Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Development in Africa
1Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, 2Tom Mulegi, 3Asiati Mbabazi, and 4Eze Chidinma Esther
1Department of Publication and Extension Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Public Administration and Management Faculty of Business and Management Kampala International University Uganda.
3Faculty of Education Kampala International University Uganda.
4Department of Educational Foundation, Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Despite attempts by African governments to achieve Sustainable Development, there is a growing perception that Africa may fail in achieving the goals. This perception is fueled partly by the evidence that while the world is undergoing rapid change, which is driven prominently by technology and globalization, Africa remains unprotected and at risk of being exploited without due recognition of, and remuneration for, its resources. Additionally, there is the continued escalating trend in poverty and the diminishing strength of the environment to meet current and future needs of African countries. Given the fact that sustainable development appears to be contradicting in between the opposing imperatives of growth and development on one hand, and ecological sustainability on the other, the trend in sustainable development on the African continent has generated some skepticism about whether the goals are achievable in Africa. The lack of a logical literature that documents the challenges and prospects of Sustainable development in Africa underpins the uncertainty of achieving the goals in Africa. Hence, this paper assessed the challenges of sustainable development in Africa, and the way forward.
Keywords: SDG, Africa, Agriculture, Poverty, Economy, Development
________________________________________
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Study guide ecosoc topic-area-a rotaract global mun 2015Adrian Dan Pop
Rotaract Global Model United Nations; Belgrade 26 – 30 August, 2015
Chair: Natalia Hermida, Co-Chair: Elisavet Dravalou
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
TOPIC AREA A: THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF EBOLA
ON THE AFFECTED COUNTRIES AND SOLUTIONS FOR AN
EFFICIENT AND MULTI-SECTORAL RESPONSE.
seek to provide more-realistic representa-tions of socio-eco.docxbagotjesusa
seek to provide more-realistic representa-
tions of socio-economics by simulating
the economy through the interactions of
a large number of different agents, on the
basis of specific rules. ABMs are widely
used in finance, but have yet to be seri-
ously applied to climate change. These are
promising developments.
Now, a concerted effort is required by
the research community to explore as
many potential avenues as possible to bet-
ter estimate the costs of action and inaction
on climate change. The IPCC should distil
what policymakers need to inform their
decision-making. Learned societies and
national academies must bring together
researchers from a wide range of relevant
disciplines to focus attention on improving
economic modelling quickly.
Bangladeshi farmers and Cairo city-
dwellers are at severe risk of flooding and
storms; southern Europe and parts of
Africa and the Americas are threatened by
desertification. Perhaps hundreds of mil-
lions of people may need to migrate as a
result, posing an immense risk of conflict.
There is huge potential in future tech-
nologies that can drive change. These
are omitted or badly underestimated in
our current climate modelling — deeply
damaging our guidance for policymaking.
The well-being and prosperity of future
generations are worth more. ■
Nicholas Stern is chair of the Grantham
Research Institute on Climate Change and
the Environment at the London School of
Economics and Political Science (LSE),
and president of the British Academy.
e-mail: [email protected]
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Slow down
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Within a decade, women everywhere should have
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argues John Bongaarts.
In 2100, our planet is expecte.
Effect of Cultural Values on Character Formation: Implication for Education ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The influence of cultural norms and home values on an individual's personality and life adjustment can manifest in various ways. An individual's personality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological and experiential factors, with the latter being significantly influenced by cultural elements. One prominent avenue through which cultural values impact personality is in the cultural conditioning of child-rearing practices. When a child is born, it not only relies on the care and support of family members but also lacks the necessary behavioral knowledge required to function within a human society. It depends on innate biological instincts like hunger and the care provided by elders to fulfill these basic needs. To survive and thrive, a human infant must acquire the skills, knowledge, and societal norms specific to the culture into which it is born. Thus, cultural values are deliberately instilled in the members of a society. For a society to function effectively, these shared cultural values must be passed down through generations, primarily through child-rearing practices within homes. Nigeria, characterized by its diverse cultural backgrounds, value systems, and numerous ethnic groups, has distinct child-rearing practices that transmit these values and norms to successive generations. This paper examines the role of culture in shaping an individual's character and emphasizes that education, when coupled with values, is crucial. Education serves as a potent tool for fostering desirable character traits, and it must be refocused to continue producing individuals with strong moral values and responsible character.
Keywords: Character formation, Culture, Morals, Value, Impact
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Keywords: Accounts Payable Administration, Profitability and Quoted Manufacturing Companies.
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The "great green technological transformation" that the Survey champions will have to be completed in the next 30 to 40 years, that is, twice as fast as it took to accomplish previous major technological transitions. Because of the limited time frame, Governments will need to play a much more active and stimulating role to accelerate the green energy transformation. The Survey details new policy directions and major investments in developing and scaling up clean energy technologies, sustainable farming and forestry techniques, climate proofing of infrastructure and reducing non-bio-degradable waste production.
The report states that a major technological overhaul of production processes is required worldwide to end poverty and avert the likely catastrophic impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. It also asserts that over the next 40 years, $1.9 trillion per year will be needed for incremental investments in green technologies. At least $1.1 trillion per year of required investments are needed in developing countries to meet their rapidly increasing food and energy demand.
The document discusses the need for a "green technological transformation" to achieve sustainable development goals. It notes that continuing on previous economic growth pathways will further stress the environment. A radical shift is needed to develop more efficient, low-carbon technologies in areas like energy generation, transportation, agriculture, and forestry to decouple growth from resource use and pollution. This "green economy" has the potential to ensure environmental protection while still meeting development needs, but will require major public and private investments in research and development of new green technologies.
Leaving No One Behind in an Ageing World - World Social Report 2023Christina Parmionova
The World Social Report 2023 focuses on population ageing and the challenges and opportunities it brings as countries strive to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Titled, ‘Leaving No One Behind in an Ageing World,’ the report recalls that in setting out a universal plan of action to achieve sustainable development, the 2030 Agenda aims to leave no one behind, particularly the most vulnerable people, including those at older ages.
