This document discusses analysis of statistical data in health information management. It defines key terms like statistics, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics. It describes the different types of health statistics including vital statistics, morbidity statistics, and health service statistics. It also discusses how to calculate rates like crude rates and specific rates that are important measures for analyzing health data. Finally, it covers different methods for presenting statistical data, including tables, graphs, pie charts and histograms. The overall aim is to emphasize the importance of properly collecting, analyzing and presenting health statistics for effective healthcare planning and decision making.
Data
Information
Intelligence
Health information system
Sources of data
Census
Registration of vital events
Sample registration system
Notification of diseases
Hospital records
Disease registers
Record linkage
Epidemiological surveillance
Other health service records
Environmental health data
Health manpower statistics
Population surveys
Other routine statics related to health
Non – quantifiable information
Health management information system
Central Bureau of health Ingelligence
National health profile
WHO Reports
Global Health Observatory
World bank
Health stats
Data
Information
Intelligence
Health information system
Sources of data
Census
Registration of vital events
Sample registration system
Notification of diseases
Hospital records
Disease registers
Record linkage
Epidemiological surveillance
Other health service records
Environmental health data
Health manpower statistics
Population surveys
Other routine statics related to health
Non – quantifiable information
Health management information system
Central Bureau of health Ingelligence
National health profile
WHO Reports
Global Health Observatory
World bank
Health stats
cohort study is clinical study design. particular form of longitudinal study that samples a cohort group of people. type of panel study.
cohort study represent fundamental designs of epidemiology in field of medicine, social science & psychology.
Incidence (Epidemiology lecture)
short ppt to understand incidence. primary incidence rate, secondary incidence rate, incidence rate, examples of incidence, incidence rate related question are discussed in this lec.
Topic: Pie Chart
Student Name: Javeria
Class: B.Ed. 2.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
This PPT discusses
Basics measurements in epidemiology
Basics requirements of measurements
Tools of measurements
Measures of morbidity
Measures of disability
Measures of mortality
the paradigm is changing; the dominant focus for the next decade at least will be value, or to be precise triple value
The Aim is triple value & greater equity
• Allocative value, determined by how the assets are distributed to different sub groups in the population
• Technical value, determined by how well resources are used for all the people in need in the population
• Personalised value, determined by how well the decisions relate to the values of each individual
If you want to see more please look at http://bettervaluehealthcare.weebly.com
Medical records file clerk job description, Medical records file clerk goals & objectives, Medical records file clerk KPIs & KRAs, Medical records file clerk self appraisal
REF Green, M. A. and Bowie, M. J. (2005). Essentials of Health Information Management, Principles and Practices. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning. ISBN: 9780766845022.
Recommended Reference
At the end of this chapter, the student must be able to:
Identify significant events in medicine for the prehistoric, ancient, medieval, and renaissance time periods
Explain medical discoveries associated with modern medicine
■ Summarize the evolution of health care delivery in Saudi Arabia
Discuss the differences among primary, secondary, and tertiary care
Differentiate the types of hospital ownership
Compare the roles of a hospital governing board and administration
Name and describe medical specialties
Explain the various medical staff membership categories
Delineate the responsibilities of medical staff committees
List hospital departments, and explain the function of each
Detail services a health information management department performs
Provide examples of contract services for health information management
List hospital committees, and describe the function of each
Discuss differences among licensure, regulation, and accreditation of health care facilities
Distinguish among accrediting organizations, and identify types of health care facilities accredited by each
cohort study is clinical study design. particular form of longitudinal study that samples a cohort group of people. type of panel study.
cohort study represent fundamental designs of epidemiology in field of medicine, social science & psychology.
Incidence (Epidemiology lecture)
short ppt to understand incidence. primary incidence rate, secondary incidence rate, incidence rate, examples of incidence, incidence rate related question are discussed in this lec.
Topic: Pie Chart
Student Name: Javeria
Class: B.Ed. 2.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
This PPT discusses
Basics measurements in epidemiology
Basics requirements of measurements
Tools of measurements
Measures of morbidity
Measures of disability
Measures of mortality
the paradigm is changing; the dominant focus for the next decade at least will be value, or to be precise triple value
The Aim is triple value & greater equity
• Allocative value, determined by how the assets are distributed to different sub groups in the population
• Technical value, determined by how well resources are used for all the people in need in the population
• Personalised value, determined by how well the decisions relate to the values of each individual
If you want to see more please look at http://bettervaluehealthcare.weebly.com
Medical records file clerk job description, Medical records file clerk goals & objectives, Medical records file clerk KPIs & KRAs, Medical records file clerk self appraisal
REF Green, M. A. and Bowie, M. J. (2005). Essentials of Health Information Management, Principles and Practices. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning. ISBN: 9780766845022.
