HIV sero-discordant refers to a situation where in a pair of long-term sexual partners, one is HIV positive and the other is HIV negative. There is an increased risk of HIV transmission to the HIV-negative partner in discordant couples which makes HIV serodiscordant a hindrance to HIV control and prevention strategies. Sero-discordance is one of the factors affecting the impact of HIV prevention strategies, therefore effective HIV prevention strategies must consider HIV discordance. Limited knowledge about the prevalence of HIV serodiscordant in the community hinders the formulation of appropriate strategies for effective control of HIV transmission. The study was aimed at determining the prevalence of HIV serodiscordant and its associated factors among couples attending Iganga General Hospital. The knowledge generated will guide the stakeholders in formulating HIV prevention and control strategies aimed at reducing HIV transmission. A cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out through the conduction of guided interviews using a questionnaire to random-systematically selected 250 couples attending IGH. Data was analyzed and presented in tables with percentages comparing different factors. The HIV seroprevalence was 6.8%. The prevalence of discordance was 4.8% among participant couples and 52.2% among the infected couples. HIV serodiscordant was associated with sexual practice (83.3%), circumcision status of the male partner in the couple (58.3%), condom use (58.3%), use of ARVs by the HIV-infected partner (25%), and experience of STIs among partners (25%). The prevalence of HIV serodiscordant among the participant couples was 4.8%, associated mainly with sexual practice, circumcision, and condom use.
Keywords: HIV transmission, Discordant couples, Sexual partners, Condom, Serodiscordant
33.Vohra P, Jamatia K, Subhada B, Tiwari RVC, Althaf MN, Jain C. Correlation of CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in HIV patients. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 Oct;8(10):3247-3252. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_767_19. eCollection 2019 Oct. PubMed PMID: 31742150; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6857402.
This document summarizes a study that correlated CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in 100 HIV-positive patients in India. The study found that lower CD4 counts were associated with a wider range of oral and systemic manifestations, which can serve as a prognostic marker for immune suppression. Specifically, the study found that tuberculosis was the most common systemic manifestation. Candidiasis and chronic generalized periodontitis were the most prevalent oral manifestations in males, while candidiasis and recurrent aphthous ulcers were most common in females. Nearly all patients with CD4 counts below 200 showed oral manifestations, demonstrating a significant correlation between oral manifestations and lower CD4 counts.
Vohra P, Jamatia K, Subhada B, Tiwari RV, Althaf MS, Jain C. Correlation of CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in HIV patients. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8:3247-52.
A poster from the 2023 International AIDS Society on how we can better understand how people share their HIV status with others in an index testing program in Telangana, India
Risk of hiv infection among men aged 50 to 75 years using erectile dysfunctio...Alexander Decker
This study examined the risk of HIV infection among men aged 50 to 75 years who use erectile dysfunction drugs (EDDs) in Kenya. A case-control study was conducted of 137 HIV-positive men (cases) and 137 HIV-negative men (controls). The study found that a higher percentage of cases than controls reported using EDDs. However, after adjusting for other risk factors like having multiple sexual partners or a history of STDs, EDD use was not a significant independent risk factor for HIV infection. Multiple sexual partners, a history of STDs, and alcohol use were identified as independent risk factors for HIV in this population. The study suggests that while EDD use may be associated with HIV risk, other behavioral
This study examined the relationship between knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprises all 36 states in Nigeria [2]. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192; urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputing them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis [4] and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages; measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that the cognitive factors of knowledge of HIV prevention and knowledge of HIV transmission were statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of having HCT uptake. It was among others recommended that stakeholders, authorities, and providers of health services in Nigeria should strive to increase the rate of HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years.
This study assessed antiretroviral treatment failure and associated risk factors among HIV patients in Sekota, northeast Ethiopia. The researchers conducted a cross-sectional study of 295 patients on first-line antiretroviral treatment. They found that 16.6% experienced virological failure and 6.1% experienced immunological failure. Poor adherence, CD4 count below 500 cells/μL, and duration of ART between 6-24 months were associated with virological failure. Poor adherence and drug interruption were associated with immunological failure. The study highlights the need for more efforts to address risk factors and maximize viral load testing to monitor treatment failures.
The association of HIV and psychosis has been established but there had been few research interests on the characteristics of HIV among a vagrant psychotic population during especially in resource-poor settings.
33.Vohra P, Jamatia K, Subhada B, Tiwari RVC, Althaf MN, Jain C. Correlation of CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in HIV patients. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 Oct;8(10):3247-3252. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_767_19. eCollection 2019 Oct. PubMed PMID: 31742150; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6857402.
This document summarizes a study that correlated CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in 100 HIV-positive patients in India. The study found that lower CD4 counts were associated with a wider range of oral and systemic manifestations, which can serve as a prognostic marker for immune suppression. Specifically, the study found that tuberculosis was the most common systemic manifestation. Candidiasis and chronic generalized periodontitis were the most prevalent oral manifestations in males, while candidiasis and recurrent aphthous ulcers were most common in females. Nearly all patients with CD4 counts below 200 showed oral manifestations, demonstrating a significant correlation between oral manifestations and lower CD4 counts.
Vohra P, Jamatia K, Subhada B, Tiwari RV, Althaf MS, Jain C. Correlation of CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in HIV patients. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8:3247-52.
A poster from the 2023 International AIDS Society on how we can better understand how people share their HIV status with others in an index testing program in Telangana, India
Risk of hiv infection among men aged 50 to 75 years using erectile dysfunctio...Alexander Decker
This study examined the risk of HIV infection among men aged 50 to 75 years who use erectile dysfunction drugs (EDDs) in Kenya. A case-control study was conducted of 137 HIV-positive men (cases) and 137 HIV-negative men (controls). The study found that a higher percentage of cases than controls reported using EDDs. However, after adjusting for other risk factors like having multiple sexual partners or a history of STDs, EDD use was not a significant independent risk factor for HIV infection. Multiple sexual partners, a history of STDs, and alcohol use were identified as independent risk factors for HIV in this population. The study suggests that while EDD use may be associated with HIV risk, other behavioral
This study examined the relationship between knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprises all 36 states in Nigeria [2]. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192; urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputing them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis [4] and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages; measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that the cognitive factors of knowledge of HIV prevention and knowledge of HIV transmission were statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of having HCT uptake. It was among others recommended that stakeholders, authorities, and providers of health services in Nigeria should strive to increase the rate of HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years.
This study assessed antiretroviral treatment failure and associated risk factors among HIV patients in Sekota, northeast Ethiopia. The researchers conducted a cross-sectional study of 295 patients on first-line antiretroviral treatment. They found that 16.6% experienced virological failure and 6.1% experienced immunological failure. Poor adherence, CD4 count below 500 cells/μL, and duration of ART between 6-24 months were associated with virological failure. Poor adherence and drug interruption were associated with immunological failure. The study highlights the need for more efforts to address risk factors and maximize viral load testing to monitor treatment failures.
The association of HIV and psychosis has been established but there had been few research interests on the characteristics of HIV among a vagrant psychotic population during especially in resource-poor settings.
Background: The association of HIV and psychosis has been established but there had been few research interests on the
characteristics of HIV among a vagrant psychotic population during especially in resource-poor settings. Aim: To determine the Prevalence rates, Treatment Availability and Outcomes of HIV among a vagrant sample population.
A bridge too near injecting drug users' sexual behaviourMd. Nakebul Kausar
This document summarizes a study on the personal profiles and health seeking behaviors of injecting drug users (IDUs) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study involved interviews with 120 IDUs attending a drug treatment center between March and September 2005. Key findings included: 1) Most respondents (60%) had little knowledge about diseases spread by injecting drugs or needle sharing, with only 17.5% mentioning HIV/AIDS. 2) Regarding protection, 29.2% mentioned not injecting drugs anymore while 34.2% mentioned using sterile needles/syringes. 3) The majority (60%) had never participated in a needle exchange program, with lack of awareness being a key barrier.
This study analyzed data from over 18,000 pregnant women tested for HIV between 2005-2012 at a hospital in southern Odisha, India. The overall HIV prevalence was 0.66%, declining from 1.53% in 2006 to 0.34% in 2012. Most HIV-positive women were aged 25-29, married, from rural areas with low education/socioeconomic status. The declining prevalence suggests prevention campaigns promoting condom use and safe sexual behaviors are having a positive impact.
