Electromagnetic information leak as a potential data security risk is more and more serious.
Discussing the relationship between compromising emanations and Hamming distance is directed to
preventing or reducing the electromagnetic information leakage. The paper presents the model of
electromagnetic information leak, then the hierarchical protection strategy based on the model is proposed,
that is anti-radiation, anti-intercept and anti-reconstruction. Analyzing the causes of electromagnetic
information leak through the touch screen case, the paper describes the electromagnetic radiation intensity
is correlated to the transition's Hamming distance. The paper presents the anti-intercept method, which is
reducing the Hamming distance of the sensitive data or keep Hamming distance constant in order to
reducing or preventing the electromagnetic information leakage. The anti-intercept method is available
showed as the touch screen case.
5G wireless network technology is going operate within the environment of other electrical, electronic and electromagnetic devices, components and systems, with capability of high speed data connectivity acting as network transceiver stations with Massive MIMO for Internet of Things (IoT). Considering the level of interoperability, electromagnetic Interference and electromagnetic compatibility to avoid electromagnetic pulse effects (EMP) which is capable of not only causing network malfunctions but total devices and equipments failure in mission critical operations, like hospital MRI scan machines, security profiling and data handling or even personal healthcare devices like heart pacemaker. Electromagnetic energy coupling in PCB due to: radiation, reflection and Crosstalk generates reliability challenges affecting Signal Integrity between traces of multilayer boards stalks, power bus and packaging creating Electromagnetic interference (EMI) in PCB leading false clock response to system failure. Above were considered very essential when deploying 5G wireless network facility as presented in this paper.
A study on the V-shaped microstrip patch antenna for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system based on the antenna orientation is performed. First the microstrip patch antenna operating at 2.45 GHz is calculated and simulated. Next, multiple elements of antennas for MIMO system is simulated and discussed. V-shaped with 45 degree slanted inward and outward is studied. The antenna properties are analyzed and compact antenna design is determined based on the simulation results. The dresults show the gap between antennas can be optimized to 1 mm while maintaining low mutual coupling. The gain of the MIMO antenna is 8.42 dBi. The simulated return losses, together with the radiation patterns, are presented and discussed.
NOVEL METHODOLOGY OF THE ULTRA SONIC BEAM IN LINEAR ARRAY TRANSDUCER FOR HIGH...Journal For Research
In this paper, the focusing of ultrasound beam is considered. Electronic circuitry is considered as support to the theme of the work. The results presented in this paper are notable for improved resolution. The extension of the application diversity is also proposed based on use of Piezo electric transceducers.
5G wireless network technology is going operate within the environment of other electrical, electronic and electromagnetic devices, components and systems, with capability of high speed data connectivity acting as network transceiver stations with Massive MIMO for Internet of Things (IoT). Considering the level of interoperability, electromagnetic Interference and electromagnetic compatibility to avoid electromagnetic pulse effects (EMP) which is capable of not only causing network malfunctions but total devices and equipments failure in mission critical operations, like hospital MRI scan machines, security profiling and data handling or even personal healthcare devices like heart pacemaker. Electromagnetic energy coupling in PCB due to: radiation, reflection and Crosstalk generates reliability challenges affecting Signal Integrity between traces of multilayer boards stalks, power bus and packaging creating Electromagnetic interference (EMI) in PCB leading false clock response to system failure. Above were considered very essential when deploying 5G wireless network facility as presented in this paper.
A study on the V-shaped microstrip patch antenna for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system based on the antenna orientation is performed. First the microstrip patch antenna operating at 2.45 GHz is calculated and simulated. Next, multiple elements of antennas for MIMO system is simulated and discussed. V-shaped with 45 degree slanted inward and outward is studied. The antenna properties are analyzed and compact antenna design is determined based on the simulation results. The dresults show the gap between antennas can be optimized to 1 mm while maintaining low mutual coupling. The gain of the MIMO antenna is 8.42 dBi. The simulated return losses, together with the radiation patterns, are presented and discussed.
NOVEL METHODOLOGY OF THE ULTRA SONIC BEAM IN LINEAR ARRAY TRANSDUCER FOR HIGH...Journal For Research
In this paper, the focusing of ultrasound beam is considered. Electronic circuitry is considered as support to the theme of the work. The results presented in this paper are notable for improved resolution. The extension of the application diversity is also proposed based on use of Piezo electric transceducers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Impact and analytical study of the patch and slot for antenna designeSAT Journals
Abstract Antenna is the backbone of the communication system. With the advent of technology a lot of innovation happens to develop the antennas. Antenna is a smart device, which not only transmit and receive but also works as a transducer. S/N ratio also Abstract depend upon the efficiency of the antenna .Patch and slot has become a very important in modern wireless communication antennas. Patch and slots are being used for performance improvement of antenna in wireless communication. with the pace and speed of the communication theory, antennas also its design also developed in an innovative ways. Keeping the above fact in mind we had tried to present a complete review on patch and slots antennas .it has been analyzed in detail, In different size and shapes of slots and patch are great interest of obtaining optimum results of antenna design , in order to allow their use in communication application. A variety of the antennas are available in the communication engineering system. Present study represent the various details and open wide the slit for more innovations. Keywords- ( patch, slot GSM900, GSM1800, GSM 2100, UMTS, IMT-2000 and PCS,
Magneto Optic Current Transformer Technology (MOCT)IOSRJEEE
An accurate electric current transducer is a key component of any power system instrumentation. To measure currents power stations and substations conventionally employ inductive type current transformers .For high voltage applications, porcelain insulators and oil-impregnated materials have to be used to produce insulation between the primary bus and the secondary windings. The insulation structure has to be designed carefully to avoid electric field stresses, which could eventually cause insulation breakdown. The electric current path of the primary bus has to be designed properly to minimize the mechanical forces on the primary conductors for through faults. The reliability of conventional high-voltage current transformers have been questioned because of their violent destructive failures which caused fires and impact damage to adjacent apparatus in the switchyards, electric damage to relays, and power service disruptions. In addition to the concerns, with the computer control techniques and digital protection devices being introduced into power systems, the conventional current transformers have caused further difficulties, as they introduce electromagnetic interference through the ground loop into the digital systems. Magneto-optical current transformer(MOCT)technology provides a solution for many of the above mentioned problems. The MOCT measures the electric current by means of Faraday Effect that is the orientation of polarized light rotates under the influence of the magnetic fields and the rotation angle is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field component in the direction of optical path. MOCT is a passive optical current transducer which uses light to accurately measure current on high voltage systems and determines the rotation angle & converts it into a signal of few volts proportional to the current
MOCT (magneto optical current transformer)- presentationUjjwal Singh
Magneto Optical Current Transformer power point presentation. It is one of the nice and cool topics what you should choose in your college as a seminar topic. It is one of the best slides what you ever want to present in your college.It is one of the current topic of 2017.
