes of holding
register data.
The contents of each requested register (16 bits) are returned in two consecutive data
bytes (most significant byte first).
In the following example, the host requests the contents of holding register hexadecimalIn the following example, the host requests the contents of holding register hexadecimal
offset 0002 or decimal 40003. The controller’s response indicates that the numerical
value of the register’s contents is hexadecimal 07FF or decimal 2047.
The first byte of theresponse register data is the high order byte of the first addressed
register
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31. Reference:
Book:Practical industrial data Networks(Designing ,Installation,Trouble shooting)
Authors:Steve Mackay CPEng, BSc(ElecEng), BSc(Hons), MBA
Edwin Wright MIPENZ, BSc(Hons), BSc(Elec Eng)
DeonReynders Pr.Eng, BSc(ElecEng)(Hons), MBA
John Park ASD
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