analogical Process by MAD.Antonette
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Analogical reasoning is a problem solving process that involves accessing similar past experiences or information stored in memory and mapping elements of a current novel problem to elements of an analogous stored experience. The document then provides examples of analogical reasoning in problem solving, such as using maps, models or pictures to symbolically represent a problem. It also discusses learning as a process of creating knowledge through transforming experiences, and provides examples of how collecting experiences can help one learn, like a plant collecting sunlight, water and nutrients.
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THE COGNITIVE PROCESS
Cognition is important in human learning. Many of the task as well as our activities and responsibilities in personal and professional life require our cognitive abilities.
Cognition involves various intellectual processes (such as perception, memory thinking and language) through which information is obtained, transformed, stored retrieved and used.
Cognition is a way of processing information, an active process, and a useful process.
THE COMPLEX PROCESS OF COGNITION
COGNITIVE PROCESS OF EXPERTS AND EXPERTS SYSTEM
Special Knowledge-
Domain Specificity-
Analogical Reasoning-
Expert System-
Creative-
5 BASIC UNITS OF COGNITION
1. Concepts –building blocks of cognition, it is general labels that we attach to categories of things and information that share common characteristics.
2. Propositions- composed of related concepts.
3. Schemata - general knowledge structures used for understanding.
4. Production – basic unit of procedural knowledge.
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5. Scripts- specific knowledge structures that contain the sequence of events that usually occur in certain situations.
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-mental plans that we apply to manage our thinking and behavior during problem solving or learning.
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Elaboration . As much as possible we avoid the used of memorization of basic facts . instead we should require students to use those facts in meaningful context.
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Important to consider in concept learning
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This document discusses heuristics for problem solving. It describes George Polya's model for problem solving, which includes four steps: 1) understanding the problem, 2) devising a plan, 3) carrying out the plan, and 4) looking back. It also discusses Krulik and Rudnick's model, which includes reading the problem, exploring, selecting a strategy, solving, and looking back. Examples of routine and non-routine problems are provided. Heuristics are described as rules of thumb or educated guesses that can help guide problem solving.
Thinking
Thinking involves mental processes such as forming concepts, problem solving, reasoning, and decision making. There are different types of thinking such as autistic thinking and realistic thinking. Cognitive psychology studies mental processes like thinking, perceiving, remembering, and learning. Computer programming draws on skills also used in writing like creativity, logic, and sequencing, and can benefit from understanding cognitive psychology which studies how people think. Problem solving is considered one of the most complex intellectual functions and involves identifying problems, exploring solutions, choosing an action, and evaluating outcomes. Reasoning allows transforming information to reach conclusions through deductive or inductive logic.
Ap think lang ss
This document discusses language development and structure. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to describe language structure and its flaws, identify stages of language development, and distinguish between Chomsky and Skinner's views of language development. It then defines key parts of language structure, such as phonemes, morphemes, grammar, and discusses Chomsky's views on surface structure and deep structure. The document also outlines flaws in language semantics, syntax, and developmental stages of language learning in children. It concludes by contrasting Chomsky and Skinner's theories of language development.
Esemen Matematik Penyelesaian Masalah
The document is a student's short coursework on problem solving in mathematics. It includes:
- Discussions of routine and non-routine problems, and Polya's 4-stage model for problem solving.
- Two sample math word problems that the student solves by applying Polya's model: drawing diagrams to understand and devise a plan for the first, and working backwards for the second.
- A reflection on strategies used, including checking answers through tables and reverse operations.
The student gains experience applying problem-solving approaches to self-created math questions.
Problem solving in Psychology perspect
This document provides an overview of problem solving and creative thinking. It discusses key concepts like thinking, problem solving strategies, obstacles to problem solving like mental set, and the stages of creative thinking. It contrasts the approaches of novice and expert problem solvers. The document contains examples and figures to illustrate concepts like functional fixedness, the problem cycle, and means-ends analysis. It aims to explain problem solving and creativity as important cognitive processes.