Casting population ageing as “a defining global trend of our time,” which represents a major success story driven by improvements in health and reductions in fertility, the report highlights some of the positive effects of ageing on achieving the SDGs, including: changes in demand for environmental resources, with positive effects on natural capital (SDG target 12.2); reducing global food waste and food losses along production and supply chains (SDG target 12.3); and improving prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse systems to reduce waste generation (SDG target 12.5).
Developmental University Systems: Empirical, Analytical and Normative Perspec...iBoP Asia
This paper was presented at the IV Globelics Conference in Mexico City from September 22-24, 2008. It discusses trends in higher education and research efforts worldwide, with a focus on developing countries. Some key points made in the summary are:
1) Tertiary education enrollment rates have increased significantly in many developing regions since 1970, though remain lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa.
2) Between 1991-2006, tertiary enrollments more than doubled globally but remain concentrated in a few countries/regions, with over 70% of students in China, US, Central/Eastern Europe, Western Europe, India, Brazil, Japan, South Korea, and Mexico.
3) While developing countries have expanded
This document discusses the role that the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) could play in implementing the newly adopted UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly regarding peace and security in Africa. It notes that many of the commitments made in the 2013-2015 FOCAC action plan overlap with peace-related targets in the SDGs. The upcoming 6th FOCAC meeting in December 2015 provides an opportunity to discuss how the next action plan can support achieving the SDGs, especially Goal 16 which aims to promote peaceful societies. The SDGs are meant to be a more ambitious and transformative global development framework than the previous Millennium Development Goals.
Study guide ecosoc topic-area-a rotaract global mun 2015Adrian Dan Pop
Rotaract Global Model United Nations; Belgrade 26 – 30 August, 2015
Chair: Natalia Hermida, Co-Chair: Elisavet Dravalou
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
TOPIC AREA A: THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF EBOLA
ON THE AFFECTED COUNTRIES AND SOLUTIONS FOR AN
EFFICIENT AND MULTI-SECTORAL RESPONSE.
seek to provide more-realistic representa-tions of socio-eco.docxbagotjesusa
seek to provide more-realistic representa-
tions of socio-economics by simulating
the economy through the interactions of
a large number of different agents, on the
basis of specific rules. ABMs are widely
used in finance, but have yet to be seri-
ously applied to climate change. These are
promising developments.
Now, a concerted effort is required by
the research community to explore as
many potential avenues as possible to bet-
ter estimate the costs of action and inaction
on climate change. The IPCC should distil
what policymakers need to inform their
decision-making. Learned societies and
national academies must bring together
researchers from a wide range of relevant
disciplines to focus attention on improving
economic modelling quickly.
Bangladeshi farmers and Cairo city-
dwellers are at severe risk of flooding and
storms; southern Europe and parts of
Africa and the Americas are threatened by
desertification. Perhaps hundreds of mil-
lions of people may need to migrate as a
result, posing an immense risk of conflict.
There is huge potential in future tech-
nologies that can drive change. These
are omitted or badly underestimated in
our current climate modelling — deeply
damaging our guidance for policymaking.
The well-being and prosperity of future
generations are worth more. ■
Nicholas Stern is chair of the Grantham
Research Institute on Climate Change and
the Environment at the London School of
Economics and Political Science (LSE),
and president of the British Academy.
e-mail: [email protected]
1. IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Impacts,
Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of
Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (Cambridge Univ. Press, (2014).
2. Schaeffer, M. et al. Nature Clim. Change 2,
867–870 (2012).
3. IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of
Climate Change. Contribution of Working
Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014).
4. Stern, N. Why are We Waiting?: The Logic,
Urgency, and Promise of Tackling Climate
Change (MIT Press, 2015).
5. Aghion, P. et al. Path Dependence, Innovation
and the Economics of Climate Change
(Grantham Research Inst., 2014).
6. Dechezleprêtre, A., Martin, R. & Mohnen, M.
Knowledge Spillovers from Clean and Dirty
Technologies: A Patent Citation Analysis
(Grantham Research Inst., 2013).
7. Dietz, S. & Stern, N. Econ. J. 583, 574–620
(2015).
8. Gillingham, K. et al. National Bureau of
Economic Research Working Paper No.
21637 (2015); available at http://dx.doi.
org/10.3386/w21637
9. Farmer, J. D., Hepburn, C., Mealy, P. &
Teytelboym, A. Environ. Res. Econ. 62,
329–357 (2015).
10. Golosov, M. et al. Econometrica 82, 41–88
(2014).
Slow down
population growth
Within a decade, women everywhere should have
access to quality contraceptive services,
argues John Bongaarts.
In 2100, our planet is expecte.
Similar to Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Development in Africa (20)
Effect of Cultural Values on Character Formation: Implication for Education ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The influence of cultural norms and home values on an individual's personality and life adjustment can manifest in various ways. An individual's personality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological and experiential factors, with the latter being significantly influenced by cultural elements. One prominent avenue through which cultural values impact personality is in the cultural conditioning of child-rearing practices. When a child is born, it not only relies on the care and support of family members but also lacks the necessary behavioral knowledge required to function within a human society. It depends on innate biological instincts like hunger and the care provided by elders to fulfill these basic needs. To survive and thrive, a human infant must acquire the skills, knowledge, and societal norms specific to the culture into which it is born. Thus, cultural values are deliberately instilled in the members of a society. For a society to function effectively, these shared cultural values must be passed down through generations, primarily through child-rearing practices within homes. Nigeria, characterized by its diverse cultural backgrounds, value systems, and numerous ethnic groups, has distinct child-rearing practices that transmit these values and norms to successive generations. This paper examines the role of culture in shaping an individual's character and emphasizes that education, when coupled with values, is crucial. Education serves as a potent tool for fostering desirable character traits, and it must be refocused to continue producing individuals with strong moral values and responsible character.