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HI...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HIV Patients in Bushenyi District, Uganda
Kakuru James
Faculty of Nursing Sciences Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Malaria remains the single main cause of ill health and death among HIV/AIDS patients in resource-poor countries worldwide. Malaria still remains a challenging infection affecting the lives of several HIV-infected persons in Uganda. Statistics from the Ministry of Health show that malaria is still the leading cause of death in Uganda, accounting for over 27% of deaths. Malaria prevalence in HIV-positive patients in Kyamuhunga Health Centre III is thought to be at 7.8% of the HIV-positive patients attending the clinic on a daily basis. This study therefore aimed at assessing the factors contributing to the high prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients attending the HIV Clinic at Kyamuhunga Health Centre III in Bushenyi District. The study covered a sample of eighty (80) respondents to gather primary data. A simple random sampling method was used to gather responses from patients. Questionnaires and an interview guide were used as data collection tools. Results indicated that the majority of the participants were female patients and malaria was dominant among HIV-positive patients aged 38-47 years. It was noted that the odds of having malaria also increased among patients with lower levels of education. It was also noted that more odds of having malaria were found among the majority of patients who were farmers and unemployed participants. Malaria infection was acquired with repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use insecticide treated mosquito nets. It is noted that HIV-positive patients with malaria greatly acquired unbalanced immunity with relatively low CD4+ cell count and unbalanced hemoglobin levels, greatly affected by body pain and weakness, fever, headache, and variety issues of vomiting. Paracetamol, use of treated mosquito nets, clinical examination, and patient follow-up was shown to provide a beneficial effect in preventing malaria infection among HIV-positive patients. In conclusion, malaria infection is acquired from repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use Treated mosquito nets which increased the susceptibility to new malaria infections among HIV-positive patients. The researcher, therefore, recommends that comprehensive health education, antiretroviral therapy, and malaria preventive materials such as insecticide-treated bed nets should be provided to reduce the prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients.
Keywords: Malaria, HIV patients, Treated mosquito nets, Antiretroviral therapy.
Impact of syndromic management of sexually transmittedAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among out-of-school female youths in Sagamu, Nigeria. An intervention training on syndromic management lasted 4 weeks for 80 female youths. Based on pre- and post-test analysis, syndromic management was found to have a significant impact on treating urethra discharge symptoms and abnormal vaginal discharge symptoms, but no significant impact on genital ulcer disease or lower abdominal pain symptoms. The study concludes that syndromic management can help address STIs and related issues among youths if properly implemented.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on HIV/AIDS sero discordance among couples. Key points include:
- Around 2 million people worldwide acquire HIV each year, including sero-discordant couples where one partner is HIV+ and the other is HIV-.
- Risk factors for transmission in sero-discordant couples include lack of knowledge of HIV status, sexually transmitted infections, and pregnancy.
- Management of sero-discordance includes antiretroviral treatment to suppress viral load in the HIV+ partner, condom use, sperm washing, and pre-exposure prophylaxis for the uninfected partner. Reducing viral load and exposure can help contain HIV prevalence and prevent transmission among ser
HIV prevalence and incidence remain high in peri-urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa according to a study of three districts. Cross-sectional surveys found HIV prevalence of 42% in Ladysmith, 46% in Edendale, and 41% in Pinetown. Follow-up cohort studies in these areas then determined HIV incidence rates of 14.8, 6.3, and 7.2 per 100 person-years, respectively. Pregnancy incidence was also high at 5.7, 3.1, and 6.3 per 100 person-years despite high reported contraceptive use. These findings suggest ongoing high risk of HIV transmission in these communities.
HIV prevalence and incidence remain high in peri-urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa according to a study of three districts. Cross-sectional surveys found HIV prevalence of 42% in Ladysmith, 46% in Edendale, and 41% in Pinetown. Follow-up cohort studies in these areas measured HIV incidence rates of 14.8, 6.3, and 7.2 per 100 person-years respectively. Pregnancy incidence was also high at 5.7, 3.1, and 6.3 per 100 person-years despite high reported contraceptive use. These findings suggest ongoing high risk of HIV transmission in these communities.
This document summarizes the status and management of HIV/AIDS in India. It finds that India has an estimated 2.4 million people living with HIV, with high prevalence states accounting for over half of infections. The epidemic is concentrated among high-risk groups and spread primarily through unprotected sex and injection drug use. The national response involves targeted interventions for high-risk groups, STI management, condom promotion, blood safety programs, counseling/testing, and care/treatment. While prevalence is declining overall, some low prevalence states are seeing rises, emphasizing the need to sustain prevention efforts.
This document summarizes the status of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in India. Some key points:
- India has an estimated 2.4 million people living with HIV, with prevalence highest in the southern and northeastern states.
- The epidemic is concentrated among high-risk groups like sex workers, clients of sex workers, men who have sex with men, and injection drug users.
- Unsafe sex, lack of condom use, and injection drug use fuel transmission. Migration and the low status of women also increase vulnerability.
- The national response involves targeted interventions for high-risk groups, care/treatment, and prevention education through NACP programs.
Hiv &ictc seminar by Dr. Mousumi Sarkarmrikara185
India's national adult HIV prevalence is estimated at 0.26%. The total number of people living with HIV in India is estimated to be 21.17 lakhs. India has one of the world's largest HIV surveillance systems which helps monitor trends, levels, and burden of HIV among different populations. This system includes sentinel surveillance at antenatal clinics, Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance among high-risk groups, sexually transmitted infection surveillance, AIDS case reporting, and death registration. The surveillance data is used to estimate disease distribution, identify groups for intervention, evaluate program effectiveness, and guide prevention efforts.
Socio-demographic Characteristics of Clients Visiting Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre (ICTC) at SMS Medical College, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India-Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a global pandemic and India counts for 10% of the global HIV burden and 65% of that in the South and South-East Asia. This study of clients of ICTC was carried out to know the association of HIV positivity with socio-demographic variables. Total 2412 clients have visited at ICTC of SMS Medical College, Jaipur, either voluntarily or referred by various department of this institute in ICTC in 1st quarter of 2009. They Overall HIV positivity was found 12.35% with a significant difference in voluntary and referred clients i.e. 83.59% v/s 8.36%. It was also found that HIV positivity is more in reproductive age group than extremes of ages, more in females than males, more in person who were married but presently single because of separation of spouse, divorce form spouse or death of spouse than the unmarried or married living with their spouses.
The document summarizes discussions and findings from the International AIDS Conference 2010 regarding HIV prevention targeting couples. It discusses factors that influence risk behavior in couples, including stigma, lack of communication about HIV status, and trust issues. Interventions should address stigma, support discordant couples, and promote healthy relationships through education, counseling, and peer support groups.
Attitude of the youth towards voluntary counselling and testing (vct) of hiv ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the attitudes of youth in Accra, Ghana toward voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS. The study found that while knowledge of HIV/AIDS was high, awareness and use of VCT services was low. Most respondents were unaware that VCT services existed or where they could access them. Of those aware of VCT, very few had utilized the services themselves. Fear of knowing their HIV status appeared to be a major barrier preventing youth from seeking VCT. The study concluded that efforts must be made to increase awareness and use of VCT, especially among youth, through expanded information and education campaigns.
A study was conducted on HIV counseling and testing clients at an integrated counseling and testing center in a tertiary hospital in Odisha, India between 2009-2012. Of the 22,897 clients tested, 1732 (7.5%) tested positive for HIV. Most of the HIV-positive clients were males between 15-49 years old. Client-initiated testing identified more HIV-positive clients than provider-initiated testing. The majority of HIV transmission was found to be through heterosexual contact. There was a need found to increase HIV counseling and testing activities to diagnose more cases of HIV infection.
Gender,HIV/AIDs Transmission: Socio Economic And Socio Cultural Impact in Tan...Sandeep Singh
The document discusses the impact of HIV/AIDS in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania based on a survey of over 1,000 respondents. Key findings include: over 60% of respondents reported knowledge of Tanzanian HIV/AIDS prevention programs; 92% thought sex education should be provided to children before they become sexually active; and 74% believed HIV/AIDS leads to children becoming orphans. While 53% saw HIV/AIDS patients as a financial burden, many felt the infected should not be ashamed or expelled from communities. The study highlights impacts on health, education, agriculture, and children and calls for improved prevention efforts, sex education in schools, and amendments to marriage age laws.
Sex work and HIV incidence in South Africa: what do we know?SWEATSlideShare
Presentation by Tshepo Molapo, at the National Sex Work Symposium, in the session 'What we know: evidence-based peer reviewed knowledge on sex work' (Boksburg, 22 August 2012).
