Geography is the study of the Earth, including both physical features like landforms, climate, and water bodies, as well as human features like population distribution, cultural groups, economic activities, and transportation networks. It combines aspects of both the physical and social sciences. The field can be divided into physical geography, which examines the natural environment, and human geography, which focuses on human habitats and activities. Key developments in the discipline include the early Greeks who began systematic study, German and French geographers in the 18th-19th centuries who advocated for regional and scientific approaches, and modern subfields that examine topics like geomorphology, climatology, biogeography, and urbanization.

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INTRODUCTORY MODULE FOR GEOGRAPHY
(PLACES AND LANDSCAPE IN THE CHANGING WORLD)
GEOGRAPHY
Geography is an ancient and honorable field of learning with its roots firmly set in classical
antiquity.
The word GEOGRAPHY comes from two Greek words
a. “GEO”- which means “EARTH” and;
b. “GRAPHE”- which means “to write” or “to draw”
Geography literally means “Earth description”------ A science of space and place.
A discipline which deals with both (1) Physical and (2) Social Science aspect
Geography is concerned with the study of the earth’s surface including people’s responses to
topography and climate as well as soil and vegetation and the distribution and interaction of different
phenomena on Earth.
The first unique concept or approach In the study of geography is to study the aerial distribution
of phenomena such as:
People
Climates
Farms
Roads
Shopping centers and;
Schools
These phenomena can be described generally, or be precisely located, counted or measured
Placed on a map, or in a computer database.
The second unique aspect is spatial interaction or the relationship of phenomena below in a
given place.
Physical and Human Geography
Geography is neither a physical science nor a social science; rather, it combines characteristics
of both and can be conceptualize as bridging gap between two.
As a field of learning, it subdivides or branches into two broad and separate subfields:
A. PHYSICAL OR NATURAL GEOGRAPHY
B. CULTUTAL OR HUMAN GEOGRAPY

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ELEMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY
Physical or natural elements Cultural or human elements
A. Weather and Climate A. Man
B. Landforms 1. Population
1. Continents and Islands 2. Cultural Groups
2. Highlands 3. Cultural Institutions
3. Lowlands B. Works of man
C. Water forms 1. Settlements
1. Oceans and Seas 2. Economics or ways of life
2. Waters of the land 3. Routes of transportation
D. Plants and animals 4. Communication
E. Natural resources
Historical Development of Geography
PEOPLE engage in the study of geography because it satisfies their natural curiosity about
foreign places and different ways of life. Geography helps people with their experience with natural
elements. It also assist them in finding direction.
The ancient Greeks made the first step in Geography
Herodotos
Was not only the “Father of History” but also geography because he always placed historic
events in their geographic setting. He observed the rich black soil of the Delta of the Nile and explained
it as the river deposition. He explained the relationship of the physical environment to the activities of
man. This is the very essence of geography.
Eratosthenes
He was the first person to use the word "geography" and invented the discipline of geography as
we understand it. He invented a system of latitude and longitude.
Other Greeks who studied Geography
A. Hipparchus – concept of Meridians
B. Thales of Miletus-
C. Anaximander- world is a shape like cylinder

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D. Aristotle- Earth was sphere
E. Strabo
F. Ptolemy
Middle Age Geography
Muslim writers such as EDRID (1099-1154) , IBN-BATUTA (1304- 1378), and IBN-KHALDUN (1332-1406)
collected accurate information about the location of coastlines, and mountain ranges in areas
conquered by Muslims.
Phei Hsiu, known as the father of Chinese cartography, produced an elaborate map of China in A.D 267.
7th and 18th Age Geography
1.Bernhard Varenius
Wrote “GEOGRAPHICA GENERALIS”. His book served as the standard treatise on systematic
geography for more than a century.
2. Immanuel Kant
Was a German philosopher who provided the philosophical underpinnings of geography.
He justified its place among sciences
3. Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter
They believe that geography should use scientific methods to explain the reasons for the
presence or absence of certain phenomena. This started the “where” and “why” approach in geography.
4. Friedrich Ratzel and Ellen Churchill
Believed that geography was the study of the influences of the natural environment on people.
Ratzel was widely recognized as the father of Human Geography.
5. Ellsworth Huntington
An early American Geographer, argued that climate was a major determinant of
civilization
6. Paul Vidal de la Blache and Jean Brunhes
They developed what is known as the regional geography approach, sometimes called
the “cultural language”
7. Carl Saver and Robert Platt
they adopted the regional geography approach developed by Blache and Brunhes.