Concept of modern research methods ethics logic for Problem solution optimiza...
Concept of modern research methods ethics logic for Problem solution optimiza...Mohammad masum Anwar
Research can be defined as the
investigation of any problem and its solution finding
using continuous assessment of any situation by some
research instrument for running any system
consistently with the spatial and temporal
transformation. Our research will be done to find
optimum solution using logic and ethics and modern
social dynamic frame work where logic will be defined
as the reasoning or argument that can protect our
field of thought from errors and also our work more
correct , and ethics will be general study of morals
honesty , humanity and optimum solution will be that
solution that involved maximum number of dynamics
related to the research problem and solution.
Concept of personality and the equivalent tone scale
according to human behavior
4.Thinking (1).pptx
Thinking is the process of consciously generating and manipulating ideas in the mind. It allows humans to solve problems, learn new information, understand concepts, and process experiences. There are several theories of thinking including behaviorist, cognitive, and humanist theories. Thinking can take different forms such as perceptual, conceptual, logical, critical, creative, and innovative thinking. Problem solving follows defined steps and is a tool, skill, and process for achieving goals or solving problems.
Cognitive process
This document discusses cognitive processes and their application. It defines cognition and describes the main cognitive processes as sensation, attention, perception, learning, memory, thinking, decision making, and problem solving. It explains each process in 2-3 sentences and provides examples. The document also discusses how cognitive processes are applied in education, noting that people control their own learning, memory is selective, and attention is essential for learning. It lists several references used in the document.
Presentacion comenius
The document discusses a school project in Ceuta, Spain focused on educating students about environmental issues and sustainable development. It outlines activities planned for different grade levels to raise awareness on topics like climate change, recycling, and gardening. It also describes how the school is using system thinking tools and techniques to analyze issues like lack of selective waste collection in the city and to develop solutions.
Cognition and problem_solving
1. Cognition involves obtaining, transforming, storing, retrieving and using information. It processes information actively and purposefully.
2. There are several theories of intelligence including Spearman's theory of general intelligence, Horn and Cattell's two-factor theory, Sternberg's triarchic theory, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, and Goleman's theory of emotional intelligence.
3. Problem solving involves identifying the problem, understanding its elements, and generating and evaluating solutions. Common barriers to problem solving are functional fixedness and only applying past methods.
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As there are many categories of instructional strategies, this e-book focuses on indirect instruction. Indirect instruction is mainly student- centred and emphasizes on allowing students to get involved throughout a lesson by observing thus seeking their own meaning of the lesson.
In this e-book, the methods of indirect instruction that can be used in class will be discussed and explored.
Creativity Process
The document discusses creativity and the creative process. It defines creativity as the generation of novel and useful ideas to solve problems. It notes that quality ideas come from generating large quantities of ideas and that creativity is a methodical process, not magic. The creative process can involve fear and doubt but the best creatives have ways to cope. Studies show beginning students focus on finished ads while advanced students redefine problems and consider more ideas. Models of the creative process include preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification. Mind maps and operational thinking strategies can aid creativity. Factors like preparation, incubation, and illumination are necessary for creativity. The document also discusses AI art and generative models like DALL-E 2 and Midjourney.
Cognative psycholog6
This document discusses different types of thinking including autistic thinking and realistic thinking. Autistic thinking involves daydreaming, free association, and word association and is not connected to reality. Realistic thinking is controlled, constructive, factual, and based on reasoning. The document also discusses problem solving, creative thinking, reasoning, heuristics, algorithms, syllogisms, and means-end analysis as cognitive processes. Key types of reasoning explored are inductive reasoning, which goes from observations to conclusions, and deductive reasoning, which uses general rules to derive specific conclusions.
MMW.PPt.Cahpter1.Lesson-3.pptxb.........
