Using person product moment correlation to explore the relationship between d...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that explored the relationships between different categories of municipal solid waste in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria using Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The study found:
1) A positive correlation between food scrap, ash and vegetable waste, indicating these categories increase together.
2) A negative correlation between food scrap and materials like paper, cardboard, rubber, metals, plastics and glass, showing these categories decrease as food scrap increases.
3) The results suggest a waste management strategy for the area should focus on managing biodegradable organic waste, and the amounts of certain wastes generated per household can help predict total waste amounts.
11. article azojete vol. 12 103 109 oumarouOyeniyi Samuel
This document presents a statistical model developed to predict the energy content of municipal solid wastes in Northern Nigeria. Samples of solid waste were collected from major cities in the region and analyzed to determine their physical characteristics, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and calorific values. An empirical linear regression model was created using the experimental data to statistically correlate the waste characteristics of physical composition and moisture content with energy content. The model showed about 70% agreement when compared to experimental calorific values, with an average deviation of 5.03% and standard deviation of 5.29%.
Statistical Modelling of the Energy Content of Municipal Solid Wastes in Nort...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The ability to predict the quantity of energy to be produced is of paramount importance in every country. It would assist in setting up a waste management plan which will lead to a sustainable energy policy. This paper presents the development of a statistical linear regression mathematical model to predict the amount of energy contained in municipal solid wastes from the knowledge of such characteristics of the wastes as physical composition and/or moisture content. Major cities of Kano, Katsina, Dutse, Damaturu, Maiduguri, Bauchi, Birnin Kebbi, Gusau and Sokoto in Northern Nigeria, with high population densities and intense industrial activities constituted the area of study. Ten kilogram each, of the municipal solid waste was collected from the government designated refuse dumping sites in both highly dense populated low income areas and government residential areas, during the hottest months of February, March and April and during the rainy season in the month of August for three years. The waste material was prepared for the determination of its physical characteristics by sifting through. Proximate, ultimate analyses and calorific values were determined using ASTM analytical techniques and formulas from the literature. An empirical linear regression based mathematical model was developed using statistical methods and experimental data. Comparison between experimental and predicted values of the calorific values showed an agreement of about 70% with an average deviation of 5.03% while the standard deviation was found to be 5.29%.
Analysis of Solid Waste for its better Management – a case studyinventionjournals
The document analyzes the composition, characteristics, and quantities of solid waste in Aligarh city, India. It finds that the city's solid waste consists on average of 33% vegetable/food waste, 33% drain silt, 10% plastic/rubber, 5% rag/jute, 8% paper, 5% construction debris, and 8% wooden matter. Sampling of waste was conducted across 16 wards, with characteristics such as moisture content, carbon, and nitrogen content analyzed. The study provides baseline data on the city's waste to inform better management and future planning of waste disposal systems.
Assessment of Solid Waste Management among Households in Kaptembwa Location i...paperpublications3
Abstract: Solid waste disposal remains one of the major challenges of urbanization in developed and developing countries. The sanitary state of an area, particularly the sub-urban areas is influenced by waste handling practices by the residents and the measures put in place for safe waste collection and disposal. The objective of this study was to assess disposal mechanisms of solid waste among households in Kaptembwa location in Nakuru West Sub-County. The research adopted social inquiry design where a structured questionnaire was administered to household heads, oral interviews and focus group discussions were also conducted. The unit of analysis was the household selected in four estates. The study population was 400 households and a sample size of 200 households. The selection of the household units for data collection was based on simple random sampling. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software (version 17) and results presented by descriptive statistics (graphs and tables). Inferential statistics was also used to show the relationships between independent and dependent variables. The findings and recommendations of this study provide information not only to the Kaptembwa residents but also residents living in low income of urban and peri-urban areas to adopt best practices in solid waste management to improve environmental quality and enhance the health status by reducing the incidence of disease outbreaks. This can be achieved by the implementation of some key research recommendations which includes use of smart shopping to avoid the excess use of polythene bags, proper sorting and storage of waste, using improvised storage receptacles such as disposable cartons and dust bins as well as engaging the Community Based Organization (CBO) dealing with waste collection, transportation and disposal.
IRJET- Substituting Natural Fiber by Plastic WasteIRJET Journal
This document discusses substituting natural fibers like rice straw with plastic waste in composite materials to enhance sustainability. Plastic waste is a major environmental issue in developing countries like India due to high population growth. The objective is to improve the mechanical properties of plastics by reinforcing with treated natural fibers. Rice straw will be treated through chemical and carbonization methods before being reinforced in plastic composites. The composites will be tested to analyze the effect of fiber reinforcement on flexural and tensile strength compared to non-reinforced recycled plastic.
This document discusses integrated municipal solid waste management. It begins by describing the history of waste management practices from early human settlements to modern times. It then discusses definitions of waste and the development of integrated waste management approaches. The document outlines factors to consider in planning an integrated municipal solid waste management system, providing Bangalore, India as a case study. It analyzes Bangalore's current waste generation and collection rates, as well as the composition of its municipal solid waste.
Using person product moment correlation to explore the relationship between d...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that explored the relationships between different categories of municipal solid waste in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria using Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The study found:
1) A positive correlation between food scrap, ash and vegetable waste, indicating these categories increase together.
2) A negative correlation between food scrap and materials like paper, cardboard, rubber, metals, plastics and glass, showing these categories decrease as food scrap increases.
3) The results suggest a waste management strategy for the area should focus on managing biodegradable organic waste, and the amounts of certain wastes generated per household can help predict total waste amounts.
11. article azojete vol. 12 103 109 oumarouOyeniyi Samuel
This document presents a statistical model developed to predict the energy content of municipal solid wastes in Northern Nigeria. Samples of solid waste were collected from major cities in the region and analyzed to determine their physical characteristics, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and calorific values. An empirical linear regression model was created using the experimental data to statistically correlate the waste characteristics of physical composition and moisture content with energy content. The model showed about 70% agreement when compared to experimental calorific values, with an average deviation of 5.03% and standard deviation of 5.29%.
Statistical Modelling of the Energy Content of Municipal Solid Wastes in Nort...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The ability to predict the quantity of energy to be produced is of paramount importance in every country. It would assist in setting up a waste management plan which will lead to a sustainable energy policy. This paper presents the development of a statistical linear regression mathematical model to predict the amount of energy contained in municipal solid wastes from the knowledge of such characteristics of the wastes as physical composition and/or moisture content. Major cities of Kano, Katsina, Dutse, Damaturu, Maiduguri, Bauchi, Birnin Kebbi, Gusau and Sokoto in Northern Nigeria, with high population densities and intense industrial activities constituted the area of study. Ten kilogram each, of the municipal solid waste was collected from the government designated refuse dumping sites in both highly dense populated low income areas and government residential areas, during the hottest months of February, March and April and during the rainy season in the month of August for three years. The waste material was prepared for the determination of its physical characteristics by sifting through. Proximate, ultimate analyses and calorific values were determined using ASTM analytical techniques and formulas from the literature. An empirical linear regression based mathematical model was developed using statistical methods and experimental data. Comparison between experimental and predicted values of the calorific values showed an agreement of about 70% with an average deviation of 5.03% while the standard deviation was found to be 5.29%.
Analysis of Solid Waste for its better Management – a case studyinventionjournals
The document analyzes the composition, characteristics, and quantities of solid waste in Aligarh city, India. It finds that the city's solid waste consists on average of 33% vegetable/food waste, 33% drain silt, 10% plastic/rubber, 5% rag/jute, 8% paper, 5% construction debris, and 8% wooden matter. Sampling of waste was conducted across 16 wards, with characteristics such as moisture content, carbon, and nitrogen content analyzed. The study provides baseline data on the city's waste to inform better management and future planning of waste disposal systems.
Assessment of Solid Waste Management among Households in Kaptembwa Location i...paperpublications3
Abstract: Solid waste disposal remains one of the major challenges of urbanization in developed and developing countries. The sanitary state of an area, particularly the sub-urban areas is influenced by waste handling practices by the residents and the measures put in place for safe waste collection and disposal. The objective of this study was to assess disposal mechanisms of solid waste among households in Kaptembwa location in Nakuru West Sub-County. The research adopted social inquiry design where a structured questionnaire was administered to household heads, oral interviews and focus group discussions were also conducted. The unit of analysis was the household selected in four estates. The study population was 400 households and a sample size of 200 households. The selection of the household units for data collection was based on simple random sampling. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software (version 17) and results presented by descriptive statistics (graphs and tables). Inferential statistics was also used to show the relationships between independent and dependent variables. The findings and recommendations of this study provide information not only to the Kaptembwa residents but also residents living in low income of urban and peri-urban areas to adopt best practices in solid waste management to improve environmental quality and enhance the health status by reducing the incidence of disease outbreaks. This can be achieved by the implementation of some key research recommendations which includes use of smart shopping to avoid the excess use of polythene bags, proper sorting and storage of waste, using improvised storage receptacles such as disposable cartons and dust bins as well as engaging the Community Based Organization (CBO) dealing with waste collection, transportation and disposal.
IRJET- Substituting Natural Fiber by Plastic WasteIRJET Journal
This document discusses substituting natural fibers like rice straw with plastic waste in composite materials to enhance sustainability. Plastic waste is a major environmental issue in developing countries like India due to high population growth. The objective is to improve the mechanical properties of plastics by reinforcing with treated natural fibers. Rice straw will be treated through chemical and carbonization methods before being reinforced in plastic composites. The composites will be tested to analyze the effect of fiber reinforcement on flexural and tensile strength compared to non-reinforced recycled plastic.
This document discusses integrated municipal solid waste management. It begins by describing the history of waste management practices from early human settlements to modern times. It then discusses definitions of waste and the development of integrated waste management approaches. The document outlines factors to consider in planning an integrated municipal solid waste management system, providing Bangalore, India as a case study. It analyzes Bangalore's current waste generation and collection rates, as well as the composition of its municipal solid waste.
Qualitative Study of Landfill Leachate from Different Ages of Landfill Sites ...iosrjce
The present paper describes the qualitative analysis of landfill leachate at different ages of landfill
sites (LFS) around the world and it has been prepared on the basis of extensive survey of literatures. The main
objective of this study was to explore the knowledge on qualitative analysis of municipal solid waste landfill
leachate. This paper provides a reliable and robust database for the prediction of leachate quality when new
landfills are to be developed in Nepal and other parts of the world.
Large amount of biodegradable organic matter is indicated though high ratio of BOD/COD. This in turn leads
to relative high concentration of Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. The lower concentration of VFAs and high pH represents
“old” leachate from the late methanogenic phase. The humic substances give a dark color to stabilized
leachate. Due to the decreasing solubility of many metal ions with increasing pH, the concentration of metal
ions is low in general. The strength of the leachate decreases with time with precipitation of soluble elements
such as heavy metals as the organic compounds break down biologically. This is the reason why leachate
management is problematic due to complexity in its design, operation, and composition, age of landfill, specific
climate conditions and moisture routing through the landfill. In order to avoid pollution and toxicity level in the
water bodies, it is legal necessity to treat landfill leachate before discharging it
Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere...IJMER
This document summarizes a study that used the GaBi5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) modeling tool to characterize the environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local Government Area, Nigeria. Waste composition data was collected from selected houses and dumping sites in the area. The LCA inventory and impact assessment evaluated a landfilling scenario using the TRACI and CML methods. Four environmental impact indices were analyzed: global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, and ozone depletion potential. The results showed that biodegradable waste had the highest global warming potential, while different waste types had the highest impacts for the other indices. The study concluded the current waste management practices have detrimental environmental
Organic matter, segregation, chemical characteristics, process control, quali...Premier Publishers
Municipal solid waste (MSW) analysis in Kolkata indicates a presence of a high percentage of biodegradable organic matter (82%), acceptable moisture content (42%) and C/N ratio (32). These parameters are suitable for windrow composting. Because optimum moisture content for windrow composting is in the range of 40-50%. Windrow composting is a process that reduces the volume of the waste and produces a crumbly earthy smelling soil-like compost material. In the proposed scheme, we improve the quality of the compost material using selected organic material from the collected waste. In the practical implementation phased of proposed scheme, it has found all the quality parameters in compost samples within the acceptable limits set by international standard. The pH ranged between 6.7-8.2, organic matter 48%, moisture 23.02% and have an acceptable amount of plant nutrients C (16.03%), H (0.44%), N (1.26%), O2 (1.3%), P (0.89%) and K (1.23%). The result would play an extremely important role in substantially reducing the burden of waste disposal, saving soil resources, controlling leachate and achieving malodorous gas reduction. Besides, it could also increase organic fertilizers in place of some chemical fertilizers and protect water resources.
