Infection prevention and control is important for the improvement of quality care in hospital. This study aimed to identify risk associated with infection control, and to determine which infection control measures are available at Butiru Chrisco hospital and how these measures are put to use by the staff working in the hospital. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Butiru Chrisco hospital in Manafwa District. The study involved 100 respondents who were staff employed by Butiru Chrisco hospital. With different educational standards, awareness of infection control was assessed through a structured questionnaire that was administered to those who consented to participate. Random sampling was done on 10 staff, this helped correct the questionnaire making it suitable for the study but the results were not included in this study. The study revealed that out of 100 respondents, 72(72%) were nurses, 60(60%) were females and 78(78%) had been employed by the hospital for less than four years. Half 50(50%) revealed that airborne infections are the commonest infections in the hospital. The study also reveals that more than 80% reported positive response to infection control tasks with 80(80%) agreeing that practice of infection control reduces likelihood of infection spread to patients. From the study, it was concluded that, there is moderate awareness of infection control with more than half of the respondents having positive ideas about infection control and use of available measures like glove, apron, and hand washing. However, practice and compliance with standard precautions was less than optimal. The researcher recommends continuous health visits by ministry of health (MOH) of Uganda to the hospital and evaluation of the practices to ensure that the health workers practice infection control following the standard guidelines. Also, hand washing or use of hand sanitizers with alcohol or other antiseptics as a measure of disinfecting the hands before or after handling a patient is encouraged.
Keywords: Infection, health workers, hand washing, Manafwa District
Infection Prevention and Control in Hospitals by Dr DeleKemi Dele-Ijagbulu
Infection prevention and control is everybody's business! It is an essential, though often under-recognised and under supported part of the infrastructure of health care. However it saves lives and prevents avoidable morbidity and mortality. This presentation highlights the importance and the practical components of infection prevention and control in the hospital setting.
Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of ICU Health Workers Regarding ...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Nosocomial Infection is a localized or systemic infection acquired at any health care facility including hospitals by a patient admitted for any reason other than the pathology present during admission. Including an infection acquired in a healthcare facility that manifest 48 hours after the patient's admission or discharge. Objective: Themain aim of this study is toassess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practice of ICU health personnel with regards to the spread of nosocomial infections. Methodology: A cross-sectional and facility based study was conducted from March to November 2016 at King Khalid hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. By adopting convenience technique, 50 subjects had been recruited to participate in this study. Results: 62% of respondentswere female. The mean age was 29 years. Concerning educational status, 54% of the participants have Bsc. professionally most of them (48%) were nurses. 60% of the participants have less than three year working experience in ICU.86% of them highlighted that hands must be washed with soap and water or even rubbed with alcohol before contacting with patients. Additionally, the result reveals that employees who had master degree or above displayed higher mean knowledge scores as compared to the other two groups (diploma or less & bachelor) (0.7147 & 4.6656) respectively. High significant statistical differences were found between the three academic groups in relation to sharp devices, personal protective equipment (gloves, gowns &masks), care of intravenous infusion therapy, central line care and urinary catheter care (F=4.594, F=7.982, F=5.539, F=4.471, F=15.310, F=4.345) respectively at p < 0.05. Recommendation & conclusion: Health workers in ICU (King Khalid hospital) showed adequate knowledge and faire attitude regarding universal precautions
Running head hand hygiene compliance1hand hygiene compliance8.docxwlynn1
Running head: hand hygiene compliance1
hand hygiene compliance8Hand Hygiene Education Implementation and Nurses Compliance in Reducing Nosocomial Infections
Grand Canyon University NRS-490
March 31, 2019
Background
Hygiene is a very crucial factor in prevention of infection in any health care facility. Also, compliance of handwashing ensures patients safety, aids in the treatment and recovery of hospitalized patients. Hand hygiene is important action performed by healthcare works to prevent transmission of healthcare associated infection (Smiddy, O’Connell & Creedon, 2015). Health care professionals such as doctors, nurses, physical therapist and laboratory technicians, take the responsibility of providing efficient, effective and quality care that will improve the health of their patients.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the change proposal project components the author has been working on throughout the course. The goal of health care works rendering a quality, effective and efficient care to their patient in the health care setting will be difficult to achieve if the rate handwashing adherence is below expectation. Unclean healthcare environments harbor germs that can cause disease, thereby placing the patient at risk of developing infection instead of recovering from their present health condition. Healthcare providers inability to comply with hand hygiene is one the main reason patient develop hospital acquired infections (HAIs). Healthcare employees have the lives of patient in their hands therefore, hand hygiene should not by any means be neglected or dominated out in any healthcare facility.
Approximately 250 health care specialists in a Metro Detroit facility happened to be watched and assessed directly; prior to the start of the exercise, participants were selected based on their hand washing comprehension and compliance. Partakers expresses that they observed improvement on handwashing practices and that most nurses complied to hand washing guidelines evidenced by some significant reductions in the rate of transmission of HAIs within the healthcare facility. HAIs are the infections a patient acquire during the period of hospitalization. The result of the research showed a huge decrease in the spread of nosocomial infections due to progress of hand hygiene training and nurses’ compliance to handwashing protocols. These infections mostly manifest during or after 48 hours of admission or thirty days after discharge from the hospital or health-care facility. The author of this research study sees HAIs as a dangerous disease with many complications. Because inadequate handwashing practices by healthcare workers are the main cause of spread of hospital acquire infections, it is important to educate staff members on proper hand hygiene, implement plan to encourage hand hygiene compliance in the healthcare settings. Blood-stream, ulcers / surgical wounds, CAUTI and respiratory infections are the most common types of HA.
Infection prevention and control general principles and role of microbiology ...maak16
The aim of this review is to know the general principles of infection control and prevention and the role of medical laboratory specialists, hoping that the medical laboratory specialists will play a valuable and effective role in the field of infection control and prevention, thereby preventing hospital infections and antibiotic resistance and providing a safe environment for the patient, health care providers and the community.
Antimicrobial stewardship
Healthcare associated infections
Infection prevention and control
Microbiology laboratory
Hierarchy of Infection Controls
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES AMONG SURGEONS REGARDING CROSS INFECTION CONTROL PROC...Anil Haripriya
The study revealed good knowledge of infection control procedures but there were problems in practices of
sterilization. Most of them did not separate the needle from the syringe prior to disposal therefore needle
prick injuries were common. So more intensive and regular training programs to surgeons must be included
in the plans of quality control in all hospital and regular inspection from the ministry of health guarantees
good infection control practices
Infection Prevention and Control in Hospitals by Dr DeleKemi Dele-Ijagbulu
Infection prevention and control is everybody's business! It is an essential, though often under-recognised and under supported part of the infrastructure of health care. However it saves lives and prevents avoidable morbidity and mortality. This presentation highlights the importance and the practical components of infection prevention and control in the hospital setting.
Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of ICU Health Workers Regarding ...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Nosocomial Infection is a localized or systemic infection acquired at any health care facility including hospitals by a patient admitted for any reason other than the pathology present during admission. Including an infection acquired in a healthcare facility that manifest 48 hours after the patient's admission or discharge. Objective: Themain aim of this study is toassess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practice of ICU health personnel with regards to the spread of nosocomial infections. Methodology: A cross-sectional and facility based study was conducted from March to November 2016 at King Khalid hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. By adopting convenience technique, 50 subjects had been recruited to participate in this study. Results: 62% of respondentswere female. The mean age was 29 years. Concerning educational status, 54% of the participants have Bsc. professionally most of them (48%) were nurses. 60% of the participants have less than three year working experience in ICU.86% of them highlighted that hands must be washed with soap and water or even rubbed with alcohol before contacting with patients. Additionally, the result reveals that employees who had master degree or above displayed higher mean knowledge scores as compared to the other two groups (diploma or less & bachelor) (0.7147 & 4.6656) respectively. High significant statistical differences were found between the three academic groups in relation to sharp devices, personal protective equipment (gloves, gowns &masks), care of intravenous infusion therapy, central line care and urinary catheter care (F=4.594, F=7.982, F=5.539, F=4.471, F=15.310, F=4.345) respectively at p < 0.05. Recommendation & conclusion: Health workers in ICU (King Khalid hospital) showed adequate knowledge and faire attitude regarding universal precautions
Running head hand hygiene compliance1hand hygiene compliance8.docxwlynn1
Running head: hand hygiene compliance1
hand hygiene compliance8Hand Hygiene Education Implementation and Nurses Compliance in Reducing Nosocomial Infections
Grand Canyon University NRS-490
March 31, 2019
Background
Hygiene is a very crucial factor in prevention of infection in any health care facility. Also, compliance of handwashing ensures patients safety, aids in the treatment and recovery of hospitalized patients. Hand hygiene is important action performed by healthcare works to prevent transmission of healthcare associated infection (Smiddy, O’Connell & Creedon, 2015). Health care professionals such as doctors, nurses, physical therapist and laboratory technicians, take the responsibility of providing efficient, effective and quality care that will improve the health of their patients.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the change proposal project components the author has been working on throughout the course. The goal of health care works rendering a quality, effective and efficient care to their patient in the health care setting will be difficult to achieve if the rate handwashing adherence is below expectation. Unclean healthcare environments harbor germs that can cause disease, thereby placing the patient at risk of developing infection instead of recovering from their present health condition. Healthcare providers inability to comply with hand hygiene is one the main reason patient develop hospital acquired infections (HAIs). Healthcare employees have the lives of patient in their hands therefore, hand hygiene should not by any means be neglected or dominated out in any healthcare facility.
Approximately 250 health care specialists in a Metro Detroit facility happened to be watched and assessed directly; prior to the start of the exercise, participants were selected based on their hand washing comprehension and compliance. Partakers expresses that they observed improvement on handwashing practices and that most nurses complied to hand washing guidelines evidenced by some significant reductions in the rate of transmission of HAIs within the healthcare facility. HAIs are the infections a patient acquire during the period of hospitalization. The result of the research showed a huge decrease in the spread of nosocomial infections due to progress of hand hygiene training and nurses’ compliance to handwashing protocols. These infections mostly manifest during or after 48 hours of admission or thirty days after discharge from the hospital or health-care facility. The author of this research study sees HAIs as a dangerous disease with many complications. Because inadequate handwashing practices by healthcare workers are the main cause of spread of hospital acquire infections, it is important to educate staff members on proper hand hygiene, implement plan to encourage hand hygiene compliance in the healthcare settings. Blood-stream, ulcers / surgical wounds, CAUTI and respiratory infections are the most common types of HA.
Infection prevention and control general principles and role of microbiology ...maak16
The aim of this review is to know the general principles of infection control and prevention and the role of medical laboratory specialists, hoping that the medical laboratory specialists will play a valuable and effective role in the field of infection control and prevention, thereby preventing hospital infections and antibiotic resistance and providing a safe environment for the patient, health care providers and the community.