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Elements of Geography
An analysis of the human habitat indicates that its nature results from the interaction of two
groups of elements, the physical or natural and the cultural or human.
Branches of Geography
Geographers organize their study of the Earth in several ways. They may divide the field into
REGIONAL and TOPICAL geography. They may also classify the branches of geography according to
whether they deal with the physical or with human activity
REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY- deals with all or many of the geographic elements of a place or region. Within
the region, it investigates and analyzes the distribution and association of elements which give the
region its distinctive character.
TOPICAL GEOGRAPHY- Concentrates on the study of one earth feature or human activity as it occurs
throughout the world. The worldwide pattern of soil quality and railroad transportation are two
example of the topical approach in geography.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY- Is concerned with the location of such earth features as land, water, and
climate; their relationship to one another and human activities; and the forces that create and change
them.
Subdivisions of Physical Geography
1. Geomorphology studies land and water forms as well as the development of irregularities in the
surface of the earth (glaciations, river floodplains, underground caves, shorelines, coral reefs, sand
dunes, volcanic features and the erosion cycle
2. Climatology studies the differences and similarities in climate from place to place. It considers win
movements, cloud formation, temperature changes and precipitation of all kinds. It is related closely to
meteorology.
3. Mathematical Geography has to do with the accurate measurements of the earth and the calculation
of the exact location of points on the earth’s surface such as the exact location of a city in latitude and
longitude.

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4. Oceanography is concerned with the study of the ocean and its phenomena, current wave activity,
temperature differences, and tides
5. Biogeography is concerned with the study of the geographical distribution of plants known as plant
geography and as phytogeography, and animals, known as zoogeography. It is related to ecology, which
studies the relationship between plants and animals and their habitat
6. Medical Geography, a relative new science, is concerned with the study of the relationship between
disease-causing organism and their physical environment.
7. Pedogenesis it deals with the process of soil formation. The term “pedon” is a basic soil sampling unit
that is often viewed as a soil profile that goes from the surface to a depth where soil meets bedrock.
8. Hydrology deals with the study of hydrosphere. It describes waters of the earth. Water exist in various
forms, including atmosphere, oceans, lakes, rivers, glaciers, snowfields, and groundwater.
9. Meteorology a scientific study of the atmosphere and associated phenomena.
Subdivisions of Human Geography (Another name for this division is ANTHROPOLOGY )
1. Cultural geography deals with the study of the distribution of cultural traits such as customs,
traditions, taboos, religions, dialects, and dwellings.
2. Population geography deals with the study of numbers and distribution of people.
3. Political geography deals with the study of the relationship between political units such as provinces
or states, nations, or unions of nations.
4. Historical geography is the study of manner by which geographic patterns of man and his works
change through time; or it may place emphasis only on the complete geography of small region at a
certain time.
5. Economic geography is the study of the widely varying economic conditions across the earth. It can be
influence by climate, geology, and socio-political factors.
6. Urban Geography is the study of cities play in the life of a nation. Urban Geography is one of the latest
growing kinds of human geography. It is usually concerned with the study of the site of a city and how it
has influenced the type and direction of its growth, the function of a city and its specializations if there is
any.
7. Behavioral Geography, this inductively explores behavior and the rationale behind the decision-
making process and the production of models replicating such behavior.

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