Keywords: Character formation, Culture, Morals, Value, Impact
Accounts Payable Administration and Profitability of Quoted Manufacturing Com...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This study was carried out to examine accounts payable administration and profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria with reference to consumer goods sector. This was motivated by the desire to learn how proper administration of accounts payable enhances profitability in the wake of the widespread corporate failures in Nigeria and the rest of the world. Accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio were represented by accounts payable administration while return on assets was used as proxy for profitability. The study used purposive sampling technique to extract data from the annual reports of manufacturing companies quoted on the Nigerian Exchange Group Plc as of December 31st, 2022. Secondary data were gathered for the study. The study covered ten years’ time frame from 2013 to 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the data specifically through regression analysis. The outcome of the data analysis showed that accounts payable ratio has a negligible negative influence on return on assets; short-term debt ratio significantly influences the return on assets; the combined variables (accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio) significantly influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. This implies that, accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio influences the profit generated by manufacturing companies in Nigeria considering it aggregate effect. It was advised that, sound and pragmatic approach should be maintained in the administration of accounts payable in manufacturing companies in order to positively influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in the country. Administration of accounts payable should be carried out by financial expert in order to ensure that financial obligation is met to vendors of goods and services when it is due. In order to ensure minimal supply interruption and increase liquidity capacity, institutions should negotiate better terms of credit with their suppliers and extend the accounts payment period.
Keywords: Accounts Payable Administration, Profitability and Quoted Manufacturing Companies.
________________________________________
Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake amongst Girls Ag...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection. HPV vaccine since its first licensure in 2006 has proven to be safe, highly immunogenic, and induces strong direct and indirect protection against HPV and its sequelae. The study was designed to determine the socio-demographic, health care, and parental factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. The study was a cross-sectional study employing a simple random sampling method and a total of 364 girls were interviewed following the set criteria using questionnaire data. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Findings were presented as frequencies, percentages, odd ratios, and p-values using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. From the study, statistically significant sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.0000), schooling status (p=0.0000), level of education (p=0.007442), attitudes towards the HPV vaccine (p=0.005175), Receiving vaccine doses from different vaccination sites (p=0.0000), and Ethnicity (p=0.0000), healthcare factors such as outreaches in communities (p=0.0000), information received (p=0.0000), encouragement from health workers (p=0.0000), availability of vaccines (p=0.0000) and parental factors such as knowledge about HPV vaccine(p=0.001), parental hesitancy (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.0000), social economic status (p=0.001), attitudes towards HPV vaccine, (p=0.0000) and HPV vaccine awareness (p=0.0000) were found statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. From the study findings, the study variables such as sociodemographic, and health-related factors were found to be statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. Therefore, effort should be brought to all levels of intervention so that HPV uptake is taken into consideration if the need for good health among girls needs to be achieved.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus virus, sexually transmitted infection, Health care, HPV vaccine, Cancer.
Barriers to Women Leadership
1Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, 2Tom Mulegi, 3Asiati Mbabazi, and 4Eze Chidinma Esther
1Department of Publication and Extension Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Public Administration and Management Faculty of Business and Management Kampala International University Uganda.
3Faculty of Education Kampala International University Uganda.
4Department of Educational Foundation, Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Women have made significant strides over the past half a century in terms of advancements into the workforce. However, it is well-documented that women occupy top executive positions in politics and industry much less frequently than men. Bias and discrimination against professional females could take place when members of a society hold certain stereotypes that are in contrast with the actual characteristics of these women. These stereotypes can prevent females from achieving their goals as a result of the expected social roles they have to uphold. This paper critically examined social role theory and gender stereotypes to explain a deeper motive as to why women to some extent are being underrepresented in leadership positions. Moreover, these literature review provided a comprehensive overview of gender discrimination barriers to leadership.
Keywords: Women, Leadership, Society, Discrimination and Barriers.
Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Bacteria are the most commonly identified pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Group B Streptococcus. A battery of diagnostic tests were performed on neonates with suspected sepsis, including a complete blood count, C-reactive protein, and polymorphic gastric aspiration cytology. Combining these inexpensive and readily available tests provides high sensitivity and negative predictive value in detecting neonatal sepsis.
Design and Implementation of an Improved Automatic DC Motor Speed
Control Systems Using Microcontroller
1Enerst Edozie,
2Eze Val Hyginus Udoka,
1Wantimba Janat
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Kampala international University, Uganda
2Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda
ABSTRACT
Energy wastage is one of the major challenges that is facing the world now as there is
insufficient supply of energy and the little ones supplied was not appropriately used. This
energy wastage has made many researchers to engage more on the research to stop this
energy waste as a result of inappropriate allocation of energy to some devices even when
they don’t need it. This research work was able to design and implement an improved
automated DC Motor speed controller system using microcontroller successfully. The
software used for this research work were Fritzing software and Arduino Nano. This project
was able to improve on the working system of the DC Motors and energy was automatically
and successfully saved. The system runs entirely on Bluetooth technology which consumes
less power than other devices. The Android application is user-friendly with enhanced
Wireless communication. This design was successfully developed and implemented with 80%
accuracy. The design was able to work effectively by increasing the cutting speed when the
softness of the material decreases and as the cutting tool material becomes stronger, the
cutting speed increases. This showed that the design is effectively and efficiently developed
with less energy/power consumption which is the earnest desire of an Engineer as it reduces
cost.