Current status of commercial solid waste generation, composition and manageme...Premier Publishers
This study determined the quantity, composition, the levels of remaining recyclable materials, and to evaluate treatment methods for commercial solid waste (CSW) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Waste samples were collected from 52 commercial sectors including hotels, restaurants, internet cafés, guesthouses, beer gardens, markets, schools, microfinance agencies and shops. The waste was collected daily for two weeks in 2013 and separated into 23 categories. The main composition of CSW were food (50-60%), followed by plastic and paper (30-40%) and glass (5-6%). The waste generation in kg/table/day was 4.83 (large restaurants), 3.36 (medium restaurants), 2.23 (beer gardens), 1.94 (internet cafés); in kg/room/day was 0.69 (3-star hotels), 0.45 (large guesthouses), 0.37 (medium and small guesthouses), 0.097 (small hotels) and in kg/person/day was 0.153 (family marts), 0.15 (ministries), 0.12 (council of ministers), 0.12 (supermarkets), less than 0.10 (shops and schools). Sorted waste was food, followed by glass bottles, paper, PET bottles, aluminium cans and steel. The remaining recyclable materials were food, plastic, paper, steel and aluminium cans. Well sorting activity was conducted by internet cafés and restaurants, followed by family marts, schools, beer gardens and guesthouses. If food waste and other recyclable materials were completely sorted, 61% of current waste could be minimized.
The document discusses solid waste management at the Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (KAHE) campus in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. A team of 7 students conducted a study to analyze the existing solid waste system and identify opportunities for improvement. Through surveys and waste analysis, the team found that the campus generates approximately 567kg of solid waste per day. The waste was then separated into degradable and non-degradable categories. An experiment was conducted to compare composting of degradable waste with and without the use of Effective Microorganisms (EM). The results showed that the compost produced with EM had higher nutrient levels and was a better quality organic fertilizer.
PLASTIC WASTE QUANTIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN DAVANAGE...IRJET Journal
The document discusses plastic waste quantification, characterization, and management in Davanagere City, India. It finds that plastic waste makes up 11.3 kg of the 25 kg solid waste sample collected. The most common plastics were HDPE and LDPE at 30.9% and PET at 18.6%. Surveys found a lack of awareness around plastic recycling. The study concludes more policies and education are needed to better manage Davanagere's increasing plastic waste as the population grows. Strict enforcement of recycling programs and investments in new recycling infrastructure could help address this issue.
IRJET- A Comprehensive Study of Solid Waste Management in Mangalore City-Case...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Mangalore City, India. It finds that Mangalore generates approximately 226 tons of solid waste per day, with per capita waste generation of 0.4524 kg per day and household per capita generation of 0.2095 kg per day. Though generation levels are not alarming, waste management practices need improvement. Currently there is some segregation, door-to-door collection, and processing via windrow composting and vermicomposting. However, most waste is ultimately landfilled. The study calls for better segregation, collection, and use of decentralized waste-to-energy technologies to reduce burden on landfills and improve sustainability of Mangalore's solid waste
This document analyzes solid waste management practices in Yavatmal city, India. It finds that the city generates 24 tonnes of solid waste per day. Food and garden waste makes up the largest portion at 47% of the waste stream. Paper accounts for 18% and inert materials 17%. The city collects waste through door-to-door collection and community bins. Waste is disposed of at a site 8 km outside the city where it is composted or landfilled. The study recommends improving waste segregation, adding transfer stations to reduce transportation costs, and increasing public awareness programs about sustainable waste management.
Characterization and quantization of solid waste in ganga villages of haridwarIJARIIT
One of the most emerging challenges of the modern world of rapid urbanization is management and disposal of solid
waste. Solid waste is generated from each and every household of the society so it is one of the most important aspects to
consider for the management and disposal factors of generated waste. About 47% of world’s population (3.31 billion) and
68.84% (0.83308 billion) of India’s population resides in rural areas. The results showed that average daily per capita of
household waste and cattle waste generation is 0.18, 18 kg/cap-day respectively. The main portion of household solid waste is
organic and bio-degradable which is around 75% and remaining fraction comprise of paper, polythene, plastics, textiles,
rubber, glass, metal and inert are 6.62, 2.45, 0.89, 2.57, 0.32, 0.42, 0.41 and 5.26 in percentage respectively. The bulk density of
household and cattle waste is 310.33 kg/m3, 805.076 kg/m3 respectively. The physical composition of household waste is
moisture content, ash content, organic content is 83%, 31%, and 69% respectively and chemical characteristics (food and
organic fraction) of the generated waste including the amount of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus is 1.74, 0.34, and 0.7 %
respectively. Heavy metals in the waste were found to be in a very trace amount, so no further treatment is required.
As the above results show that the bigger part of the solid waste generated in studied areas is organic and bio-degradable
and most suitable techniques for this type of waste are composting and bio-methanation. For further treatment, this waste can
be composted and used as fertilizer in agricultural fields and another way to deal with this waste is installation of bio-gas plant
in which methane can be produced and the remaining slurry can be converted in to nutrient rich compost for agricultural
purpose to minimize the chemical fertilizer application especially in the agricultural field nearby the river. Finally, 100% of
the solid waste has been utilized and its useful by-products are bio-gas and fertilizer generation, creating a win-win situation.
Impact of Solid Waste Management Practices on Environmental Protection Case o...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This Solid waste management practices are essential component of environmental infrastructure in human settlements; its poor management can lead to health problem and environmental destruction in general, this study was conducted in Kicukiro district. The data were collected on the sample of 97 households and some authorities through questionnaires, and interview and were analyzed using SPSS Version 20 (statistical tools) and this helped in generating tables and performing descriptive statistics like percentages, frequency, and mean. The results obtained revealed that that in terms of waste segregation is explained excluding solid wastes from liquid wastes considering the mean of 2.73 which was interpreted as high mean. Those results influenced the grand mean to become 2.04 which is interpreted as low mean. This means that waste segregation practices is not efficiently done in households located in Kicukiro. It was revealed that transportation of wastes is characterized by the short time of loading wastes considering the mean of 2.91 which is interpreted as high mean. The findings revealed that the environmental protection in Kicukiro District is characterized by the following: little harmful materials (plastic packages) in the soils considering the mean of 3.18. This showed that there is link between solid waste management practices and environmental protection in Kicukiro District. For proper practices of waste management which is positive but only for waste transportation to have a significant relationship with environmental protection considering the correlation coefficient of 0.259 and the p-value or Sig.(2-tailed) of 0.010 which is below the p-alpha of 0.05. It is recommended that Kicukiro District has to launch a sustained, education and communication campaign informing residents on the importance of managing waste properly and its importance to their health, the environment and cleanliness of the city or use another waste reduction strategy in order to encourage recyclable production of goods to allow access to recyclable products.
Study of sustainable environmental sanitation management policies and program...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Environmental sanitation treatment, especially waste from the source is essential to be
implemented in the city of Makassar through government policies and programs as well as support from all
levels of society. The purpose of this study was to examine policies and programs for sustainable environmental
hygiene management. Data collection was carried out through interviews with the leadership and staff of the
Sanitation and Landscaping Office, sub-district leaders and staff, and the community. The data collected is in
the form of qualitative and quantitative data. The results showed that the waste management policies and
programs in Makassar City are currently being managed by the Makassar City Sanitation and Landscaping
Office. Facilities and infrastructure for collection, transportation, and processing are still minimal, both in terms
of quantity and quality. The Antangl and fill will be able to accommodate municipal waste for 15-20 years if
community empowerment can be carried out optimally. The results of the contingency table found that there
was a significant relationship between environmental hygiene management policies and programs and the level
of community empowerment in the city of Makassar.
KEYWORDS: cleaning staff,community empowerment, facilities, landfill capacity, waste management
policies, and programs.
Involvement of informal sector in plastic andSumra Chaudhary
The informal sector plays a key role in plastic and paper recycling in Pakistan. Recycling provides employment opportunities and reduces costs for raw materials. It also reduces dependence on imports and waste disposal burdens. The informal sector engages in recycling for income generation with little investment required. Plastic waste recycling relies on scavengers collecting from dumps. Paper recycling is also growing. The government should formalize and support the informal sector's recycling activities to improve waste management.
This document summarizes a research study on applying the industrial ecology concept to municipal solid waste management in Bandung City, Indonesia. The study found that implementing industrial ecology principles, such as reusing materials and energy from waste, reduced the amount of dumped waste from 18% to 6% of total waste and burned waste from 12% to 7%, while increasing composted waste from 4% to 21%. The research estimated this scenario could generate 370,852 GJ of net energy, equivalent to 103,097 MWh of electricity. It could also reduce global warming potential by 77% compared to conventional waste management practices. The research aims to develop a more sustainable and environmentally-sound waste management concept based on industrial ecology for cities to
Greening of the solid waste management in batangas cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on improving solid waste management practices in Batangas City, Philippines. The study surveyed 204 residents across 69 barangays to assess current solid waste management implementation, effects on health and environment, and challenges. The results showed that practices like feeding leftovers to pets were fully implemented, while reducing waste, composting and recycling were only slightly implemented. Burning garbage was moderately common. Based on the findings, the study proposed a plan of action to enhance implementation and mitigate issues to better manage solid waste.
Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kapchorwa Town Council, Kapchorwa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major problem in the upper areas of developing countries. In Uganda, the menace of urban waste has further been worsened by the increasing population. This study was done to assess the level of knowledge and practices about SWM within the Kapchorwa Town Council (KTC) Kapchorwa district in eastern Uganda. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and waste characteristics, collection, disposal, stakeholder roles, and waste management responsibilities were analyzed. Results indicate that waste is predominantly biodegradable (66%) and generated mainly within households, with no proper collection rate disposed of, crude dumping was the major means of disposal used (72.5%). The council is under capacity to handle waste management demands and their services are poor or nonexistent which has led to the use of crude dumping which has risk health. The strategy for solid waste management is failing because the community members are not cooperative. In conclusion, waste management practices in KTC are poor and they reflect a gap in knowledge about effective waste management within KTC, community members should be regularly educated on the link between improper solid waste management and disease outbreaks and the safe SWM practices such as reuse and recycling.
Keywords: Waste management, Kapchorwa district, urban waste, disease outbreaks
INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE: A FOCUS ON SOLID W...ijfls
Solid waste generation in Dar es Salaam City has been increasing due to rapid population growth and economic development. Using a population growth rate of 4.3% and a generation rate of 0.815kg/cap/day, it is estimated that Dar es Salaam could be generating over 12,000 tonnes of solid wastes per day by 2025. The waste materials have the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts including odour nuisance, litter problems, adverse visual impacts, and vermin and pests. A sound solid waste management is a result of the efficient and effective management of the supply chain of solid wastes which is composed of waste generation, storage, transportation and disposal. In this study, we apply Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) to assess the contribution of each element to the Solid Waste Supply Chain (SWSC). The data was collected from a random sample of ninety five (95) respondents consisting of practitioners, researchers and community members. The computational results reveal that, the contribution in descending order to the underperformance of SWSC in Dar es Salaam City are Storage of solid waste, Collection of solid waste, Disposal of solid waste and Transportation of solid waste. This study will be of great help to environmentalists, town planners, researchers and policy makers.
INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE: A FOCUS ON SOLID W...ijfls
Solid waste generation in Dar es Salaam City has been increasing due to rapid population growth and economic development. Using a population growth rate of 4.3% and a generation rate of 0.815kg/cap/day, it is estimated that Dar es Salaam could be generating over 12,000 tonnes of solid wastes per day by 2025. The waste materials have the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts including odour nuisance,
litter problems, adverse visual impacts, and vermin and pests. A sound solid waste management is a result of the efficient and effective management of the supply chain of solid wastes which is composed of waste generation, storage, transportation and disposal. In this study, we apply Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) to
assess the contribution of each element to the Solid Waste Supply Chain (SWSC). The data was collected from a random sample of ninety five (95) respondents consisting of practitioners, researchers and community members. The computational results reveal that, the contribution in descending order to the underperformance of SWSC in Dar es Salaam City are Storage of solid waste, Collection of solid waste, Disposal of solid waste and Transportation of solid waste. This study will be of great help to environmentalists, town planners, researchers and policy makers.