Antimicrobial stewardship
Healthcare associated infections
Infection prevention and control
Microbiology laboratory
Hierarchy of Infection Controls
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES AMONG SURGEONS REGARDING CROSS INFECTION CONTROL PROC...Anil Haripriya
The study revealed good knowledge of infection control procedures but there were problems in practices of
sterilization. Most of them did not separate the needle from the syringe prior to disposal therefore needle
prick injuries were common. So more intensive and regular training programs to surgeons must be included
in the plans of quality control in all hospital and regular inspection from the ministry of health guarantees
good infection control practices
Research Appraisal of a Clinical Practice Guidelineemilyparker01
With the advent of new technologies in the health sector, the needs of health care have kept pace with the new technology. A growing patient numbers, growing dimensions of disease and emerging disease, no doubt forcing the health care professionals to run after the development of new drugs and technologies for combat. At the same time, patient safety and quality health care delivery are buzzing priority for every country and every health care organization.
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTIONS (NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION) AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF WAH CANTT
A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practices of Hand Hygiene among Nursing S...ijtsrd
Topic A study to assess the Knowledge, And Practice of Hand Hygiene among Nursing Staff in different department of the Hospitals in Uttar Pradesh. Background of the study Health care associated infections persist as amajor problem in health care settings especially Intensive Care Units. Hand hygiene is the most simple and effective method for the prevention of these healthcare associated infections. So, assess the reported hand hygiene practices and observing is very much important to find out gaps, plan remedial measure to reduce HAIs. Hand hygiene practice is still burdened by inadequate compliance, whether in the professional sphere by health professionals or in the non professional sphere by lay population Aims of the study A. To assess the hand hygiene practices among nurses B. To assess the reason for non compliance. Material and method This study was conducted in different department of Fatima hospital. It was an observational, study50 different professional categories nurses were taken for observational study, 50 for assess the reported hand hygiene practices. Questionnaire and observation tool were used for data collection. Result The study revealed that there is a corelation between the knowledge and the practices of hand hygiene among the nurses. The overall observed compliance was 58 50 nurses included in observation study, 308 number of opportunities are given only 180opportunities of hand hygiene being performed . The BSc nurses shows higher compliance rate 93.4 . The GNM nurses show 64 and the ANM show low rate 60 . The reported hand hygiene compliance among Questionnaire given to50 Nurses they were may or may not be included in observation study . Conclusion There were two studies conducted by the investigator. The observational study and reported study. The observational study shows that the overall hand hygiene compliance was58 and the reported study give more than 93.4 of compliance among different categories of nurses. The investigator found that the overall observed hand hygiene compliance among nurses was 58.4 , from that BSC Nurses have performed better. They reported the reason for noncompliance was that they were too busy 64 . Sister Ancy Varghese | Dr. Priyanka Chaudhary | Mrs. Ramanpreet Kaur "A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practices of Hand Hygiene among Nursing Staff in Different Department of the Hospitals in Uttar Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47804.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/47804/a-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-and-practices-of-hand-hygiene-among-nursing-staff-in-different-department-of-the-hospitals-in-uttar-pradesh/sister-ancy-varghese
Running head RESEARCH PAPER1RESEARCH PAPER15.docxtodd521
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER 1
RESEARCH PAPER 15
Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and the associated factors of Healthcare Acquired Infection Prevention
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 2
Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and the associated factors of Healthcare Acquired Infection Prevention in Blessings Healthcare Facility 4
The Problem 5
Significance of the problem 6
Purpose of this study 7
Research Questions 8
Masters Essentials aligned with the topic 8
Design 10
Literature Review 10
Methodology and the design of the study 13
Sampling Methods 14
Necessary tools 14
Any logarithm or flow map developed 15
Healthcare Facility 15
Implementation 15
Stage 1: Assessment of the current practices (One Week) 16
Stage 2: Identification of the factors leading to high cases of healthcare-acquired infection (5 days) 17
Stage 3: Pre-Training (Two Weeks) 17
Stage 4: Training (5 weeks) 17
Stage 5: an ongoing process of assessing the situation 18
Materials, activities and the cost 20
Results 21
Socio-demographics features of the research population 21
Knowledge concerning the infection prevention 23
Aspects related to the knowledge of the healthcare professionals regarding the issue of preventing healthcare-acquired infections 27
Limitation of the study 28
References 30
Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and the associated factors of Healthcare Acquired Infection Prevention
Healthcare acquired infection/nosocomial infection/hospital acquired infections are becoming a major international challenge in many healthcare facilities especially in the low or middle income nations. It is anticipated that around 10 percent of patients in the healthcare facilities from developing nations are developing healthcare acquired infections and this subsequently leads to negative impacts on healthcare outcomes. It also leads to increase hospital stay, economic burden, morbidity cases, and increase in the mortality incidences. Some of the common healthcare acquired infections include Hepatitis B and C virus, HIV infections, and even Tuberculosis which are often transmitted by healthcare workers who are not observing the practice related to the infection prevention measures.
According to the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention, there are about 1.7 million patients who have been hospitalized as a result of acquiring infection within the facilities while undergoing treatment for other healthcare concerns. Many studies reveal that simple infection control procedures like cleaning of the hands using alcohol-based hand rub is helping in the prevention of the spread of the disease. The increase in the infection rate caused by the healthcare acquired infection is due to the poor practices of infection prevention and control, lack of knowledge or failure to implement knowledge related to the process of preventing and controlling nosocomial illnesses, and other associated f.
Article Type: Editorial
Title: Patient Safety: Paradigm shift of modern healthcare delivery and research
Year: 2022; Volume: 2; Issue: 1; Page No: 1 – 2
Author: Dr. Mohammed Imran
10.55349/ijmsnr.20222112
Affiliation: Associate Professor, Medical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sohar, National University of Science and Technology, Sultanate of Oman.
Email ID: imran@nu.edu.om
Article Summary:
Submitted : 10-February-2022
Revised : 26-February-2022
Accepted : 12-March-2022
Published : 31-March-2022
Implementation of Patient Safety Program as a Prevention and Controlling Heal...irjes
Hospital is a unique working area bringing health risk for the worker either of patient or visitor.
Society who received health service, health worker and visitor in hospital faced to the risk of occurrence
infection or nosokomial infection now called as Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs). The occurrence of
nosokomial infection in hospital is still on high level. The level of nosokomial infection in hospital for entire the
world showing improvement, it’s about 9% (variation 3 – 21 %) or more than 1.4 million inpatient spaces
(Depkes. 2009). The aimed of this study was to know the implementation of nosokomial infection prevention
program in supporting patient safety in Radjiman Wediodiningrat mental hospital.
Primer and secondary data was obtained from sanitation department and K3 of hospital, collected using
questionnaire interview sheet, polls, and observation using observation sheets. Data obtained using purposive
sampling technique. Data was analyzed by descriptive methode and presented into frequency distribution table.
The result of this research showed that Implementation of Patient safety in Outpatient and Inpatient mental
hospital of Wediodingrat Radjiman still less than optimal, infection Prevention and Control (PPI) at the
Outpatient and Inpatient room not been implemented. So It takes effort to improve the implementation of Patient
Safety in Outpatient and Inpatient especially in Anyelir, Napza, Camar, General clinic, Kemuning and VIP
room, required socialization, education and training on PPI programs in the room
Running head INFECTION PREVENTION1INFECTION PREVENTION.docxjeanettehully
Running head: INFECTION PREVENTION 1
INFECTION PREVENTION 15
Phase # 2 Infection Prevention
Literature Review
Healthcare acquired infections constitute a major public health issue and it is affecting millions of people on a yearly basis. The approximation from the recent studies is showing more than 5 percent of the hospitalized patients are exposed to nosocomial infections. Many studies further show that the surgical site infections are the common infections associated with nosocomial infections and it is contributing to about 30 percent of all healthcare acquired infections cases.
Study by Ayed et al (2015) shows that healthcare providers are continuously exposed to pathogens which are sometimes severe and lethal. Nurses specifically are more exposed to different infections during the course of providing healthcare services to the patients. This study indicates that it is therefore crucial for nurses to possess sound knowledge as well as strict adherence to the infection control practices. Updating the acquaintance and the practices of nurses through involvement in ongoing in-service educational programs and putting more focus on the role of the current evidence-based practices of infection prevention in the continuous training is important. Provision of the training to the newly recruited nurses regarding the infection control frequently as well as replicating the study through observation checklist is necessary in assessing the level of practice (Imad, Ayed, Faeda, & Lubna, 2015).
Study by Desta et al (2018) reveals that working experience is a stronger predictor of the knowledge in relation to the prevention of the infection. In this study, the goal was to the relationship between the acquaintance, practice and connected aspects of infection prevention among healthcare employees. Education level is a key determinant to the level of experience when it comes to the control or the prevention of infections. According to this study, it is clear that healthcare providers with advanced experience as well as advanced age are significantly linked with the knowledge. This is basically based on the fact that as healthcare providers are getting older, they are more likely to have advance knowledge due to their experiences as well as having worked with their seniors (Desta, Ayenew, Sitotaw, Tegegne, Dires, & Getie, 2018).
Teshager et al (2015) also studies the knowledge, practices, and the related aspects towards the reduction or prevention of the surgical site infections among nurses who were employed in Amhara Regional State Referral healthcare facilities, in the Northwest Ethiopia. This study looked at some of the factors linked with the knowledge of the nurses regarding the preventi ...
PROVIDERS CHALLENGE FOR TREATING INFECTIOUS3PROVIDERS CHALLENGE.docxwoodruffeloisa
PROVIDERS CHALLENGE FOR TREATING INFECTIOUS 3
PROVIDERS CHALLENGE FOR TREATING INFECTIOUS 15
Providers Challenge for Treating Infectious Disease
Amy Nicole Elders
Grand Canyon University
Science Communication & Research
Bio- 317V-0500
Michael Rothrock
September 6, 2019
Abstract
Running head: PROVIDERS CHALLENGE FOR TREATING INFECTIOUS 1
High mortality results from infection within healthcare institutions whether community or hospital acquired. Hospitalists provide inpatient care with increasing frequency due to the overwhelming workload upon primary care physicians. However, hospitalists are generalists and are minimally prepared to attend patients with serious infections which may rapidly overwhelm particularly in vulnerable populations. Duplication of diagnostic testing, prolonged length of stay drives up costs for institutions and patients. Erroneous or inadequate prescription of antibiotics costs lives, Infectious disease specialists are inadequately utilized despite statistical evidence that such specialty care improves outcomes. Education, collaboration between providers, and prescribing guidelines are recommended to address these needs.