Effect of fiber and solenoid variation parameters on the elements of a correc...IJECEIAES
Controlling the polarization of the light output from single-mode fiber systems is very important for connecting it to polarization-dependent integrated optical circuits, while applications using a heterodyne detection system. Polarization controller using fiber squeezer is attractive for a lowloss, low-penalty coherent optical fiber trunk system. However, for polarization controllers using electromagnetic fiber squeezer, the stability problem due to the saturation of their magnetic circuit must be studied. In fact, in their conventional configuration, open-loop stability affects performance and limits applications. First at all, this effect has been analyzed and a feedback circuit with correctors has been proposed to improve stability performance. Then a simulation study is proposed to examine the influence of the system parameters on the corrector constants. The results of the simulation show that if the system parameters change the constants Kp, Ki and Kd of the PID corrector must be adjusted to keep an optimized dynamic response.
Performance analysis of dwdm based fiber optic communication with different m...eSAT Journals
Abstract Dense Wavelength Division multiplexing (DWDM) is a novel technology that can improve the channel capacity and meet growing demands for bandwidth of the optical fiber communication system. This technology utilizes a composite optical signal carrying multiple information streams. Each information streams transmitted on a distinct optical wavelength onto a single fiber. The performance of DWDM is degraded by non-linear optical effects. They are Cross phase modulation (XPM), Self phase modulation (SPM), four wave mixing (FWM), stimulated brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). In this paper we analyze the performance of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) based fiber optic communication system at different modulation schemes, various power level and different number of data channels. we use the dispersion compensation fiber along with single mode fiber (SMF) for length of 100km at 1550nm to reduce the dispersion of optical signal. The performance of improved detected signals has been evaluated by the analysis of Quality factor and bit error rate (BER). The simulation studies are carried out using optisystem software from optiwave. Keywords: DWDM, cross-phase modulation, self-phase modulation, four wave mixing, stimulated Raman scattering, dispersion compensation fiber, NRZ, RZ, EDFA.
Implementation of hummingbird cryptographic algorithm for low cost rfid tags ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) antenna for base station applications through simulation. The proposed analysis is carried out using the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). In our method, to overcome several intrinsic limitations of patch antennas such as constrict bandwidth, low gain, excitation of surface waves, the EBG concept is applied. The patch antenna and patch antenna surrounded by the EBG cells are characterized in terms of return loss and radiation pattern in an anechoic chamber. Index Terms: Microstrip patch antenna, electromagnetic band gap structure, bandwidth, gain.
A short slideshow about different areas of application of magneto-optical sensor systems to visualize magnetic fields’ areal distribution in real time.
Wireless power transfer using the concept of magnetic coil resonant systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Long life lithium ion batteries and methanol fuel cells have been persuaded as ways to make
the electrical components more mobile, consumers’ expectations are still far from being met due to
the added weight and expenses for battery replacement. The discovery of wireless power is transfered as
a new option, and holds great promise to leave the oversized battery. The design of wireless power
transfer applies the concept of magnetic coil resonant system (MCRS). The concept of MCRS is similar
with a function of an antenna to transfer the power from one point to another. Simulation process is used to
produce the output wave on the virtual oscilloscope and to obtain the reading of output voltage from
the multimeter. The transmitter side contains power supply, transmitter oscillator circuit and transmitter
magnetic coil. Transmitter circuit convert DC to AC waveform and the receiver circuit convert AC to DC
voltage. The DC Source that connected to transmitter was provided by the DC source regulator acts as DC
source to adjust voltage and current separately. The project show the efficiency of the wireless power
transfer with different coil diameter and a distance between the transmitter and receiver coil. At a distance
of 15 cm, power is successfully transmitted as it is indicated by the LED light to turn on. The increment of
size in coil diameter has given a higher power and longer coverage distance for wireless transfer power.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Impact and analytical study of the patch and slot for antenna designeSAT Journals
Abstract Antenna is the backbone of the communication system. With the advent of technology a lot of innovation happens to develop the antennas. Antenna is a smart device, which not only transmit and receive but also works as a transducer. S/N ratio also Abstract depend upon the efficiency of the antenna .Patch and slot has become a very important in modern wireless communication antennas. Patch and slots are being used for performance improvement of antenna in wireless communication. with the pace and speed of the communication theory, antennas also its design also developed in an innovative ways. Keeping the above fact in mind we had tried to present a complete review on patch and slots antennas .it has been analyzed in detail, In different size and shapes of slots and patch are great interest of obtaining optimum results of antenna design , in order to allow their use in communication application. A variety of the antennas are available in the communication engineering system. Present study represent the various details and open wide the slit for more innovations. Keywords- ( patch, slot GSM900, GSM1800, GSM 2100, UMTS, IMT-2000 and PCS,
Magneto Optic Current Transformer Technology (MOCT)IOSRJEEE
An accurate electric current transducer is a key component of any power system instrumentation. To measure currents power stations and substations conventionally employ inductive type current transformers .For high voltage applications, porcelain insulators and oil-impregnated materials have to be used to produce insulation between the primary bus and the secondary windings. The insulation structure has to be designed carefully to avoid electric field stresses, which could eventually cause insulation breakdown. The electric current path of the primary bus has to be designed properly to minimize the mechanical forces on the primary conductors for through faults. The reliability of conventional high-voltage current transformers have been questioned because of their violent destructive failures which caused fires and impact damage to adjacent apparatus in the switchyards, electric damage to relays, and power service disruptions. In addition to the concerns, with the computer control techniques and digital protection devices being introduced into power systems, the conventional current transformers have caused further difficulties, as they introduce electromagnetic interference through the ground loop into the digital systems. Magneto-optical current transformer(MOCT)technology provides a solution for many of the above mentioned problems. The MOCT measures the electric current by means of Faraday Effect that is the orientation of polarized light rotates under the influence of the magnetic fields and the rotation angle is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field component in the direction of optical path. MOCT is a passive optical current transducer which uses light to accurately measure current on high voltage systems and determines the rotation angle & converts it into a signal of few volts proportional to the current
MOCT (magneto optical current transformer)- presentationUjjwal Singh
Magneto Optical Current Transformer power point presentation. It is one of the nice and cool topics what you should choose in your college as a seminar topic. It is one of the best slides what you ever want to present in your college.It is one of the current topic of 2017.