Assessment of composting, energy and gas generation potential for msw at alla...eSAT Journals
The document analyzes the potential for composting, energy generation, and gas generation from municipal solid waste (MSW) in Allahabad City, India. Key findings include:
- The C/N ratio of MSW was found to be less than 30:1, indicating the waste is not suitable for composting.
- The energy content of MSW was estimated to be between 2495-2972 kcal/kg, below the minimum recommended value for incineration.
- Modeling showed a bioreactor landfill with leachate recirculation would generate more methane gas than a controlled sanitary landfill, making it the best disposal method for Allahabad's MSW
Study of municipal solid waste of Delhi for energy contentPremier Publishers
Solid waste management has become a global problem. Littering of wastes on streets not only causes inconvenience and aesthetic problems, but also has a lot of impact on human health Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is highly neglected aspect of Delhi. At present approximately 6000 tons of waste is generated per day which is disposed in the three existing landfills. The three landfills are almost saturated therefore some alternate method of disposal should be designed. The present paper discusses the energy content of MSW of Delhi so that some suitable technology can be adopted for the disposal of wastes. Generally evaluation of the heating value of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is done experimentally by using bomb calorimeter and theoretically by using Dulong’s equation. In this paper, regression analysis is used to develop a predictive model of the energy content for MSW of Delhi.
Effect of Cultural Values on Character Formation: Implication for Education ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The influence of cultural norms and home values on an individual's personality and life adjustment can manifest in various ways. An individual's personality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological and experiential factors, with the latter being significantly influenced by cultural elements. One prominent avenue through which cultural values impact personality is in the cultural conditioning of child-rearing practices. When a child is born, it not only relies on the care and support of family members but also lacks the necessary behavioral knowledge required to function within a human society. It depends on innate biological instincts like hunger and the care provided by elders to fulfill these basic needs. To survive and thrive, a human infant must acquire the skills, knowledge, and societal norms specific to the culture into which it is born. Thus, cultural values are deliberately instilled in the members of a society. For a society to function effectively, these shared cultural values must be passed down through generations, primarily through child-rearing practices within homes. Nigeria, characterized by its diverse cultural backgrounds, value systems, and numerous ethnic groups, has distinct child-rearing practices that transmit these values and norms to successive generations. This paper examines the role of culture in shaping an individual's character and emphasizes that education, when coupled with values, is crucial. Education serves as a potent tool for fostering desirable character traits, and it must be refocused to continue producing individuals with strong moral values and responsible character.
Keywords: Character formation, Culture, Morals, Value, Impact
Accounts Payable Administration and Profitability of Quoted Manufacturing Com...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This study was carried out to examine accounts payable administration and profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria with reference to consumer goods sector. This was motivated by the desire to learn how proper administration of accounts payable enhances profitability in the wake of the widespread corporate failures in Nigeria and the rest of the world. Accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio were represented by accounts payable administration while return on assets was used as proxy for profitability. The study used purposive sampling technique to extract data from the annual reports of manufacturing companies quoted on the Nigerian Exchange Group Plc as of December 31st, 2022. Secondary data were gathered for the study. The study covered ten years’ time frame from 2013 to 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the data specifically through regression analysis. The outcome of the data analysis showed that accounts payable ratio has a negligible negative influence on return on assets; short-term debt ratio significantly influences the return on assets; the combined variables (accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio) significantly influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. This implies that, accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio influences the profit generated by manufacturing companies in Nigeria considering it aggregate effect. It was advised that, sound and pragmatic approach should be maintained in the administration of accounts payable in manufacturing companies in order to positively influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in the country. Administration of accounts payable should be carried out by financial expert in order to ensure that financial obligation is met to vendors of goods and services when it is due. In order to ensure minimal supply interruption and increase liquidity capacity, institutions should negotiate better terms of credit with their suppliers and extend the accounts payment period.
Keywords: Accounts Payable Administration, Profitability and Quoted Manufacturing Companies.
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Qualitative Study of Landfill Leachate from Different Ages of Landfill Sites ...iosrjce
The present paper describes the qualitative analysis of landfill leachate at different ages of landfill
sites (LFS) around the world and it has been prepared on the basis of extensive survey of literatures. The main
objective of this study was to explore the knowledge on qualitative analysis of municipal solid waste landfill
leachate. This paper provides a reliable and robust database for the prediction of leachate quality when new
landfills are to be developed in Nepal and other parts of the world.
Large amount of biodegradable organic matter is indicated though high ratio of BOD/COD. This in turn leads
to relative high concentration of Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. The lower concentration of VFAs and high pH represents
“old” leachate from the late methanogenic phase. The humic substances give a dark color to stabilized
leachate. Due to the decreasing solubility of many metal ions with increasing pH, the concentration of metal
ions is low in general. The strength of the leachate decreases with time with precipitation of soluble elements
such as heavy metals as the organic compounds break down biologically. This is the reason why leachate
management is problematic due to complexity in its design, operation, and composition, age of landfill, specific
climate conditions and moisture routing through the landfill. In order to avoid pollution and toxicity level in the
water bodies, it is legal necessity to treat landfill leachate before discharging it
Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere...IJMER
This document summarizes a study that used the GaBi5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) modeling tool to characterize the environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local Government Area, Nigeria. Waste composition data was collected from selected houses and dumping sites in the area. The LCA inventory and impact assessment evaluated a landfilling scenario using the TRACI and CML methods. Four environmental impact indices were analyzed: global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, and ozone depletion potential. The results showed that biodegradable waste had the highest global warming potential, while different waste types had the highest impacts for the other indices. The study concluded the current waste management practices have detrimental environmental
Organic matter, segregation, chemical characteristics, process control, quali...Premier Publishers
Municipal solid waste (MSW) analysis in Kolkata indicates a presence of a high percentage of biodegradable organic matter (82%), acceptable moisture content (42%) and C/N ratio (32). These parameters are suitable for windrow composting. Because optimum moisture content for windrow composting is in the range of 40-50%. Windrow composting is a process that reduces the volume of the waste and produces a crumbly earthy smelling soil-like compost material. In the proposed scheme, we improve the quality of the compost material using selected organic material from the collected waste. In the practical implementation phased of proposed scheme, it has found all the quality parameters in compost samples within the acceptable limits set by international standard. The pH ranged between 6.7-8.2, organic matter 48%, moisture 23.02% and have an acceptable amount of plant nutrients C (16.03%), H (0.44%), N (1.26%), O2 (1.3%), P (0.89%) and K (1.23%). The result would play an extremely important role in substantially reducing the burden of waste disposal, saving soil resources, controlling leachate and achieving malodorous gas reduction. Besides, it could also increase organic fertilizers in place of some chemical fertilizers and protect water resources.
Current status of commercial solid waste generation, composition and manageme...Premier Publishers
This study determined the quantity, composition, the levels of remaining recyclable materials, and to evaluate treatment methods for commercial solid waste (CSW) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Waste samples were collected from 52 commercial sectors including hotels, restaurants, internet cafés, guesthouses, beer gardens, markets, schools, microfinance agencies and shops. The waste was collected daily for two weeks in 2013 and separated into 23 categories. The main composition of CSW were food (50-60%), followed by plastic and paper (30-40%) and glass (5-6%). The waste generation in kg/table/day was 4.83 (large restaurants), 3.36 (medium restaurants), 2.23 (beer gardens), 1.94 (internet cafés); in kg/room/day was 0.69 (3-star hotels), 0.45 (large guesthouses), 0.37 (medium and small guesthouses), 0.097 (small hotels) and in kg/person/day was 0.153 (family marts), 0.15 (ministries), 0.12 (council of ministers), 0.12 (supermarkets), less than 0.10 (shops and schools). Sorted waste was food, followed by glass bottles, paper, PET bottles, aluminium cans and steel. The remaining recyclable materials were food, plastic, paper, steel and aluminium cans. Well sorting activity was conducted by internet cafés and restaurants, followed by family marts, schools, beer gardens and guesthouses. If food waste and other recyclable materials were completely sorted, 61% of current waste could be minimized.
The document discusses solid waste management at the Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (KAHE) campus in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. A team of 7 students conducted a study to analyze the existing solid waste system and identify opportunities for improvement. Through surveys and waste analysis, the team found that the campus generates approximately 567kg of solid waste per day. The waste was then separated into degradable and non-degradable categories. An experiment was conducted to compare composting of degradable waste with and without the use of Effective Microorganisms (EM). The results showed that the compost produced with EM had higher nutrient levels and was a better quality organic fertilizer.
PLASTIC WASTE QUANTIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN DAVANAGE...IRJET Journal
The document discusses plastic waste quantification, characterization, and management in Davanagere City, India. It finds that plastic waste makes up 11.3 kg of the 25 kg solid waste sample collected. The most common plastics were HDPE and LDPE at 30.9% and PET at 18.6%. Surveys found a lack of awareness around plastic recycling. The study concludes more policies and education are needed to better manage Davanagere's increasing plastic waste as the population grows. Strict enforcement of recycling programs and investments in new recycling infrastructure could help address this issue.
IRJET- A Comprehensive Study of Solid Waste Management in Mangalore City-Case...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Mangalore City, India. It finds that Mangalore generates approximately 226 tons of solid waste per day, with per capita waste generation of 0.4524 kg per day and household per capita generation of 0.2095 kg per day. Though generation levels are not alarming, waste management practices need improvement. Currently there is some segregation, door-to-door collection, and processing via windrow composting and vermicomposting. However, most waste is ultimately landfilled. The study calls for better segregation, collection, and use of decentralized waste-to-energy technologies to reduce burden on landfills and improve sustainability of Mangalore's solid waste
This document analyzes solid waste management practices in Yavatmal city, India. It finds that the city generates 24 tonnes of solid waste per day. Food and garden waste makes up the largest portion at 47% of the waste stream. Paper accounts for 18% and inert materials 17%. The city collects waste through door-to-door collection and community bins. Waste is disposed of at a site 8 km outside the city where it is composted or landfilled. The study recommends improving waste segregation, adding transfer stations to reduce transportation costs, and increasing public awareness programs about sustainable waste management.
Characterization and quantization of solid waste in ganga villages of haridwarIJARIIT
One of the most emerging challenges of the modern world of rapid urbanization is management and disposal of solid
waste. Solid waste is generated from each and every household of the society so it is one of the most important aspects to
consider for the management and disposal factors of generated waste. About 47% of world’s population (3.31 billion) and
68.84% (0.83308 billion) of India’s population resides in rural areas. The results showed that average daily per capita of
household waste and cattle waste generation is 0.18, 18 kg/cap-day respectively. The main portion of household solid waste is
organic and bio-degradable which is around 75% and remaining fraction comprise of paper, polythene, plastics, textiles,
rubber, glass, metal and inert are 6.62, 2.45, 0.89, 2.57, 0.32, 0.42, 0.41 and 5.26 in percentage respectively. The bulk density of
household and cattle waste is 310.33 kg/m3, 805.076 kg/m3 respectively. The physical composition of household waste is
moisture content, ash content, organic content is 83%, 31%, and 69% respectively and chemical characteristics (food and
organic fraction) of the generated waste including the amount of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus is 1.74, 0.34, and 0.7 %
respectively. Heavy metals in the waste were found to be in a very trace amount, so no further treatment is required.
As the above results show that the bigger part of the solid waste generated in studied areas is organic and bio-degradable
and most suitable techniques for this type of waste are composting and bio-methanation. For further treatment, this waste can
be composted and used as fertilizer in agricultural fields and another way to deal with this waste is installation of bio-gas plant
in which methane can be produced and the remaining slurry can be converted in to nutrient rich compost for agricultural
purpose to minimize the chemical fertilizer application especially in the agricultural field nearby the river. Finally, 100% of
the solid waste has been utilized and its useful by-products are bio-gas and fertilizer generation, creating a win-win situation.