Providers Challenge for Treating Infectious Disease
Technology has become increasingly advanced and the ability to diagnose, treat, and manage patients is ever evolving. Although advancements in imaging, surgical procedures and medication therapies make possible a better quality of life, they are often required to self-manage very serious disease and infection. Insurance companies and healthcare regulations often guide the path providers must take to care for patients. The length of stay in hospitals are decreasing and patients are being treated on an outpatient basis. Patients often receive care in outpatient rehabs, infusion centers, and home health agencies with medications supplied by specialty pharmacies. Drug resistant organisms are becoming more common and the risks associated with treating these organisms can often be challenging to manage. Treatment is often received for an extended amount of time and many primary care providers no longer see patients on an inpatient basis. This means that hospitalists assume care when they are admitted into the hospital but are unable to follow the patient for the remainder of treatment when they are discharged. When complications arise for these patients, they have limited ways of seeking help. There is fragmented care and lack of continuity. In the case of patients diagnosed with infection, questions about when hospitalists should consult specialists such as infectious disease physicians often occur. Mortality and morbidity for patients as well as hospital stays and readmission are decreased when an Infectious Disease physician is consulted early (CDC, 2013). Research is focused on the education of these two types of physicians, why some providers decide not to pursue a specialty, as well as success rates of patients treated by both. Fact ...
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENTFrom Cues to Nudge A Knolisandrai1k
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
From Cues to Nudge: A Knowledge-Based Framework
for Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections
Arash Shaban-Nejad1,2 & Hiroshi Mamiya2 & Alexandre Riazanov3 & Alan J. Forster4 &
Christopher J. O. Baker2,5 & Robyn Tamblyn2 & David L. Buckeridge2
Received: 3 June 2015 /Accepted: 30 September 2015 /Published online: 4 November 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract We propose an integrated semantic web framework
consisting of formal ontologies, web services, a reasoner and a
rule engine that together recommend appropriate level of
patient-care based on the defined semantic rules and guide-
lines. The classification of healthcare-associated infections
within the HAIKU (Hospital Acquired Infections – Knowl-
edge in Use) framework enables hospitals to consistently fol-
low the standards along with their routine clinical practice and
diagnosis coding to improve quality of care and patient safety.
The HAI ontology (HAIO) groups over thousands of codes
into a consistent hierarchy of concepts, along with relation-
ships and axioms to capture knowledge on hospital-associated
infections and complications with focus on the big four types,
surgical site infections (SSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract
infection (CAUTI); hospital-acquired pneumonia, and blood
stream infection. By employing statistical inferencing in our
study we use a set of heuristics to define the rule axioms to
improve the SSI case detection. We also demonstrate how the
occurrence of an SSI is identified using semantic e-triggers.
The e-triggers will be used to improve our risk assessment of
post-operative surgical site infections (SSIs) for patients un-
dergoing certain type of surgeries (e.g., coronary artery bypass
graft surgery (CABG)).
Keywords Ontologies . Knowledge modeling .
Healthcare-associated infections . Surveillance . Semantic
framework . Surgical site infections
Introduction
Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) affect millions of
patients around the world, killing hundreds of thousands
and imposing, directly or indirectly, a significant socio-
economic burden on healthcare systems [1]. According
to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) [2], hospital-
acquired infections in the U.S., where the point preva-
lence of HAIs among hospitalized patients is 4 %, result
in an estimated 1.7 million infections, which lead to as
many as 99,000 deaths and cost up to $45 billion annually
[3, 4]. Similar or higher rates of HAI occur in other coun-
tries as well with an estimated 10.5 % of patients in Ca-
nadian hospitals having an HAI [5]. Clinical assessment
and laboratory testing are generally used to detect and
confirm an infection, identify its origin, and determine
appropriate infection control methods to stop the infection
from spreading within a healthcare institution. Failure to
monitor, and detect HAI in timely manner can delay di-
agnosis, leading to complications (e.g., sepsis), and
allowing an epid ...
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENTFrom Cues to Nudge A Kno.docxdeanmtaylor1545
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
From Cues to Nudge: A Knowledge-Based Framework
for Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections
Arash Shaban-Nejad1,2 & Hiroshi Mamiya2 & Alexandre Riazanov3 & Alan J. Forster4 &
Christopher J. O. Baker2,5 & Robyn Tamblyn2 & David L. Buckeridge2
Received: 3 June 2015 /Accepted: 30 September 2015 /Published online: 4 November 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract We propose an integrated semantic web framework
consisting of formal ontologies, web services, a reasoner and a
rule engine that together recommend appropriate level of
patient-care based on the defined semantic rules and guide-
lines. The classification of healthcare-associated infections
within the HAIKU (Hospital Acquired Infections – Knowl-
edge in Use) framework enables hospitals to consistently fol-
low the standards along with their routine clinical practice and
diagnosis coding to improve quality of care and patient safety.
The HAI ontology (HAIO) groups over thousands of codes
into a consistent hierarchy of concepts, along with relation-
ships and axioms to capture knowledge on hospital-associated
infections and complications with focus on the big four types,
surgical site infections (SSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract
infection (CAUTI); hospital-acquired pneumonia, and blood
stream infection. By employing statistical inferencing in our
study we use a set of heuristics to define the rule axioms to
improve the SSI case detection. We also demonstrate how the
occurrence of an SSI is identified using semantic e-triggers.
The e-triggers will be used to improve our risk assessment of
post-operative surgical site infections (SSIs) for patients un-
dergoing certain type of surgeries (e.g., coronary artery bypass
graft surgery (CABG)).
Keywords Ontologies . Knowledge modeling .
Healthcare-associated infections . Surveillance . Semantic
framework . Surgical site infections
Introduction
Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) affect millions of
patients around the world, killing hundreds of thousands
and imposing, directly or indirectly, a significant socio-
economic burden on healthcare systems [1]. According
to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) [2], hospital-
acquired infections in the U.S., where the point preva-
lence of HAIs among hospitalized patients is 4 %, result
in an estimated 1.7 million infections, which lead to as
many as 99,000 deaths and cost up to $45 billion annually
[3, 4]. Similar or higher rates of HAI occur in other coun-
tries as well with an estimated 10.5 % of patients in Ca-
nadian hospitals having an HAI [5]. Clinical assessment
and laboratory testing are generally used to detect and
confirm an infection, identify its origin, and determine
appropriate infection control methods to stop the infection
from spreading within a healthcare institution. Failure to
monitor, and detect HAI in timely manner can delay di-
agnosis, leading to complications (e.g., sepsis), and
allowing an epid.
Effect of Cultural Values on Character Formation: Implication for Education ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The influence of cultural norms and home values on an individual's personality and life adjustment can manifest in various ways. An individual's personality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological and experiential factors, with the latter being significantly influenced by cultural elements. One prominent avenue through which cultural values impact personality is in the cultural conditioning of child-rearing practices. When a child is born, it not only relies on the care and support of family members but also lacks the necessary behavioral knowledge required to function within a human society. It depends on innate biological instincts like hunger and the care provided by elders to fulfill these basic needs. To survive and thrive, a human infant must acquire the skills, knowledge, and societal norms specific to the culture into which it is born. Thus, cultural values are deliberately instilled in the members of a society. For a society to function effectively, these shared cultural values must be passed down through generations, primarily through child-rearing practices within homes. Nigeria, characterized by its diverse cultural backgrounds, value systems, and numerous ethnic groups, has distinct child-rearing practices that transmit these values and norms to successive generations. This paper examines the role of culture in shaping an individual's character and emphasizes that education, when coupled with values, is crucial. Education serves as a potent tool for fostering desirable character traits, and it must be refocused to continue producing individuals with strong moral values and responsible character.
Keywords: Character formation, Culture, Morals, Value, Impact
Accounts Payable Administration and Profitability of Quoted Manufacturing Com...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This study was carried out to examine accounts payable administration and profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria with reference to consumer goods sector. This was motivated by the desire to learn how proper administration of accounts payable enhances profitability in the wake of the widespread corporate failures in Nigeria and the rest of the world. Accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio were represented by accounts payable administration while return on assets was used as proxy for profitability. The study used purposive sampling technique to extract data from the annual reports of manufacturing companies quoted on the Nigerian Exchange Group Plc as of December 31st, 2022. Secondary data were gathered for the study. The study covered ten years’ time frame from 2013 to 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the data specifically through regression analysis. The outcome of the data analysis showed that accounts payable ratio has a negligible negative influence on return on assets; short-term debt ratio significantly influences the return on assets; the combined variables (accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio) significantly influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. This implies that, accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio influences the profit generated by manufacturing companies in Nigeria considering it aggregate effect. It was advised that, sound and pragmatic approach should be maintained in the administration of accounts payable in manufacturing companies in order to positively influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in the country. Administration of accounts payable should be carried out by financial expert in order to ensure that financial obligation is met to vendors of goods and services when it is due. In order to ensure minimal supply interruption and increase liquidity capacity, institutions should negotiate better terms of credit with their suppliers and extend the accounts payment period.
Keywords: Accounts Payable Administration, Profitability and Quoted Manufacturing Companies.
________________________________________
More Related Content
Similar to Evaluation of infection control at Butiru Chrisco Hospital in Manafwa District, Eastern Uganda.pdf
Research Appraisal of a Clinical Practice Guidelineemilyparker01
With the advent of new technologies in the health sector, the needs of health care have kept pace with the new technology. A growing patient numbers, growing dimensions of disease and emerging disease, no doubt forcing the health care professionals to run after the development of new drugs and technologies for combat. At the same time, patient safety and quality health care delivery are buzzing priority for every country and every health care organization.