Effect of fiber and solenoid variation parameters on the elements of a correc...IJECEIAES
Controlling the polarization of the light output from single-mode fiber systems is very important for connecting it to polarization-dependent integrated optical circuits, while applications using a heterodyne detection system. Polarization controller using fiber squeezer is attractive for a lowloss, low-penalty coherent optical fiber trunk system. However, for polarization controllers using electromagnetic fiber squeezer, the stability problem due to the saturation of their magnetic circuit must be studied. In fact, in their conventional configuration, open-loop stability affects performance and limits applications. First at all, this effect has been analyzed and a feedback circuit with correctors has been proposed to improve stability performance. Then a simulation study is proposed to examine the influence of the system parameters on the corrector constants. The results of the simulation show that if the system parameters change the constants Kp, Ki and Kd of the PID corrector must be adjusted to keep an optimized dynamic response.
Performance analysis of dwdm based fiber optic communication with different m...eSAT Journals
Abstract Dense Wavelength Division multiplexing (DWDM) is a novel technology that can improve the channel capacity and meet growing demands for bandwidth of the optical fiber communication system. This technology utilizes a composite optical signal carrying multiple information streams. Each information streams transmitted on a distinct optical wavelength onto a single fiber. The performance of DWDM is degraded by non-linear optical effects. They are Cross phase modulation (XPM), Self phase modulation (SPM), four wave mixing (FWM), stimulated brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). In this paper we analyze the performance of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) based fiber optic communication system at different modulation schemes, various power level and different number of data channels. we use the dispersion compensation fiber along with single mode fiber (SMF) for length of 100km at 1550nm to reduce the dispersion of optical signal. The performance of improved detected signals has been evaluated by the analysis of Quality factor and bit error rate (BER). The simulation studies are carried out using optisystem software from optiwave. Keywords: DWDM, cross-phase modulation, self-phase modulation, four wave mixing, stimulated Raman scattering, dispersion compensation fiber, NRZ, RZ, EDFA.
Implementation of hummingbird cryptographic algorithm for low cost rfid tags ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) antenna for base station applications through simulation. The proposed analysis is carried out using the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). In our method, to overcome several intrinsic limitations of patch antennas such as constrict bandwidth, low gain, excitation of surface waves, the EBG concept is applied. The patch antenna and patch antenna surrounded by the EBG cells are characterized in terms of return loss and radiation pattern in an anechoic chamber. Index Terms: Microstrip patch antenna, electromagnetic band gap structure, bandwidth, gain.
A short slideshow about different areas of application of magneto-optical sensor systems to visualize magnetic fields’ areal distribution in real time.
Wireless power transfer using the concept of magnetic coil resonant systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Long life lithium ion batteries and methanol fuel cells have been persuaded as ways to make
the electrical components more mobile, consumers’ expectations are still far from being met due to
the added weight and expenses for battery replacement. The discovery of wireless power is transfered as
a new option, and holds great promise to leave the oversized battery. The design of wireless power
transfer applies the concept of magnetic coil resonant system (MCRS). The concept of MCRS is similar
with a function of an antenna to transfer the power from one point to another. Simulation process is used to
produce the output wave on the virtual oscilloscope and to obtain the reading of output voltage from
the multimeter. The transmitter side contains power supply, transmitter oscillator circuit and transmitter
magnetic coil. Transmitter circuit convert DC to AC waveform and the receiver circuit convert AC to DC
voltage. The DC Source that connected to transmitter was provided by the DC source regulator acts as DC
source to adjust voltage and current separately. The project show the efficiency of the wireless power
transfer with different coil diameter and a distance between the transmitter and receiver coil. At a distance
of 15 cm, power is successfully transmitted as it is indicated by the LED light to turn on. The increment of
size in coil diameter has given a higher power and longer coverage distance for wireless transfer power.
Unconsidered but influencing interference in unmanned aerial vehicle cabling ...IJECEIAES
The increasing complexity of electrical and electronic systems in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has raised concerns regarding unwanted electromagnetic interference (EMI) due to limited compartment space. Recent studies have highlighted the UAV cabling as the primary pathway for interference. This paper presents a novel approach to investigating the effects of interference power, polarization angle, and distance from the interference source on EMI in UAV cable systems. Measurements and simulations were performed to analyze the influence of these factors on the radiation received by the cable. A linear dipole antenna, operating at a frequency of 905 MHz, served as the radiation source, while a single wire cable pair terminated with a 50-ohm resistor was employed as the victim. The findings reveal that the power transmitted by the source, the distance between the cable and the source, and the polarization angle have a significant impact on the electromagnetic interference received by the cable. Notably, a perpendicular orientation of the cable to the interference source (antenna) in the far-field yielded a reduction of up to 15 dBm in EMI. The results underscore the necessity for more sophisticated models and comprehensive measurements to fully comprehend the diverse factors affecting polarization losses in practical scenarios.
Magnetic resonance coupling for 5G WPT applicationsjournalBEEI
Inductive Wireless Power Transfer (IWPT) is the most popular and common technology for the resonance coupling power transfer. However, in 2007 it has experimentally demonstrated by a research group from Massachusets Institute of Technology (MIT) that WPT can be improved by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Wireless Power Transfer (MRC WPT) in terms of the coupling distance and efficiency. Furthermore, by exploiting the unused, high-frequency mm-wave band which are ranging from 3~300 GHz frequency band, the next 5G generations of wireless networks will be able to support a higher number of devices with the increasing data rate, higher energy efficiency and also compatible with the previous technology. In this work, a square planar inductor with the dimension of 6.1 x 6.1 mm is designed, and the resonators have the same self-resonance frequency at 14 GHz. The coil resonators have been laid on Silicon and Oxide substrate to reduce the loss in the design. From the CST software simulation and the analytical model in MATLAB software, it has been shown that the MRC WPT design has improved the performance of IWPT design by 40% power transfer efficiency. MRC WPT design also has larger H-Field value which is 705.5 A/m, as compared to the IWPT design which has only 285.6 A/m when both Transmitter(Tx) and Reciever(RX) is at 0.3 mm coupling distance.