Keywords: Microcontroller, Improved Automatic DC Motor, Energy, Arduino, PWM
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HI...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HIV Patients in Bushenyi District, Uganda
Kakuru James
Faculty of Nursing Sciences Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Malaria remains the single main cause of ill health and death among HIV/AIDS patients in resource-poor countries worldwide. Malaria still remains a challenging infection affecting the lives of several HIV-infected persons in Uganda. Statistics from the Ministry of Health show that malaria is still the leading cause of death in Uganda, accounting for over 27% of deaths. Malaria prevalence in HIV-positive patients in Kyamuhunga Health Centre III is thought to be at 7.8% of the HIV-positive patients attending the clinic on a daily basis. This study therefore aimed at assessing the factors contributing to the high prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients attending the HIV Clinic at Kyamuhunga Health Centre III in Bushenyi District. The study covered a sample of eighty (80) respondents to gather primary data. A simple random sampling method was used to gather responses from patients. Questionnaires and an interview guide were used as data collection tools. Results indicated that the majority of the participants were female patients and malaria was dominant among HIV-positive patients aged 38-47 years. It was noted that the odds of having malaria also increased among patients with lower levels of education. It was also noted that more odds of having malaria were found among the majority of patients who were farmers and unemployed participants. Malaria infection was acquired with repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use insecticide treated mosquito nets. It is noted that HIV-positive patients with malaria greatly acquired unbalanced immunity with relatively low CD4+ cell count and unbalanced hemoglobin levels, greatly affected by body pain and weakness, fever, headache, and variety issues of vomiting. Paracetamol, use of treated mosquito nets, clinical examination, and patient follow-up was shown to provide a beneficial effect in preventing malaria infection among HIV-positive patients. In conclusion, malaria infection is acquired from repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use Treated mosquito nets which increased the susceptibility to new malaria infections among HIV-positive patients. The researcher, therefore, recommends that comprehensive health education, antiretroviral therapy, and malaria preventive materials such as insecticide-treated bed nets should be provided to reduce the prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients.
Keywords: Malaria, HIV patients, Treated mosquito nets, Antiretroviral therapy.
Evaluation of the level of Job Safety in some selected Organizations in Kampa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the level of Job Safety in some selected Organizations in Kampala, Uganda.
1Mary Tunde Nalubega, 2Tom Mulegi and 1Eleanor Kirahora Barongo
1Department of Development Peace and Conflict studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
2Department of Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This research evaluated the level of job safety in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda. The study objective was achieved through descriptive, Cross sectional and correlative survey designs. A study population of 484 was used, from which a sample population of 219 respondents was derived using Slovene’s Formula. Data was collected primarily using Self-Administered Questionnaires (SAQs) and structured Interviews. Findings revealed that the level of job safety in selected Public and Private Organizations in Kampala, Uganda was high with (mean = 2.97); implying that private and public organizations in Uganda have high levels of job safety in terms of electronic and fire safety, sanitation, tools and equipment and protection from hazardous materials. Comparatively, sanitation ranked highest among all elements of job safety, in terms of whether food is separated from hazardous materials with (mean = 3.46, std. dev =.720) interpreted as very• high. The last ranked item was about whether smoke detectors function properly with (mean = 2.44, std. dev = 1.062) interpreted as high. In conclusion, the level of job safety among Public and Private organizations in Kampala, Uganda was high. This means that private and public organizations in Uganda have high levels of job safety in terms of electronic and fire safety, sanitation, tools and equipment and protection from hazardous materials. This study recommends that different stakeholders including government and Non-governmental Organizations need to put in place mechanisms to ensure that employees are protected from work. The government should put in place laws aiming at protecting workers against health issues associated with work related Hazards.
Keywords: Job Safety, selected, public and private Organizations.
Assessment of the level of employee performances in some selected.pdfPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Assessment of the level of employee performances in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda.
1Tom Mulegi, 2Mary Tunde Nalubega, and 2Eleanor Kirahora Barongo
1Department of Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
2Department of Development Peace and Conflict studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This study assessed the level of employee performances in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda. The study objective was achieved through descriptive, cross sectional and correlative survey designs. A study population of 484 was earmarked, from which a sample population of 219 respondents were derived using Slovene’s Formula. Data was collected primary using self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) and structured interviews. An extensive review of literature contributed a significant amount of secondary data. Findings showed that the r-value indicated that 67.7% of employee performance is influenced by job safety, implying that the remaining 23.3% of change in employee productivity could be explained by other factors other than Job safety. The study recommended that the Different stakeholders including government and non-governmental organizations need to put in place mechanisms to ensure that employees are protected from work. The government should put in place laws aiming at protecting workers against health issues associated with work related Hazards.
Keywords: Employee, performances, and organizations
Bacterial Meningitis in Paediatrics A Review.pdfPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1, Sowdo Abdirizak Mohamed2, Ugwu Okechukwu Paul-Chima3, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu4 and Chukwunalu Igbudu Umoke5
1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Pediatrics, Kampala International University, Uganda.
3Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda.
4Department of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
5Department of Human Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Email:emmanuelobeagu@yahoo.com
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Meningitis is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by infection or inflammation of the central nervous system. It is classified as bacterial, viral, or aseptic. Delayed or untreated bacterial meningitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is important to accurately distinguish between bacterial and nonbacterial meningitis. Most physicians will perform a lumbar puncture and consider antibiotics for all infants and children with suspected meningitis. Having a clinical prediction rule to determine the need for lumbar puncture and which patients need antibiotics could reduce morbidity and the cost associated with unnecessary procedures and treatment. Several clinical prediction rules to determine the risk of bacterial meningitis have been proposed. One clinical prediction rule, derived and validated from cohorts seen in pediatric hospitals in the Netherlands, found that altered consciousness, meningeal irritation, cyanosis, petechiae, vomiting, duration of main symptom, and an elevated C-reactive protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate level were independent predictors of bacterial meningitis. Patients below a predefined threshold on a risk score incorporating these elements could be safely considered as not having bacterial meningitis.