Introduction: Uganda has an estimated 95,000 children living with HIV and only 68% are currently in HIV care. Reaching the fi rst 90 in the UNAIDS 90-90-90 strategy for children is still a far off goal considering the national prevalence of 0.5%. In this study, we set out to determine the coverage and yield from HIV testing using different approaches both at the facility and the community.
Assessment of the level of awareness on AIDS/HIV in Johor, MalaysiaSriramNagarajan17
This document summarizes a study that assessed awareness of HIV/AIDS among 396 respondents in Johor, Malaysia. The study found that respondents had moderately high overall knowledge of HIV/AIDS, though some misconceptions remained. Most respondents knew that high-risk behaviors like needle sharing and unprotected sex can transmit HIV, but fewer were aware of risks from activities like tattooing or sharing personal items. While most knew there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, over half believed incorrectly that washing after sex prevents transmission. The study provides insight into awareness levels and information gaps regarding HIV/AIDS in Johor.
Commentwww.thelancet.comlancetgh vol 5 june 2017 e557AMMY30
This document summarizes the Saving Mothers, Giving Life (SMGL) public-private partnership aimed at reducing maternal mortality in Uganda and Zambia. Key points:
- SMGL used a district health systems strengthening approach combining supply- and demand-side interventions to address barriers to accessing quality maternity care.
- Between 2012-2016 maternal mortality declined approximately 40% in SMGL-supported facilities and districts in Uganda and Zambia.
- Facility deliveries increased 47% in Uganda and 44% in Zambia, and C-section rates also increased significantly in both countries.
- The changes exceeded national rates, with maternal death reductions of 11.5% in Uganda and 10
Effect of Cultural Values on Character Formation: Implication for Education ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The influence of cultural norms and home values on an individual's personality and life adjustment can manifest in various ways. An individual's personality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological and experiential factors, with the latter being significantly influenced by cultural elements. One prominent avenue through which cultural values impact personality is in the cultural conditioning of child-rearing practices. When a child is born, it not only relies on the care and support of family members but also lacks the necessary behavioral knowledge required to function within a human society. It depends on innate biological instincts like hunger and the care provided by elders to fulfill these basic needs. To survive and thrive, a human infant must acquire the skills, knowledge, and societal norms specific to the culture into which it is born. Thus, cultural values are deliberately instilled in the members of a society. For a society to function effectively, these shared cultural values must be passed down through generations, primarily through child-rearing practices within homes. Nigeria, characterized by its diverse cultural backgrounds, value systems, and numerous ethnic groups, has distinct child-rearing practices that transmit these values and norms to successive generations. This paper examines the role of culture in shaping an individual's character and emphasizes that education, when coupled with values, is crucial. Education serves as a potent tool for fostering desirable character traits, and it must be refocused to continue producing individuals with strong moral values and responsible character.
Keywords: Character formation, Culture, Morals, Value, Impact
Accounts Payable Administration and Profitability of Quoted Manufacturing Com...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This study was carried out to examine accounts payable administration and profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria with reference to consumer goods sector. This was motivated by the desire to learn how proper administration of accounts payable enhances profitability in the wake of the widespread corporate failures in Nigeria and the rest of the world. Accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio were represented by accounts payable administration while return on assets was used as proxy for profitability. The study used purposive sampling technique to extract data from the annual reports of manufacturing companies quoted on the Nigerian Exchange Group Plc as of December 31st, 2022. Secondary data were gathered for the study. The study covered ten years’ time frame from 2013 to 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the data specifically through regression analysis. The outcome of the data analysis showed that accounts payable ratio has a negligible negative influence on return on assets; short-term debt ratio significantly influences the return on assets; the combined variables (accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio) significantly influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. This implies that, accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio influences the profit generated by manufacturing companies in Nigeria considering it aggregate effect. It was advised that, sound and pragmatic approach should be maintained in the administration of accounts payable in manufacturing companies in order to positively influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in the country. Administration of accounts payable should be carried out by financial expert in order to ensure that financial obligation is met to vendors of goods and services when it is due. In order to ensure minimal supply interruption and increase liquidity capacity, institutions should negotiate better terms of credit with their suppliers and extend the accounts payment period.
Keywords: Accounts Payable Administration, Profitability and Quoted Manufacturing Companies.
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Background: The association of HIV and psychosis has been established but there had been few research interests on the
characteristics of HIV among a vagrant psychotic population during especially in resource-poor settings. Aim: To determine the Prevalence rates, Treatment Availability and Outcomes of HIV among a vagrant sample population.
A bridge too near injecting drug users' sexual behaviourMd. Nakebul Kausar
This document summarizes a study on the personal profiles and health seeking behaviors of injecting drug users (IDUs) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study involved interviews with 120 IDUs attending a drug treatment center between March and September 2005. Key findings included: 1) Most respondents (60%) had little knowledge about diseases spread by injecting drugs or needle sharing, with only 17.5% mentioning HIV/AIDS. 2) Regarding protection, 29.2% mentioned not injecting drugs anymore while 34.2% mentioned using sterile needles/syringes. 3) The majority (60%) had never participated in a needle exchange program, with lack of awareness being a key barrier.
This study analyzed data from over 18,000 pregnant women tested for HIV between 2005-2012 at a hospital in southern Odisha, India. The overall HIV prevalence was 0.66%, declining from 1.53% in 2006 to 0.34% in 2012. Most HIV-positive women were aged 25-29, married, from rural areas with low education/socioeconomic status. The declining prevalence suggests prevention campaigns promoting condom use and safe sexual behaviors are having a positive impact.
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HI...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HIV Patients in Bushenyi District, Uganda
Kakuru James
Faculty of Nursing Sciences Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Malaria remains the single main cause of ill health and death among HIV/AIDS patients in resource-poor countries worldwide. Malaria still remains a challenging infection affecting the lives of several HIV-infected persons in Uganda. Statistics from the Ministry of Health show that malaria is still the leading cause of death in Uganda, accounting for over 27% of deaths. Malaria prevalence in HIV-positive patients in Kyamuhunga Health Centre III is thought to be at 7.8% of the HIV-positive patients attending the clinic on a daily basis. This study therefore aimed at assessing the factors contributing to the high prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients attending the HIV Clinic at Kyamuhunga Health Centre III in Bushenyi District. The study covered a sample of eighty (80) respondents to gather primary data. A simple random sampling method was used to gather responses from patients. Questionnaires and an interview guide were used as data collection tools. Results indicated that the majority of the participants were female patients and malaria was dominant among HIV-positive patients aged 38-47 years. It was noted that the odds of having malaria also increased among patients with lower levels of education. It was also noted that more odds of having malaria were found among the majority of patients who were farmers and unemployed participants. Malaria infection was acquired with repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use insecticide treated mosquito nets. It is noted that HIV-positive patients with malaria greatly acquired unbalanced immunity with relatively low CD4+ cell count and unbalanced hemoglobin levels, greatly affected by body pain and weakness, fever, headache, and variety issues of vomiting. Paracetamol, use of treated mosquito nets, clinical examination, and patient follow-up was shown to provide a beneficial effect in preventing malaria infection among HIV-positive patients. In conclusion, malaria infection is acquired from repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use Treated mosquito nets which increased the susceptibility to new malaria infections among HIV-positive patients. The researcher, therefore, recommends that comprehensive health education, antiretroviral therapy, and malaria preventive materials such as insecticide-treated bed nets should be provided to reduce the prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients.
Keywords: Malaria, HIV patients, Treated mosquito nets, Antiretroviral therapy.
Impact of syndromic management of sexually transmittedAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among out-of-school female youths in Sagamu, Nigeria. An intervention training on syndromic management lasted 4 weeks for 80 female youths. Based on pre- and post-test analysis, syndromic management was found to have a significant impact on treating urethra discharge symptoms and abnormal vaginal discharge symptoms, but no significant impact on genital ulcer disease or lower abdominal pain symptoms. The study concludes that syndromic management can help address STIs and related issues among youths if properly implemented.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on HIV/AIDS sero discordance among couples. Key points include:
- Around 2 million people worldwide acquire HIV each year, including sero-discordant couples where one partner is HIV+ and the other is HIV-.
- Risk factors for transmission in sero-discordant couples include lack of knowledge of HIV status, sexually transmitted infections, and pregnancy.