Recommended Reference
At the end of this chapter, the student must be able to:
Identify significant events in medicine for the prehistoric, ancient, medieval, and renaissance time periods
Explain medical discoveries associated with modern medicine
■ Summarize the evolution of health care delivery in Saudi Arabia
Discuss the differences among primary, secondary, and tertiary care
Differentiate the types of hospital ownership
Compare the roles of a hospital governing board and administration
Name and describe medical specialties
Explain the various medical staff membership categories
Delineate the responsibilities of medical staff committees
List hospital departments, and explain the function of each
Detail services a health information management department performs
Provide examples of contract services for health information management
List hospital committees, and describe the function of each
Discuss differences among licensure, regulation, and accreditation of health care facilities
Distinguish among accrediting organizations, and identify types of health care facilities accredited by each
"Medical Doctors are Poor Managers". This presentation has tried to do brainstorming for them how to operate as better Health Managers. Leaders lead from the Front. Managers control from the Behind. A Doctor in a facility needs to play the role of both Leader as well as Manager.
Statistics as a subject (field of study):
Statistics is defined as the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to make decision on the bases of such analysis.(Singular sense)
Statistics as a numerical data:
Statistics is defined as aggregates of numerical expressed facts (figures) collected in a systematic manner for a predetermined purpose. (Plural sense) In this course, we shall be mainly concerned with statistics as a subject, that is, as a field of study
Statistics is the scientific methods for collecting, organizing, presenting and analyzing data as well as deriving the valid conclusion and making reasonable decision on the basis of this analysis.
“Statistics is a science of systemic collection, classification, tabulation, presentation, analysis
and interpretation of data.”
It is the science of facts and figures.
In Nigeria, nursing education core value is jettisoned by educational qualification as against quality or standard of care. It is faced with explicit and implicit rivalry between the degree holders in nursing and non-degree holders, between those with single qualification and those with double qualification and between university lecturers with first degree in nursing and master/PhD in other field and those with first degree, master and PhD in nursing science. The rivalry is becoming a bane and indeed a malignant cancer devastating all spheres of nursing; training, practice, service and administration in Nigeria.
In Nigeria, nursing education core value is jettisoned by educational qualification as against quality or standard of care.
It is faced with explicit and implicit rivalry between the degree holders in nursing and non-degree holders, between those with single qualification and those with double qualification and
between university lecturers with first degree in nursing and master/PhD in other field and those with first degree, master and PhD in nursing science.
The rivalry is becoming a bane and indeed a malignant cancer devastating all spheres of nursing; training, practice, service and administration in Nigeria.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Maxilla, Mandible & Hyoid Bone & Clinical Correlations by Dr. RIG.pptx
Analysis of statistical data in heath information management
1. Analysis of statistical data in
Heath information management
HIMI, JOS
By
Saleh Ahmed
School of Midwifery, Bauchi.
2. Analysis of statistical data in
Heath information management
Introduction
For proper and effective health planning and decision
making in any health institution adequate and reliable
data must be collected and fully analyzed.
Well analyzed data will make the decision makers to
detect and control emerging and endemic health
problem, monitor progress towards health goals and
promote equity.
3. Objectives
At the end of this presentation the participants should
be able to:-
- Define statistics.
- Describe types of health statistics in health
information management.
- Describe various ways of analyzing statistical data in
health information managemen
4. -
Meeting the eight (8) millennium Development goal
targets can only be achieved by analysis of health
statistical data such as vital statistics, morbidity
statistics, and health service statistics. Thus analysis of
data is an indispensable tools in health information
management system globally.
5. Statistics
Definition
The word statistics is derived from latin – status
meaning state or condition
According to English advanced Dictionary,
statistics is the branch of mathematics that deals with
analysis and interpretation of numerical data in terms
of sample and population
Statistics is a science that is concerned with the
collection, compilation, presentation , analysis and
interpretation of numerical data (Nwabuokei,2001)
6. -
Based on the above definition statistics deals with data
and population(both living e.g. human being and non
living e.g. measurement of aggregate results)
7. Branches of statisticsi) Descriptive statistics
ii) Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics –it is type of statistics that
studies a body of statistical data and no generalization
is made from the results obtained. It involves
collection of data, classification of data, drawing of
histogram, polygon, charts, percentages, range and
other types of statistical graphs, computation of
sample characteristics such as the mean, mode,
median , standard deviation etc.
8. -
Descriptive statistics provide precise, standard ways to
summarize, understand and communicate complex
information.
It summarizes the population of data by describing
what was observed numerically or graphically
Numerical –eg, mean, standard deviation.