Keywords: Bacteria, Meningitis, petechiae, C - reactive protein, pediatrics, ESR
Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kapchorwa Town Council, Kapchorwa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major problem in the upper areas of developing countries. In Uganda, the menace of urban waste has further been worsened by the increasing population. This study was done to assess the level of knowledge and practices about SWM within the Kapchorwa Town Council (KTC) Kapchorwa district in eastern Uganda. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and waste characteristics, collection, disposal, stakeholder roles, and waste management responsibilities were analyzed. Results indicate that waste is predominantly biodegradable (66%) and generated mainly within households, with no proper collection rate disposed of, crude dumping was the major means of disposal used (72.5%). The council is under capacity to handle waste management demands and their services are poor or nonexistent which has led to the use of crude dumping which has risk health. The strategy for solid waste management is failing because the community members are not cooperative. In conclusion, waste management practices in KTC are poor and they reflect a gap in knowledge about effective waste management within KTC, community members should be regularly educated on the link between improper solid waste management and disease outbreaks and the safe SWM practices such as reuse and recycling.
Keywords: Waste management, Kapchorwa district, urban waste, disease outbreaks
Administrative Support and Teachers’ Performances in Private Secondary School...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Self-medication particularly with analgesics and antibiotics have been reported by WHO as one of the major causes of antibiotic resistance. In country, like Uganda there is a wide range of drugs, coupled with inadequate health services have resulted to an increased number of drugs used as a self-medication compared to prescribed drugs. Assessment of knowledge and practice of self-medication is needed especially in rural settings. This was an anonymous, questionnaire-based, descriptive study. Questionnaires containing closed ended questions were administered to 288 second year undergraduate medical students. Data analysis was performed using STATA 14. Descriptive statistics were performed in terms of frequencies and percentages. Statistical significance was assessed at alpha of 0.05. The research results indicated that the mean age was (24) and the majority of the students who participated in the study were male (63%). The prevalence of self-medication in the study was found to be markedly high (83.4%). The most important reason for self-medication was that it is cheaper (91%) and the majority (92%) of the students reported that they self-medicated because of diarrhea/vomiting with antacids found to be the highly used class of drug (93%). Majority of the students got the information concerning the drugs through advertisements (98%) and (92%) of the students bought medicine from drug shops. In conclusion, most of the students feared having the side effects of the medications since they were self-prescribed without any experience.
Keywords: Knowledge, attitude, practice, self-medication, undergraduate medical students, Uganda
Occurrence and Factors Associated with HIV-Sero-Discordance in Couples at Iga...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This document summarizes a study that examined the prevalence and factors associated with HIV sero-discordance (where one partner is HIV+ and the other is HIV-) among couples attending Iganga General Hospital in Uganda. The study found that:
1) The prevalence of HIV among individual participants was 6.8% and the prevalence of HIV sero-discordance among couples was 4.8%.
2) Among the infected couples, 52.2% were sero-discordant while 47.8% were concordant positive.
3) Factors associated with HIV sero-discordance included sexual practices like having multiple partners, lack of condom use, lack of male circumcision, and low
Antibiotic resistance and Virulence Genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous bacterium that causes various hospital- acquired and community-acquired infections. It has been reported that the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa are difficult to treat because of their virulence factors and antibiotics resistances. The aim of present study was to screen the antibiotic resistance patterns and the prevalence of virulence factor genes in a set of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Ogbomoso, and to determine whether a correlation exists between the prevalence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa. A total of 100 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from various types of clinical specimens. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-bauer method. In addition, PCR assays were used for screening four virulence encoding genes (OPRL, LasB, PLCH and ToxA). The results showed that OPRL (79%) and LasB (62%) were the most frequent virulence genes in P. aeruginosa strains, followed by PLCH (41%) and ToxA (35%). The highest resistance was detected towards Piperacillin (42%) and Tetracycline (42%). Moderate rate of resistance (12-39%) were detected towards the other antibiotics. The virulent factors identified in this study provide valuable information regarding the prevalence of resistance genes of P. aeruginosa isolates in Ogbomoso, Nigeria and their potential impact on treatments that exploit the unique physiology of the pathogen. This will be useful for the health workers to improve infection control measures and to establish a surveillance system.
Keywords: antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Evaluation of infection control at Butiru Chrisco Hospital in Manafwa Distric...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Infection prevention and control is important for the improvement of quality care in hospital. This study aimed to identify risk associated with infection control, and to determine which infection control measures are available at Butiru Chrisco hospital and how these measures are put to use by the staff working in the hospital. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Butiru Chrisco hospital in Manafwa District. The study involved 100 respondents who were staff employed by Butiru Chrisco hospital. With different educational standards, awareness of infection control was assessed through a structured questionnaire that was administered to those who consented to participate. Random sampling was done on 10 staff, this helped correct the questionnaire making it suitable for the study but the results were not included in this study. The study revealed that out of 100 respondents, 72(72%) were nurses, 60(60%) were females and 78(78%) had been employed by the hospital for less than four years. Half 50(50%) revealed that airborne infections are the commonest infections in the hospital. The study also reveals that more than 80% reported positive response to infection control tasks with 80(80%) agreeing that practice of infection control reduces likelihood of infection spread to patients. From the study, it was concluded that, there is moderate awareness of infection control with more than half of the respondents having positive ideas about infection control and use of available measures like glove, apron, and hand washing. However, practice and compliance with standard precautions was less than optimal. The researcher recommends continuous health visits by ministry of health (MOH) of Uganda to the hospital and evaluation of the practices to ensure that the health workers practice infection control following the standard guidelines. Also, hand washing or use of hand sanitizers with alcohol or other antiseptics as a measure of disinfecting the hands before or after handling a patient is encouraged.