- Management of sero-discordance includes antiretroviral treatment to suppress viral load in the HIV+ partner, condom use, sperm washing, and pre-exposure prophylaxis for the uninfected partner. Reducing viral load and exposure can help contain HIV prevalence and prevent transmission among ser
HIV prevalence and incidence remain high in peri-urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa according to a study of three districts. Cross-sectional surveys found HIV prevalence of 42% in Ladysmith, 46% in Edendale, and 41% in Pinetown. Follow-up cohort studies in these areas then determined HIV incidence rates of 14.8, 6.3, and 7.2 per 100 person-years, respectively. Pregnancy incidence was also high at 5.7, 3.1, and 6.3 per 100 person-years despite high reported contraceptive use. These findings suggest ongoing high risk of HIV transmission in these communities.
HIV prevalence and incidence remain high in peri-urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa according to a study of three districts. Cross-sectional surveys found HIV prevalence of 42% in Ladysmith, 46% in Edendale, and 41% in Pinetown. Follow-up cohort studies in these areas measured HIV incidence rates of 14.8, 6.3, and 7.2 per 100 person-years respectively. Pregnancy incidence was also high at 5.7, 3.1, and 6.3 per 100 person-years despite high reported contraceptive use. These findings suggest ongoing high risk of HIV transmission in these communities.
This document summarizes the status and management of HIV/AIDS in India. It finds that India has an estimated 2.4 million people living with HIV, with high prevalence states accounting for over half of infections. The epidemic is concentrated among high-risk groups and spread primarily through unprotected sex and injection drug use. The national response involves targeted interventions for high-risk groups, STI management, condom promotion, blood safety programs, counseling/testing, and care/treatment. While prevalence is declining overall, some low prevalence states are seeing rises, emphasizing the need to sustain prevention efforts.
This document summarizes the status of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in India. Some key points:
- India has an estimated 2.4 million people living with HIV, with prevalence highest in the southern and northeastern states.
- The epidemic is concentrated among high-risk groups like sex workers, clients of sex workers, men who have sex with men, and injection drug users.
- Unsafe sex, lack of condom use, and injection drug use fuel transmission. Migration and the low status of women also increase vulnerability.
- The national response involves targeted interventions for high-risk groups, care/treatment, and prevention education through NACP programs.
Hiv &ictc seminar by Dr. Mousumi Sarkarmrikara185
India's national adult HIV prevalence is estimated at 0.26%. The total number of people living with HIV in India is estimated to be 21.17 lakhs. India has one of the world's largest HIV surveillance systems which helps monitor trends, levels, and burden of HIV among different populations. This system includes sentinel surveillance at antenatal clinics, Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance among high-risk groups, sexually transmitted infection surveillance, AIDS case reporting, and death registration. The surveillance data is used to estimate disease distribution, identify groups for intervention, evaluate program effectiveness, and guide prevention efforts.
Socio-demographic Characteristics of Clients Visiting Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre (ICTC) at SMS Medical College, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India-Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a global pandemic and India counts for 10% of the global HIV burden and 65% of that in the South and South-East Asia. This study of clients of ICTC was carried out to know the association of HIV positivity with socio-demographic variables. Total 2412 clients have visited at ICTC of SMS Medical College, Jaipur, either voluntarily or referred by various department of this institute in ICTC in 1st quarter of 2009. They Overall HIV positivity was found 12.35% with a significant difference in voluntary and referred clients i.e. 83.59% v/s 8.36%. It was also found that HIV positivity is more in reproductive age group than extremes of ages, more in females than males, more in person who were married but presently single because of separation of spouse, divorce form spouse or death of spouse than the unmarried or married living with their spouses.
The document summarizes discussions and findings from the International AIDS Conference 2010 regarding HIV prevention targeting couples. It discusses factors that influence risk behavior in couples, including stigma, lack of communication about HIV status, and trust issues. Interventions should address stigma, support discordant couples, and promote healthy relationships through education, counseling, and peer support groups.
Attitude of the youth towards voluntary counselling and testing (vct) of hiv ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the attitudes of youth in Accra, Ghana toward voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS. The study found that while knowledge of HIV/AIDS was high, awareness and use of VCT services was low. Most respondents were unaware that VCT services existed or where they could access them. Of those aware of VCT, very few had utilized the services themselves. Fear of knowing their HIV status appeared to be a major barrier preventing youth from seeking VCT. The study concluded that efforts must be made to increase awareness and use of VCT, especially among youth, through expanded information and education campaigns.
A study was conducted on HIV counseling and testing clients at an integrated counseling and testing center in a tertiary hospital in Odisha, India between 2009-2012. Of the 22,897 clients tested, 1732 (7.5%) tested positive for HIV. Most of the HIV-positive clients were males between 15-49 years old. Client-initiated testing identified more HIV-positive clients than provider-initiated testing. The majority of HIV transmission was found to be through heterosexual contact. There was a need found to increase HIV counseling and testing activities to diagnose more cases of HIV infection.
Gender,HIV/AIDs Transmission: Socio Economic And Socio Cultural Impact in Tan...Sandeep Singh
The document discusses the impact of HIV/AIDS in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania based on a survey of over 1,000 respondents. Key findings include: over 60% of respondents reported knowledge of Tanzanian HIV/AIDS prevention programs; 92% thought sex education should be provided to children before they become sexually active; and 74% believed HIV/AIDS leads to children becoming orphans. While 53% saw HIV/AIDS patients as a financial burden, many felt the infected should not be ashamed or expelled from communities. The study highlights impacts on health, education, agriculture, and children and calls for improved prevention efforts, sex education in schools, and amendments to marriage age laws.
Sex work and HIV incidence in South Africa: what do we know?SWEATSlideShare
Presentation by Tshepo Molapo, at the National Sex Work Symposium, in the session 'What we know: evidence-based peer reviewed knowledge on sex work' (Boksburg, 22 August 2012).
Introduction: Uganda has an estimated 95,000 children living with HIV and only 68% are currently in HIV care. Reaching the fi rst 90 in the UNAIDS 90-90-90 strategy for children is still a far off goal considering the national prevalence of 0.5%. In this study, we set out to determine the coverage and yield from HIV testing using different approaches both at the facility and the community.
Assessment of the level of awareness on AIDS/HIV in Johor, MalaysiaSriramNagarajan17
This document summarizes a study that assessed awareness of HIV/AIDS among 396 respondents in Johor, Malaysia. The study found that respondents had moderately high overall knowledge of HIV/AIDS, though some misconceptions remained. Most respondents knew that high-risk behaviors like needle sharing and unprotected sex can transmit HIV, but fewer were aware of risks from activities like tattooing or sharing personal items. While most knew there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, over half believed incorrectly that washing after sex prevents transmission. The study provides insight into awareness levels and information gaps regarding HIV/AIDS in Johor.
Commentwww.thelancet.comlancetgh vol 5 june 2017 e557AMMY30
This document summarizes the Saving Mothers, Giving Life (SMGL) public-private partnership aimed at reducing maternal mortality in Uganda and Zambia. Key points:
- SMGL used a district health systems strengthening approach combining supply- and demand-side interventions to address barriers to accessing quality maternity care.
- Between 2012-2016 maternal mortality declined approximately 40% in SMGL-supported facilities and districts in Uganda and Zambia.
- Facility deliveries increased 47% in Uganda and 44% in Zambia, and C-section rates also increased significantly in both countries.
- The changes exceeded national rates, with maternal death reductions of 11.5% in Uganda and 10
Similar to Occurrence and Factors Associated with HIV-Sero-Discordance in Couples at Iganga General Hospital-Iganga District, Eastern Uganda.pdf (20)
Effect of Cultural Values on Character Formation: Implication for Education ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The influence of cultural norms and home values on an individual's personality and life adjustment can manifest in various ways. An individual's personality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological and experiential factors, with the latter being significantly influenced by cultural elements. One prominent avenue through which cultural values impact personality is in the cultural conditioning of child-rearing practices. When a child is born, it not only relies on the care and support of family members but also lacks the necessary behavioral knowledge required to function within a human society. It depends on innate biological instincts like hunger and the care provided by elders to fulfill these basic needs. To survive and thrive, a human infant must acquire the skills, knowledge, and societal norms specific to the culture into which it is born. Thus, cultural values are deliberately instilled in the members of a society. For a society to function effectively, these shared cultural values must be passed down through generations, primarily through child-rearing practices within homes. Nigeria, characterized by its diverse cultural backgrounds, value systems, and numerous ethnic groups, has distinct child-rearing practices that transmit these values and norms to successive generations. This paper examines the role of culture in shaping an individual's character and emphasizes that education, when coupled with values, is crucial. Education serves as a potent tool for fostering desirable character traits, and it must be refocused to continue producing individuals with strong moral values and responsible character.