Impact of Solid Waste Management Practices on Environmental Protection Case o...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This Solid waste management practices are essential component of environmental infrastructure in human settlements; its poor management can lead to health problem and environmental destruction in general, this study was conducted in Kicukiro district. The data were collected on the sample of 97 households and some authorities through questionnaires, and interview and were analyzed using SPSS Version 20 (statistical tools) and this helped in generating tables and performing descriptive statistics like percentages, frequency, and mean. The results obtained revealed that that in terms of waste segregation is explained excluding solid wastes from liquid wastes considering the mean of 2.73 which was interpreted as high mean. Those results influenced the grand mean to become 2.04 which is interpreted as low mean. This means that waste segregation practices is not efficiently done in households located in Kicukiro. It was revealed that transportation of wastes is characterized by the short time of loading wastes considering the mean of 2.91 which is interpreted as high mean. The findings revealed that the environmental protection in Kicukiro District is characterized by the following: little harmful materials (plastic packages) in the soils considering the mean of 3.18. This showed that there is link between solid waste management practices and environmental protection in Kicukiro District. For proper practices of waste management which is positive but only for waste transportation to have a significant relationship with environmental protection considering the correlation coefficient of 0.259 and the p-value or Sig.(2-tailed) of 0.010 which is below the p-alpha of 0.05. It is recommended that Kicukiro District has to launch a sustained, education and communication campaign informing residents on the importance of managing waste properly and its importance to their health, the environment and cleanliness of the city or use another waste reduction strategy in order to encourage recyclable production of goods to allow access to recyclable products.
Study of sustainable environmental sanitation management policies and program...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Environmental sanitation treatment, especially waste from the source is essential to be
implemented in the city of Makassar through government policies and programs as well as support from all
levels of society. The purpose of this study was to examine policies and programs for sustainable environmental
hygiene management. Data collection was carried out through interviews with the leadership and staff of the
Sanitation and Landscaping Office, sub-district leaders and staff, and the community. The data collected is in
the form of qualitative and quantitative data. The results showed that the waste management policies and
programs in Makassar City are currently being managed by the Makassar City Sanitation and Landscaping
Office. Facilities and infrastructure for collection, transportation, and processing are still minimal, both in terms
of quantity and quality. The Antangl and fill will be able to accommodate municipal waste for 15-20 years if
community empowerment can be carried out optimally. The results of the contingency table found that there
was a significant relationship between environmental hygiene management policies and programs and the level
of community empowerment in the city of Makassar.
KEYWORDS: cleaning staff,community empowerment, facilities, landfill capacity, waste management
policies, and programs.
Involvement of informal sector in plastic andSumra Chaudhary
The informal sector plays a key role in plastic and paper recycling in Pakistan. Recycling provides employment opportunities and reduces costs for raw materials. It also reduces dependence on imports and waste disposal burdens. The informal sector engages in recycling for income generation with little investment required. Plastic waste recycling relies on scavengers collecting from dumps. Paper recycling is also growing. The government should formalize and support the informal sector's recycling activities to improve waste management.
This document summarizes a research study on applying the industrial ecology concept to municipal solid waste management in Bandung City, Indonesia. The study found that implementing industrial ecology principles, such as reusing materials and energy from waste, reduced the amount of dumped waste from 18% to 6% of total waste and burned waste from 12% to 7%, while increasing composted waste from 4% to 21%. The research estimated this scenario could generate 370,852 GJ of net energy, equivalent to 103,097 MWh of electricity. It could also reduce global warming potential by 77% compared to conventional waste management practices. The research aims to develop a more sustainable and environmentally-sound waste management concept based on industrial ecology for cities to
Greening of the solid waste management in batangas cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on improving solid waste management practices in Batangas City, Philippines. The study surveyed 204 residents across 69 barangays to assess current solid waste management implementation, effects on health and environment, and challenges. The results showed that practices like feeding leftovers to pets were fully implemented, while reducing waste, composting and recycling were only slightly implemented. Burning garbage was moderately common. Based on the findings, the study proposed a plan of action to enhance implementation and mitigate issues to better manage solid waste.
Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kapchorwa Town Council, Kapchorwa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major problem in the upper areas of developing countries. In Uganda, the menace of urban waste has further been worsened by the increasing population. This study was done to assess the level of knowledge and practices about SWM within the Kapchorwa Town Council (KTC) Kapchorwa district in eastern Uganda. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and waste characteristics, collection, disposal, stakeholder roles, and waste management responsibilities were analyzed. Results indicate that waste is predominantly biodegradable (66%) and generated mainly within households, with no proper collection rate disposed of, crude dumping was the major means of disposal used (72.5%). The council is under capacity to handle waste management demands and their services are poor or nonexistent which has led to the use of crude dumping which has risk health. The strategy for solid waste management is failing because the community members are not cooperative. In conclusion, waste management practices in KTC are poor and they reflect a gap in knowledge about effective waste management within KTC, community members should be regularly educated on the link between improper solid waste management and disease outbreaks and the safe SWM practices such as reuse and recycling.
Keywords: Waste management, Kapchorwa district, urban waste, disease outbreaks
INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE: A FOCUS ON SOLID W...ijfls
Solid waste generation in Dar es Salaam City has been increasing due to rapid population growth and economic development. Using a population growth rate of 4.3% and a generation rate of 0.815kg/cap/day, it is estimated that Dar es Salaam could be generating over 12,000 tonnes of solid wastes per day by 2025. The waste materials have the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts including odour nuisance, litter problems, adverse visual impacts, and vermin and pests. A sound solid waste management is a result of the efficient and effective management of the supply chain of solid wastes which is composed of waste generation, storage, transportation and disposal. In this study, we apply Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) to assess the contribution of each element to the Solid Waste Supply Chain (SWSC). The data was collected from a random sample of ninety five (95) respondents consisting of practitioners, researchers and community members. The computational results reveal that, the contribution in descending order to the underperformance of SWSC in Dar es Salaam City are Storage of solid waste, Collection of solid waste, Disposal of solid waste and Transportation of solid waste. This study will be of great help to environmentalists, town planners, researchers and policy makers.
INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE: A FOCUS ON SOLID W...ijfls
Solid waste generation in Dar es Salaam City has been increasing due to rapid population growth and economic development. Using a population growth rate of 4.3% and a generation rate of 0.815kg/cap/day, it is estimated that Dar es Salaam could be generating over 12,000 tonnes of solid wastes per day by 2025. The waste materials have the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts including odour nuisance,
litter problems, adverse visual impacts, and vermin and pests. A sound solid waste management is a result of the efficient and effective management of the supply chain of solid wastes which is composed of waste generation, storage, transportation and disposal. In this study, we apply Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) to
assess the contribution of each element to the Solid Waste Supply Chain (SWSC). The data was collected from a random sample of ninety five (95) respondents consisting of practitioners, researchers and community members. The computational results reveal that, the contribution in descending order to the underperformance of SWSC in Dar es Salaam City are Storage of solid waste, Collection of solid waste, Disposal of solid waste and Transportation of solid waste. This study will be of great help to environmentalists, town planners, researchers and policy makers.
Assessment of composting, energy and gas generation potential for msw at alla...eSAT Journals
The document analyzes the potential for composting, energy generation, and gas generation from municipal solid waste (MSW) in Allahabad City, India. Key findings include:
- The C/N ratio of MSW was found to be less than 30:1, indicating the waste is not suitable for composting.
- The energy content of MSW was estimated to be between 2495-2972 kcal/kg, below the minimum recommended value for incineration.
- Modeling showed a bioreactor landfill with leachate recirculation would generate more methane gas than a controlled sanitary landfill, making it the best disposal method for Allahabad's MSW
Study of municipal solid waste of Delhi for energy contentPremier Publishers
Solid waste management has become a global problem. Littering of wastes on streets not only causes inconvenience and aesthetic problems, but also has a lot of impact on human health Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is highly neglected aspect of Delhi. At present approximately 6000 tons of waste is generated per day which is disposed in the three existing landfills. The three landfills are almost saturated therefore some alternate method of disposal should be designed. The present paper discusses the energy content of MSW of Delhi so that some suitable technology can be adopted for the disposal of wastes. Generally evaluation of the heating value of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is done experimentally by using bomb calorimeter and theoretically by using Dulong’s equation. In this paper, regression analysis is used to develop a predictive model of the energy content for MSW of Delhi.
Similar to Analysis and Characterization of the Solid Waste from Kabagarame Dumping site in Bushenyi District, Uganda..pdf (20)
Effect of Cultural Values on Character Formation: Implication for Education ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The influence of cultural norms and home values on an individual's personality and life adjustment can manifest in various ways. An individual's personality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological and experiential factors, with the latter being significantly influenced by cultural elements. One prominent avenue through which cultural values impact personality is in the cultural conditioning of child-rearing practices. When a child is born, it not only relies on the care and support of family members but also lacks the necessary behavioral knowledge required to function within a human society. It depends on innate biological instincts like hunger and the care provided by elders to fulfill these basic needs. To survive and thrive, a human infant must acquire the skills, knowledge, and societal norms specific to the culture into which it is born. Thus, cultural values are deliberately instilled in the members of a society. For a society to function effectively, these shared cultural values must be passed down through generations, primarily through child-rearing practices within homes. Nigeria, characterized by its diverse cultural backgrounds, value systems, and numerous ethnic groups, has distinct child-rearing practices that transmit these values and norms to successive generations. This paper examines the role of culture in shaping an individual's character and emphasizes that education, when coupled with values, is crucial. Education serves as a potent tool for fostering desirable character traits, and it must be refocused to continue producing individuals with strong moral values and responsible character.
Keywords: Character formation, Culture, Morals, Value, Impact
Accounts Payable Administration and Profitability of Quoted Manufacturing Com...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This study was carried out to examine accounts payable administration and profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria with reference to consumer goods sector. This was motivated by the desire to learn how proper administration of accounts payable enhances profitability in the wake of the widespread corporate failures in Nigeria and the rest of the world. Accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio were represented by accounts payable administration while return on assets was used as proxy for profitability. The study used purposive sampling technique to extract data from the annual reports of manufacturing companies quoted on the Nigerian Exchange Group Plc as of December 31st, 2022. Secondary data were gathered for the study. The study covered ten years’ time frame from 2013 to 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the data specifically through regression analysis. The outcome of the data analysis showed that accounts payable ratio has a negligible negative influence on return on assets; short-term debt ratio significantly influences the return on assets; the combined variables (accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio) significantly influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. This implies that, accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio influences the profit generated by manufacturing companies in Nigeria considering it aggregate effect. It was advised that, sound and pragmatic approach should be maintained in the administration of accounts payable in manufacturing companies in order to positively influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in the country. Administration of accounts payable should be carried out by financial expert in order to ensure that financial obligation is met to vendors of goods and services when it is due. In order to ensure minimal supply interruption and increase liquidity capacity, institutions should negotiate better terms of credit with their suppliers and extend the accounts payment period.
Keywords: Accounts Payable Administration, Profitability and Quoted Manufacturing Companies.
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Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake amongst Girls Ag...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection. HPV vaccine since its first licensure in 2006 has proven to be safe, highly immunogenic, and induces strong direct and indirect protection against HPV and its sequelae. The study was designed to determine the socio-demographic, health care, and parental factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. The study was a cross-sectional study employing a simple random sampling method and a total of 364 girls were interviewed following the set criteria using questionnaire data. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Findings were presented as frequencies, percentages, odd ratios, and p-values using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. From the study, statistically significant sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.0000), schooling status (p=0.0000), level of education (p=0.007442), attitudes towards the HPV vaccine (p=0.005175), Receiving vaccine doses from different vaccination sites (p=0.0000), and Ethnicity (p=0.0000), healthcare factors such as outreaches in communities (p=0.0000), information received (p=0.0000), encouragement from health workers (p=0.0000), availability of vaccines (p=0.0000) and parental factors such as knowledge about HPV vaccine(p=0.001), parental hesitancy (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.0000), social economic status (p=0.001), attitudes towards HPV vaccine, (p=0.0000) and HPV vaccine awareness (p=0.0000) were found statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. From the study findings, the study variables such as sociodemographic, and health-related factors were found to be statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. Therefore, effort should be brought to all levels of intervention so that HPV uptake is taken into consideration if the need for good health among girls needs to be achieved.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus virus, sexually transmitted infection, Health care, HPV vaccine, Cancer.