NB, frequency and percentages are useful in
describing categorical data e.g race , sex, age.
9. -
Inferential statistics – it is the branch of statistics
that studies a group of data in order to use the results
obtained in making generalization on a larger group
of data. It uses sample results to reach conclusions
about populations from which the samples have been
drawn from. For instance testing of hypothesis by
taking the form of answering yes or no questions.
10. -
It also performs the followings:-
Estimating numerical characteristics of
data=Estimation
Describing association within data =Correlation
Modeling(a representative set of data) relationships
within the data =Regression, extrapolation,
interpolation or other modeling.
11. Statistical data
Data is an information - facts - knowledge
Statistical data can be classified based on the nature or
the source.
A) based on the source of the data
i) primary data- data collected by the investigator
himself for the purpose of statistical analysis
ii) secondary data- data collected from existing
data(records )
12. -
Based on the nature of the data
i) Qualitative data – data used for describing
characteristics which can not be defined in numerical
terms e.g, colour of hair, colour of the
eyes, performance grade- good, average, poor
ii) Quantitative data- data that are capable of
numerical description e.g. weight , height in
meter, scores of students. It consists of measures that
take numerical values for description such as means
and standard deviation. if countable =discrete data
and if measurable express in scale =continuous data eg
ht
13. Health Statistical Data
Types
A) Vital statistics
B) Morbidity statistics
C) Health service statistics
A) Vital statistics – it is the branch of statistics that
deals with the changes and most basic events of
human population e.g, birth, marriage, mortality and
illness. Such data are gathered from census and
registration reports.
14. -
Vital statistics is collected for the purpose of
generating birth and mortality rates for the whole
population or subgroup.
Method of collection is through ongoing recording or
registration of vital event such as birth, adoption,
death, marriages, divorces,
legal separation etc
15. -
B) Morbidity statistics:-These are data on occurrences of
severity of sickness in a community.
It is collected for the purpose of analysis of ill-health within
human population and for provision of detailed analysis of
health status and services.
Method of collection is through medical services such as
medical institutions from:-
a) outpatient clinic,
b) special clinics(maternal)
c)inpatient services (general hospital, specialist hospital)
16. -
C) Health services statistics – these are data that are
obtained from operation of the health services. Two types
of data obtained are
i) Resource data
ii) institutional records
i) Resource data – are data on human and material
resources. Human resource are details of number of various
types of health personnel (Doctors, Nurses, Midwives,
community health workers etc). Consideration is made on
their distribution in relation to the population.
17. -
ii) Institutional records – these are records
generated from health facilities. For example records
of client/patient that attended a health centre in
certain period of time.(how many pregnant women
received ANC). This serves as a means of providing
information about the demand for and utilization of
health services and about the extent to which target
groups within the population are being served.
18. Sources of health statistical data
1) Census of the population.
2) Registration of births and deaths
3) Notification of Diseases
(surveillance, epidemiological surveys)
4) Medical institutions (hospital, health
centers, clinical laboratories)
19. Analysis of statistical data
Health statistics analysis is based on two measures
tools:- rates and ratio.
Rate is the frequency (number) of events that occur in
a defined period, divided by the average population.
20. -
Denominator data – population at risks
Numerator data – events or condition of concern.
Constant multiplier is either 100 to make a % or else
1,000, 10,000, or 100,000 to make the numerator larger
than 1 for easy discussion
Thus rate can be expressed as follows:-
.
21. -
-Thus, Health statistical are expressed in
rates, i.e number of events that are related to
population.
Rates are expressed in arbitrary total
e.g, 1,000, 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000.
Rates is the most important tool for
measuring disease or death. It is used to
measure events that are related to the
population or subgroup in which they occur.
22. Types of rates
Rates are grouped into two that is based on the nature of
population used as follows:-
Crude rates
Specific rates
Crude rates –these are rates that are applied to entire
population without reference to any characteristics of the
individuals in it. The rates are calculated with the total
population in an area as the denominator.
23. -
Crude rates is used when for instance
i) the frequency of death or disease(numerator) is not
known for the subgroups of population
ii) the size of the subgroups(denominator) is not
known
iii) the number of person at risk is too small to provide
a stable estimate.
24. -
Specific rates :- the rates are calculated after
population has been categorized into groups with
particular characteristics e.g age-specific rates or sex-
specific rates.
25. Calculation of vital statistics
This calculation is for the purpose of determining
mortality rate.
Crude rates-
27. Calculation of morbidity statistics
Morbidity rates are divided into two major types as
follows;
1) Incidence rate:- it indicates the rate at which new
disease occurs in a defined, previously disease-free
population.