Keywords: Infection, health workers, hand washing, Manafwa District
Evaluation of factors that contributes to post-partum haemorrhage in Pregnant...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the world’s leading cause of maternal death and accounts for an estimated 127,000 deaths each year. Identification of some of the risk factors such as; previous postpartum haemorrhage, multiple pregnancies, macrosomia, induction of labour, operative vaginal deliveries and cesarean section would help in preventing PPH. The aim of this research was to assess the factors contributing to postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) among pregnant women who attend delivery services in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIU-TH). This study used a cross-sectional descriptive design where by a cross-section of respondents involving 68 respondents were sampled to represent the target population, in these case women who received maternity service from KIU-TH. Only quantitative methods of data collection using questionnaires with closed ended questions were employed for both mothers and health workers. During the study period, 58 women who delivered in the unit and 20 women developed postpartum haemorrhage giving the frequency of postpartum haemorrhage 34.6%. The majority of the women 30% were between 30-34 years of age. Among the women who developed PPH retained placental tissues was the most common cause 50% followed by uterine atony which was 30%. The rest of the causes of PPH were laceration 20%. Postpartum haemorrhage is still a leading but preventable cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in our country due to underutilization of health facilities, the major cause is retained placental tissues followed by uterine atony.
Keywords: post-partum haemorrhage, pregnant women, delivering, Uganda
Evaluation factors contributing to the treatment default by tuberculosis pati...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the biggest public health problem and now ranks alongside Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as the world’s leading infectious cause of death. Globally, patient compliance with anti-TB therapy estimated as low as 40% in developing countries, remains the principle cause of treatment failure. The aim of this study was to establish the factors contributing to treatment default by Tuberculosis patients at ART clinic in Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District. A cross-sectional and descriptive study which employed both qualitative and quantitative approach of data collection were used. The study was conducted in ART clinic at Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District and it took a period of four weeks. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Results showed that out of 38 study participants, majority 26 (68%) were of age 30 years and above. A large proportion 24 (63%) of the participants were unemployed compared to the least 14 (37%) who were employed. Majority 21 (55%) travel at a distance of 10km and above to get TB treatment. Out of 38 participants, majority 26 (68%) did not informed the family or friends when they were on TB treatment. Of 26 participants 16 (61.5%) had fear of being isolated and 2 (7.7%) were other reason of no support. A large proportion of participants rated the attitude of staff who attended to them at the health facility to be unfriendly with 21 (55%) while very few 6 (16%) were rude. The ministry should ensure availability of and access to resources for strengthening systems for delivery of quality tuberculosis treatment, prevention and control.
Keywords: treatment, default, tuberculosis, ART, Uganda
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the development path along which the
maximization of human well-being for
today’s generation does not lead to the
decline in the well-being of the future
generation. These definitions suggest that
SD considers the needs of the future and
current generations in tandem, and it is
rooted in the pursuit of the welfare and
well-being of the people. SD is motivated
by the negative externalities that are
responsible for natural resource depletion
and degradation; it requires screening
public goods that are essential for
economic development, and it also
stresses the importance of retaining the
flexibility of the environment to respond
to shock [4]. In order to achieve SD,
African governments have launched
several strategies. In Ghana for instance,
the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy
(GPRS I and II) and the National
Environmental Policy (NEP) were designed.
In Tanzania, the National Development
Vision (NDV) 2025 was designed. In Egypt,
there was the National Strategy for Solid
Waste Management (NSSWM). Across the
entire continent, there has been an
increased number of SD initiatives being
implemented in some 28 countries; these
initiatives manifested in the
transformation of the Organization of
African Unity (OAU) to the African Union
(AU) in 2001, the establishment of the
New Partnership for Africa’s Development
(NEPAD) and the establishment of
Regional Economic Councils (RECs) in the
sub-region [4].
In spite of these attempts by African
governments towards SD, there is a
growing perception that Africa could fail
in achieving SD. This perception is fueled
partly by the evidence that while the
world is undergoing rapid change, which
is driven prominently by technology and
globalization, Africa remains unprotected
and at risk of being exploited without due
recognition of, and remuneration for, its
resources [5]. Additionally, there is the
continued escalating trend in poverty and
the diminishing strength of the
environment to meet current and future
needs of African countries. Given the fact
that SD appears to be contradicting in
between the opposing imperatives of
growth and development on one hand,
and ecological sustainability on the other
[6], the trend in SD on the African
continent has generated some skepticism
about whether SD is achievable in Africa.
The lack of a coherent literature that
documents the challenges and prospects
of Sustainable development in Africa
underpins the uncertainty of achieving SD
in Africa. This paper therefore evaluates
the challenges of SD in Africa, and
suggests way forward.
Conceptual Definition of Sustainable Development
The number of definitions for SD is
suggestive of the debate over its
definition since its coinage in the 1980s.
[6], add that the many different
interpretations of SD are confusing, and
the literature is rife with several attempts
to define the term. The debates have
erupted between those who prefer the
Three Pillars Approach- emphasizing the
social, ecological, and economic
dimensions of sustainable development
or a more dualistic typology-emphasizing
the relationship between nature and
humanity [7]. [8], contends that pursuing
both ends of what is ‘sustainable’ and
‘development’ are difficult to pin down,
and so it is a wonder how we can avoid
compromising future generations’ needs
when we cannot foresee what these needs
will be. Given these difficulties, it is not
surprising that the conceptual constraints
tend to rather reflect the political and
philosophical position of those proposing
the definition more than any scientific
view [4], which may influence policy
options towards the implementation of SD
programs. Such difficulties in defining the
term lead to the phenomenon of cosmetic
environmentalism where the tag of
sustainability is stuck on what may be
unsustainable, and hence gives way to
questions of determining what is
environmentally benign [5]. Irrespective
of these conceptual constraints, the
international community appears to
embrace the idea that SD is an imperative.
This belief finds expression in the words
of [6] that, “the world cannot continue to
act, produce and consume unsustainably,
this is the time to act especially on water,
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energy, human health, agriculture and biodiversity”, if SD is to be achieved.