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTIONS (NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION) AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF WAH CANTT
A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practices of Hand Hygiene among Nursing S...ijtsrd
Topic A study to assess the Knowledge, And Practice of Hand Hygiene among Nursing Staff in different department of the Hospitals in Uttar Pradesh. Background of the study Health care associated infections persist as amajor problem in health care settings especially Intensive Care Units. Hand hygiene is the most simple and effective method for the prevention of these healthcare associated infections. So, assess the reported hand hygiene practices and observing is very much important to find out gaps, plan remedial measure to reduce HAIs. Hand hygiene practice is still burdened by inadequate compliance, whether in the professional sphere by health professionals or in the non professional sphere by lay population Aims of the study A. To assess the hand hygiene practices among nurses B. To assess the reason for non compliance. Material and method This study was conducted in different department of Fatima hospital. It was an observational, study50 different professional categories nurses were taken for observational study, 50 for assess the reported hand hygiene practices. Questionnaire and observation tool were used for data collection. Result The study revealed that there is a corelation between the knowledge and the practices of hand hygiene among the nurses. The overall observed compliance was 58 50 nurses included in observation study, 308 number of opportunities are given only 180opportunities of hand hygiene being performed . The BSc nurses shows higher compliance rate 93.4 . The GNM nurses show 64 and the ANM show low rate 60 . The reported hand hygiene compliance among Questionnaire given to50 Nurses they were may or may not be included in observation study . Conclusion There were two studies conducted by the investigator. The observational study and reported study. The observational study shows that the overall hand hygiene compliance was58 and the reported study give more than 93.4 of compliance among different categories of nurses. The investigator found that the overall observed hand hygiene compliance among nurses was 58.4 , from that BSC Nurses have performed better. They reported the reason for noncompliance was that they were too busy 64 . Sister Ancy Varghese | Dr. Priyanka Chaudhary | Mrs. Ramanpreet Kaur "A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practices of Hand Hygiene among Nursing Staff in Different Department of the Hospitals in Uttar Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47804.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/47804/a-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-and-practices-of-hand-hygiene-among-nursing-staff-in-different-department-of-the-hospitals-in-uttar-pradesh/sister-ancy-varghese
Running head RESEARCH PAPER1RESEARCH PAPER15.docxtodd521
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER 1
RESEARCH PAPER 15
Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and the associated factors of Healthcare Acquired Infection Prevention
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 2
Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and the associated factors of Healthcare Acquired Infection Prevention in Blessings Healthcare Facility 4
The Problem 5
Significance of the problem 6
Purpose of this study 7
Research Questions 8
Masters Essentials aligned with the topic 8
Design 10
Literature Review 10
Methodology and the design of the study 13
Sampling Methods 14
Necessary tools 14
Any logarithm or flow map developed 15
Healthcare Facility 15
Implementation 15
Stage 1: Assessment of the current practices (One Week) 16
Stage 2: Identification of the factors leading to high cases of healthcare-acquired infection (5 days) 17
Stage 3: Pre-Training (Two Weeks) 17
Stage 4: Training (5 weeks) 17
Stage 5: an ongoing process of assessing the situation 18
Materials, activities and the cost 20
Results 21
Socio-demographics features of the research population 21
Knowledge concerning the infection prevention 23
Aspects related to the knowledge of the healthcare professionals regarding the issue of preventing healthcare-acquired infections 27
Limitation of the study 28
References 30
Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and the associated factors of Healthcare Acquired Infection Prevention
Healthcare acquired infection/nosocomial infection/hospital acquired infections are becoming a major international challenge in many healthcare facilities especially in the low or middle income nations. It is anticipated that around 10 percent of patients in the healthcare facilities from developing nations are developing healthcare acquired infections and this subsequently leads to negative impacts on healthcare outcomes. It also leads to increase hospital stay, economic burden, morbidity cases, and increase in the mortality incidences. Some of the common healthcare acquired infections include Hepatitis B and C virus, HIV infections, and even Tuberculosis which are often transmitted by healthcare workers who are not observing the practice related to the infection prevention measures.
According to the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention, there are about 1.7 million patients who have been hospitalized as a result of acquiring infection within the facilities while undergoing treatment for other healthcare concerns. Many studies reveal that simple infection control procedures like cleaning of the hands using alcohol-based hand rub is helping in the prevention of the spread of the disease. The increase in the infection rate caused by the healthcare acquired infection is due to the poor practices of infection prevention and control, lack of knowledge or failure to implement knowledge related to the process of preventing and controlling nosocomial illnesses, and other associated f.
Article Type: Editorial
Title: Patient Safety: Paradigm shift of modern healthcare delivery and research
Year: 2022; Volume: 2; Issue: 1; Page No: 1 – 2
Author: Dr. Mohammed Imran
10.55349/ijmsnr.20222112
Affiliation: Associate Professor, Medical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sohar, National University of Science and Technology, Sultanate of Oman.
Email ID: imran@nu.edu.om
Article Summary:
Submitted : 10-February-2022
Revised : 26-February-2022
Accepted : 12-March-2022
Published : 31-March-2022
Implementation of Patient Safety Program as a Prevention and Controlling Heal...irjes
Hospital is a unique working area bringing health risk for the worker either of patient or visitor.
Society who received health service, health worker and visitor in hospital faced to the risk of occurrence
infection or nosokomial infection now called as Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs). The occurrence of
nosokomial infection in hospital is still on high level. The level of nosokomial infection in hospital for entire the
world showing improvement, it’s about 9% (variation 3 – 21 %) or more than 1.4 million inpatient spaces
(Depkes. 2009). The aimed of this study was to know the implementation of nosokomial infection prevention
program in supporting patient safety in Radjiman Wediodiningrat mental hospital.
Primer and secondary data was obtained from sanitation department and K3 of hospital, collected using
questionnaire interview sheet, polls, and observation using observation sheets. Data obtained using purposive
sampling technique. Data was analyzed by descriptive methode and presented into frequency distribution table.
The result of this research showed that Implementation of Patient safety in Outpatient and Inpatient mental
hospital of Wediodingrat Radjiman still less than optimal, infection Prevention and Control (PPI) at the
Outpatient and Inpatient room not been implemented. So It takes effort to improve the implementation of Patient
Safety in Outpatient and Inpatient especially in Anyelir, Napza, Camar, General clinic, Kemuning and VIP
room, required socialization, education and training on PPI programs in the room
Running head INFECTION PREVENTION1INFECTION PREVENTION.docxjeanettehully
Running head: INFECTION PREVENTION 1
INFECTION PREVENTION 15
Phase # 2 Infection Prevention
Literature Review
Healthcare acquired infections constitute a major public health issue and it is affecting millions of people on a yearly basis. The approximation from the recent studies is showing more than 5 percent of the hospitalized patients are exposed to nosocomial infections. Many studies further show that the surgical site infections are the common infections associated with nosocomial infections and it is contributing to about 30 percent of all healthcare acquired infections cases.
Study by Ayed et al (2015) shows that healthcare providers are continuously exposed to pathogens which are sometimes severe and lethal. Nurses specifically are more exposed to different infections during the course of providing healthcare services to the patients. This study indicates that it is therefore crucial for nurses to possess sound knowledge as well as strict adherence to the infection control practices. Updating the acquaintance and the practices of nurses through involvement in ongoing in-service educational programs and putting more focus on the role of the current evidence-based practices of infection prevention in the continuous training is important. Provision of the training to the newly recruited nurses regarding the infection control frequently as well as replicating the study through observation checklist is necessary in assessing the level of practice (Imad, Ayed, Faeda, & Lubna, 2015).
Study by Desta et al (2018) reveals that working experience is a stronger predictor of the knowledge in relation to the prevention of the infection. In this study, the goal was to the relationship between the acquaintance, practice and connected aspects of infection prevention among healthcare employees. Education level is a key determinant to the level of experience when it comes to the control or the prevention of infections. According to this study, it is clear that healthcare providers with advanced experience as well as advanced age are significantly linked with the knowledge. This is basically based on the fact that as healthcare providers are getting older, they are more likely to have advance knowledge due to their experiences as well as having worked with their seniors (Desta, Ayenew, Sitotaw, Tegegne, Dires, & Getie, 2018).
Teshager et al (2015) also studies the knowledge, practices, and the related aspects towards the reduction or prevention of the surgical site infections among nurses who were employed in Amhara Regional State Referral healthcare facilities, in the Northwest Ethiopia. This study looked at some of the factors linked with the knowledge of the nurses regarding the preventi ...
PROVIDERS CHALLENGE FOR TREATING INFECTIOUS3PROVIDERS CHALLENGE.docxwoodruffeloisa
PROVIDERS CHALLENGE FOR TREATING INFECTIOUS 3
PROVIDERS CHALLENGE FOR TREATING INFECTIOUS 15
Providers Challenge for Treating Infectious Disease
Amy Nicole Elders
Grand Canyon University
Science Communication & Research
Bio- 317V-0500
Michael Rothrock
September 6, 2019
Abstract
Running head: PROVIDERS CHALLENGE FOR TREATING INFECTIOUS 1
High mortality results from infection within healthcare institutions whether community or hospital acquired. Hospitalists provide inpatient care with increasing frequency due to the overwhelming workload upon primary care physicians. However, hospitalists are generalists and are minimally prepared to attend patients with serious infections which may rapidly overwhelm particularly in vulnerable populations. Duplication of diagnostic testing, prolonged length of stay drives up costs for institutions and patients. Erroneous or inadequate prescription of antibiotics costs lives, Infectious disease specialists are inadequately utilized despite statistical evidence that such specialty care improves outcomes. Education, collaboration between providers, and prescribing guidelines are recommended to address these needs.
Providers Challenge for Treating Infectious Disease
Technology has become increasingly advanced and the ability to diagnose, treat, and manage patients is ever evolving. Although advancements in imaging, surgical procedures and medication therapies make possible a better quality of life, they are often required to self-manage very serious disease and infection. Insurance companies and healthcare regulations often guide the path providers must take to care for patients. The length of stay in hospitals are decreasing and patients are being treated on an outpatient basis. Patients often receive care in outpatient rehabs, infusion centers, and home health agencies with medications supplied by specialty pharmacies. Drug resistant organisms are becoming more common and the risks associated with treating these organisms can often be challenging to manage. Treatment is often received for an extended amount of time and many primary care providers no longer see patients on an inpatient basis. This means that hospitalists assume care when they are admitted into the hospital but are unable to follow the patient for the remainder of treatment when they are discharged. When complications arise for these patients, they have limited ways of seeking help. There is fragmented care and lack of continuity. In the case of patients diagnosed with infection, questions about when hospitalists should consult specialists such as infectious disease physicians often occur. Mortality and morbidity for patients as well as hospital stays and readmission are decreased when an Infectious Disease physician is consulted early (CDC, 2013). Research is focused on the education of these two types of physicians, why some providers decide not to pursue a specialty, as well as success rates of patients treated by both. Fact ...
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENTFrom Cues to Nudge A Knolisandrai1k
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
From Cues to Nudge: A Knowledge-Based Framework
for Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections
Arash Shaban-Nejad1,2 & Hiroshi Mamiya2 & Alexandre Riazanov3 & Alan J. Forster4 &
Christopher J. O. Baker2,5 & Robyn Tamblyn2 & David L. Buckeridge2
Received: 3 June 2015 /Accepted: 30 September 2015 /Published online: 4 November 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract We propose an integrated semantic web framework
consisting of formal ontologies, web services, a reasoner and a
rule engine that together recommend appropriate level of
patient-care based on the defined semantic rules and guide-
lines. The classification of healthcare-associated infections
within the HAIKU (Hospital Acquired Infections – Knowl-
edge in Use) framework enables hospitals to consistently fol-
low the standards along with their routine clinical practice and
diagnosis coding to improve quality of care and patient safety.
The HAI ontology (HAIO) groups over thousands of codes
into a consistent hierarchy of concepts, along with relation-
ships and axioms to capture knowledge on hospital-associated
infections and complications with focus on the big four types,
surgical site infections (SSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract
infection (CAUTI); hospital-acquired pneumonia, and blood
stream infection. By employing statistical inferencing in our
study we use a set of heuristics to define the rule axioms to
improve the SSI case detection. We also demonstrate how the
occurrence of an SSI is identified using semantic e-triggers.