The wireless Power Transmission is a useful and proper technology is used in various fields like electronic devices, implantable medical devices, industry and other fields, and has become a research hotspot at home and abroad. Because it enables the transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load across an air gap without interconnecting wires. This paper reviews the methods used in the wireless power transmission system, recent technologies, future and its application, merits as well as demerits. Mrs. Yogita Shailesh Kadam "Wireless Power Transmission System- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57380.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/57380/wireless-power-transmission-system-a-review/mrs-yogita-shailesh-kadam
Enhancement algorithm for reverse loop technique on planar reverse loop antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Finding a trade-off balance between wireless transfer efficiency (WTE) and distance is a key
issue in wireless energy transfer (WET). This paper presents a method of reducing the radical alteration in
WTE versus distance, by using a reverse loop technique on planar reverse loop antenna (PRLA).
The design focuses on 13.56 MHz Near Field Communication (NFC). The first stage uses mathematical
modelling, based on an analytical approach, to determine the size of the reverse loop using Matlab.
The proposed model predicts the size of the reverse loop to stabilize the WTE at a closer distance.
Next, full-wave electromagnetic simulations are applied, using the computer simulation technology (CST)
MICROWAVE STUDIO®, to determine the WTE effect with distance changes with mismatch condition.
Planar loop antennas (PLAs) are fabricated on glass-reinforced epoxy laminated sheets (FR4).
A validation of the simulation result in a real test scenario, using these PLAs and PRLA, confirms
a stability enhancement in WTE at closer distance using the reverse loop technique, compared to
conventional designs.
Advance communication through red tacton human area networking technology Pawan Sharma
WELCOME TO OUR PRESENTATION Its our great pleasure to presenting a paper at the NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION (NCHCIEE -2013) Organized by : Jahwaharlal institute of technology, borawa , dist khargone M.P Presented by : Mr. Pawan sharma Proff . Lokesh mehta Mr. Lokendre singh rathore (From SPITM, Mandleshwar dist khargone . M.p )
Advance Communication through Red Tacton -Human Area Networking Technology: Presented by : Mr. Pawan Sharma Proff . Lokesh mehta Mr. Lokendra Singh Rathore Advance Communication through Red Tacton -Human Area Networking Technology Dept. of Electronics & Communication
Bluetooth, infrared etc. were the most commonly used techniques for data transmission.
But these short-range wireless communication systems have some problems of packet collisions and it can be reduce by RED-TECTON.
The ultimate human area network solution to all these constraints of conventional technologies is “intra body” communication, in which the human body serves as the transmission medium.
Development of a Wireless Power Transfer Circuit Based on Inductive CouplingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Wireless electrical energy transfer has many advantages over the same through conducting
cables. This research focusses on developing wireless power transfer circuitusing inductive coupling. The
experiment has been done by changing the number of turns and the diameter of the wire of a coil with the
aim of finding the maximum power and the longest distancethat the energy can be transferred through
wireless means. The power source is connected to a series of electronics components and a copper coil
which form the primary source for the transmitter the power receiver consists of a copper coil, a rectifier
and the load. In a system with the diameter of the wires of the two coils is0.5 mm, and the number of turns
is 26 at the frequency of 470KHz the efficiency of power transfer about 1.51% at a distance of 1 cm.
The transferred energy by wireless means could operate a 1 Watt LED at 1 cm.
Fundamentals of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)Bruno De Wachter
Electromagnetic interference, EMI, has become very important in the last few decades as the amount of electronic equipment in use has increased enormously. This has led to an increase in the sources of interference, e.g. digital equipment and switching power supplies, and an increase in the sensitivity of equipment to interference, due to higher data rates.
This development demands high quality electrical installations in all buildings where electromagnetic non-compatibility leads to either higher costs or to an unacceptable decrease in safety standards.
This application note gives an overview and a basic understanding of the major physical principles of electromagnetic interference and an introduction to the principles of mitigation of disturbing effects. As a result, the measures required to achieve an EMC-compliant installation should be easily understood.
The influence of EMF (electro magnetic field) on data centerEdarat Group
Why EMF?
World population growth and its trend to computerize everything in the globe, which can be easily noticed from the quantity and type of internet-dependent appliances i.e. smart phones, tablets, many type of laptops and personal computers are invading our normal life, where most of known manufacturers are racing to provide the globe markets with the highest technology, and all of these devices are power-dependent which found their way to the end users with high demand.
No Wire is the brief description of the wireless technology and wireless power transmission. this presentation gives the overview of the wireless power transmission and also you can found the different types of the methods used to transfer the power wirelessly i mean the types of the wireless power transmission. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Saving of Power in Wireless Power Transmission System using IR Sensor and RelayDr. Amarjeet Singh
As all we know that today’s live is not possible for a moment if we think without electricity after our basic needs that are air, water, food, cloth and shelter. Because without it we can not think about our mobility, But it has also many disadvantages because of the transmission of electricity through wire which cause many time sock due to which living thing may get injured or many time they get unexpected death.
Hence for establishing the transmission of electricity without hazards today’s world started working on the removal of the net of the wires over the world and this is possible only by transmitting electricity wirelessly.
This principle was early given by a charming and mysterious inventor and engineer Nikola Tesla(1891-1898) by inventing Tesla coil. But in wireless electricity transmission, there is a lot of wastage of energy when power is transferred to the load. If there is no loads are available around the receiving antenna(coil), power will be wasted and this is a one of the major disadvantage of this principle.
So by using IR Sensor we can save this power from being waste which will allow the antenna to transmit the power only when the objects are available to receive this transmitted power.