Keywords: Character formation, Culture, Morals, Value, Impact
Accounts Payable Administration and Profitability of Quoted Manufacturing Com...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This study was carried out to examine accounts payable administration and profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria with reference to consumer goods sector. This was motivated by the desire to learn how proper administration of accounts payable enhances profitability in the wake of the widespread corporate failures in Nigeria and the rest of the world. Accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio were represented by accounts payable administration while return on assets was used as proxy for profitability. The study used purposive sampling technique to extract data from the annual reports of manufacturing companies quoted on the Nigerian Exchange Group Plc as of December 31st, 2022. Secondary data were gathered for the study. The study covered ten years’ time frame from 2013 to 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the data specifically through regression analysis. The outcome of the data analysis showed that accounts payable ratio has a negligible negative influence on return on assets; short-term debt ratio significantly influences the return on assets; the combined variables (accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio) significantly influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. This implies that, accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio influences the profit generated by manufacturing companies in Nigeria considering it aggregate effect. It was advised that, sound and pragmatic approach should be maintained in the administration of accounts payable in manufacturing companies in order to positively influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in the country. Administration of accounts payable should be carried out by financial expert in order to ensure that financial obligation is met to vendors of goods and services when it is due. In order to ensure minimal supply interruption and increase liquidity capacity, institutions should negotiate better terms of credit with their suppliers and extend the accounts payment period.
Keywords: Accounts Payable Administration, Profitability and Quoted Manufacturing Companies.
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Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake amongst Girls Ag...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection. HPV vaccine since its first licensure in 2006 has proven to be safe, highly immunogenic, and induces strong direct and indirect protection against HPV and its sequelae. The study was designed to determine the socio-demographic, health care, and parental factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. The study was a cross-sectional study employing a simple random sampling method and a total of 364 girls were interviewed following the set criteria using questionnaire data. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Findings were presented as frequencies, percentages, odd ratios, and p-values using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. From the study, statistically significant sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.0000), schooling status (p=0.0000), level of education (p=0.007442), attitudes towards the HPV vaccine (p=0.005175), Receiving vaccine doses from different vaccination sites (p=0.0000), and Ethnicity (p=0.0000), healthcare factors such as outreaches in communities (p=0.0000), information received (p=0.0000), encouragement from health workers (p=0.0000), availability of vaccines (p=0.0000) and parental factors such as knowledge about HPV vaccine(p=0.001), parental hesitancy (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.0000), social economic status (p=0.001), attitudes towards HPV vaccine, (p=0.0000) and HPV vaccine awareness (p=0.0000) were found statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. From the study findings, the study variables such as sociodemographic, and health-related factors were found to be statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. Therefore, effort should be brought to all levels of intervention so that HPV uptake is taken into consideration if the need for good health among girls needs to be achieved.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus virus, sexually transmitted infection, Health care, HPV vaccine, Cancer.
Barriers to Women Leadership
1Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, 2Tom Mulegi, 3Asiati Mbabazi, and 4Eze Chidinma Esther
1Department of Publication and Extension Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Public Administration and Management Faculty of Business and Management Kampala International University Uganda.
3Faculty of Education Kampala International University Uganda.
4Department of Educational Foundation, Kampala International University, Uganda.
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ABSTRACT
Women have made significant strides over the past half a century in terms of advancements into the workforce. However, it is well-documented that women occupy top executive positions in politics and industry much less frequently than men. Bias and discrimination against professional females could take place when members of a society hold certain stereotypes that are in contrast with the actual characteristics of these women. These stereotypes can prevent females from achieving their goals as a result of the expected social roles they have to uphold. This paper critically examined social role theory and gender stereotypes to explain a deeper motive as to why women to some extent are being underrepresented in leadership positions. Moreover, these literature review provided a comprehensive overview of gender discrimination barriers to leadership.
Keywords: Women, Leadership, Society, Discrimination and Barriers.
Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Development in AfricaPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Development in Africa
1Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, 2Tom Mulegi, 3Asiati Mbabazi, and 4Eze Chidinma Esther
1Department of Publication and Extension Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Public Administration and Management Faculty of Business and Management Kampala International University Uganda.
3Faculty of Education Kampala International University Uganda.
4Department of Educational Foundation, Kampala International University, Uganda.
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ABSTRACT
Despite attempts by African governments to achieve Sustainable Development, there is a growing perception that Africa may fail in achieving the goals. This perception is fueled partly by the evidence that while the world is undergoing rapid change, which is driven prominently by technology and globalization, Africa remains unprotected and at risk of being exploited without due recognition of, and remuneration for, its resources. Additionally, there is the continued escalating trend in poverty and the diminishing strength of the environment to meet current and future needs of African countries. Given the fact that sustainable development appears to be contradicting in between the opposing imperatives of growth and development on one hand, and ecological sustainability on the other, the trend in sustainable development on the African continent has generated some skepticism about whether the goals are achievable in Africa. The lack of a logical literature that documents the challenges and prospects of Sustainable development in Africa underpins the uncertainty of achieving the goals in Africa. Hence, this paper assessed the challenges of sustainable development in Africa, and the way forward.
Keywords: SDG, Africa, Agriculture, Poverty, Economy, Development
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Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Bacteria are the most commonly identified pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Group B Streptococcus. A battery of diagnostic tests were performed on neonates with suspected sepsis, including a complete blood count, C-reactive protein, and polymorphic gastric aspiration cytology. Combining these inexpensive and readily available tests provides high sensitivity and negative predictive value in detecting neonatal sepsis.
Design and Implementation of an Improved Automatic DC Motor Speed
Control Systems Using Microcontroller
1Enerst Edozie,
2Eze Val Hyginus Udoka,
1Wantimba Janat
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Kampala international University, Uganda
2Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda
ABSTRACT
Energy wastage is one of the major challenges that is facing the world now as there is
insufficient supply of energy and the little ones supplied was not appropriately used. This
energy wastage has made many researchers to engage more on the research to stop this
energy waste as a result of inappropriate allocation of energy to some devices even when
they don’t need it. This research work was able to design and implement an improved
automated DC Motor speed controller system using microcontroller successfully. The
software used for this research work were Fritzing software and Arduino Nano. This project
was able to improve on the working system of the DC Motors and energy was automatically
and successfully saved. The system runs entirely on Bluetooth technology which consumes
less power than other devices. The Android application is user-friendly with enhanced
Wireless communication. This design was successfully developed and implemented with 80%
accuracy. The design was able to work effectively by increasing the cutting speed when the
softness of the material decreases and as the cutting tool material becomes stronger, the
cutting speed increases. This showed that the design is effectively and efficiently developed
with less energy/power consumption which is the earnest desire of an Engineer as it reduces
cost.
Keywords: Microcontroller, Improved Automatic DC Motor, Energy, Arduino, PWM
Evaluation of the level of Job Safety in some selected Organizations in Kampa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the level of Job Safety in some selected Organizations in Kampala, Uganda.
1Mary Tunde Nalubega, 2Tom Mulegi and 1Eleanor Kirahora Barongo
1Department of Development Peace and Conflict studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
2Department of Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
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ABSTRACT
This research evaluated the level of job safety in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda. The study objective was achieved through descriptive, Cross sectional and correlative survey designs. A study population of 484 was used, from which a sample population of 219 respondents was derived using Slovene’s Formula. Data was collected primarily using Self-Administered Questionnaires (SAQs) and structured Interviews. Findings revealed that the level of job safety in selected Public and Private Organizations in Kampala, Uganda was high with (mean = 2.97); implying that private and public organizations in Uganda have high levels of job safety in terms of electronic and fire safety, sanitation, tools and equipment and protection from hazardous materials. Comparatively, sanitation ranked highest among all elements of job safety, in terms of whether food is separated from hazardous materials with (mean = 3.46, std. dev =.720) interpreted as very• high. The last ranked item was about whether smoke detectors function properly with (mean = 2.44, std. dev = 1.062) interpreted as high. In conclusion, the level of job safety among Public and Private organizations in Kampala, Uganda was high. This means that private and public organizations in Uganda have high levels of job safety in terms of electronic and fire safety, sanitation, tools and equipment and protection from hazardous materials. This study recommends that different stakeholders including government and Non-governmental Organizations need to put in place mechanisms to ensure that employees are protected from work. The government should put in place laws aiming at protecting workers against health issues associated with work related Hazards.
Keywords: Job Safety, selected, public and private Organizations.