The e-triggers will be used to improve our risk assessment of
post-operative surgical site infections (SSIs) for patients un-
dergoing certain type of surgeries (e.g., coronary artery bypass
graft surgery (CABG)).
Keywords Ontologies . Knowledge modeling .
Healthcare-associated infections . Surveillance . Semantic
framework . Surgical site infections
Introduction
Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) affect millions of
patients around the world, killing hundreds of thousands
and imposing, directly or indirectly, a significant socio-
economic burden on healthcare systems [1]. According
to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) [2], hospital-
acquired infections in the U.S., where the point preva-
lence of HAIs among hospitalized patients is 4 %, result
in an estimated 1.7 million infections, which lead to as
many as 99,000 deaths and cost up to $45 billion annually
[3, 4]. Similar or higher rates of HAI occur in other coun-
tries as well with an estimated 10.5 % of patients in Ca-
nadian hospitals having an HAI [5]. Clinical assessment
and laboratory testing are generally used to detect and
confirm an infection, identify its origin, and determine
appropriate infection control methods to stop the infection
from spreading within a healthcare institution. Failure to
monitor, and detect HAI in timely manner can delay di-
agnosis, leading to complications (e.g., sepsis), and
allowing an epid ...
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENTFrom Cues to Nudge A Kno.docxdeanmtaylor1545
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
From Cues to Nudge: A Knowledge-Based Framework
for Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections
Arash Shaban-Nejad1,2 & Hiroshi Mamiya2 & Alexandre Riazanov3 & Alan J. Forster4 &
Christopher J. O. Baker2,5 & Robyn Tamblyn2 & David L. Buckeridge2
Received: 3 June 2015 /Accepted: 30 September 2015 /Published online: 4 November 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract We propose an integrated semantic web framework
consisting of formal ontologies, web services, a reasoner and a
rule engine that together recommend appropriate level of
patient-care based on the defined semantic rules and guide-
lines. The classification of healthcare-associated infections
within the HAIKU (Hospital Acquired Infections – Knowl-
edge in Use) framework enables hospitals to consistently fol-
low the standards along with their routine clinical practice and
diagnosis coding to improve quality of care and patient safety.
The HAI ontology (HAIO) groups over thousands of codes
into a consistent hierarchy of concepts, along with relation-
ships and axioms to capture knowledge on hospital-associated
infections and complications with focus on the big four types,
surgical site infections (SSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract
infection (CAUTI); hospital-acquired pneumonia, and blood
stream infection. By employing statistical inferencing in our
study we use a set of heuristics to define the rule axioms to
improve the SSI case detection. We also demonstrate how the
occurrence of an SSI is identified using semantic e-triggers.
The e-triggers will be used to improve our risk assessment of
post-operative surgical site infections (SSIs) for patients un-
dergoing certain type of surgeries (e.g., coronary artery bypass
graft surgery (CABG)).
Keywords Ontologies . Knowledge modeling .
Healthcare-associated infections . Surveillance . Semantic
framework . Surgical site infections
Introduction
Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) affect millions of
patients around the world, killing hundreds of thousands
and imposing, directly or indirectly, a significant socio-
economic burden on healthcare systems [1]. According
to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) [2], hospital-
acquired infections in the U.S., where the point preva-
lence of HAIs among hospitalized patients is 4 %, result
in an estimated 1.7 million infections, which lead to as
many as 99,000 deaths and cost up to $45 billion annually
[3, 4]. Similar or higher rates of HAI occur in other coun-
tries as well with an estimated 10.5 % of patients in Ca-
nadian hospitals having an HAI [5]. Clinical assessment
and laboratory testing are generally used to detect and
confirm an infection, identify its origin, and determine
appropriate infection control methods to stop the infection
from spreading within a healthcare institution. Failure to
monitor, and detect HAI in timely manner can delay di-
agnosis, leading to complications (e.g., sepsis), and
allowing an epid.
Similar to Evaluation of infection control at Butiru Chrisco Hospital in Manafwa District, Eastern Uganda.pdf (20)
Effect of Cultural Values on Character Formation: Implication for Education ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The influence of cultural norms and home values on an individual's personality and life adjustment can manifest in various ways. An individual's personality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological and experiential factors, with the latter being significantly influenced by cultural elements. One prominent avenue through which cultural values impact personality is in the cultural conditioning of child-rearing practices. When a child is born, it not only relies on the care and support of family members but also lacks the necessary behavioral knowledge required to function within a human society. It depends on innate biological instincts like hunger and the care provided by elders to fulfill these basic needs. To survive and thrive, a human infant must acquire the skills, knowledge, and societal norms specific to the culture into which it is born. Thus, cultural values are deliberately instilled in the members of a society. For a society to function effectively, these shared cultural values must be passed down through generations, primarily through child-rearing practices within homes. Nigeria, characterized by its diverse cultural backgrounds, value systems, and numerous ethnic groups, has distinct child-rearing practices that transmit these values and norms to successive generations. This paper examines the role of culture in shaping an individual's character and emphasizes that education, when coupled with values, is crucial. Education serves as a potent tool for fostering desirable character traits, and it must be refocused to continue producing individuals with strong moral values and responsible character.
Keywords: Character formation, Culture, Morals, Value, Impact
Accounts Payable Administration and Profitability of Quoted Manufacturing Com...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This study was carried out to examine accounts payable administration and profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria with reference to consumer goods sector. This was motivated by the desire to learn how proper administration of accounts payable enhances profitability in the wake of the widespread corporate failures in Nigeria and the rest of the world. Accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio were represented by accounts payable administration while return on assets was used as proxy for profitability. The study used purposive sampling technique to extract data from the annual reports of manufacturing companies quoted on the Nigerian Exchange Group Plc as of December 31st, 2022. Secondary data were gathered for the study. The study covered ten years’ time frame from 2013 to 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the data specifically through regression analysis. The outcome of the data analysis showed that accounts payable ratio has a negligible negative influence on return on assets; short-term debt ratio significantly influences the return on assets; the combined variables (accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio) significantly influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. This implies that, accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio influences the profit generated by manufacturing companies in Nigeria considering it aggregate effect. It was advised that, sound and pragmatic approach should be maintained in the administration of accounts payable in manufacturing companies in order to positively influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in the country. Administration of accounts payable should be carried out by financial expert in order to ensure that financial obligation is met to vendors of goods and services when it is due. In order to ensure minimal supply interruption and increase liquidity capacity, institutions should negotiate better terms of credit with their suppliers and extend the accounts payment period.
Keywords: Accounts Payable Administration, Profitability and Quoted Manufacturing Companies.
________________________________________
Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake amongst Girls Ag...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection. HPV vaccine since its first licensure in 2006 has proven to be safe, highly immunogenic, and induces strong direct and indirect protection against HPV and its sequelae. The study was designed to determine the socio-demographic, health care, and parental factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. The study was a cross-sectional study employing a simple random sampling method and a total of 364 girls were interviewed following the set criteria using questionnaire data. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Findings were presented as frequencies, percentages, odd ratios, and p-values using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. From the study, statistically significant sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.0000), schooling status (p=0.0000), level of education (p=0.007442), attitudes towards the HPV vaccine (p=0.005175), Receiving vaccine doses from different vaccination sites (p=0.0000), and Ethnicity (p=0.0000), healthcare factors such as outreaches in communities (p=0.0000), information received (p=0.0000), encouragement from health workers (p=0.0000), availability of vaccines (p=0.0000) and parental factors such as knowledge about HPV vaccine(p=0.001), parental hesitancy (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.0000), social economic status (p=0.001), attitudes towards HPV vaccine, (p=0.0000) and HPV vaccine awareness (p=0.0000) were found statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. From the study findings, the study variables such as sociodemographic, and health-related factors were found to be statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. Therefore, effort should be brought to all levels of intervention so that HPV uptake is taken into consideration if the need for good health among girls needs to be achieved.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus virus, sexually transmitted infection, Health care, HPV vaccine, Cancer.
Barriers to Women Leadership
1Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, 2Tom Mulegi, 3Asiati Mbabazi, and 4Eze Chidinma Esther
1Department of Publication and Extension Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Public Administration and Management Faculty of Business and Management Kampala International University Uganda.
3Faculty of Education Kampala International University Uganda.
4Department of Educational Foundation, Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Women have made significant strides over the past half a century in terms of advancements into the workforce. However, it is well-documented that women occupy top executive positions in politics and industry much less frequently than men. Bias and discrimination against professional females could take place when members of a society hold certain stereotypes that are in contrast with the actual characteristics of these women. These stereotypes can prevent females from achieving their goals as a result of the expected social roles they have to uphold. This paper critically examined social role theory and gender stereotypes to explain a deeper motive as to why women to some extent are being underrepresented in leadership positions. Moreover, these literature review provided a comprehensive overview of gender discrimination barriers to leadership.
Keywords: Women, Leadership, Society, Discrimination and Barriers.
Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Development in AfricaPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Development in Africa
1Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, 2Tom Mulegi, 3Asiati Mbabazi, and 4Eze Chidinma Esther
1Department of Publication and Extension Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Public Administration and Management Faculty of Business and Management Kampala International University Uganda.
3Faculty of Education Kampala International University Uganda.
4Department of Educational Foundation, Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Despite attempts by African governments to achieve Sustainable Development, there is a growing perception that Africa may fail in achieving the goals. This perception is fueled partly by the evidence that while the world is undergoing rapid change, which is driven prominently by technology and globalization, Africa remains unprotected and at risk of being exploited without due recognition of, and remuneration for, its resources. Additionally, there is the continued escalating trend in poverty and the diminishing strength of the environment to meet current and future needs of African countries. Given the fact that sustainable development appears to be contradicting in between the opposing imperatives of growth and development on one hand, and ecological sustainability on the other, the trend in sustainable development on the African continent has generated some skepticism about whether the goals are achievable in Africa. The lack of a logical literature that documents the challenges and prospects of Sustainable development in Africa underpins the uncertainty of achieving the goals in Africa. Hence, this paper assessed the challenges of sustainable development in Africa, and the way forward.
Keywords: SDG, Africa, Agriculture, Poverty, Economy, Development
________________________________________
Design and Implementation of an Improved Automatic DC Motor Speed
Control Systems Using Microcontroller
1Enerst Edozie,
2Eze Val Hyginus Udoka,
1Wantimba Janat
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Kampala international University, Uganda
2Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda
ABSTRACT
Energy wastage is one of the major challenges that is facing the world now as there is
insufficient supply of energy and the little ones supplied was not appropriately used. This
energy wastage has made many researchers to engage more on the research to stop this
energy waste as a result of inappropriate allocation of energy to some devices even when
they don’t need it. This research work was able to design and implement an improved
automated DC Motor speed controller system using microcontroller successfully. The
software used for this research work were Fritzing software and Arduino Nano. This project
was able to improve on the working system of the DC Motors and energy was automatically
and successfully saved. The system runs entirely on Bluetooth technology which consumes
less power than other devices. The Android application is user-friendly with enhanced
Wireless communication. This design was successfully developed and implemented with 80%
accuracy. The design was able to work effectively by increasing the cutting speed when the
softness of the material decreases and as the cutting tool material becomes stronger, the
cutting speed increases. This showed that the design is effectively and efficiently developed
with less energy/power consumption which is the earnest desire of an Engineer as it reduces
cost.