Barriers to Women Leadership
1Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, 2Tom Mulegi, 3Asiati Mbabazi, and 4Eze Chidinma Esther
1Department of Publication and Extension Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Public Administration and Management Faculty of Business and Management Kampala International University Uganda.
3Faculty of Education Kampala International University Uganda.
4Department of Educational Foundation, Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Women have made significant strides over the past half a century in terms of advancements into the workforce. However, it is well-documented that women occupy top executive positions in politics and industry much less frequently than men. Bias and discrimination against professional females could take place when members of a society hold certain stereotypes that are in contrast with the actual characteristics of these women. These stereotypes can prevent females from achieving their goals as a result of the expected social roles they have to uphold. This paper critically examined social role theory and gender stereotypes to explain a deeper motive as to why women to some extent are being underrepresented in leadership positions. Moreover, these literature review provided a comprehensive overview of gender discrimination barriers to leadership.
Keywords: Women, Leadership, Society, Discrimination and Barriers.
Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Development in AfricaPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Development in Africa
1Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, 2Tom Mulegi, 3Asiati Mbabazi, and 4Eze Chidinma Esther
1Department of Publication and Extension Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Public Administration and Management Faculty of Business and Management Kampala International University Uganda.
3Faculty of Education Kampala International University Uganda.
4Department of Educational Foundation, Kampala International University, Uganda.
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ABSTRACT
Despite attempts by African governments to achieve Sustainable Development, there is a growing perception that Africa may fail in achieving the goals. This perception is fueled partly by the evidence that while the world is undergoing rapid change, which is driven prominently by technology and globalization, Africa remains unprotected and at risk of being exploited without due recognition of, and remuneration for, its resources. Additionally, there is the continued escalating trend in poverty and the diminishing strength of the environment to meet current and future needs of African countries. Given the fact that sustainable development appears to be contradicting in between the opposing imperatives of growth and development on one hand, and ecological sustainability on the other, the trend in sustainable development on the African continent has generated some skepticism about whether the goals are achievable in Africa. The lack of a logical literature that documents the challenges and prospects of Sustainable development in Africa underpins the uncertainty of achieving the goals in Africa. Hence, this paper assessed the challenges of sustainable development in Africa, and the way forward.
Keywords: SDG, Africa, Agriculture, Poverty, Economy, Development
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Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Bacteria are the most commonly identified pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Group B Streptococcus. A battery of diagnostic tests were performed on neonates with suspected sepsis, including a complete blood count, C-reactive protein, and polymorphic gastric aspiration cytology. Combining these inexpensive and readily available tests provides high sensitivity and negative predictive value in detecting neonatal sepsis.
Design and Implementation of an Improved Automatic DC Motor Speed
Control Systems Using Microcontroller
1Enerst Edozie,
2Eze Val Hyginus Udoka,
1Wantimba Janat
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Kampala international University, Uganda
2Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda
ABSTRACT
Energy wastage is one of the major challenges that is facing the world now as there is
insufficient supply of energy and the little ones supplied was not appropriately used. This
energy wastage has made many researchers to engage more on the research to stop this
energy waste as a result of inappropriate allocation of energy to some devices even when
they don’t need it. This research work was able to design and implement an improved
automated DC Motor speed controller system using microcontroller successfully. The
software used for this research work were Fritzing software and Arduino Nano. This project
was able to improve on the working system of the DC Motors and energy was automatically
and successfully saved. The system runs entirely on Bluetooth technology which consumes
less power than other devices. The Android application is user-friendly with enhanced
Wireless communication. This design was successfully developed and implemented with 80%
accuracy. The design was able to work effectively by increasing the cutting speed when the
softness of the material decreases and as the cutting tool material becomes stronger, the
cutting speed increases. This showed that the design is effectively and efficiently developed
with less energy/power consumption which is the earnest desire of an Engineer as it reduces
cost.
Keywords: Microcontroller, Improved Automatic DC Motor, Energy, Arduino, PWM
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HI...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HIV Patients in Bushenyi District, Uganda
Kakuru James
Faculty of Nursing Sciences Kampala International University, Uganda.
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ABSTRACT
Malaria remains the single main cause of ill health and death among HIV/AIDS patients in resource-poor countries worldwide. Malaria still remains a challenging infection affecting the lives of several HIV-infected persons in Uganda. Statistics from the Ministry of Health show that malaria is still the leading cause of death in Uganda, accounting for over 27% of deaths. Malaria prevalence in HIV-positive patients in Kyamuhunga Health Centre III is thought to be at 7.8% of the HIV-positive patients attending the clinic on a daily basis. This study therefore aimed at assessing the factors contributing to the high prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients attending the HIV Clinic at Kyamuhunga Health Centre III in Bushenyi District. The study covered a sample of eighty (80) respondents to gather primary data. A simple random sampling method was used to gather responses from patients. Questionnaires and an interview guide were used as data collection tools. Results indicated that the majority of the participants were female patients and malaria was dominant among HIV-positive patients aged 38-47 years. It was noted that the odds of having malaria also increased among patients with lower levels of education. It was also noted that more odds of having malaria were found among the majority of patients who were farmers and unemployed participants. Malaria infection was acquired with repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use insecticide treated mosquito nets. It is noted that HIV-positive patients with malaria greatly acquired unbalanced immunity with relatively low CD4+ cell count and unbalanced hemoglobin levels, greatly affected by body pain and weakness, fever, headache, and variety issues of vomiting. Paracetamol, use of treated mosquito nets, clinical examination, and patient follow-up was shown to provide a beneficial effect in preventing malaria infection among HIV-positive patients. In conclusion, malaria infection is acquired from repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use Treated mosquito nets which increased the susceptibility to new malaria infections among HIV-positive patients. The researcher, therefore, recommends that comprehensive health education, antiretroviral therapy, and malaria preventive materials such as insecticide-treated bed nets should be provided to reduce the prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients.
Keywords: Malaria, HIV patients, Treated mosquito nets, Antiretroviral therapy.
Evaluation of the level of Job Safety in some selected Organizations in Kampa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the level of Job Safety in some selected Organizations in Kampala, Uganda.
1Mary Tunde Nalubega, 2Tom Mulegi and 1Eleanor Kirahora Barongo
1Department of Development Peace and Conflict studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
2Department of Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
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ABSTRACT
This research evaluated the level of job safety in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda. The study objective was achieved through descriptive, Cross sectional and correlative survey designs. A study population of 484 was used, from which a sample population of 219 respondents was derived using Slovene’s Formula. Data was collected primarily using Self-Administered Questionnaires (SAQs) and structured Interviews. Findings revealed that the level of job safety in selected Public and Private Organizations in Kampala, Uganda was high with (mean = 2.97); implying that private and public organizations in Uganda have high levels of job safety in terms of electronic and fire safety, sanitation, tools and equipment and protection from hazardous materials. Comparatively, sanitation ranked highest among all elements of job safety, in terms of whether food is separated from hazardous materials with (mean = 3.46, std. dev =.720) interpreted as very• high. The last ranked item was about whether smoke detectors function properly with (mean = 2.44, std. dev = 1.062) interpreted as high. In conclusion, the level of job safety among Public and Private organizations in Kampala, Uganda was high. This means that private and public organizations in Uganda have high levels of job safety in terms of electronic and fire safety, sanitation, tools and equipment and protection from hazardous materials. This study recommends that different stakeholders including government and Non-governmental Organizations need to put in place mechanisms to ensure that employees are protected from work. The government should put in place laws aiming at protecting workers against health issues associated with work related Hazards.
Keywords: Job Safety, selected, public and private Organizations.
Assessment of the level of employee performances in some selected.pdfPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Assessment of the level of employee performances in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda.
1Tom Mulegi, 2Mary Tunde Nalubega, and 2Eleanor Kirahora Barongo
1Department of Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
2Department of Development Peace and Conflict studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This study assessed the level of employee performances in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda. The study objective was achieved through descriptive, cross sectional and correlative survey designs. A study population of 484 was earmarked, from which a sample population of 219 respondents were derived using Slovene’s Formula. Data was collected primary using self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) and structured interviews. An extensive review of literature contributed a significant amount of secondary data. Findings showed that the r-value indicated that 67.7% of employee performance is influenced by job safety, implying that the remaining 23.3% of change in employee productivity could be explained by other factors other than Job safety. The study recommended that the Different stakeholders including government and non-governmental organizations need to put in place mechanisms to ensure that employees are protected from work. The government should put in place laws aiming at protecting workers against health issues associated with work related Hazards.
Keywords: Employee, performances, and organizations
Bacterial Meningitis in Paediatrics A Review.pdfPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1, Sowdo Abdirizak Mohamed2, Ugwu Okechukwu Paul-Chima3, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu4 and Chukwunalu Igbudu Umoke5
1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Pediatrics, Kampala International University, Uganda.
3Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda.
4Department of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
5Department of Human Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Email:emmanuelobeagu@yahoo.com
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Meningitis is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by infection or inflammation of the central nervous system. It is classified as bacterial, viral, or aseptic. Delayed or untreated bacterial meningitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is important to accurately distinguish between bacterial and nonbacterial meningitis. Most physicians will perform a lumbar puncture and consider antibiotics for all infants and children with suspected meningitis. Having a clinical prediction rule to determine the need for lumbar puncture and which patients need antibiotics could reduce morbidity and the cost associated with unnecessary procedures and treatment. Several clinical prediction rules to determine the risk of bacterial meningitis have been proposed. One clinical prediction rule, derived and validated from cohorts seen in pediatric hospitals in the Netherlands, found that altered consciousness, meningeal irritation, cyanosis, petechiae, vomiting, duration of main symptom, and an elevated C-reactive protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate level were independent predictors of bacterial meningitis. Patients below a predefined threshold on a risk score incorporating these elements could be safely considered as not having bacterial meningitis.
Keywords: Bacteria, Meningitis, petechiae, C - reactive protein, pediatrics, ESR
Administrative Support and Teachers’ Performances in Private Secondary School...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Self-medication particularly with analgesics and antibiotics have been reported by WHO as one of the major causes of antibiotic resistance. In country, like Uganda there is a wide range of drugs, coupled with inadequate health services have resulted to an increased number of drugs used as a self-medication compared to prescribed drugs. Assessment of knowledge and practice of self-medication is needed especially in rural settings. This was an anonymous, questionnaire-based, descriptive study. Questionnaires containing closed ended questions were administered to 288 second year undergraduate medical students. Data analysis was performed using STATA 14. Descriptive statistics were performed in terms of frequencies and percentages. Statistical significance was assessed at alpha of 0.05. The research results indicated that the mean age was (24) and the majority of the students who participated in the study were male (63%). The prevalence of self-medication in the study was found to be markedly high (83.4%). The most important reason for self-medication was that it is cheaper (91%) and the majority (92%) of the students reported that they self-medicated because of diarrhea/vomiting with antacids found to be the highly used class of drug (93%). Majority of the students got the information concerning the drugs through advertisements (98%) and (92%) of the students bought medicine from drug shops. In conclusion, most of the students feared having the side effects of the medications since they were self-prescribed without any experience.
Keywords: Knowledge, attitude, practice, self-medication, undergraduate medical students, Uganda
Occurrence and Factors Associated with HIV-Sero-Discordance in Couples at Iga...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This document summarizes a study that examined the prevalence and factors associated with HIV sero-discordance (where one partner is HIV+ and the other is HIV-) among couples attending Iganga General Hospital in Uganda. The study found that:
1) The prevalence of HIV among individual participants was 6.8% and the prevalence of HIV sero-discordance among couples was 4.8%.
2) Among the infected couples, 52.2% were sero-discordant while 47.8% were concordant positive.
3) Factors associated with HIV sero-discordance included sexual practices like having multiple partners, lack of condom use, lack of male circumcision, and low
Antibiotic resistance and Virulence Genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous bacterium that causes various hospital- acquired and community-acquired infections. It has been reported that the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa are difficult to treat because of their virulence factors and antibiotics resistances. The aim of present study was to screen the antibiotic resistance patterns and the prevalence of virulence factor genes in a set of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Ogbomoso, and to determine whether a correlation exists between the prevalence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa. A total of 100 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from various types of clinical specimens. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-bauer method. In addition, PCR assays were used for screening four virulence encoding genes (OPRL, LasB, PLCH and ToxA). The results showed that OPRL (79%) and LasB (62%) were the most frequent virulence genes in P. aeruginosa strains, followed by PLCH (41%) and ToxA (35%). The highest resistance was detected towards Piperacillin (42%) and Tetracycline (42%). Moderate rate of resistance (12-39%) were detected towards the other antibiotics. The virulent factors identified in this study provide valuable information regarding the prevalence of resistance genes of P. aeruginosa isolates in Ogbomoso, Nigeria and their potential impact on treatments that exploit the unique physiology of the pathogen. This will be useful for the health workers to improve infection control measures and to establish a surveillance system.