Assessment of the level of employee performances in some selected.pdfPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Assessment of the level of employee performances in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda.
1Tom Mulegi, 2Mary Tunde Nalubega, and 2Eleanor Kirahora Barongo
1Department of Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
2Department of Development Peace and Conflict studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
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ABSTRACT
This study assessed the level of employee performances in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda. The study objective was achieved through descriptive, cross sectional and correlative survey designs. A study population of 484 was earmarked, from which a sample population of 219 respondents were derived using Slovene’s Formula. Data was collected primary using self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) and structured interviews. An extensive review of literature contributed a significant amount of secondary data. Findings showed that the r-value indicated that 67.7% of employee performance is influenced by job safety, implying that the remaining 23.3% of change in employee productivity could be explained by other factors other than Job safety. The study recommended that the Different stakeholders including government and non-governmental organizations need to put in place mechanisms to ensure that employees are protected from work. The government should put in place laws aiming at protecting workers against health issues associated with work related Hazards.
Keywords: Employee, performances, and organizations
Bacterial Meningitis in Paediatrics A Review.pdfPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1, Sowdo Abdirizak Mohamed2, Ugwu Okechukwu Paul-Chima3, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu4 and Chukwunalu Igbudu Umoke5
1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Pediatrics, Kampala International University, Uganda.
3Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda.
4Department of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
5Department of Human Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Email:emmanuelobeagu@yahoo.com
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ABSTRACT
Meningitis is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by infection or inflammation of the central nervous system. It is classified as bacterial, viral, or aseptic. Delayed or untreated bacterial meningitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is important to accurately distinguish between bacterial and nonbacterial meningitis. Most physicians will perform a lumbar puncture and consider antibiotics for all infants and children with suspected meningitis. Having a clinical prediction rule to determine the need for lumbar puncture and which patients need antibiotics could reduce morbidity and the cost associated with unnecessary procedures and treatment. Several clinical prediction rules to determine the risk of bacterial meningitis have been proposed. One clinical prediction rule, derived and validated from cohorts seen in pediatric hospitals in the Netherlands, found that altered consciousness, meningeal irritation, cyanosis, petechiae, vomiting, duration of main symptom, and an elevated C-reactive protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate level were independent predictors of bacterial meningitis. Patients below a predefined threshold on a risk score incorporating these elements could be safely considered as not having bacterial meningitis.
Keywords: Bacteria, Meningitis, petechiae, C - reactive protein, pediatrics, ESR
Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kapchorwa Town Council, Kapchorwa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major problem in the upper areas of developing countries. In Uganda, the menace of urban waste has further been worsened by the increasing population. This study was done to assess the level of knowledge and practices about SWM within the Kapchorwa Town Council (KTC) Kapchorwa district in eastern Uganda. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and waste characteristics, collection, disposal, stakeholder roles, and waste management responsibilities were analyzed. Results indicate that waste is predominantly biodegradable (66%) and generated mainly within households, with no proper collection rate disposed of, crude dumping was the major means of disposal used (72.5%). The council is under capacity to handle waste management demands and their services are poor or nonexistent which has led to the use of crude dumping which has risk health. The strategy for solid waste management is failing because the community members are not cooperative. In conclusion, waste management practices in KTC are poor and they reflect a gap in knowledge about effective waste management within KTC, community members should be regularly educated on the link between improper solid waste management and disease outbreaks and the safe SWM practices such as reuse and recycling.
Keywords: Waste management, Kapchorwa district, urban waste, disease outbreaks
Administrative Support and Teachers’ Performances in Private Secondary School...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Self-medication particularly with analgesics and antibiotics have been reported by WHO as one of the major causes of antibiotic resistance. In country, like Uganda there is a wide range of drugs, coupled with inadequate health services have resulted to an increased number of drugs used as a self-medication compared to prescribed drugs. Assessment of knowledge and practice of self-medication is needed especially in rural settings. This was an anonymous, questionnaire-based, descriptive study. Questionnaires containing closed ended questions were administered to 288 second year undergraduate medical students. Data analysis was performed using STATA 14. Descriptive statistics were performed in terms of frequencies and percentages. Statistical significance was assessed at alpha of 0.05. The research results indicated that the mean age was (24) and the majority of the students who participated in the study were male (63%). The prevalence of self-medication in the study was found to be markedly high (83.4%). The most important reason for self-medication was that it is cheaper (91%) and the majority (92%) of the students reported that they self-medicated because of diarrhea/vomiting with antacids found to be the highly used class of drug (93%). Majority of the students got the information concerning the drugs through advertisements (98%) and (92%) of the students bought medicine from drug shops. In conclusion, most of the students feared having the side effects of the medications since they were self-prescribed without any experience.
Keywords: Knowledge, attitude, practice, self-medication, undergraduate medical students, Uganda
Occurrence and Factors Associated with HIV-Sero-Discordance in Couples at Iga...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This document summarizes a study that examined the prevalence and factors associated with HIV sero-discordance (where one partner is HIV+ and the other is HIV-) among couples attending Iganga General Hospital in Uganda. The study found that:
1) The prevalence of HIV among individual participants was 6.8% and the prevalence of HIV sero-discordance among couples was 4.8%.
2) Among the infected couples, 52.2% were sero-discordant while 47.8% were concordant positive.
3) Factors associated with HIV sero-discordance included sexual practices like having multiple partners, lack of condom use, lack of male circumcision, and low
Antibiotic resistance and Virulence Genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous bacterium that causes various hospital- acquired and community-acquired infections. It has been reported that the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa are difficult to treat because of their virulence factors and antibiotics resistances. The aim of present study was to screen the antibiotic resistance patterns and the prevalence of virulence factor genes in a set of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Ogbomoso, and to determine whether a correlation exists between the prevalence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa. A total of 100 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from various types of clinical specimens. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-bauer method. In addition, PCR assays were used for screening four virulence encoding genes (OPRL, LasB, PLCH and ToxA). The results showed that OPRL (79%) and LasB (62%) were the most frequent virulence genes in P. aeruginosa strains, followed by PLCH (41%) and ToxA (35%). The highest resistance was detected towards Piperacillin (42%) and Tetracycline (42%). Moderate rate of resistance (12-39%) were detected towards the other antibiotics. The virulent factors identified in this study provide valuable information regarding the prevalence of resistance genes of P. aeruginosa isolates in Ogbomoso, Nigeria and their potential impact on treatments that exploit the unique physiology of the pathogen. This will be useful for the health workers to improve infection control measures and to establish a surveillance system.
Keywords: antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Evaluation of infection control at Butiru Chrisco Hospital in Manafwa Distric...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Infection prevention and control is important for the improvement of quality care in hospital. This study aimed to identify risk associated with infection control, and to determine which infection control measures are available at Butiru Chrisco hospital and how these measures are put to use by the staff working in the hospital. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Butiru Chrisco hospital in Manafwa District. The study involved 100 respondents who were staff employed by Butiru Chrisco hospital. With different educational standards, awareness of infection control was assessed through a structured questionnaire that was administered to those who consented to participate. Random sampling was done on 10 staff, this helped correct the questionnaire making it suitable for the study but the results were not included in this study. The study revealed that out of 100 respondents, 72(72%) were nurses, 60(60%) were females and 78(78%) had been employed by the hospital for less than four years. Half 50(50%) revealed that airborne infections are the commonest infections in the hospital. The study also reveals that more than 80% reported positive response to infection control tasks with 80(80%) agreeing that practice of infection control reduces likelihood of infection spread to patients. From the study, it was concluded that, there is moderate awareness of infection control with more than half of the respondents having positive ideas about infection control and use of available measures like glove, apron, and hand washing. However, practice and compliance with standard precautions was less than optimal. The researcher recommends continuous health visits by ministry of health (MOH) of Uganda to the hospital and evaluation of the practices to ensure that the health workers practice infection control following the standard guidelines. Also, hand washing or use of hand sanitizers with alcohol or other antiseptics as a measure of disinfecting the hands before or after handling a patient is encouraged.