Keywords: Microcontroller, Improved Automatic DC Motor, Energy, Arduino, PWM
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HI...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HIV Patients in Bushenyi District, Uganda
Kakuru James
Faculty of Nursing Sciences Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Malaria remains the single main cause of ill health and death among HIV/AIDS patients in resource-poor countries worldwide. Malaria still remains a challenging infection affecting the lives of several HIV-infected persons in Uganda. Statistics from the Ministry of Health show that malaria is still the leading cause of death in Uganda, accounting for over 27% of deaths. Malaria prevalence in HIV-positive patients in Kyamuhunga Health Centre III is thought to be at 7.8% of the HIV-positive patients attending the clinic on a daily basis. This study therefore aimed at assessing the factors contributing to the high prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients attending the HIV Clinic at Kyamuhunga Health Centre III in Bushenyi District. The study covered a sample of eighty (80) respondents to gather primary data. A simple random sampling method was used to gather responses from patients. Questionnaires and an interview guide were used as data collection tools. Results indicated that the majority of the participants were female patients and malaria was dominant among HIV-positive patients aged 38-47 years. It was noted that the odds of having malaria also increased among patients with lower levels of education. It was also noted that more odds of having malaria were found among the majority of patients who were farmers and unemployed participants. Malaria infection was acquired with repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use insecticide treated mosquito nets. It is noted that HIV-positive patients with malaria greatly acquired unbalanced immunity with relatively low CD4+ cell count and unbalanced hemoglobin levels, greatly affected by body pain and weakness, fever, headache, and variety issues of vomiting. Paracetamol, use of treated mosquito nets, clinical examination, and patient follow-up was shown to provide a beneficial effect in preventing malaria infection among HIV-positive patients. In conclusion, malaria infection is acquired from repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use Treated mosquito nets which increased the susceptibility to new malaria infections among HIV-positive patients. The researcher, therefore, recommends that comprehensive health education, antiretroviral therapy, and malaria preventive materials such as insecticide-treated bed nets should be provided to reduce the prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients.
Keywords: Malaria, HIV patients, Treated mosquito nets, Antiretroviral therapy.
Evaluation of the level of Job Safety in some selected Organizations in Kampa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the level of Job Safety in some selected Organizations in Kampala, Uganda.
1Mary Tunde Nalubega, 2Tom Mulegi and 1Eleanor Kirahora Barongo
1Department of Development Peace and Conflict studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
2Department of Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This research evaluated the level of job safety in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda. The study objective was achieved through descriptive, Cross sectional and correlative survey designs. A study population of 484 was used, from which a sample population of 219 respondents was derived using Slovene’s Formula. Data was collected primarily using Self-Administered Questionnaires (SAQs) and structured Interviews. Findings revealed that the level of job safety in selected Public and Private Organizations in Kampala, Uganda was high with (mean = 2.97); implying that private and public organizations in Uganda have high levels of job safety in terms of electronic and fire safety, sanitation, tools and equipment and protection from hazardous materials. Comparatively, sanitation ranked highest among all elements of job safety, in terms of whether food is separated from hazardous materials with (mean = 3.46, std. dev =.720) interpreted as very• high. The last ranked item was about whether smoke detectors function properly with (mean = 2.44, std. dev = 1.062) interpreted as high. In conclusion, the level of job safety among Public and Private organizations in Kampala, Uganda was high. This means that private and public organizations in Uganda have high levels of job safety in terms of electronic and fire safety, sanitation, tools and equipment and protection from hazardous materials. This study recommends that different stakeholders including government and Non-governmental Organizations need to put in place mechanisms to ensure that employees are protected from work. The government should put in place laws aiming at protecting workers against health issues associated with work related Hazards.
Keywords: Job Safety, selected, public and private Organizations.
Assessment of the level of employee performances in some selected.pdfPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Assessment of the level of employee performances in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda.
1Tom Mulegi, 2Mary Tunde Nalubega, and 2Eleanor Kirahora Barongo
1Department of Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
2Department of Development Peace and Conflict studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This study assessed the level of employee performances in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda. The study objective was achieved through descriptive, cross sectional and correlative survey designs. A study population of 484 was earmarked, from which a sample population of 219 respondents were derived using Slovene’s Formula. Data was collected primary using self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) and structured interviews. An extensive review of literature contributed a significant amount of secondary data. Findings showed that the r-value indicated that 67.7% of employee performance is influenced by job safety, implying that the remaining 23.3% of change in employee productivity could be explained by other factors other than Job safety. The study recommended that the Different stakeholders including government and non-governmental organizations need to put in place mechanisms to ensure that employees are protected from work. The government should put in place laws aiming at protecting workers against health issues associated with work related Hazards.
Keywords: Employee, performances, and organizations
Bacterial Meningitis in Paediatrics A Review.pdfPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1, Sowdo Abdirizak Mohamed2, Ugwu Okechukwu Paul-Chima3, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu4 and Chukwunalu Igbudu Umoke5
1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Pediatrics, Kampala International University, Uganda.
3Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda.
4Department of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
5Department of Human Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Email:emmanuelobeagu@yahoo.com
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Meningitis is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by infection or inflammation of the central nervous system. It is classified as bacterial, viral, or aseptic. Delayed or untreated bacterial meningitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is important to accurately distinguish between bacterial and nonbacterial meningitis. Most physicians will perform a lumbar puncture and consider antibiotics for all infants and children with suspected meningitis. Having a clinical prediction rule to determine the need for lumbar puncture and which patients need antibiotics could reduce morbidity and the cost associated with unnecessary procedures and treatment. Several clinical prediction rules to determine the risk of bacterial meningitis have been proposed. One clinical prediction rule, derived and validated from cohorts seen in pediatric hospitals in the Netherlands, found that altered consciousness, meningeal irritation, cyanosis, petechiae, vomiting, duration of main symptom, and an elevated C-reactive protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate level were independent predictors of bacterial meningitis. Patients below a predefined threshold on a risk score incorporating these elements could be safely considered as not having bacterial meningitis.
Keywords: Bacteria, Meningitis, petechiae, C - reactive protein, pediatrics, ESR
Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kapchorwa Town Council, Kapchorwa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major problem in the upper areas of developing countries. In Uganda, the menace of urban waste has further been worsened by the increasing population. This study was done to assess the level of knowledge and practices about SWM within the Kapchorwa Town Council (KTC) Kapchorwa district in eastern Uganda. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and waste characteristics, collection, disposal, stakeholder roles, and waste management responsibilities were analyzed. Results indicate that waste is predominantly biodegradable (66%) and generated mainly within households, with no proper collection rate disposed of, crude dumping was the major means of disposal used (72.5%). The council is under capacity to handle waste management demands and their services are poor or nonexistent which has led to the use of crude dumping which has risk health. The strategy for solid waste management is failing because the community members are not cooperative. In conclusion, waste management practices in KTC are poor and they reflect a gap in knowledge about effective waste management within KTC, community members should be regularly educated on the link between improper solid waste management and disease outbreaks and the safe SWM practices such as reuse and recycling.
Keywords: Waste management, Kapchorwa district, urban waste, disease outbreaks
Administrative Support and Teachers’ Performances in Private Secondary School...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Self-medication particularly with analgesics and antibiotics have been reported by WHO as one of the major causes of antibiotic resistance. In country, like Uganda there is a wide range of drugs, coupled with inadequate health services have resulted to an increased number of drugs used as a self-medication compared to prescribed drugs. Assessment of knowledge and practice of self-medication is needed especially in rural settings. This was an anonymous, questionnaire-based, descriptive study. Questionnaires containing closed ended questions were administered to 288 second year undergraduate medical students. Data analysis was performed using STATA 14. Descriptive statistics were performed in terms of frequencies and percentages. Statistical significance was assessed at alpha of 0.05. The research results indicated that the mean age was (24) and the majority of the students who participated in the study were male (63%). The prevalence of self-medication in the study was found to be markedly high (83.4%). The most important reason for self-medication was that it is cheaper (91%) and the majority (92%) of the students reported that they self-medicated because of diarrhea/vomiting with antacids found to be the highly used class of drug (93%). Majority of the students got the information concerning the drugs through advertisements (98%) and (92%) of the students bought medicine from drug shops. In conclusion, most of the students feared having the side effects of the medications since they were self-prescribed without any experience.
Keywords: Knowledge, attitude, practice, self-medication, undergraduate medical students, Uganda
Occurrence and Factors Associated with HIV-Sero-Discordance in Couples at Iga...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
HIV sero-discordant refers to a situation where in a pair of long-term sexual partners, one is HIV positive and the other is HIV negative. There is an increased risk of HIV transmission to the HIV-negative partner in discordant couples which makes HIV serodiscordant a hindrance to HIV control and prevention strategies. Sero-discordance is one of the factors affecting the impact of HIV prevention strategies, therefore effective HIV prevention strategies must consider HIV discordance. Limited knowledge about the prevalence of HIV serodiscordant in the community hinders the formulation of appropriate strategies for effective control of HIV transmission. The study was aimed at determining the prevalence of HIV serodiscordant and its associated factors among couples attending Iganga General Hospital. The knowledge generated will guide the stakeholders in formulating HIV prevention and control strategies aimed at reducing HIV transmission. A cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out through the conduction of guided interviews using a questionnaire to random-systematically selected 250 couples attending IGH. Data was analyzed and presented in tables with percentages comparing different factors. The HIV seroprevalence was 6.8%. The prevalence of discordance was 4.8% among participant couples and 52.2% among the infected couples. HIV serodiscordant was associated with sexual practice (83.3%), circumcision status of the male partner in the couple (58.3%), condom use (58.3%), use of ARVs by the HIV-infected partner (25%), and experience of STIs among partners (25%). The prevalence of HIV serodiscordant among the participant couples was 4.8%, associated mainly with sexual practice, circumcision, and condom use.