Keywords: antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Evaluation of infection control at Butiru Chrisco Hospital in Manafwa Distric...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Infection prevention and control is important for the improvement of quality care in hospital. This study aimed to identify risk associated with infection control, and to determine which infection control measures are available at Butiru Chrisco hospital and how these measures are put to use by the staff working in the hospital. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Butiru Chrisco hospital in Manafwa District. The study involved 100 respondents who were staff employed by Butiru Chrisco hospital. With different educational standards, awareness of infection control was assessed through a structured questionnaire that was administered to those who consented to participate. Random sampling was done on 10 staff, this helped correct the questionnaire making it suitable for the study but the results were not included in this study. The study revealed that out of 100 respondents, 72(72%) were nurses, 60(60%) were females and 78(78%) had been employed by the hospital for less than four years. Half 50(50%) revealed that airborne infections are the commonest infections in the hospital. The study also reveals that more than 80% reported positive response to infection control tasks with 80(80%) agreeing that practice of infection control reduces likelihood of infection spread to patients. From the study, it was concluded that, there is moderate awareness of infection control with more than half of the respondents having positive ideas about infection control and use of available measures like glove, apron, and hand washing. However, practice and compliance with standard precautions was less than optimal. The researcher recommends continuous health visits by ministry of health (MOH) of Uganda to the hospital and evaluation of the practices to ensure that the health workers practice infection control following the standard guidelines. Also, hand washing or use of hand sanitizers with alcohol or other antiseptics as a measure of disinfecting the hands before or after handling a patient is encouraged.
Keywords: Infection, health workers, hand washing, Manafwa District
Evaluation of factors that contributes to post-partum haemorrhage in Pregnant...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the world’s leading cause of maternal death and accounts for an estimated 127,000 deaths each year. Identification of some of the risk factors such as; previous postpartum haemorrhage, multiple pregnancies, macrosomia, induction of labour, operative vaginal deliveries and cesarean section would help in preventing PPH. The aim of this research was to assess the factors contributing to postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) among pregnant women who attend delivery services in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIU-TH). This study used a cross-sectional descriptive design where by a cross-section of respondents involving 68 respondents were sampled to represent the target population, in these case women who received maternity service from KIU-TH. Only quantitative methods of data collection using questionnaires with closed ended questions were employed for both mothers and health workers. During the study period, 58 women who delivered in the unit and 20 women developed postpartum haemorrhage giving the frequency of postpartum haemorrhage 34.6%. The majority of the women 30% were between 30-34 years of age. Among the women who developed PPH retained placental tissues was the most common cause 50% followed by uterine atony which was 30%. The rest of the causes of PPH were laceration 20%. Postpartum haemorrhage is still a leading but preventable cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in our country due to underutilization of health facilities, the major cause is retained placental tissues followed by uterine atony.
Keywords: post-partum haemorrhage, pregnant women, delivering, Uganda
Evaluation factors contributing to the treatment default by tuberculosis pati...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the biggest public health problem and now ranks alongside Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as the world’s leading infectious cause of death. Globally, patient compliance with anti-TB therapy estimated as low as 40% in developing countries, remains the principle cause of treatment failure. The aim of this study was to establish the factors contributing to treatment default by Tuberculosis patients at ART clinic in Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District. A cross-sectional and descriptive study which employed both qualitative and quantitative approach of data collection were used. The study was conducted in ART clinic at Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District and it took a period of four weeks. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Results showed that out of 38 study participants, majority 26 (68%) were of age 30 years and above. A large proportion 24 (63%) of the participants were unemployed compared to the least 14 (37%) who were employed. Majority 21 (55%) travel at a distance of 10km and above to get TB treatment. Out of 38 participants, majority 26 (68%) did not informed the family or friends when they were on TB treatment. Of 26 participants 16 (61.5%) had fear of being isolated and 2 (7.7%) were other reason of no support. A large proportion of participants rated the attitude of staff who attended to them at the health facility to be unfriendly with 21 (55%) while very few 6 (16%) were rude. The ministry should ensure availability of and access to resources for strengthening systems for delivery of quality tuberculosis treatment, prevention and control.
Keywords: treatment, default, tuberculosis, ART, Uganda
Occurrence and Factors Associated with HIV-Sero-Discordance in Couples at Iga...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
HIV sero-discordant refers to a situation where in a pair of long-term sexual partners, one is HIV positive and the other is HIV negative. There is an increased risk of HIV transmission to the HIV-negative partner in discordant couples which makes HIV serodiscordant a hindrance to HIV control and prevention strategies. Sero-discordance is one of the factors affecting the impact of HIV prevention strategies, therefore effective HIV prevention strategies must consider HIV discordance. Limited knowledge about the prevalence of HIV serodiscordant in the community hinders the formulation of appropriate strategies for effective control of HIV transmission. The study was aimed at determining the prevalence of HIV serodiscordant and its associated factors among couples attending Iganga General Hospital. The knowledge generated will guide the stakeholders in formulating HIV prevention and control strategies aimed at reducing HIV transmission. A cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out through the conduction of guided interviews using a questionnaire to random-systematically selected 250 couples attending IGH. Data was analyzed and presented in tables with percentages comparing different factors. The HIV seroprevalence was 6.8%. The prevalence of discordance was 4.8% among participant couples and 52.2% among the infected couples. HIV serodiscordant was associated with sexual practice (83.3%), circumcision status of the male partner in the couple (58.3%), condom use (58.3%), use of ARVs by the HIV-infected partner (25%), and experience of STIs among partners (25%). The prevalence of HIV serodiscordant among the participant couples was 4.8%, associated mainly with sexual practice, circumcision, and condom use.
Keywords: HIV transmission, Discordant couples, Sexual partners, Condom, Serodiscordant
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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contaminated as a result of pollutant
leaching from solid wastes by
percolating toxic elements. 14 percent
of emissions of methane globally are
due to landfills of solid waste
[11].There should be drastic reduction
of greenhouse gas emission so as to
control change in climate and global
warming effectively [12]. In areas
where human activities are intense
most especially urban areas,
management of solid waste that is safe
and appropriate is also very crucial
towards provision of conditions that
are healthy to the residents. More so,
the relevance of proper management of
waste is viewed as a very critical
elements towards sustainable
development [13].
[14] carried a survey to determine the
quantity and quality of household solid
waste in rural communities and found
that organic and food waste formed the
greater amount of the waste. In a
separate study [15] carried out on solid
waste sampling and laboratory analysis
in a landfill in Malaysia to evaluate the
composition and characteristics of
municipal solid waste to obtain
information about the quantity of
recoverable plastic, the study revealed
that the main compositions of the
generated waste were food waste,
plastic waste and paper. Earlier studies
by [16]to determine the effectiveness
of municipal solid waste recycling in an
urban setting focused on the results of
waste flow analysis as basic
information in developing a better
waste management systems, especially
in applying the 3Rs of reduction, reuse,
recycle model by assessing waste
compositions and the potential of
recycling. [17] carried out an
estimation of the daily average waste
generation by the, Nsukka campus,
University of Nigeria to be able to
provide a sustainable management
strategies of the waste at the university
campus. The study revealed that
organic wastes and polythene
represented the largest share of the
dumps at the campus. That the campus
per capita waste generation rate is 0.06
kg per day. Elsewhere in Nepal, [18]
conducted a study to quantify and
characterize municipal solid waste in
their localities to establish the
influence of location, population,
distribution, expenditure at the
household level (among others) on
waste quantification and
characterization. The study indicated
that the average per capita household
waste generation is 0.115 kg per day
while at the municipal level the
generation rate was estimated to be
0.180 kg per day per capita. That the
larger the population in the area the
larger is its per capita waste generate
rate. The study also rated organics and
plastics as the top composites of the
waste in these areas. [19] in Malaysia
stressed the much needed attention to
understand the generation of
construction waste especially in
housing which prompted them to
implement different approaches and
method to review previous studies on
the waste quantification in the
construction sites for proper planning
of future construction waste
management. Similarly, [21] carried out
a study to determine the effect of
seasons of the year on waste
generation using data obtained
through quantification of different
categories of waste. The study showed
that average solid waste generate per
person per day is 0.042 kg. That also
changes in the seasons of the year had
no significant influence on the
characterization of waste generated in
the study area.
[22], conducted a study to characterize
the MSW generated and dumped at
Kiteezi landfill, Kampala, between July
2011 -June 2012, covering the wet and
dry months. On every day of sampling,
the waste was selected randomly from
5 trucks, sorted and then weighed into
various physical components. Organic
waste samples from every truck were
analyzed for main nutrients, overall
solids and energy content. The results
revealed that the waste comprised 0.7
% textiles, 88.5 % organics, 2.8 % hard
plastics 3.8 % soft plastics, 0.2 %
metals, 0.9 % glass, 2.2 % paper, and
1.0% others during the wet months.
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More so the waste comprised 2.4 % soft
plastics, 0.3 % textile, 0.7 % papers, 1.0
% hard plastics, 0.3 % glass, 94.8 %
organics, 0.1 % metals, and 0.3 %
others. The organic waste had a
moisture content of 71.1 % averagely
and an energy content of 17.3 MJ/kg.
Similarly, [23], studied the
characterization of the MSW in
Eskisehir City in Turkey. The
researchers noted that percentage of,
the generation rate of, and certain
properties of each component in the
MSW have to be known if there is need
to design a managing system of MSWC
that is sustainable. MSW samples were
collected for a year to determine the
change in MSWC with season and socio-
economic structure of residents. SPSS
10.0 statistical software on the other
hand was utilized to determine the
HHV and the correlation coefficients of
MSWC relative to the temperature of
seasons and socio-economic structure
of the residents. For the
determinations of the amount of waste,
the waste samples were collected and
separated into the groups of: food
wastes, paper–cardboard, ash, glass,
plastics, metals, and miscellaneous
manually. The component percentages
of the MSW on a wet basis were: glass
2.49 %, metals 1.26 %, food wastes
67.06 %, ash 3.86 %, paper–cardboard
10.07 %, plastics 5.62 %, and
miscellaneous 9.64 %.It was resolved
that local authorities have to apply
these results to attain an integrated
and sustainable SWMS for the analysis
of all the components.
Aim of the research
The aim of this research was to analyze
the wet solid waste samples so as to
characterize the waste at Kabagarame
dumping site.
Research Question
What are the physical characteristics
of the solid waste samples?
Geographical Scope
The study was carried out from
Kabagarame dumping site in the
Municipality Bushenyi-Ishaka in
Bushenyi district (coordinates: 00 32S,
30 11E), South-Western region of
Uganda. Kabagarame is located in
Ruharo ward, Central division.
Figure 1: Kabagarame dumping site
4. 90
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research Design
This study utilized quantitative
research design. This was
characterized by collecting data which
was expressed numerically. Such data
was solved by statistical tools such as
bar graphs and pie charts.
Sampling Design
This involved taking samples of solid
waste that are representative from the
dumping site having the composition
and properties of the mass of waste
from where it was collected. The
method of spot sampling was used in
the process of sampling. Wet solid
waste samples were taken from dump
site from five spots where an amount
of waste (1500g) was taken per spot
and the total amount collected formed
a sample size of about 7500g per week.
The waste samples were filled in
polyethene bags so that they could be
weighed and then stored. The
polyethene bags were labelled with
identification numbers for indicating
the spot from which the sample was
collected and the period of sampling.
Five samples of 1500g each of the raw
solid waste were taken from five spots
from the dump site per week and this
was done during a 13-week period.