This document discusses how mathematics can be applied to solve problems in various fields. It provides examples of how statistics, graph theory, and other areas of mathematics are used by investigators to solve crimes. Other fields that apply mathematics include forensic science, medicine, computer science, cryptography, archaeology, and social/political sciences. The document also discusses how mathematics can help organizations analyze data to make informed decisions, and how mathematical models can be used to make predictions about events and phenomena by identifying patterns. Specific examples discussed include using customer data to improve sales, plotting bird migration routes to aid conservation, and analyzing social media posts to understand public sentiment.
Basic psychological processes thinking and problem solving
Thinking is a complex mental process that involves manipulating information collected through our senses and stored in memory. It helps form new representations through activities like reasoning, problem solving, and creative thinking. Problem solving involves directed thinking to deal with a specific problem, using methods like means-end analysis or heuristics. It can be hindered by mental set, a tendency to approach new problems with old strategies. Creativity is a type of novel and original thinking that leads to new inventions and ideas, and involves stages like preparation, incubation, illumination, evaluation, and revision.
Guershon HAREL
This document discusses DNR (Duality, Necessity, Repeated Reasoning)-based instruction in mathematics. It outlines DNR premises related to mathematics, learning, teaching, and ontology. It then describes a classroom lesson where the teacher targets ways of thinking like algebraic representation and problem-solving approaches. Students are presented with a problem and their initial solution is discussed. Through further engagement facilitated by the teacher based on DNR principles, the students refine their understanding and ways of thinking.
Learning theories
Learning Theory of Key Theorist
Description of Learning Settings
Impact of selected mode of delivery
Ace Maths: Solutions Unit Two - Developing Understanding in Mathematics (pdf)
The solutions unit consists of the following:
General points for discussion relating to the teaching of the mathematical content in the activities.
Step-by-step mathematical solutions to the activities.
Annotations to the solutions to assist teachers in their understanding the maths as well as teaching issues relating to the mathematical content represented in the activities.
Suggestions of links to alternative activities for the teaching of the mathematical content represented in the activities
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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analogical Process by MAD.Antonette
- 2. Reasoning falls under the big umbrella of problem solving.
- 3. Reasoning The process of logical thinking or problem solving. Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Syllogism reasoning Problem solving Is a process used in discovering the correct and ideal solution to the problem.
- 5. Judy and her dog run on the beach every morning.
- 6. They run 8 kilometers daily. If they have been running for 35 days now, how many kilometers have they already ran?
- 7. How do we solve the problem? 1. What is asked? The total distance in kilometer ran by Judy and her dog.
- 8. How do we solve the problem? 2. What are given? 8 kilometers daily, 35 days
- 9. How do we solve the problem? 3. What is the operation to be used? Multiplication
- 10. How do we solve the problem? Perform the operation and write the complete answer. 35 x 8 4 028 Kms. –the total distance ran by Judy and her dog in 35 days
- 11. Is a referent or equivalent cognitive information in the brain that can easily be accessed or mapped when needed.
- 12. It refers to our ability to detect important similarities between two things.
- 13. Is a kind of thinking in which we identify similarities between current information and some information acquired in the past.
- 14. 1. Access Involves retrieval of a familiar analogue or other information from long term memory when presented with a novel problem.
- 15. 2. Mapping It involves discovering which elements of the novel problem correspond to elements in the stored analogue.
- 16. Is a pervasive and powerful process of solving problem in which we use different tools available in the environment.
- 17. LEARNING Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience.
- 18. Learning is like making this…Learning is like making this…
- 19. …into this.
- 21. …through the transformation of experience. Collecting sun rays Absorbing water Absorbing nutrients
- 22. 1. Symbolic Reasoning 2. Self-created tools 3. Measuring tools
- 23. 1. Symbolic Representation Are widely useful in solving problems. Example: maps models pictures
- 24. 2. Self-created tools Are novel symbolic tools used for solving problem.
- 25. 3. Measuring tools Are very common in our Subjects in school. Example: protractor ruler thermometer
- 26. More analogies = More learning More light bulbs go on!
- 27. Prepared by: Ma. Antonette P. de Castro