NB. period of time can be 1 year period or more
28. -
Prevalence rates:-it measures number of people in a
population that have a disease at a given time.
Prevalence depends on the number of people that have
been ill in the past and the duration of their illness.
29. presentation of data.
Health information management can only be achieved
when data collected are explicitly stored in meaningful
forms which can be understood by stakeholder and
policy makers
Data are presented in the following methods
The text method
The semi-text method
The tabular method
-Diagrammatic and graphic method(use of
graphs, charts and diagrams)
30. The text method
This is the simplest method of presentation of data in
form of written report
E.g the number of health personnel in Abubakar
Tafawa Balewa teaching Hospital as at 2009,is 1,000.
out of which 600 were male and 400 were females.
Its shortcomings- it can’t give effective and clear
interpretation of statistical data and there is
possibilities of omission and repetition,
31. The semi-text method
At times called the partial-tabular method. It
combines the text and tabular forms of data
presentation.
It facilitates easy comparison because figures are
presented separately from the text.
Eg. number of patients admitted in Specialist Hospital
for the period of 2005 – 2007
2,000 in 2005,
2,500 in 2006,
3,000 in 2007
32. Tabular method
This involves the systematic arrangement of facts and
figures in series of boxes made up of rows and
columns.
According to Nwabuokei (2001) the Components of
statistical tables are;
The title
The caption or box head(column labeling)
The stub (row labeling)
The source and or footnotes(abbreviation or symbol
not universally known)
33. Types of tables
Simple table- it consists of merely a list of items. it
provides statistical data in one or two column
Table 1: Enrollment into SON,Monze in 2009
Source –SON Monze
LGA No of Candidates enrolled
Muzabuka 14
Choma 28
Chukuni 35
34. -
Complex table:-it shows division of total into two
or more. It is useful in making comparisons
Table II Sex distribution of students enrolled
Source :-SON Monze
LGA No Male female withdraw
Muzabuk
a
14 5 9 3
Choma 28 10 18 4
Chukuni
Total
35
77
15
30
20
47
6
13
35. Frequency distribution tables
This is the most commonly used in presentation of
health statistic in public health. The process of
drawing of the table is a follows
First , the data –ie the raw data are arranged based on
their magnitude-ascending or descending order. This
is known as the array of data
Eg , 3,2,8,6,8,3,10,8,10,2,3,5,8,5,8 }raw data
2,2,3,3,3,5,5,5,6,8,8,8,8,8,8,10,10 }array of data.
36. -
Table III: Anatomy test scores over 10
score tally frequency
2
3
5
6
8
10
II
III
III
I
IIII
II
2
3
3
1
5
2
total 16
37. Graphic representation
This is the display of data in the forms of graphs, geometric
features or pictures.
The purpose is to provide a simple, visual aid that the
reader will readily appreciate the important features of the
data
The common examples are-
A) Bar chart- it contains bars of which the length is
proportional to the frequency of events and each
representing each items in the group. It is of 3 types
simple,compound &component. It is useful in
representing discrete variable(data).Below are the
examples bar charts.
38. Causes of maternal deaths in
Gashaka
Causes No of
deaths
percentage
Eclampsia 15 21.4%
infection 25 35.7%
Post partum
hemorrhage
30 42.9%
Total 70 100%
39. Causes of maternal deaths in
Sabon Kaura village
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
50.00%
Eclampsia Infection Postpartum
haemorrhage
Series1
40. Causes of maternal deaths from
2004 – 2007 in Ganjuwa LGA
0% 20% 40% 60%
2004
2005
2006
2007
eclampsia
infection
post partum haemorrge
41. Histogram
It is a special type of Bar chart used for displaying
numerical variables
Variables of interest are shown on one axis as a
continuous scale split into class.
The bars are joined to each other and their areas
representing frequency of events.
For instance the age and sex distribution of population
may be displayed in the form histogram to produce
population pyramid
42. Pie chart
It consists of a circle divided into sector which area of
each sector is proportional to the value of each
variable.
It is used for presenting data of proportion or
percentage of whole.
In order to present information using pie chart, the
following should be done,
1) calculate the size of each sector based on the
magnitude in degree from 360 circle.
2) Draw the circle
43. Major causes of sudden deaths.
15%
25%
8%
52%
hypertension
heart attack
diabetes
44. -
There are other various methods of data analysis that
are not dealt with.
45. Conclusion.
The objective of health information management is to
generate information that decision makers and
managers can use to support health programs. This
can be achieved by proper record system and well
established institution for registration of vital events
such as births, deaths etc. it therefore the
responsibility of all health
workers, epidemiologists, and statisticians to ensure
that data are collected, analyzed interpreted and
communicated for optimum health services delivery
to all citizens of Nigeria