Single electron transistor technology based on chip implementation of smoke d...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Magnetic resonance coupling wireless power transfer for green technologiesawszuher
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a technology that is considered the focus of scientists' attention for its development and creation to be compatible with many devices that are used today and also consider one of the green technology apps which means any technology can reduce the effect of people on the environment which is today grow continuously. In this paper, a wireless power transfer for a mobile charger had been discussed to get a maximum power and efficiency power transfer. WPT is considered as a reliable technology, efficient, fast, not using wires, and can be used for short and long-range. There are three methods for WPT, electromagnetic induction, magnetic resonance coupling, and radio waves which are classified by the distance that sends the power. Magnetic resonance coupling is the method that has been focused on in this paper because of compatibility with short or medium distances as battery chargers which depend on the magnetic field to transfer power without wires that can protect devices from damages and heating. As result the effect of distance on efficiency has been discussed with reached to nearer distance can improve efficiency however by using magnetic resonance technique, acceptable efficiency can be obtained with appropriate distance
Technology Content Analysis with Technometric Theory Approach to Improve Perf...Nooria Sukmaningtyas
Radiologic installation be facilitated with medical equipment for supporting of health services in
investigation of disease. There are 3 (three) criteria technology of equipment: investigation with
sophisticated equipment (CT scans single slice), investigation with a medium-sized enterprises equipment
(general x-ray 300 mA / 125 KV) and simple equipment (Portable Dental x-ray 8mA /70 KV). In view of
contribution to the Hospital, Radiologic installation from 2008 until 2012 has decreased, the data as
follows: The year 2008 was 6.8 percent; in 2009 was 4.3 percent; in 2010 was 2.5 percent; in 2011 was
2.3 percent; and in 2012 was 2.6 percent.By using approach of technometric theory, the study measures
the significant contribution of each component of technology that consists of aspects: Technoware,
Humanware, Inforware, Orgaware in Radiologic Installation, and also want to know about the
sophistication of the technology which is used in indicators Technology contribution coefficien (TCC), so
factors that affect experienced performance result can be known, where TCC are: TCC High Technology
TCC_tt =0,490 if T_tt= 0,387 H= 0,519 I= 0,538 O=0,534 TCC Middle technology TCC_tm=0,443 if
T_tm=0,258 H=0,519 I=0,538 O=0,534TCC Simple technology TCC_ts =0,398 if T_ts=0,168 H=0,519
I=0,538 O=0,534If the value of component technology (T,H,I,O) is less than TCC, its means that
Radiologic Installation Unit is in decreasing phase, a condition that cannot be left, need the directors’s
action immediately to formulate the right and fast policies to protect it from lost. The final result of study is a
gap almost everywhere from the three technology component Humanware = 0,519, Inforware = 0,538,
Orgaware = 0,534, but the gap between most components in technology aspects Technoware (0,387,
0,258, 0,168), that means that development strategy of Radiologic Installation unit be prioritized on
increasing aspects Technoware (rejuvenation medical equipment).
Data Exchange Design with SDMX Format for Interoperability Statistical DataNooria Sukmaningtyas
Today’s concept of Open Government Data (OGD) for openness, transparency and ease of
access of data owned by government agencies becomes increasingly important. This initiative emerges
from the demand of data usersforthe data belongs to the government agencies. The data services
providing an easy access, cheap, fast, and interoperability are needed by the users and becomes
important indicator performance for respective government agencies. Statistical Data and Metadata
Exchange (SDMX) is a new standard format in the data dissemination activities particularly in the
exchange of statistical data and metadata via Internet. In this respect SDMX support the implementation of
OGD project. This paper is on the technical design, development and implementation of data and
metadata exchange service of statistical data using SDMX format to support interoperability data through
web services. Three results are proposed: (i) framework for standardization of structure of statistical
publications data model with SDMX; (ii) design architecture of data sharing model; and (iii) web service
implementation of data and metadata exchange service using Service Oriented Analysis and Design
(SOAD) method. Implementation at Statistics Indonesia (BPS) is chosen as a case study to prove the
design concept. It is shown through quantitative assessment and black box testing that the design
achieves its objective.
The knowledge management is a model involving the information system in the knowledge
processing. “Tim Penyelesaian Kerugian Negara” (TPKN) is one of sources of information related to the
state loss settlement, so it needs the development of knowledge management system on the state loss
settlement to ease the users when looking for the references of knowledge as completely as possible,
accurately, and quickly. This research aims to develop the system of knowledge management on the state
loss in LAPAN (SIMAPKLA). The used research methodology is Knowledge Management System Life
Cycle (KMSLC). The tacit, explicit knowledge is taken from the experts and it is stored in the Knowledge
Base (KB). The design model uses the approach with the orientation of object and implementation with Yii
Framework and blackbox testing. The menu on this system includes home, about us, dictionary, news,
meeting schedulles, knowledge about state loss, e-document, progress, forum, and contact us. Based on a
series of tests, in the aspect of functionality, this system is suitable and useful to share knowledge and
know the development of state loss settlement.
Automatic Extraction of Diaphragm Motion and Respiratory Pattern from Time-se...Nooria Sukmaningtyas
Thoracic time-sequential MRI can be used to assess diaphragm motion pattern without exposing
radiation to subject. Clinicians may employ the motion to evaluate the severeness of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD). This study proposed a novel method of diaphragm motion extraction method
on time-sequential thoracic MRI in sagittal plane. Otsu’s threshold and active contour algorithm are used to
obtain diaphragm boundary. An automatic diaphragm motion tracking and extraction of respiratory pattern
are also performed based on the diaphragm boundary. A total of 1200 frames time-sequential MRI in
sagittal plane was obtained for total of 15 subjects (8 healthy volunteers and 7 COPD patients). The
proposed method successfully extracts diaphragm motion and respiratory patterns for both healthy
volunteers and COPD patients.
A dual-frequency microstrip patch antennas has been presented and used for 802.11WLAN
applications. The antennas had been designed, simulated and parametrically studied in CST Microwave
studio. By introducing u-slot, dual-band operation with its operating mode centered at frequency 2.4GHz,
3.65GHz and 5.2GHz had been obtained. The gain and directivity had been improved by adjusting the
parameters of the antennas. The gain of the proposed designs was 6.019dBi, 4.04dBi and 6.22dBi and
directivity was 6.02dBi, 4.05dBi and 6.22dBi at resonant frequencies 2.4GHz, 3.6GHz and 5.2GHz
respectively. The patch antennas had been proposed to be used in portable devices that require
miniaturized constituent parts.