Keywords: Infection, health workers, hand washing, Manafwa District
Evaluation of factors that contributes to post-partum haemorrhage in Pregnant...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the world’s leading cause of maternal death and accounts for an estimated 127,000 deaths each year. Identification of some of the risk factors such as; previous postpartum haemorrhage, multiple pregnancies, macrosomia, induction of labour, operative vaginal deliveries and cesarean section would help in preventing PPH. The aim of this research was to assess the factors contributing to postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) among pregnant women who attend delivery services in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIU-TH). This study used a cross-sectional descriptive design where by a cross-section of respondents involving 68 respondents were sampled to represent the target population, in these case women who received maternity service from KIU-TH. Only quantitative methods of data collection using questionnaires with closed ended questions were employed for both mothers and health workers. During the study period, 58 women who delivered in the unit and 20 women developed postpartum haemorrhage giving the frequency of postpartum haemorrhage 34.6%. The majority of the women 30% were between 30-34 years of age. Among the women who developed PPH retained placental tissues was the most common cause 50% followed by uterine atony which was 30%. The rest of the causes of PPH were laceration 20%. Postpartum haemorrhage is still a leading but preventable cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in our country due to underutilization of health facilities, the major cause is retained placental tissues followed by uterine atony.
Keywords: post-partum haemorrhage, pregnant women, delivering, Uganda
Evaluation factors contributing to the treatment default by tuberculosis pati...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the biggest public health problem and now ranks alongside Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as the world’s leading infectious cause of death. Globally, patient compliance with anti-TB therapy estimated as low as 40% in developing countries, remains the principle cause of treatment failure. The aim of this study was to establish the factors contributing to treatment default by Tuberculosis patients at ART clinic in Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District. A cross-sectional and descriptive study which employed both qualitative and quantitative approach of data collection were used. The study was conducted in ART clinic at Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District and it took a period of four weeks. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Results showed that out of 38 study participants, majority 26 (68%) were of age 30 years and above. A large proportion 24 (63%) of the participants were unemployed compared to the least 14 (37%) who were employed. Majority 21 (55%) travel at a distance of 10km and above to get TB treatment. Out of 38 participants, majority 26 (68%) did not informed the family or friends when they were on TB treatment. Of 26 participants 16 (61.5%) had fear of being isolated and 2 (7.7%) were other reason of no support. A large proportion of participants rated the attitude of staff who attended to them at the health facility to be unfriendly with 21 (55%) while very few 6 (16%) were rude. The ministry should ensure availability of and access to resources for strengthening systems for delivery of quality tuberculosis treatment, prevention and control.
Keywords: treatment, default, tuberculosis, ART, Uganda
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
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HIV-discordant relationships are more
likely to get infected with HIV than those
in concordant HIV-negative relationships
[41-49]. In Africa, the prevalence of HIV
serodiscordant relationships ranges
between 5-30% with more female than male
discordant couples [25]. HIV transmission
in discordant couples is mostly linked to
high viral load, lack of male circumcision,
extramarital sex, low literacy, ignorance of
personal HIV status and limited
understanding that HIV discordance can
occur within couples [6, 26, 27]. Despite its
recognized importance in HIV
transmission, the concept of HIV
serodiscordant and associated factors are
poorly understood, rendering HIV control
and prevention strategies insufficient [28].
The national HIV sero discordance in
Uganda has been reported to be 5% with an
HIV prevalence of 7.3% [29]. Whereas the
HIV prevalence in the Iganga district has
been reported to be 7.0 % [30], information
about the sero discordance in the district
is not available. Therefore the need to
determine the prevalence and factors
associated with HIV serodiscordant
relationships which this study addressed.
Statement of Problem
In eastern Uganda, the prevalence of HIV is
6.5%, whereas in Iganga District the HIV
prevalence is 7.0% slightly lower than the
national prevalence of 7.3% [29, 30]. With
such a slightly lower prevalence the HIV
serodiscordant in the district is not known,
yet HIV serodiscordant is known to hinder
strategies aimed at effectively preventing
and control of HIV transmission in the
community [14]. Therefore, the need to
determine the HIV serodiscordant status in
the community for the formulation of
effective strategies aimed at reducing HIV
transmission. This study was intended to
generate knowledge about the prevalence
of serodiscordant and its associated
factors among couples attending IGH-
Iganga District. This knowledge will be
important in the formulation of HIV
control strategies.
Aim of the Study
To determine the prevalence and factors
associated with HIV serodiscordant among
couples attending IGH-Iganga District.
Specific Objectives
To determine the prevalence of HIV
discordant relationships among
couples attending Iganga General
Hospital (IGH) Iganga District.
To determine the factors associated
with HIV serodiscordant among
couples attending IGH- Iganga District.
Research Questions
What is the prevalence of HIV
seroserodiscordant couples attending
Iganga General Hospital- Iganga
District?
What are the factors associated with
HIV serodiscordant among couples
attending Iganga General Hospital-
Iganga District?
Significance of the Study
There is limited knowledge about the
prevalence of HIV serodiscordant and
associated factors in Iganga District, yet
HIV serodiscordant is among the factors
hindering the efficiency of HIV control
programs. The study will provide
knowledge about the prevalence of HIV
discordance and its associated factors. The
knowledge generated will guide the
stakeholders in formulating HIV
prevention strategies aimed at reducing
HIV transmission.
METHODOLOGY
Study Design
This was a cross-sectional study that
obtained quantitative data using a
structured questionnaire.
Area of Study
The study was carried out at Iganga
General Hospital (IGH), in Iganga Municipal
Council, Iganga District, Eastern Uganda.
Study Population
The study included all married and
cohabiting adult couples attending IGH.
Sample Size Determination
IGH received a total number of 762 Married
and cohabiting Couples per month on
average in the year 2016. This was
calculated from the total number of
women aged 18-64years determined by the
Hospital records department (IGH Records
department, 2017). The total number of
married and cohabiting women was
considered to be equal to the total number
of couples because each woman usually
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has exactly one husband at ago (but men
may have more than one wife). The sample
size of the study was obtained using the
formula below;
(Yamane, 1967) [31]
Where
n =the expected sample size
N =the total number of couples attending
the Hospital per month
℮ = the sampling error (0.05)
Applying the above formula,
n =762∕ 1+762(0.05)2
=762/1+ (762*0.0025)
=762/1+1.905
=762/2.905
=262 couples
Sampling Technique
A systematic sampling method was used to
select the participants regardless of tribe
or religion to represent the whole
population.
Selection Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
Married and cohabiting patients who knew
both their HIV status and that of their
spouses, attended IGH during the study
period and consented to participate in the
study.
Exclusion Criteria
Patients who were in critical condition
Mentally ill patients
Patients who could neither see nor hear.
Data Collection Methods
Interviews with patients were conducted
using a questionnaire with the guidance of
the researcher or the research assistant for
interpretation where necessary.
Data Analysis
The obtained data was tallied, computed
using a calculator and analyzed.
Association of different factors with
discordance was considered.
Data Quality Control
The questionnaire was pre-tested first in
IGH- Postnatal ward to ensure relevant
information is included before data
collection.
All the questionnaires were checked for
completeness after the interviews with
every participant.
Data Presentation
Results were presented in form of tables
for easier interpretation.
Ethical Considerations
An introductory letter was obtained from
the Administrator, Faculty of Allied Health
Sciences.
Permission was sought from the Iganga
General Hospital-Medical Superintendent
by presenting the introductory letter from
the school.
Informed consent was asked from all the
research participants using an informed
consent form signed by every participant.
Participants who felt uncomfortable were
allowed to withdraw at any moment in the
data collection process without any
penalty.
Data was handled with utmost
confidentiality through the use of numbers
instead of names and limited access to
data by non-researchers.
RESULTS
Socio-Demographic Characteristics of
Participants
A total of 250 couples (representing 500
individuals) were interviewed, of which
57.6% were from ART Clinic, 40% from ANC
clinic, and 2.4% from GOPD.
46.4% of the participants presented alone
but with the health details indicating HIV
serostatuss of their spouses, while 53.6%
presented with their partners (Table 1).
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Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of study respondents in discordant couples.
Characteristics Number of partners in discordant couples
Age (years) Frequency Percentage (%)
18-24 08 33.3
25-34 13 54.2
>35 03 12.5
Marital status
Married 10 41.7
Cohabiting 14 58.3
Type of marriage
Polygamy 08 33.3
Monogamy 16 66.7
Religion
Catholic 02 8.3
Moslem 08 33.3
Protestant 04 16.7
Born-again 09 37.5
Others 01 4.2
Education level
Illiterate 02 8.3
Primary 06 25
Secondary 07 29.2
Institution/university 09 37.5
Prevalence of HIV among participants
The results show that 6.8% individuals were HIV seropositive, and 93.2% were HIV sero-
negative (Table 2).
Table 2: HIV sero-status among participants
HIV status of individual partners Frequency Percentage (%)
Positive 34 6.8
Negative 466 93.2
Total 500 100
Prevalence of HIV serodiscordant
among participant couples
There were 9.2% HIV-infected couples
observed in the current study with 4.8%
discordant couples and 4.4% concordant
positive couples (Table 3).