Keywords: HIV transmission, Discordant couples, Sexual partners, Condom, Serodiscordant
Antibiotic resistance and Virulence Genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous bacterium that causes various hospital- acquired and community-acquired infections. It has been reported that the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa are difficult to treat because of their virulence factors and antibiotics resistances. The aim of present study was to screen the antibiotic resistance patterns and the prevalence of virulence factor genes in a set of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Ogbomoso, and to determine whether a correlation exists between the prevalence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa. A total of 100 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from various types of clinical specimens. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-bauer method. In addition, PCR assays were used for screening four virulence encoding genes (OPRL, LasB, PLCH and ToxA). The results showed that OPRL (79%) and LasB (62%) were the most frequent virulence genes in P. aeruginosa strains, followed by PLCH (41%) and ToxA (35%). The highest resistance was detected towards Piperacillin (42%) and Tetracycline (42%). Moderate rate of resistance (12-39%) were detected towards the other antibiotics. The virulent factors identified in this study provide valuable information regarding the prevalence of resistance genes of P. aeruginosa isolates in Ogbomoso, Nigeria and their potential impact on treatments that exploit the unique physiology of the pathogen. This will be useful for the health workers to improve infection control measures and to establish a surveillance system.
Keywords: antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Evaluation of factors that contributes to post-partum haemorrhage in Pregnant...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the world’s leading cause of maternal death and accounts for an estimated 127,000 deaths each year. Identification of some of the risk factors such as; previous postpartum haemorrhage, multiple pregnancies, macrosomia, induction of labour, operative vaginal deliveries and cesarean section would help in preventing PPH. The aim of this research was to assess the factors contributing to postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) among pregnant women who attend delivery services in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIU-TH). This study used a cross-sectional descriptive design where by a cross-section of respondents involving 68 respondents were sampled to represent the target population, in these case women who received maternity service from KIU-TH. Only quantitative methods of data collection using questionnaires with closed ended questions were employed for both mothers and health workers. During the study period, 58 women who delivered in the unit and 20 women developed postpartum haemorrhage giving the frequency of postpartum haemorrhage 34.6%. The majority of the women 30% were between 30-34 years of age. Among the women who developed PPH retained placental tissues was the most common cause 50% followed by uterine atony which was 30%. The rest of the causes of PPH were laceration 20%. Postpartum haemorrhage is still a leading but preventable cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in our country due to underutilization of health facilities, the major cause is retained placental tissues followed by uterine atony.
Keywords: post-partum haemorrhage, pregnant women, delivering, Uganda
Evaluation factors contributing to the treatment default by tuberculosis pati...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the biggest public health problem and now ranks alongside Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as the world’s leading infectious cause of death. Globally, patient compliance with anti-TB therapy estimated as low as 40% in developing countries, remains the principle cause of treatment failure. The aim of this study was to establish the factors contributing to treatment default by Tuberculosis patients at ART clinic in Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District. A cross-sectional and descriptive study which employed both qualitative and quantitative approach of data collection were used. The study was conducted in ART clinic at Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District and it took a period of four weeks. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Results showed that out of 38 study participants, majority 26 (68%) were of age 30 years and above. A large proportion 24 (63%) of the participants were unemployed compared to the least 14 (37%) who were employed. Majority 21 (55%) travel at a distance of 10km and above to get TB treatment. Out of 38 participants, majority 26 (68%) did not informed the family or friends when they were on TB treatment. Of 26 participants 16 (61.5%) had fear of being isolated and 2 (7.7%) were other reason of no support. A large proportion of participants rated the attitude of staff who attended to them at the health facility to be unfriendly with 21 (55%) while very few 6 (16%) were rude. The ministry should ensure availability of and access to resources for strengthening systems for delivery of quality tuberculosis treatment, prevention and control.
Keywords: treatment, default, tuberculosis, ART, Uganda
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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hospital surfaces and anywhere in the
hospital environment [21-26]. Such
pathogens include Clostridium difficile,
vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE),
and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus
aureus all of which are less sensitive to
most available antibiotics making hospital
acquired infection more difficult to
manage than community associated
infections [27-31]. Furthermore, these
infections are the common cause of
morbidity and leading cause of death in
patients admitted in hospital with
otherwise different medical conditions
[26-30]. In addition to increased morbidity
and mortality rate associated with
nosocomial infections, a significant loss of
resources in health sectors has been
realized as well [16]. Infection control is
critical in improving the quality of care
given to patients and as part of
management in health services [17] in that
it addresses factors related to spread of
infections within a healthcare setting,
whether patient to patient, from patient to
staff, and from staff to patient or even
among staff [1]Oosthuysen, et al. [18]
emphasized that infection control is a very
important policy due to increasing
prevalence of infectious diseases in
hospitals or other health care settings.
Also, infection control practice is an
essential though often under recognized
and under supported part of the
infrastructure of health care [1] and
because of the rapidly changing health
care environment makes it difficult to
protect patients and health care workers
from transmission of pathogens [19].
Harris and Samore [20] supported the view
that hospital acquired infections pose a
threat to hospital workers, patients and
community and represent a major cause of
morbidity and mortality in hospitalized
patients.
Steeds et al. [21] highlighted that hospitals
should ensure that elimination of health
care associated infections become a
priority of hospital quality and patient
safety program as nosocomial infection
outbreaks have been associated with the
healthcare staffs’ poor compliance with
and practice of standard precautions that
include hand washing, safe injection
practices and use of unsterilized surgical
tools.
Hand washing has been recognized as the
most important means of preventing the
transmission of infection, and great
emphasis has been placed on ways to
improve hand hygiene compliance by
health workers [22]. Other protective
measures such as masks, gloves,
vaccination and proper waste management
are useful in ensuring that the healthcare
personals do not get exposed
unnecessarily to occupational related
infections or pass them onto patients [9].
Hospitals generate both medical and
general wastes and waste generation
depends on numerous factors such as,
established waste management methods,
hospital specialization and proportion of
patients treated on a day care basis [1].
Hospital workers including support staff
that is to say those cleaning and working
in laundry section are at risk of exposure
to potential life-threatening infectious
agents. For example, in US, more than
800,000 needle stick injuries occur each
year despite continuing education and
vigorous efforts aimed at preventing such
accidents [1].
The rate of such infections ranges from as
low as 1% in some countries in Europe and
North America to 40% or more in many
regions of developing world [16]. Most of
these infections are preventable with
readily available and inexpensive
strategies like adhering to the
recommended practice especially hand
hygiene and wearing of gloves.
Also, several studies have showed that the
incidence of infections in pediatric and
maternity specialty is on a rise despite the
available resources and competent staff
working in these respective sections of a
hospital setting or any other health unit
that renders these ventures. In developing
countries, babies born in hospitals are at a
greater risk of neonatal infection arising
from poor intrapartum and postnatal
infection control practices [16]. It’s
estimated that up to 50% of the hospital
acquired infections are associated with
only five patients care practices which are,
compliance with hand hygiene and
standard precautions of infection control,
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use and care of urinary catheters, vascular
access lines, therapy and support of
pulmonary function and experienced with
surgical procedures [16]. Infection control
and prevention is monitored by health care
committee members who see to it that
infection prevention and control
guidelines are followed properly.
METHODOLOGY
Study design
A descriptive cross-sectional study was
used to assess infection control in Butiru
Chrisco hospital.
Study area
The study research was carried out in
Butiru Chrisco hospital in Manafwa
district, eastern Uganda.
Study population
The study was carried out among Butiru
Chrisco hospital staff including the
healthcare givers as well as the support
staff irrespective of their levels of
education or special training.
Inclusion criteria
Only the staff members who were present
at the time the research was carried out
were included in this study.
Exclusion criteria
Respondents who were away at the time
the research was carried out were
exempted from the study. Non-residents in
the hospital were not included in the
study.
Staff members who were having work
leaves were not included in the study.
Sampling method
A research questionnaire with both
structured questions distributed randomly
among 10 staff members in the hospital
irrespective whether they were part of the
medical team or the hospital support staff.
Sample size determination
The number of participants was
determined using the Fischer’s formula.
The formula n=Z2
pq /d2
Where,
n= required sample size,
Z= value corresponding to 95% confidence
interval for a standard normal distribution
of 1.96,
P= proportion of target population
assumed to have similar characteristic,
which was estimated to be 90 % (0.9),
q= 1-p which is 0.1,
d= maximum accepted error = 0.05,
Substituting the values, n= (1.96)2
x 0.9 x
0.1 / (0.05)2
=138 respondents.
But due to financial constraints and
limited time resource, a sample size of 100
respondents was used.
Data collection
Data collection method
A questionnaire with structured questions
addressing the research objectives was
issued to the respondents who met the
qualification and had consented. All
respondent were given ample time to fill
the questions completely. Assistance was
given to respondents who found difficulty
in interpretation of scientific
terminologies.
Data quality control
The researcher ensured that only
participants who meet the inclusion
criteria were allowed to fill the
questionnaire and made sure all
consented. Assistance was sought from
the researcher’s supervisor at every stage
of development of this study where
necessary. The researcher pretested the
questionnaire before it was used in the
study, and also, the researcher offered
assistance to the participants where it
needed.
Data analysis method
Data was analyzed manually using
scientific calculator in predesigned tables,
relevant frequencies were attained by tally
method and then the figures manipulated
to derive percentages and other
derivations relevant in this study
interpretation of the raw data. Microsoft
excel was used to compute the obtained
data.
Data presentation methods
The data was presented in form of graphs,
charts, percentiles, tables depending on
the data that the researcher analyzed.
Ethical consideration
Research proposal was submitted to
Kampala International University Ethics
and research committee and it was
approved.
The permission was sought from Kampala
International University ethic and research
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office that introduced the researcher to
Butiru Chrisco hospital administration.
Participants were informed of their
freedom to withdraw from the study
without any penalty.
Participants were given enough
information on which they based their
decision to participate in the study.
Participants were assured of their
confidentiality by not using their name for
the study.
No promise of reward for the participant
either in cash or kind.
RESULTS
Findings on the demographic profile of the participants
Table 1 Personal data of the respondents
PERSONAL DATA FREQUENCY(F) PERCENTAGE (%)
AGE OF RESPONDENTS
18-25 46 46.0
26-35 38 38.0
36-45 16 16.0
Total 100 100.0
GENDER DISTRIBUTION
Male 40 40.0
Female
Total
60
100
60.0
100.0
YEARS OF EMPLOYMENT
0-4 78 78.0
5-9 14 14.0
10-14
15 and over
Total
-
8
100
-
8.0
100.0
EDUCATION STANDARDS
Nurse 72 72.0
Clinical officer
Doctor
Others
Total
6
-
22
100
6.0
-
22.0
100.0
Table 1 show that the majority 46 (46 %) of
the respondents were of age between 18-
25 years and females made 60 (60% ) and
the rest 40 (40%) were males, most of these
78 (78%) had worked at the hospital for 0-
4 years, 14 (14%) had worked for 5-9 years,
none of the respondents had worked for
10-14 years and the rest 8 ( 08% ) of the
respondents had 15 years and above of
service at Butiru Chrisco hospital. Most of
the respondents who participated in the
study 72 (72%) were nurses, 6 (06%) were
clinical officers, none of the doctors
participated in the study and the rest 22
(22%) were in the category of others.
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Findings on risks associated with infection control.
Figure 1 showing how infections are spread in the hospital setting.