The Detection of Straight and Slant Wood Fiber through Slop Angle Fiber FeatureNooria Sukmaningtyas
Quality control is one of important process that can not be avoided in industry. Image processing
technique is required to distinguish the quality of wood. If it can be done automatically by the computer, it
will be very helpful. This paper discusses the detection of straight and slant wood fiber to distinguish its
quality. This paper proposes an algorithm by using only two features i.e. mean (average value of slop
angle fiber) and maximumangle (the maximum value of slop angle fiber). Then the classification method is
used by tresholding. The result shows the performance is achieved on accuracy 79.2%
Active Infrared Night Vision System of Agricultural VehiclesNooria Sukmaningtyas
Active infrared night vision system was significant for night driving and it has been greatly used on
limousine car. Design active infrared night vision system for agricultural vehicles greatly improved the night
vision of them and it was an inevitable trend. Comparing parameters of various night vision systems and
designing active infrared night vision system of agricultural vehicles was significant for improving active
security of agricultural vehicles working at nighttime. By analyzing the infrared night vision system basic
parameters determined the structure form and basic parameters, calculated the infrared light wave width
and emission power to choose each components, designed active infrared night vision system’s structure
and determined parameters of agricultural vehicles.
Robot Three Dimensional Space Path-planning Applying the Improved Ant Colony ...Nooria Sukmaningtyas
To make robot avoid obstacles in 3D space, the Pheromone of Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) in
Fuzzy Control Updating is put forward, the Pheromone Updating value varies with The number of iterations
and the path-planning length by each ant . the improved Transition Probability Function is also proposed,
which makes more sense for each ant choosing next feasible point .This paper firstly, describes the Robot
Workspace Modeling and its path-planning basic method, which is followed by introducing the improved
designing of the Transition Probability Function and the method of Pheromone Fuzzy Control Updating of
ACO in detail. At the same time, the comparison of optimization between the pre-improved ACO and the
improved ACO is made. The simulation result verifies that the improved ACO is feasible and available.
Research on a Kind of PLC Based Fuzzy-PID Controller with Adjustable FactorNooria Sukmaningtyas
A kind of fuzzy-PID controller with adjustable factor is designed in this paper. Scale factor’s selfadjust
will come true. Fuzzy control algorithm is finished in STEP7 software, and then downloaded in S7-
300 PLC. WinCC software will be used to control the change-trend in real time. Data communication
between S7-300 PLC and WinCC is achieved by MPI. The research shows that this fuzzy-PID controller
has better robust capability and stability. It’s an effective method in controlling complex long time-varying
delay systems.
This paper proposed a nonlinear robust control for spacecraft attitude based on passivity and
disturbance suppression vector. The spacecraft model was described using quaternion. The control law
introduced the suppression vector of external disturbances and had no information related to the system
parameters. The desired performance of spacecraft attitude control could be achieved using the designed
control law. And stability conditions of the nonlinear robust control for spacecraft attitude were given. The
stability could be proved by applying Lyapunov approach. The verification of the proposed attitude control
method was performed through a series of simulations. The numerical results showed the effectiveness of
the proposed control method in controlling the spacecraft attitude in the presence of external disturbances.
The main benefit of the proposed attitude control method does not need angular velocity measurement
and has its robustness against model uncertainties and external disturbances.
Remote Monitoring System for Communication Base Based on Short MessageNooria Sukmaningtyas
The automatic monitoring system of communication base which is an important means to realize
modernization of mobile communication base station management. In this paper, we implement a
monitoring system for communication base with three essential functions which are telemetry, remote
control and communication. In this system, data acquisition unit, data transmit unit and monitoring centre
unit are combined to form this monitoring system. The system can check the communication base status
anytime through GSM SMS (short message service), and can send predefined command to perform
remote data collection and monitoring in the special conditions. It is suitable especially for the alarm of
unusual situation, the monitoring of environmental information and entrance guard information. The paper,
firstly, proposes the architecture of the monitoring system; secondly, proposes the terminal of monitoring
system. The data collection terminal is studied and designed, including hardware design based on
embedded system and software design. Finally, presents implmentation and results. The monitoring
system can improve the integrity, reliability, flexibility and intellectuality of monitoring system. The system
with modular structure, which is low-cost, fitter and easier to move and operate, can be expanded
according to practical need and is reliable and effective through field test.
Tele-Robotic Assisted Dental Implant Surgery with Virtual Force FeedbackNooria Sukmaningtyas
The dental implant surgical applications full of risk because of the complex anatomical
architecture of craio-maxillofacial area. Therefore, the surgeons move towards computer-aided planning
for surgeries and then implementation using robotic assisted tele-operated techniques. This study divided
into four main parts. The first part is developed by computer-aided surgical planning by image modalities.
The second part is based on Virtual Surgical Environment through virtual force feedback haptic device.
The third part is implemented the experimental surgery by integrating the prototype surgical manipulator
with the haptic device poses using inverse kinematics method. The fourth part based on monitoring the
robotic manipulator pose by using image guided navigation system to calculate the position error of the
surgical manipulator. Thus, this tele-robotic system is able to comprehend the sense of complete practice,
improve skills and gain experience of the surgeon during the surgery. Finally, the experimental outcomes
show in satisfactory boundaries.
This paper proposes an adaptation mechanism based on adaptation planning graph for servicebased
business processes. First, a three-layer representation model of service-based business process is
introduced. Second, control-flow patterns of tasks, goal, logic model of service-based business process
and adaptation planning graph are introduced to enforce reliability of composite web services at run-time.
Finally, a simulation example of adaptation in service-based business processes is given. Simulations
prove that this approach can efficiently guarantee the reliability of composite services at run-time.
Review on Islanding Detection Methods for Photovoltaic InverterNooria Sukmaningtyas
Solar power generation, which is regarded as an ideal environment-friendly manner for power
generation, is getting more and more attention. When photovoltaic inverter is connected to the grid, the
island effect is a special problem to confront. This paper briefly analyzes the island effects and makes a
summary of both domestic and external research progress concerning islanding detection methods; the
islanding detection methods can be divided into two classes: one is grid-side detection; the other is local
detection. The local detection is generally divided into passive methods and active methods. The theory of
advantages and disadvantages of those methods are briefly introduced in this paper. At the end of the
paper, to deal with the disadvantages of those methods that are mentioned, it proposes the research
direction for deeper study of islanding detection methods.