Project Implementation flow chart
Figure 2: Project Implementation flow chart
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Table 1: Broad description of the material categories according to ASTM D5231
No Category Description
1. Food waste Includes all wastes of food apart from bones
2. Mixed paper Comprises magazines, paper from office, paper from
computer, paper that is glossy, paper that is waxed,
other kinds of paper that do not lie on the corrugated
and news print categories
3. Yard waste Plant material such as grass, twigs, leaves, branches
4. Newsprint Includes all newspaper
5. Plastic Includes all kinds of plastic
6. Corrugated Includes medium boxes or cartons, brown paper bags
that are all corrugated
7. Wood Includes furniture, products of wood, lumber ,and
pallets
8. Glass Includes all kinds of glass
9. Ferrous Includes cans that are bi-metal, steel, tin cans and
iron
10. Aluminum Includes aluminum and cans, foil of aluminum
11. Other
combustibles,
other organics
Includes leather, rubber, textiles, plus other
materials that are burnable
12. Non-
combustibles,
other inorganics
Includes sand, plaster, rock, dirt, bones and other
metals that are non-aluminum and non-ferrous
Source: ASTM D5231-92(2003)
The mean and standard deviation for
the governing component are selected
from Table 2 The values of standard
deviation and mean for various waste
components that are suggested by
ASTM D5231 in Table 2 below;
Table 2. Values of standard deviation and mean for various waste components
according to ASTM D5231
No Component Standard Deviation Mean
1. Wood 0.060 0.06
2. Newsprint 0.070 0.10
3. Food Waste 0.030 0.10
4. Corrugated 0.060 0.14
5. Yard Waste 0.140 0.04
6. Glass 0.050 0.08
7. Plastic 0.030 0.09
8. Ferrous 0.030 0.05
9. Other Inorganics 0.030 0.06
10. Other Organics 0.060 0.05
11. Aluminum 0.004 0.01
Source: ASTM D5231-92(2003)
The number of samples to be sorted
were estimated on the basis of ASTM
D5231 method of calculation; The
number of samples is then estimated
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for the governing component that has
been selected using the value of 𝑡
statistic for 𝑛 = ∞ from Table 3 for the
value of confidence interval that is
selected. For the obtained number of
samples, the corresponding 𝑡 statistic
is read from Table 3 and is then used
to recalculate the number of samples.
If at all the difference between the
initially calculated number of samples
and the recalculated sample numbers
does not exceed 10%, then the bigger
value of sample numbers is chosen.
However, if the difference exceeds 10%,
then whole calculation process is
repeated. Also the values of 𝑡 statistic
for the confidence intervals of 90% and
95% as suggested by ASTM D5231 are
provided in the table below.
Table 2: Values of t statistic for 90% and 95% confidence levels with the
corresponding number of samples
Number of Samples
(𝒏)
90% 95%
2 6.3140 12.7060
3 2.9200 4.3030
4 2.3530 3.1820
5 2.1320 2.7760
6 2.0150 2.5710
7 1.9430 2.4470
8 1.8950 2.3650
9 1.8600 2.3060
10 1.8330 2.2620
11 1.8120 2.2280
12 1.7960 2.2010
13 1.7820 2.1790
14 1.7710 2.1600
15 1.7610 2.1450
16 1.7530 2.1310
17 1.7460 2.1200
18 1.7400 2.1100
19 1.7340 2.1010
20 1.7290 2.0930
21 1.7250 2.0860
22 1.7210 2.0800
23 1.7170 2.0740
24 1.7140 2.0690
25 1.7110 2.0640
26 1.7080 2.0600
27 1.7060 2.0560
28 1.7030 2.0520
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29 1.7010 2.0480
30 1.6990 2.0450
31 1.6970 2.0420
36 1.6900 2.0300
41 1.6840 2.0210
46 1.6790 2.0140
51 1.6760 2.0090
61 1.6710 2.0000
71 1.6670 1.9940
81 1.6640 1.9900
91 1.6620 1.9870
101 1.6600 1.9840
121 1.6580 1.9800
141 1.6560 1.9770
161 1.6540 1.9750
189 1.6530 1.9730
201 1.6530 1.9720
∞ 1.6450 1.9600
Source: ASTM D5231-92(2003)
𝑛0 = (
𝑡 × 𝑠
𝑒 × 𝑥
)
2
(1)
Governing component; other organics.
At 95% confidence interval;
𝑓𝑜𝑟: 𝑛 = ∞, 𝑡 = 1.960, 𝑠 = 0.06, 𝑒 = 0.3,
𝑥 = 0.05
𝑛0 = (
1.960 × 0.06
0.3 × 0.05
)
2
𝑜𝑟 𝑛0 = 61
From Table 3, at 95% confidence
interval the value of 𝑡 statistic
corresponding to 𝑛 = 61 is 2.000. Hence
𝑛′
is obtained by;
𝑛′
= (
1.960 × 0.06
0.3 × 0.05
)
2
𝑜𝑟 𝑛′
= 64
𝑛0 And 𝑛′
do not differ by more than
10% and hence 64 samples were chosen
8. www.idosr.org Mutungirehi et al
94
Figure 3: Illustration of sampling spots
Sorting
This involved determining the
individual components available in the
mass of waste and their distribution by
mass. The polyethene bags containing
the waste samples were emptied onto a
clean flat leveled area with the
electronic scale positioned on the same
area. Hand Sorting was used for sorting
of the Waste into various component
categories as described in table below;
Table 4: Condensed Municipal Solid Waste Categories
Category Description
1. Food waste Comprised of all the wastes of food that include bones
2. Mixed paper Office paper, magazines, computer paper, waxed paper
and paper that lies in the corrugated and newsprint
categories.
3. Wood Comprises of all kinds of wood
4. Other organics rubber, textiles, leather, and materials that are burnable
primarily, and materials included in the yard waste
category
5. Glass Comprises of all kinds of glass
6. Other
inorganics
ceramics ,sand, rock, plaster , dirt, and metals that are in
the categories of aluminum and ferrous
7. Plastic This comprises of all kinds plastic
Source: ASTM D5231-92(2003)
RESULTS
This research sought to analyze the wet
solid waste samples so as to
characterize the waste at Kabagarame
dumping site. This was achieved by
collecting sixty five (65) samples each
of 1.5 kg from different spots from the
dumping site for the whole sampling
period. The samples were sorted per
sampling week into various material
categories, weighed to obtain the mass
and the results tabulated as indicated
in the tables below. The samples were
sorted per sampling week into various
material categories, weighed to obtain
the mass and the results tabulated as
indicated in the Tables A.1 – A.13.
Furthermore, Figure 4 shows the
collection, packing, and quantification
of the samples.
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Figure 4: The researcher collecting solid waste samples from the dumping site,
packing and quantifying the samples
10. 96
Table 5: Overall mean particle size and composition of municipal solid waste over
a period of thirteen weeks
Category Mean Composition By Mass (kg) Mean
Compositio
n
Spot1 Spot2 Spot3 Spot4 Spot5
1. Food waste 0.1477 0.3158 0.1549 0.6192 0.5755 0.3331
2. Mixed paper 0.0230 0.0441 0.0115 0.0559 0.0817 0.0386
3. Wood 0.0361 0.0079 0.0348 0.0133 0.0140 0.0140
4. Plastic 0.0371 0.2324 0.1279 0.2561 0.2003 0.1633
5. Other organics 1.1523 0.5669 0.8100 0.4185 0.4460 0.4485
6. Glass 0.0244 0.1059 0.0175 0.0208 0.0080 0.0305
7. Other inorganics 0.0794 0.2271 0.3434 0.1162 0.1745 0.1723
Table 5 and Figure 4 shows the overall
mean composition of solid waste from
the different spots. The mean
composition of the selected period of
time (thirteen weeks) indicate that the
mean composition by mass for other
organics is the highest in spot 1
(1.1523 kg) with mixed papers being
the lowest (0.0230 kg).
Figure 5: Overall mean composition of waste from the different spots
In spot 2, the highest mean
composition by mass in still provided
by other organics (0.5669 kg) with
wood being the lowest (0.0079 kg).
Moreover, in spot 3, like spot 1, the
mean composition by mass for other
organics is the highest (0.8100 kg) with
mixed papers being the lowest (0.0115
kg). It is in spot 4 that food waste
provided the highest value (0.6192 kg)
followed by other organics (0.4185 kg).
Again is spot 5, food waste has the
highest value (0.5755 kg) with the
lowest being glass (0.0080 kg).
0.0000
0.2000
0.4000
0.6000
0.8000
1.0000
1.2000
1.4000
Food waste Mixed paper Wood Plastic Other
organics
Glass Other
inorganics
Composition
by
mass
(kg)
Waste categories
Spot 1
Spot 2
Spot 3
Spot 4
Spot 5
11. 97
Correspondingly, in the overall
composition of means, other organics
comes at the top (0.4485 kg) with food
waste being the immediate follower
(0.3331 kg). The study also sought to
analyze the Wet solid waste samples so
as to characterize the waste. Waste
characterization is suitable for a
variety of reasons, such as to
determine how dumping of waste will
affect the ecosystem in the long term
and to discover and learn more ways
and procedures that occur in proper
waste management, strategies. The
results on characterization of waste
were presented by classifying different
categories of waste by mass
composition. The constituents and
quantity of solid wastes are commonly
determined using the composition
analysis. A sample of the waste was
taken, and it was divided into various
categories; food waste, mixed paper,
wood, plastic, other organics, glass and
other inorganics. The portions were
weighed individually and their
percentage of the overall weight of the
waste was determined. The results are
tabulated as shown in Tables 6-18.
Table 6: Mean and percentage composition of waste for sampling Week One
Category Mean Composition (kg) % Composition
1. Food waste 0.5702 38.02
2. Mixed paper 0.0608 4.06
3. Wood 0.0274 1.83
4. Plastic 0.1113 7.42
5. Other organics 0.4913 32.75
6. Glass 0.0109 0.73
7. Other inorganics 0.2280 15.20
Total 1.5000 100.00
The mass composition in week one is dominated by food waste and other organics
(Table 6).
Table 7: Mean and percentage composition of waste for sampling Week Two
Category Mean Composition (kg) % Composition
1. Food waste 0.4215 28.10
2. Mixed paper 0.0648 4.32
3. Wood 0.0234 1.56
4. Plastic 0.1814 12.09
5. Other organics 0.5851 39.01
6. Glass 0.0884 5.89
7. Other inorganics 0.1355 9.03
Total 1.5000 100.00
The trend in week two of the sampling period is also dominate by food waste and
other organics (Table 7)
12. 98
Table 8: Mean and percentage composition of waste for sampling Week Three
Category Mean Composition (kg) % Composition
1. Food waste 0.2266 15.11
2. Mixed paper 0.0112 0.75
3. Wood 0.0095 0.63
4. Plastic 0.2314 15.43
5. Other organics 0.8722 58.14
6. Glass 0.0028 0.19
7. Other inorganics 0.1463 9.75
Total 1.5000 100.00
In week three, other organics, plastics and food waste dominated this sampling period
(Table 8)
Table 9: Mean and percentage composition of waste for sampling Week Four
Category Mean Composition (kg) % Composition
1. Food waste 0.2919 19.46
2. Mixed paper 0.0406 2.71
3. Wood 0.0235 1.57
4. Plastic 0.2090 13.93
5. Other organics 0.7177 47.84
6. Glass 0.0710 4.73
7. Other inorganics 0.1463 9.75
Total 1.5000 100.00
In week four, other organics and food waste had greater percentages as compared to
other waste materials in this sampling period (Table 9).
Table 10: Mean and percentage composition of waste for sampling Week Five
Category Mean Composition (kg) % Composition
1. Food waste 0.2668 17.79
2. Mixed paper 0.0302 2.01
3. Wood 0.0183 1.22
4. Plastic 0.1670 11.13
5. Other organics 0.7414 49.43
6. Glass 0.0327 2.18
7. Other inorganics 0.2435 16.23
Total 1.5000 100.00
Meanwhile in week five, other inorganics also comes into play together with food
wastes and other organics (Table 10).
13. 99
Table 11: Mean and percentage composition of waste for sampling Week Six
Category Mean Composition (kg) % Composition
1. Food waste 0.5142 34.28
2. Mixed paper 0.0573 3.82
3. Wood 0.0333 2.22
4. Plastic 0.0802 5.35
5. Other organics 0.5313 35.42
6. Glass 0.0133 0.89
7. Other inorganics 0.2703 18.02
Total 1.5000 100.00
In week six, food waste and other organics dominated the sampling period (Table 11).