Achievements and Challenges of Sustainable Development in Africa
Economic growth and poverty
reduction: Economic sustainability
requires countries to be on a broad-based
quality economic growth which focuses
on reducing poverty and inequality,
supporting investment, and building an
efficient social services system towards
SD. By 2012, the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) estimated that “with a Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of
35%, Sierra Leone was the fastest growing
economy in the world and that over the
ten years, six of the world’s fastest
growing economies were in sub-Saharan
Africa”. These six African countries
include: Angola, 11.1%; Nigeria, 8.9%;
Ethiopia, 8.4%; Chad, 7.9; Mozambique,
7.9%; and Rwanda, 7.6% (UNECA, 2012).
Additionally, forecasts by the IMF also
suggests that seven African countries are
likely to be among the top ten over the
next half decade, 2011-2015 (Ethiopia,
8.1%; Mozambique,7.7%; Tanzania, 7.2%;
Republic of Congo, 7.0%; Ghana, 7.0%;
Zambia, 6.9%; and Nigeria, 6.9%). Given
the current prospects, there is a strong
likelihood that Africa will surpass Asia in
growth in the next decade [7]. This is
further supported by evidence that from
1990-2002, the average real GDP in Africa
grew by 3.3% and from 2003-2004, the
average real GDP growth was 3.8%. Central
Africa had the highest growth rate (4.2%);
North Africa (3.9%); East Africa (2.9%); and
West Africa (2.4%). After the initial slump
in growth from 1991-1992, Africa’s
growth began to improve peaking in 1996.
(UN, 2010). Available data suggest that
“government debt in sub-Saharan Africa
was around 70-80% of GDP ten years ago
but that has been halved to about 45-40%
of GDP currently; Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) in sub-Saharan Africa,
which is now a diversified portfolio of
investment in the banking, tourism,
textiles, communication and other sectors
has improved since the late 1990s
translating into 2.4% of GDP” [5]. At the
turn of the Millennium, “Africa’s GDP was
$600 billion; today, it is $2.2 trillion-
adjusted for inflation, Africa’s GDP has
doubled in 10 years” [7]. It has been
argued that “currently, many African
economies are strongly growing in
comparison to the industrialized world,
with a continental economic growth of 6%
in 2012; sub-Saharan Africa is now in a
position to compete with other energy
markets in some labor-intensive areas”
[8]. In Cote D’Ivoire, for instance, “the
service sector accounts for about 50% and
rising; this is expected to grow by 13.7%
in 2013, and in June 2011 the country was
restored to eligibility status of the African
Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) after
it was suspended in 2005; beyond 10.5%
in 2012, economic growth is expected at
9% in 2013 and 10% in 2014 and beyond”
[7]. It can be deduced from these
statistics that African countries are
making great strides towards building
robust economies for the current
generation, but more importantly for
future generations. Even though the
statistical figures put Africa in a positive
light, how has such efforts directly
translated into poverty reduction,
infrastructural development, and
improved sanitation? These are critical
questions that demand immediate
answers if the perceived economic growth
on the continent will have any meaning.
These questions appear difficult to
answer given the fact that only 10% of
Africa’s trade is within the continent [9].
Africa exports only 18% of manufactured
goods and imports 65% [10]. The level of
private sector investment currently
stands at 5-8%, but that needs to be
drastically increased [11]. Africa’s share
in the $130 trillion global trade has
remained a minimal 3% over the years and
intra-trade is a meager 10% [12]. On the
global platform, of the 1.2 billion living in
extreme poverty, 25% are from sub-
Saharan Africa [13]. The World
Commission on Environment and
Development identified that one of the
issues that is fundamental to overcoming
the challenge of SD is the overriding state
of poverty on the African continent [13].
The Millennium Assessment suggests that
not only does the level of poverty remain
high, but inequality is growing.
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Consequently, the [4] concludes that the
overarching SD challenge in Africa is
poverty eradication. This is a barrier that
African government must remove if the
pursuit of SD is to be achieved.
Demographic Characteristics and Education
How to manage the demographic
dynamics of Africa’s population is critical
to the achievement of SD in Africa.
Populations in the region have been
growing steadily over the past decade
compared to the world average. The
pattern with regard to biodiversity shows
escalating use of natural resources, rising
pollution levels and climate change, and it
must be borne in mind that these
feedbacks can trigger aggravation of the
initial problems [6]. Some aspects of
Africa’s current demographic
characteristics will put the continent in an
advantageous position if managed
properly. For example, Africa has the
world’s fastest growing population- and
the youngest, with more than half under
20 years old. While population growth
might be positive, there is a
corresponding challenge with the nature
of the population growth dynamic.
Several reports highlight the problem of
youth unemployment on the continent;
with a rapid growth in population in the
past 50 years, each generation is much
larger than its predecessors and there are
twice many people under the age of 28 as
over it; this implies that employment
must grow at a faster rate, but it is
estimated that about 71% of sub-Saharan
Africa’s working age population lacks full
time employment [10]. Additionally,
Africa’s population is largely rural-based
and therefore heavily dependent on
agriculture for their livelihood; rural areas
are home to some 80% of the total
population, which includes 70% of the
continent’s extreme poor and
undernourished [10]. The [7] report
argues that progress towards universal
primary education has been a steady
success in some African countries. Such
countries include: Burundi, Ghana,
Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, and
Tanzania. However, progress is still
needed in related aspects like
infrastructure, quality of education,
completion rates, enrollment in secondary
and tertiary education and teaching
capacity.
Environment, Health and Sanitation
For SD to be attained, there must be
conscious efforts towards friendly
environmental practices. This must be
practiced in tandem with improved health
and sanitation. The race to reducing
infant and maternal mortality is being
won in the region. For instance,
Mozambique has achieved a reduction of
over 70%; Malawi, 68%; and Niger, 64%;
maternal mortality rates have also fallen
and the fight against malaria has also
improved significantly through the
distribution of insecticide-treated
mosquito nets in sub-Saharan Africa [6].