Table 3: Cordance status of participant couples
Couple status Frequency Percentage (%)
Discordant 12 4.8
Concordant
positive
11 4.4
Concordant
negative
227 90.8
Total 250 100
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Discordance among infected couples
The results show that 52.2% of infected
couples were discordant, while 47.8% of
couples were concordant positive (Table
4).
Table 4: Discordance among infected couples
Infected couples Frequency Prevalence (%)
Discordant 12 52.2
Concordant positive 11 47.8
Total 23 100
Factors associated with HIV sero- discordance among participants
Gender and HIV discordance
Among the discordant couples, 58.3% HIV
sero-negative partners were females, and
41.7 % male HIV sero-negative partners
(Table 5).
Table 5: Gender of the HIV negative partner in a discordant couple
Gender of the HIV negative partner in a discordant couple Frequency Percentage
(%)
Male 7 58.3
Female 5 41.7
Total 12 100
Sexual practice and HIV serodiscordant
Among the discordant couples, 58.3%
reported having had sex in the last three
months, and 83.3% practiced gentle sex
(Table 6).
Table 6: Sex history of participant couples
Characteristics Number of discordant couples
Had sex in the last 3months Frequency Percentage (%)
YES 7 58.3
NO 5 41.7
Practice “gentle sex”
YES 10 83.3
NO 2 16.7
Type of marriage and HIV sero
discordance
The prevalence of sero discordant was
higher (66.7%) among those who were in
monogamous marriage than those in
polygamous (33.3%) (Table 7).
Table 7: Type of marriage of participants
Characteristics Number of discordant couples
Type of marriage Frequency Percentage (%)
Polygamy 4 33.3
Monogamy 8 66.7
Condom use and discordance
The current study shows that 58.3% of
discordant couples used condom on the
last sex, while 41.7% not reported having
used condom on last sex (Table 8).
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Table 8: Condom use among participants
Characteristics Number of discordant couples
Used condom on last sex Frequency Percentage (%)
Yes 7 58.3
NO 5 41.7
History of other STIs and HIV sero-
discordance
The results indicate that 75% of the
discordant couples had never experienced
other STIs in the last three months before
the study (Table 9).
Table 9: History of STIs among participants
Characteristics Number of discordant couples
Had STI in the last 3 months Frequency Percentage (%)
YES 3 25
NO 9 75
ARV use and discordance
Of the discordant couples, 25% of the HIV positive partners were using ARVs (Table 10).
Table 10: ARV use among study participants
Characteristics Number of discordant couples
Use ARVs by positive partner Frequency Percentage (%)
YES 3 25
NO 9 75
Viral load and discordance
In 25% of the discordant couples, the HIV
infected partner had a viral load of less
than 1500copies/ml as per the last tested
value and the rest had their viral load not
tested (Table 11).
Table 11 Viral loads of HIV infected partners among the participant couples
Characteristics Number of couples with one negative partner
Viral load of HIV positive partner
on the last test
Frequency Percentage (%)
<1500 3 25
1500-50,000 0 00
>50,000 0 00
Male circumcision and discordance
58.3% of the participant couples had the
male partner circumcised and 41.7% of the
discordant couples had their male partner
not circumcised (Table 11).
Table 12 Circumcision status of the male partners of the participant couples
Characteristics Number of discordant couples
Male partner circumcised Frequency Percentage (%)
YES 7 58.3
NO 5 41.7
DISCUSSION
Prevalence of HIV sero discordance
among participant couples
The prevalence of HIV infection among
couples was 6.8%, very close to the district
HIV prevalence of 7.0% [30]. The current
findings are also close to the national HIV
prevalence of 7.3% [29]. The findings of
this study showed that 4.8% of the couples
were HIV discordant. This is slightly less
than the national HIV serodiscordant
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prevalence of 5% [32]. The findings in this
are also slightly less than the sub-Saharan
prevalence of 5-30% [33]. This may be
because of a big difference between the
sub-Saharan HIV prevalence (60%) [4], and
that of the Iganga district (7.0%) [30]. The
result of this study is also relatively lower
than that obtained at VCT Centers in
Ethiopia [34].
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV
SERODISCORDANT AMONG PARTICIPANT
COUPLES.
Gender of the positive partner and HIV
serodiscordant
In this study, there were more discordant
couples with HIV-infected female partners
(58.3%) than HIV-infected male partners
(41.7%). This is similar to De Walque [33]
who found out that there was a higher rate
of male-to-female transfer of HIV than in
females in discordant couples thus a
reduced risk of male seroconversion in a
female discordant couple. This was due to
the fact in Africa, male partners usually
have extramarital partners, unlike female
partners.
Presence of other STIs and HIV
serodiscordant
There was a higher prevalence of HIV
discordance among couples in which no
partner had STIs in the last 12 months
(75%) than those in which a partner had
STIs (25%). This finding is in line with the
results by Wawer et al. [35], who reported
a biological link between HIV infection and
the presence of STIs. They stated that the
increased shedding of the HIV virus in
genital secretions and semen and the
presence of the HIV virus in genital ulcers
that can come into contact with mucus
during sex enhance the transmission of
HIV.
Sexual practice and HIV serodiscordant
In this study, there was a higher
prevalence of HIV discordance among
couples who practiced gentle sex (83.3%)
compared with those who did not (16.7%).
Bunnel et al. [36] also found out that most
discordant couples practiced gentle sex.
The gentle sexual practice involves
“readiness” for sexual activity, an
adequate amount of genital fluid present
at the time of sexual contact, and the
length of time taken in the sexual act. This
reduces the risk of abrasion during sex
which would promote the transmission of
HIV to the negative partner [36].
Male circumcision and HIV
serodiscordant
This study showed more discordant
couples (58.3%) with a male partner
circumcised, and 41.7% of the couples had
a male partner not circumcised, however,
45.5% of the concordant positive couples
had circumcised male partners while 54.5%
of positive couples had uncircumcised
male partners. The results agree with the
findings of Bailey et al. [37] who reported
a 60% reduced risk of HIV transmission to
circumcised men and an unchanged trend
of HIV infection of the female partner by
circumcised men. Circumcision reduces
the likelihood of genital ulcers and
abrasion that eases HIV transmission.
Tears in the foreskin during sex make it
easier for viruses to enter the body [37].
Use of ARVs by the partner and HIV
serodiscordant
In this study, in 25% of discordant couples,
the positive partners were using ARVs
while in 90.9% the concordant positive
couple partners were on ART. This is
different from a study carried out in
Mozambique [38] that revealed more
discordance among couples where the HIV-
positive partner was on ART and a few
couples where the HIV-positive partner
was either not using ARVs or using them
but with poor adherence. The above
findings were due to the fact that good
adherence to the use of ARVs by the HIV-
positive partner reduces viral load. Low
viral load reduces the risk of HIV
transmission by 92% [39]. However, the
current study did not establish the Clients’
adherence to ART therefore they might
have been on ARVs but with poor
adherence that enhances seroconversion
thus reducing the number of discordance
couples on ART.
Condom use and HIV serodiscordant
Results in this study show that 58.3% of
discordant couples used condoms while
9.1% of concordant-positive couples used
condoms. This is similar to the results of
Fishel et al. [38] showed that condom use
prevented sexual transmission of HIV in
their study in Mozambique.
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CONCLUSION
In the current study, the prevalence of HIV
among participants was 6.8%. The
prevalence of HIV serodiscordant among
infected couples was 4.8%, slightly lower
than the 5% national discordance rate. HIV
serodiscordant observed in the current
study was associated with sexual practice
(83.3%), the circumcision status of the
male partner in the couple (58.3%), condom
use (58.3%), use of ARVs by the HIV-
infected partner (25%) and experience of
STIs among partners (25%).
Recommendations
The current study included only couples
visiting the hospital. A further study with
wider coverage is crucial to establish a
more accurate and updated level of HIV
prevalence and serodiscordant in the
district. There should be sensitization of
the public about the existence of HIV
serodiscordant, promoting practices, and
the required behavioral changes to live in
a discordant couple without
seroconversion of the HIV-negative
partner. Results of the current study on the
effect of viral load on seron-discordance
status are not conclusive as viral load
details of most participant discordant
couples were not available for comparison.
There is, therefore, the need for further
research to explore the viral load of the
HIV-positive partner of a discordant couple
as a factor associated with discordance.
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