Outlines that most 50 (50%) of the
respondents established that airborne
mode is the most commonest way
infections spread, 38 (38%) established
that infected body fluids, 05 (05%) also
established that contact with the infected
patients is the most common mode and the
rest 07 (07%) established that there are
others modes of infection spread other
than the ones mention above.
Figure 2 Showing individual groups of patients that easily acquire infection.
Figure 2 Shows that from this study,
majority of the respondents 47 (47%)
established that the very young children
are more susceptible group of patients to
hospital acquired infections, followed by
the very old (elderly) 40 (40%) and the
50
38
5 7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
air borne infected blood contact with paients others
no.
of
respondents
modes of infection spread
figure 1 How infection is spread n=100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
very young
the very old(elderly)
young adults
very young the very old(elderly) young adults
Series 1 47 40 13
figure 2 patient categories
n=100
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young adults 13 (13%) are the least
susceptible group of patients to hospital
acquired infection.
Table 2 shows effect of overcrowding on infection spread
Response
Statement Positive (%) Negative
(%)
Total
(%)
Effect of overcrowding on infection spread. 98.0 02.0 100.0
Table 2 Shows that 98(98%) established that overcrowding facilitates infection spread and
only 02(02%) were not aware.
Table 3. The common effects of hospital acquired infections on a patient.
Effect of hospital acquired infections to patients frequency Percentage (%)
Prolonged hospital stay 29 29.0
Increased hospital charges 23 23.0
Increased antibiotics use 30 30.0
Compromise patient’s health 18 18.0
Total 100 100.0
Table 3 Outlines that the most common
disadvantage of hospital acquired
infections to the patient 30(30%) is
increased antibiotic use, followed by
prolonged hospital stay 29(29%), then
increased hospital charges 23(23%) and
lastly association with compromised
patient health18(18%).
Table 4. Assessment of infection control measures and how they are utilized.
Subject frequency Percentage
(%)
Frequency of emptying the bins.
Daily 46 46.0
Weekly 06 06.0
Whenever full 48 48.0
Total 100 100.0
Use of apron.
When cleaning 26 26.0
Others 74 74.0
Total 100 100.0
Do you wear a mask every time you work?
No 100 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Does hand washing with soup reduce infections?
Yes 100 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Do gloves protect healthcare givers from needle
pricks?
No 100 100.0
Total 100 100.0
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Findings on infection control measures
and how staffs are utilizing them.
Table 4. Shows that majority 48 (48%)
emptied bins when full, 46% emptied the
bins on daily basis, and only 6 (06%)
emptied bins on weekly basis, most of the
respondents74 (74%) used apron for other
reasons, 26 (26%) used aprons when
cleaning and none of the respondents wore
the apron every time or when handling
body fluids. None of the respondents
acknowledged wearing of a mask every
time they worked, all 100 (100%)
supported the view that hand washing with
soap reduces infections and also knew that
gloves do not protect from needle pricks.
Table 5. Assessment of practice infection control and compliance to standard
precautions.
Subject frequency Percentage (%)
Do you have a role in infection control?
Yes 100 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Do you think lining the bins after they have been
emptied is your responsibility?
Yes 94 94.0
No 06 06.0
Total 100 100.0
Hand washing is necessary every time one touches a
patient.
Agree 86 86.0
Disagree 14 14.0
Total 100 100.0
Findings on practice of infection control
following standard precautions of
infection control.
Table 5. Shows that all, 100 (100%) of the
respondents declared they had a role in
infection control, of these 92 (92%) had a
good attitude of extending infection
control to their homes, 86(86%) agreed that
hand washing is necessary every time one
touched a patient. And 94(94%) showed
that it’s important to line the bins after
they have been emptied.
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Figure 3. Reasons why the respondents practiced infection control.
Figure 3. Highlights that majority of the
respondents 80(80%) practiced infection
control to decrease risks of transmission
of disease to patients, it was also
established that 14(14%) practiced
infection control to avoid disciplinary
action against them, 06(06%) of the
respondents had other reasons and none
of the respondents was driven by an award
for his/her performance in infection
control.
Table 6. Response to statements on infection control tasks.
Response
Statement on infection control tasks. Positive (%) Negative
(%)
Total
(%)
Feeling about role in infection control. 95.0 05.0 100.0
Feeling about wearing of a mask. 82.0 18.0 100.0
Suggestions about segregation of wastes. 87.0 13.0 100.0
Table 6. Outlines that almost all over 80%
of the responses pertaining infection
control tasks were positive. That is, the
majority 95%, 82%, and 87% giving positive
responses for preventing infection spread.
Table 7. Suggestions of staff regarding infection control.
Suggestions Frequency Percentage (%)
Provision of more protective clothing and cleaning
materials.
64 64.0
Provision of training and close supervision of staff
members in infection control and related disciplines.
36 36.0
Total 100 100.0
Table 7. Shows that when the respondents
were asked to make suggestions on
infection control, 64 (64%) suggested that
there should be provision of adequate
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
To avoid desciplinary
action
To decrease patients'
risks
To be given reward for
performance
Others
Number
of
respondents
Reasons for practicing infection control.
Series 1
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supply in terms of protective clothings and
more cleaning material, while the rest
36(36%) suggested that training and close
supervision of staff members in the area of
infection control would make infection
control practice a success.
DISCUSSION
The study results show that half 50(50%) of
the respondents chose airborne infections
as the most frequently experienced
illnesses acquired by hospitalized patients
possibly due to the fact that these diseases
are very contagious and if combined with
other factors such as overcrowding,
efficiency of their spread is enhanced. For
instance considering a patient with an
active infectious respiratory disease like
tuberculosis placed on the same ward with
other patients due to lack of enough
facilities, the pathogenic organisms are
spread into the air once he/she coughs or
sneezes and these organisms are easily
accessible by everyone sharing the room
with the patient hence increasing the
likelihood of acquiring the disease by
individuals. In a similar study by Duse [15]
it was documented that among all patients
that need hospitalization in developing
countries, 25% or more develops a
nosocomial infection irrespective of age
and route of infection transfer. However
other potentially dangerous and equally
effective modes of infection spread
include infected body fluids, contact with
infected persons, needle stick injuries,
nursing procedures such as
catheterization and support ventilation
equipment and they should not be under
looked.
Majority 47(47%) revealed that the very
young children are the most prone
category of hospitalized patients to
infections probably because the individual
category has a weak immunity and are
unable to withstand even minor infections.
More than 90% knew that overcrowding
eases the spread of infections on hospital
wards, and this could be because
overcrowding reduces patients.
More than half of the respondents 74(74%)
used apron only when potential of getting
infected is anticipated, that is when
visiting theatre, attending to a mother
giving birth in delivery room and other
procedures that may involve getting into
contact with the patient’s body fluids that
may be infectious rather than wearing an
apron all the time.
When an apron is worn all the time it may
turn out a potential source of infection
since a health worker may rotate in various
units of the hospital a day hence causing
infection to the patients he or she sees
after visiting isolation rooms. Many
studies have documented the potential of
disease transmission through protective
clothings of health workers.
All respondents 100(100%) knew how to
use the masks correctly and in clinically
reasonable situations such as attending to
a tuberculosis patient with active disease
or a sick health personnel with a
respiratory illness may put on a mask to
protect his or her patient from contracting
the illness. A similar study by Mmalahla [1]
among general assistants showed that 35%
of them knew the correct use of masks.
The deviation from these results could be
inclined to the fact that the respondents in
this study were interviewed by the
researcher himself and the interaction was
face to face this could have influenced the
results since the asking of questions and
interpretation of answers was consistent
since it was the same interviewer.
All respondents 100(100%) agreed that
gloves do not protect health workers from
needle stick injuries. This study found
similar results as did Dodds et al. [23] that
wearing gloves alone does not protect one
from injury with sharp instruments like
needles. Dodds et al. [23] reported that the
rate of occurrence of glove puncture
during usual surgical procedures was
11.5% to 53%.
Majority of respondents emptied bins
whenever they got full and one of the
reasons for this practice was to avoid
spillage or scattering of the wastes as most
hospital wastes are potentially infectious.
There are publications about waste
management but a document that was
specifically about frequency of empting
bins in a hospital setting was not accessed.
From the results, it is noted that all
100(100%) respondents knew they have a
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role in infection control. A similar study by
Mmalahla [1] in South Africa revealed that
84% reported to have a role in infection
control. This shows that in any healthcare
setting, the majority of the staff are aware
that they have a role to play as pertains
infection control.
More than three quarters of respondents
80(80%) in this study practiced infection
control to reduce patients’ chances of
acquiring disease as many knew that this
is one of the ways of providing quality
healthcare without patients’ worry about
their safety in the hospital. In a similar
study by Okhiai et al. [24] among 30
theatre personals in Irrua, specialist
teaching hospital it was also revealed that
80% agreed that infection control applies
to all patients regardless of presumed
health status.
Above three thirds of respondents 90(90%)
agreed that they are responsible for lining
the bins after they have been emptied, this
should be that it makes the hospital
environment tidy and reduces chances of
disease spread due to scattering of wastes
after spilling or falling off the full bins. In
a similar study conducted by Okhiai et al.
[24], it was found that 90% knew proper
handling of wastes through observation of
standard precautions and guidelines.
Majority 86(86%) agreed that hand washing
is necessary every time the health worker
touches a patient and before touching the
next patient. In a similar study by Dhyana
et al. [25] about hand washing also inferred
that majority 94.7% of the staff strongly
agreed that they follow hand washing
before and after treating patients This
could be one of the reasons why the rest of
the respondents 14(14%) did not agree.
80(80%) gave positive response to
infection control tasks. In a similar study
by Okhiai et al. [24] revealed that 83.3% of
the respondents had positive attitudes
towards standard precautions of infection
control.
More than half 64(64%) of respondents
recommended provision of adequate
supplies in terms of protective clothings
and more cleaning materials. In a similar
study conducted by [26-27] revealed that
lack of self-protection and inability to
access necessary equipment or facility are
one of the factors that negatively influence
compliance.
CONCLUSION
Based on the findings, the following
conclusions were made; All the
respondents 100 (100%) knew that they
have a role in infection control; however,
there is lag in practice and compliance to
standard precautions of infection control
leading to poor infection control. Although
hand-washing campaign has been on going
from years back, the practice is less
observed in clinical practice and has
become one of the major pit falls health
workers make and it contributed to a
spread of many diseases.
Due to limited supplies, and inadequate
knowledge about most medical
instruments like cleaning and sterilization
machines, infection spread is still ongoing
in hospitals or any other health facility
without these measures. There is need for
education on importance of hospital waste
management. Overcrowding on patient
wards is the leading cause of transmission
of airborne infections due to closeness of
the patients and attendants. The very old
and the very young hospitalized
individuals are more likely to develop
illness in hospitals due to low or reduced
immunity at extremes of age as compared
to the adult youths.
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