By the year 2000, malaria was killing over
twenty-nine thousand people in Ethiopia
and as part of efforts to meet the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),
the government introduced a program to
deliver two mosquito nets to every family
at risk, alongside a reduction in the cost
of malarial drugs by half; within 3 years
of implementation, deaths from malaria
were cut in half [7]. In Rwanda in 2003,
access to healthcare stood at just 7% of
the population; but when a health
insurance scheme was established, with
the small scheme susbsidized by foreign
aid for those who could not afford it, the
scheme saw access to healthcare rise to
85% by 2009 [8]. Progress is being made
to halving the proportion of Africa’s
population without sustainable access to
clean drinking water. They are however
some harsh environmental conditions that
tend to affect livelihoods. One such
condition is climate change, which has
been identified as one of the leading
human and environmental crisis in the
21st century [6]. The institute suggests
that Africa is already facing considerable
water stress as a result of insufficient and
unreliable rainfall that changes pattern
and causes flooding. Climate change also
negatively impacts on agriculture on
which three-quarters of Africa’s
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population depend for their livelihood. It
is also argued that in some African
countries like Egypt, deteriorating air
quality is linked to industrial emissions
and traffic density, and suspended dust is
the major air pollution problem in the
country; In Zambia, sulphur dioxide is
particularly a problem in Kitwe due to the
smelting of copper and roasting of cobalt
among other industrial activities; In
Uganda, most of the imported cars are
second-hand. While Nigeria has seen a
steady economic rate of approximately 7%
every year for the last decade, it is also
faced with other discouraging statistics.
For instance, the country has some of the
worst human development indicators in
the world; nor is it on track to meet most
of the health and education MDGs [6].
Agriculture
Reports suggest that Africa’s SD agenda
cannot be achieved without Agriculture
taking its rightful place in this process.
[3], argues that agriculture contributes a
significant share to the continent’s GDP
and the majority of Africa’s labor force is
employed in Agriculture. In Nigeria for
instance, there has been a boost in access
to fertilizer with a privatized company
Notore, where farmers currently receiving
subsidized fertilizer have increased from
20% to 94%. Doreo Partners gives farmers
training, credit, seed and fertilizer and
helps them to market the product [5].
Farmers in Osun State receive a new strain
of Cassava as part of the government’s
push for the crop; hence, there is growth
in Nigeria’s Cassava industry after a
decade effort resulting in flour makers
including 10% Cassava in bread and
government offers 12% tax rebate to
companies that comply [7]. Again,
agriculture provides employment for
some 70% of Africa’s labor force and
contributes 50% of export earnings and
35% of GDP in most countries [8]. Even
though Agriculture is believed to be one
of the mainstays of Africa’s achievement
of the SD, there are enormous challenges
that have to be overcome if Africa can
fully tap into agriculture’s potential. Food
prices have risen in Africa mainly because
Africa imports most of its food and so
global price changes affect food prices in
Africa [3]. The problem of hunger in
Africa is rooted in an inability to produce
enough food to feed its growing
population [3]. Perhaps the reason for
Africa’s inability to produce more to feed
itself is that the rudimentary and labor-
intensive tools, equipment and low level
of inputs used in African agriculture
results in low productivity, making the
sector unattractive, especially to youth;
African agriculture is still largely
subsistence, and receives less than 4% of
all commercial credit [4]. Currently, “there
are a lot of talk about agriculture being a
strategic element in Africa’s growth, but
how many financial institutions are
willing to give loans to farmers to embark
on expansion; in Uganda for instance,
only 4% of the total loans given by banks
goes to Agriculture, while 64% of the
population in Africa is engaged in
Agriculture, contributing to 34% of GDP”
[6]. In a study by the African Studies
Center (ASC), Leiden University, it was
found that grain production in Africa has
remained static since 1961, and that total
domestic cereal production has dropped
from 83% to just 67%; while 5 out of 12
countries selected for the study had a
positive trade balance, in terms of
agricultural commodities in 1961,
however none do so now [8]. Other
constraints identified regarding the poor
performance of African agriculture
include: inadequate infrastructure,
unstable markets opportunities, small
markets and lack of current market
information, uncertain policy
environment and poor competitiveness of
African products on the international
market [6]. It has been argued that the
continent is the most food-insecure place
on the planet, and this is compounded by
escalating food prices, which could
trigger social and political unrest [5]. It is
worth mentioning that the phenomenon
of food insecurity is partly blamable on
foreign land purchase for agriculture [6].
The evidence suggests that most of such
land acquisitions are not for growing
crops for domestic markets, but rather
part of food and energy security goals for
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11
the home state of the investor. For
example, African countries that lease
large tracts of land to foreign investors
have some of the highest undernourished
people in the world including Democratic
Republic of Congo (76%), Ethiopia (46%),
Kenya (32%), Madagascar (37%),
Mozambique (38%), Sudan (21%), and
Tanzania (35%). As a result of this, some
of these countries imposed restrictions on
food exports in response to the massive
spike in agricultural prices and the
internal food security issues created [9].
CONCLUSION
Conclusively, Sustainable development
can be achieved in Africa. However, there
is need for major policy shifts and
implementation of policies. Similarly, it is
noteworthy to state that SD is strongly
interlinked and this has far-reaching
implications for policies and processes.
Hence, SD must be viewed as an
integrative concept across fields, sectors
and scales, and governments must move
from concepts to action. It is therefore
imperative for African government to look
beyond narrow policy implementation
process and rather focus on implementing
programs and projects that have strong
linkages that will ensure the attainment of
SD in Africa.
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Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, Tom Mulegi, Asiati Mbabazi, and Eze Chidinma Esther
(2023).Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Development in Africa. IDOSR Journal of
Communication and English 8(1) 6-12. https://doi.org/10.59298/IDOSR/JCE/23/10.1.71