Stabilizing Planar Inverted Pendulum System Based on Fuzzy Nine-point ControllerNooria Sukmaningtyas
In order to stabilize planar inverted pendulum, after analyzing the physical characteristics of the
planar inverted pendulum system, a pendulum nine-point controller and a car nine-point controller for Xaxis
and Y-axis were designed respectively. Then a fuzzy coordinator was designed using the fuzzy
control theory based on the priority of those two controllers, and the priority level of the pendulum is higher
than the car. Thus, the control tasks of each controller in each axis were harmonized successfully. The
designed control strategy did not depend on mathematical model of the system; it depended on the control
experience of people or the control experts. The compared experiments showed that the control strategy
was easy and effective, what was’s more; it had a very good robust feature.
Gross Error Elimination Based on the Polynomial Least Square Method in Integr...Nooria Sukmaningtyas
The measurement data of parameter in the electrical equipment contains many noises in subway
integrated monitoring system. To eliminate the impact of gross error in the measurement data, a
polynomial least square curve fitting algorithm is used in this paper. Based on the Rajda criterion, the
algorithm gives the variance estimation of the noises, and then uses dynamic threshold to detect and
replace the measurement data with gross error by statistical estimation. Finally, a data processing
procedure has been presented to deal with the gross error. The practical application indicates that the
proposed algorithm can effectively eliminate the gross error in many types of measurement signals so as
to ensure the reliability of the monitoring system.
Design on the Time-domain Airborne Electromagnetic Weak Signal Data Acquisiti...Nooria Sukmaningtyas
According to principle of transient electromagnetic method as well as its signal characteristics,
this paper designed and implemented a time-domain airborne electromagnetic weak signal data
acquisition system. With the use of the floating-point amplification technology, the system amplifies the
weak transient electromagnetic signal dynamically. CPLD and DSP were used as the decoding control
circuit and the main controller for processing the sampled data, respectively. The transient electromagnetic
signal acquisition system, which was designed with a dynamic range up to 144dB and a sampling rate up
to 100 kHz, meets the requirements of the high sampling rate with high precision and it has been applied in
the time-domain fixed-wing airborne electromagnetic mineral exploration.
INS/GPS integrated navigation system is studied in this paper for the hypersonic UAV in order to
satisfy the precise guidance requirements of hypersonic UAV and in response to the defects while the
inertial navigation system (INS) and the global positioning system (GPS) are being applied separately. The
information of UAV including position, velocity and attitude can be obtained by using INS and GPS
respectively after generating a reference trajectory. The corresponding errors of two navigation systems
can be obtained through comparing the navigation information of the above two guidance systems.
Kalman filter is designed to estimate the navigation errors and then the navigation information of INS are
corrected. The non-equivalence relationship between the platform misalignment angle and attitude error
angle are considered so that the navigation accuracy is further improved. The Simulink simulation results
show that INS/GPS integrated navigation system can help to achieve higher accuracy and better antiinterference
ability than INS navigation system and this system can also satisfy the navigation accuracy
requirements of hypersonic UAV.
Research on Space Target Recognition Algorithm Based on Empirical Mode Decomp...Nooria Sukmaningtyas
The space target recognition algorithm, which is based on the time series of radar cross section
(RCS), is proposed in this paper to solve the problems of space target recognition in the active radar
system. In the algorithm, EMD method is applied for the first time to extract the eigen of RCS time series.
The normalized instantaneous frequencies of high-frequency intrinsic mode functions obtained by EMD are
used as the eigen values for the recognition, and an effective target recognition criterion is established.
The effectiveness and the stability of the algorithm are verified by both simulation data and real data. In
addition, the algorithm could reduce the estimation bias of RCS caused by inaccurate evaluation, and it is
of great significance in promoting the target recognition ability of narrow-band radar in practice.
With the expanding of database of the watch list of anti-money laundering, improving the speed in
matching between the watch list and the database of account holders and clients’ transaction is especially
important. This paper proposes an improved AC-BM Algorithm, a matching algorithm of subsection, to
improve the speed of matching. Experiment results show the time performance of the improved algorithm
is better than traditional BM algorithm, AC algorithm and the AC-BM algorithm. It can improve the
efficiency of on-line monitoring of anti-money laundering.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
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emissions or through space called radiated emissions. Both the conducted emissions and the
radiated emissions will result in electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic leak.
Electromagnetic leak is more severe rather than merely EMI. If these emissions are intercepted
and analyzed they could reveal confidential data that the signals contain. A receiving device can
intercept these signals without being detected even when located some distance away access
to the original equipment is not required. Electromagnetic radiation of the computer results in
electromagnetic information leak.
According to the electromagnetic radiation theory and information theory, it may be
considered that electromagnetic information leak system is composed of three parts that are
leak source (information source), electromagnetic radiation (information channel), interception
equipment (information sink), showed as Figure1.
Figure 1. Model of electromagnetic information leak
The research of electromagnetic information leak is based upon the model in this paper.
According the model, The three aspects of the source, channel and sink should be considered
to protect from electromagnetic information leakage. Thus the hierarchical protection strategy is
taken into account, that is anti-radiation, anti-intercept and anti-reconstruction, showed as
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Hierarchical protection model
anti-radiation: try to inhibit or block electromagnetic radiation in order to hold the
leakage as less as possible.
anti-intercept: try to make intercept more difficult in order to keep from capture as far as
possible.
anti-reconstruction: try to make reconstruction more difficult in order to keep from
reproduction as far as possible.
The Hamming distance of data processed in a computer have a certain relationship with
electromagnetic radiation intensity. It is possible to make intercept more difficult by adjusting the
Hamming distance of data so that prevent or reduce the electromagnetic information leakage.
3. Analyzing the Causes of Electromagnetic Information Leak
The construction of information equipment results in the cause why electromagnetic
radiation is associated with information leak. Most chips made for digital information devices are
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designed in CMOS technology, so these logic family has become dominant in very large scale
integrated circuits (VLSI), including inverter, NOR gate, NAND gate and so on. CMOS inverters
are the basic building-block of all digital CMOS logic. The inverter can be looked upon as a
push-pull switch: A "In" grounded cuts off the one transistor, pulling "Out" high. A high "In" does
the inverse, cuts off the another transistor , pulling "Out" to ground, showed as Figure 3.
Figure 3. Elementary CMOS gate
There are three kinds of current while CMOS gate works that are the static current,
dynamic short-circuit current and dynamic current as the capacitor C charging and discharging.
Power consumption or electromagnetic radiation intensity is mainly caused by dynamic current
because of static current only contributes less 15% [5], [6].