Table 12: Mean and percentage composition of waste for sampling Week Seven
Category Mean Composition (kg) % Composition
1. Food waste 0.4093 27.29
2. Mixed paper 0.0713 4.75
3. Wood 0.0255 1.70
4. Plastic 0.1534 10.23
5. Other organics 0.6319 42.13
6. Glass 0.0520 3.47
7. Other inorganics 0.1565 10.44
Total 1.5000 100.00
Though plastics registered a relatively larger percentage in week six, food waste and
other organics still remain the leading producers of waste in this sampling period
(Table 12).
Table 13: Mean and percentage composition of waste for sampling Week Eight
Category Mean Composition (kg) % Composition
1. Food waste 0.2301 15.34
2. Mixed paper 0.0049 0.33
3. Wood 0.0096 0.64
4. Plastic 0.2349 15.66
5. Other organics 0.8861 59.07
6. Glass 0.0041 0.28
7. Other inorganics 0.1303 8.69
Total 1.5000 100.00
Similarly, plastics, food waste and other organics competed favorably in producing
waste in this week (Table 13).
14. 100
Table 14: Mean and percentage composition of waste for sampling Week Nine
Category Mean Composition (kg) % Composition
1. Food waste 0.2767 18.44
2. Mixed paper 0.0658 4.39
3. Wood 0.0214 1.43
4. Plastic 0.2241 14.94
5. Other organics 0.6475 43.17
6. Glass 0.0652 4.35
7. Other inorganics 0.1993 13.29
Total 1.5000 100.00
In week nine, food wastes, other organics, plastics and other inorganics have all
contributed immensely in waste production in this sampling period (Table 14).
Table 15: Mean and percentage composition of waste for sampling Week Ten
Category Mean Composition (kg) % Composition
1. Food waste 0.2815 18.77
2. Mixed paper 0.0288 1.92
3. Wood 0.0206 1.38
4. Plastic 0.1576 10.51
5. Other organics 0.8056 53.71
6. Glass 0.0283 1.89
7. Other inorganics 0.1775 11.83
Total 1.5000 100.00
In week ten, the situation is almost the same with food wastes, other organics, plastics
and other inorganics contributing favorably to waste production (Table 15).
Table 16: Mean and percentage composition of waste for sampling Week Eleven
Category Mean Composition (kg) % Composition
1. Food waste 0.5955 39.70
2. Mixed paper 0.0562 3.75
3. Wood 0.0285 1.90
4. Plastic 0.1027 6.85
5. Other organics 0.4800 32.00
6. Glass 0.0112 0.75
7. Other inorganics 0.2259 15.06
Total 1.5000 100.00
In week eleven, waste has been generated more from food wastes, other organics, and
other inorganics (Table 16).
15. 101
Table 17: Mean and percentage composition of waste for sampling Week Twelve
Category Mean Composition (kg) % Composition
1. Food waste 0.3922 26.15
2. Mixed paper 0.0559 3.72
3. Wood 0.0252 1.68
4. Plastic 0.1572 10.48
5. Other organics 0.5406 36.04
6. Glass 0.0732 4.88
7. Other inorganics 0.2557 17.05
Total 1.5000 100.00
In week eleven, waste has been generated more from food wastes, other organics and
other inorganics (Table 17).
Table 18: Mean and percentage composition of waste for sampling Week Thirteen
Category Mean Composition (kg) % Composition
1. Food waste 0.2374 15.83
2. Mixed paper 0.0143 0.95
3. Wood 0.0097 0.65
4. Plastic 0.2094 13.96
5. Other
organics
0.8927 59.52
6. Glass 0.0061 0.41
7. Other
inorganics
0.1303 8.68
Total 1.5000 100.00
In week thirteen, food wastes, other organics, plastics and other inorganics have all
contributed immensely in waste production in this sampling period (Table 18).
16. 102
Table 19: Mean composition (kg) of the solid waste categories for the whole
sampling period
Category/
Sampling
period
Food
waste
Mixed
paper
Wood Plastic Other
organics
Glass Other
inorganics
Week 1 0.5702 0.0608 0.0274 0.1113 0.4913 0.0109 0.2280
Week 2 0.4215 0.0648 0.0234 0.1814 0.5851 0.0884 0.1355
Week 3 0.2266 0.0112 0.0095 0.2314 0.8722 0.0028 0.1463
Week 4 0.2919 0.0406 0.0235 0.2090 0.7177 0.0710 0.1463
Week 5 0.2668 0.0302 0.0183 0.1670 0.7414 0.0327 0.2435
Week 6 0.5142 0.0573 0.0333 0.0802 0.5313 0.0133 0.2703
Week 7 0.4093 0.0713 0.0255 0.1534 0.6319 0.0520 0.1565
Week 8 0.2301 0.0049 0.0096 0.2349 0.8861 0.0041 0.1303
Week 9 0.2767 0.0658 0.0214 0.2241 0.6475 0.0652 0.1993
Week 10 0.2815 0.0288 0.0206 0.1576 0.8056 0.0283 0.1775
Week 11 0.5955 0.0562 0.0285 0.1027 0.4800 0.0112 0.2259
Week 12 0.3922 0.0559 0.0252 0.1572 0.5406 0.0732 0.2557
Week 13 0.2374 0.0143 0.0097 0.2094 0.8927 0.0061 0.1303
Overall
Mean
0.3626 0.0432 0.0212 0.1708 0.6787 0.0353 0.1881
Figure 6: Overall mean composition of waste for the whole sampling period
The highest overall mean composition
of waste for the whole sampling period
is provided by other organics (Table
19, Figure 6).
DISCUSSION
In this research, the objective was
intended to analyze the Wet solid waste
samples so as to determine the
physical characteristics of the waste.
Appropriate waste samples that were
used to determine the composition of
the MSW were determined by utilizing
ASTM D 5231. A compromise was made
regarding the determination of the
sample number to be sorted because
0.3626
0.0432 0.0212
0.1708
0.6787
0.0353
0.1881
0.0000
0.1000
0.2000
0.3000
0.4000
0.5000
0.6000
0.7000
0.8000
Overall
mean
composition
(kg)
Material category
Food waste
Mixed paper
Wood
Plastic
Other organics
Glass
Other inorganics
17. 103
the different components require
different number of samples under
varying conditions (precision and
confidence level). As a result, a
governing component (Other organics)
was chosen to guide the estimation of
appropriate number of samples. Sixty
four (64) samples were obtained from
the calculations that were made as the
representative number of samples.
However, a total number of sixty five
(65) samples were collected during the
whole sampling period since the whole
sampling process lasted for a period of
thirteen weeks and five samples were
collected per week. However, in order
to attain the composition of waste that
is representative statistically while
minimizing resources and costs, there
was need to classify material
categories to simplify quantification of
the samples. It is difficult to attain a
high level of precision and confidence
while undertaking a waste composition
study if the researcher assesses
categories of materials that are
extensive.
The results from the sorting process
indicated that waste comprises ;38%
Food waste,33% Other organics,7%
Plastic,2% Wood,4% Mixed paper, 15%
Other inorganics, 1% Glass for the first
sampling week,28% Food waste, 39%
Other organics, 12% Plastic,2% Wood,
4% Mixed paper, 9% Other
inorganics,6% Glass for the second
sampling week,15% Food waste, 10%
Other organics,15 % Plastic,1 % Wood,
1% Mixed paper, 10% Other inorganics,
0 % Glass for the third sampling
week,19% Food waste,48% Other
organics,14% Plastic, 1% Wood,3%
Mixed paper,10% Other inorganics,5%
Glass for the fourth sampling week,
18% Food waste, 50% Other organics,
11% Plastic,1% Wood,2% Mixed
paper,16% Other inorganics,2% Glass
for the fifth sampling week,34% Food
waste,36% Other organics,5% Plastic,
2% Wood,4% Mixed paper,18% Other
inorganics,1% Glass for the sixth
sampling week, 27% Food waste,42%
Other organics,10% plastic,2% Wood,5%
Mixed paper,10% Other inorganics,4%
Glass for the seventh sampling week,
15% Food waste,59% Other
organics,16% Plastic,1% Wood,0% Mixed
paper,9% Other inorganics,0% Glass for
the eighth sampling week, 19% Food
waste,43% Other organics,15%
Plastic,2% Wood,4% Mixed paper,13 %
Other inorganics,4% Glass for the ninth
sampling week, 19% Food waste,54%
Other organics,10% Plastic,1% Wood,2%
Mixed paper,12% Other inorganics,2%
Glass for the tenth sampling week, 39%
Food waste,32% Other organics,7%
Plastic,2% Wood,4% Mixed paper,15%
Other inorganics,1% Glass for the
eleventh sampling week, 26% Food
waste,36% Other organics,10%
Plastic,2% Wood,4% Mixed paper,17%
Other inorganics,5% Glass for the
twelfth sampling week,16% Food
waste,59% Other organics,14%
Plastic,1% Wood,1% Mixed paper,9%
Other inorganics,0% Glass for the
thirteenth sampling week.
Correspondingly, for the whole
sampling period of the study, it was
found that in Bushenyi district, the
waste material categories occur in the
descending order of; (i) other organics
(45.25 %) which comprises of rubber,
textiles, leather, and materials that are
burnable primarily, and materials
included in the yard waste followed by
food waste including bones (24.17 %),
other inorganics (12.54 %) comprising
of ceramics, sand, rock, plaster, dirt,
and metals that are in the categories of
aluminum and ferrous followed by
plastics (11.38 %), mixed paper
consisting of office paper, magazines,
computer paper, waxed paper and
paper that lies in the corrugated and
newsprint categories (2.88 %), glass of
all kinds (2.36 %) and wood of all kinds
(1.42 %). This order of categorization is
an indication that in Bushenyi district,
the solid waste arise from different
sources including; residential (single
and multifamily dwellings), industrial ,
commercial (stores, hotels,
restaurants, markets), institutional
(schools, hospitals, prisons), municipal
services (street sweepings; landscape,
tree trimmings, wastes from parks,
sludge water, e-waste, etc), agriculture
(spoiled food wastes, agricultural
18. 104
wastes, spoilt diaries, etc.). The
findings further implies that refuse
collection in Bushenyi district is still
infrequent, which means that
occasionally uncollected waste is
burned, buried, or dumped in public
spaces. The big concerns here are
ineffective machinery, poor, filthy
working and gathering techniques,
extensive improper waste disposal and
burning, ineffective pollution control
measures, and a public that doesn’t
seem worried with the trash around
them.
CONCLUSION
Although several studies on
characterization of municipal solid
waste as well as evaluation of the
potential of the waste have been
conducted, these have only been
limited to the region of Kampala. The
waste material categories occur in the
descending order of; (i) other organics
(45.25 %), food waste (24.17 %), other
inorganics (12.54 %), followed by
plastics (11.38 %), mixed paper (2.88 %),
glass of all kinds (2.36 %) and wood of
all kinds (1.42 %). Also, understanding
the composition of municipal solid
waste is essential for creating the best
disposal strategy for recovering
resources trapped in the wastes.
RECOMMENDATION
The dumping site should be sectioned
with each section representing a
material category such that the MSW is
segregated into the sections at the time
of dumping. This will help ease the
carrying out of any activities aimed at
utilization of the waste.
LIST OF ACRONYMS
CV Calorific Value
CC Correlation Coefficient
IDA International Development Association
WtE Waste to Energy
SWM Solid Waste Management
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
ASTM American Society for Testing and Material
HHV Higher Heating Value
SWMS Solid Waste Management System
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
C Carbon
H Hydrogen
O Oxygen
N Nitrogen
S Sulphur
VM Volatile Matter
FC Fixed Carbon
TGA Thermogravimetric Analysis
MC Moisture Content
RDF Refuse-Derived Fuel
GPM Geometric Programming Model
RMSE Root Mean Square Error
SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
GPS Global Positioning System
19. 105
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107
CITE AS: Mutungirehi Faisal, Mustafa M. Mundu and Stephen N. Nnamchi (2023).
Analysis and Characterization of the Solid Waste from Kabagarame Dumping site
in Bushenyi District, Uganda. IDOSR Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(2) 87-107.
https://doi.org/10.59298/IDOSR/2023/10.1.7007