In particular, the dynamic short-circuit current results in the impulse. During a transition
from "0" to "1" or vice-versa, the device's n and p transistors are on for a short period of time.
This results in a short current pulse from Vdd to Vss. This sudden current pulse causes a sudden
variation of the electromagnetic field surrounding the chip which can be monitored by some
inductive equipments.
According to above analysis, in the case of inverse no matter "0→1" or " 1→0"
happened, electromagnetic information leak is there. Meanwhile the data "1" has the higher
power consumption than the data "0". Thus the power curve is correlated to the transition's
Hamming distance. This explains why the electromagnetic radiation curve is correlated to the
transition's Hamming distance and why electromagnetic information leakage when data flips.
Hamming distance is the number of different code value of corresponds to bits between
any two codeword in a data encoding set, as in (1).
(x, y) = x[i] y[i] (1)
Here is i=0,1,..n-1; x, y is n bits of code; ⊕ is exclusive or operator; H (x, y) is the
difference for x and y take 0 or 1 values, if x and y are binary codes.
The more the number of bits changed is, the more the power consumption is, and the
higher the electromagnetic radiation intensity is. The power consumption model can be build
based on Hamming distance, and then the electromagnetic radiation model can be build based
on Hamming distance [7], [8], as in (2).
C = a* H( D ⊕ R) + b (2)
In (2), C is the electromagnetic radiation; D is the original data, R is the result data; H is
Hamming weight; ⊕ is operator XOR. Then H(D ⊕ R)is the Hamming distance of D and R.
Let a = 1 and b = 0, then C is expressed simply as in (3).
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C = H(D ⊕ R) (3)
The formula represents a series of changes in the relationship "Hamming distance of
data→power consumption→electromagnetic radiation".
Based on the analysis above, the power consumption is different while the information
equipments process the data of "0" or "1", leading to changes in intensity of electromagnetic
radiation and in electromagnetic signal. In particular, a bit of data transitions from "0" to "1" or
vice-versa results in a short current pulse from Vdd to Vss, then electromagnetic information
leakage can be captured through the method of DPA (Differential Power Analysis) [5]-[8] or EA
(Electromagnetic Analysis) [7] etc.
If reducing the Hamming distance of the sensitive data or keeping Hamming distance
constant, it will reduce the variation of electromagnetic wave radiated or keep the changes of
electromagnetic signal constant, then the interception is more difficult. So intercepting the
electromagnetic wave with information becomes more hardly.
4. Adjusting the Hamming Distance to Anti-Intercept
Touch screen monitors are widely used as an input device in an automatic teller
machine (ATM), a cash dispenser (CD), a door and gate access control terminal, mobile [9], and
so on. In the operation, the operator inputs often the certificate code by touching the numeric
and character button image. The touched button image then changes the color at one time to
inform the operator the input button key. The change of color of the touched button image is
widely general in the flow of input button key operations on touch screen monitors.
The standard color scheme of the touch screen monitors is showed as Figure 4.
Figure 4. Standard color scheme of a touch screen monitor
The image that touch screen monitors display can be reconstructed on a personal
computer with intercepting electromagnetic radiation [10]-[12]. If the change of color of the
touched button image can be distinguished in the reconstructed display image, the information
of input button key operations on touch screen monitors leaks from the electromagnetic
radiation [13].
The color change means that the data changes, it means the Hamming distance of data
is not 0 before and after touch the numeric button. There are changes in electromagnetic
radiation. Table 1 shows a touch screen standard color scheme and data encoding. The
calculations for the standard color scheme are summarized in Table 2 before and after touch
the numeric button.
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Table 1. Standard color scheme and data encoding
Numeric button No touched Touched
background color black [00H : 00H : 00H] black [00H : 00H : 00H]
image color green [00H: FFH : 00H] magenta [FFH : 00H : FFH]
digit color white [FFH : FFH: FFH] white [FFH : FFH: FFH]
Table 2. Hamming distance for standard color scheme before and after touch the numeric
button
Numeric button No touched Touched
color change of image [00H: 00H : 00H] →[00H :FFH : 00H] [00H :00H :00H] →[FFH :00H :FFH]
Hamming distance for image 8 16
color change of digit edge [00H :FFH :00H] → [FFH :FFH:FFH] [FFH :00H :FFH]→ [FFH :FFH:FFH]
Hamming distance for digit edge 16 8
The reason for the information leak of input button key operations on touch screen
monitors is investigated in Table 2.
Select cyan color ([00H : FFH : FFH]) as a different image color for touch button, called
anti-intercept color scheme showed as Figure 5, so that the Hamming distance of data is 0
before and after touch the numeric button.
Figure 5. Anti-intercept color scheme of a touch screen monitor
The calculations for the anti-intercept color scheme are summarized in Table 3 before
and after touch the numeric button.
Table 3. Hamming distance for anti-intercept color scheme before and after touch the numeric
button
Numeric button No touched Touched
color change of image [00H : 00H : 00H] →[00H : FFH : FFH] [00H:00H :00H] →[FFH :00H :FFH]
Hamming distance for image 16 16
color change of digit edge [00H : FFH : FFH] → [FFH :FFH:FFH] [FFH:00H :FFH]→ [FFH :FFH:FFH]
Hamming distance for digit edge 8 8
Compare the anti-intercept color scheme with the standard color scheme, showed as
Table 4, Either the Hamming distance for image or the Hamming distance for digit is constant
before and after touch the numeric button for the anti-intercept color scheme, it is 16 or 8
respectively.
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Table 4. Hamming distance for anti-intercept color scheme and standard color scheme
Numeric button
Standard
Image
Standard Digit
edge
Anti-intercept Image
Anti-intercept
Digit edge
no touched 8 16 16 8
touched 16 8 16 8
difference -8 8 0 0
5. Conclusion
Because that the Hamming distance is constant, the electromagnetic radiation variation
maintains constant before and after touch a numeric button. It result in that can't determine
whether a numeric button is touched thereby protecting the password security. The anti-
intercept color scheme used in practical application, it is really difficult to capture and
reconstruct original data using electromagnetic radiation.
So adjusting the Hamming distance of data to make the electromagnetic radiation
variation is constant, can effectively prevent the electromagnetic information leakage, protect
the confidential data security. Adjusting the Hamming distance of data to make the
electromagnetic radiation variation is less, can effectively attenuate the electromagnetic
information leakage, protect the confidential data from attack.
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