Textile industries produce huge amounts of polluted
effluents, whereby over 80% of textile dyes are constituted of
Benzedrine based dyes or aromatic hazardous substances azo
groups that are normally discharged to surface and ground water
aquifers. Through the scientific awareness to reach an ecofriendly
system, this research part deals on the optimum
extraction condition of the new neem natural dye, where the
optimization parameters have technical and commercial
importance on cost and color yield. This has been carried out
using water and different concentrations of water-acetone and
water ethanol mixtures at different temperatures, pH values and
time intervals. Data observed that the optimum extraction
condition was achieved with 50% (v/v) acetone, 18% (w/v) neem
amount at pH 9 at 70oC for 60 min where 50% (v/v) wateracetone
exhibited 60 % absorbance percentage compared to (31
and 9) % of 40% (v/v) water-ethanol and water respectively. The
absorbance values are influenced by the properties of solvents
such as, the dipole moment, dielectric constant, and refractive
index values. Aqueous extraction gave less amount of pigment
and was time consuming, promoting the degradation of color
compounds while the other co-solvents increased the extract
solubility, giving high extraction capacity. pH 9 increased the
diffusion coefficients of color component and the temperature at
70oC for 60 min enhanced the de-aggregation of its molecules.
Finally, FTIR analysis investigated the presence of mainly yield
quercetin (flavonoid) compounds in neem extract which is known
to have antibacterial and antifungal properties giving chance to
be applied for antimicrobial textile dyeing in the second part of
this study.
Extraction of Natural Dyes from Forest Trees and their Application in Textilesijsrd.com
The environment - friendly natural dyes are recently enjoying resurgence in popularity because of the concern with the carcinogenic, mutagenic and sensitizing characteristics of many synthetic dyes. Showing concern towards the nature and to avoid pollution of our environment two forest plants Bixa orellana and Caesalpinia sappan were selected as natural dye sources. In this study, from the bark of C. sappan, seeds of B. orellana and combination of B. orellana and C. sappan, the dyes were extracted. The phytochemical compounds present in the extracts were analyzed as carotenoids in B. orellana and anthocyanin, phenolic acids, flavonoids in C. sappan using TLC. The extracts were then applied to cotton fabric using various natural and chemical mordants which were then tested for their color fastness against rubbing and washing to know the efficiency of the dye. This study will help in improving the natural dye resources and replace them with synthetic dyes, consequently leading to a safe environment.
An investigation on the potential of extracting natural dyes from beetroot an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Today, owing to the environmental and health drawbacks associated with synthetics dyes, stringent standards are imposed by many countries including Mauritius. Following this issue, great enthusiasm is evoked in the rival of natural colourants which are nowadays gaining popularity due to their green approach. Two well-known, readily available and low cost natural dyes bearing plants in Mauritius namely beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) and turmeric (Curcuma Longa) were opted in this study. A comparative study between the extraction of betalains and curcuminoids from the two plants were systematically evaluated between conventional magnetic stirring (MS) and novel microwave assisted extraction techniques (MAE). The optimum operating conditions to yield maximum hues from the two plant species were 50 % aqueous ethanol, agitation speed of 160 rpm, microwave power of 320 W, particle sizes of 0.45 mm and a solid to solvent ratio (SSR) of 1/35. Under the optimised conditions, the results demonstrated that the extraction yields for MAE were higher and more efficient than the conventional one. Consequently, for MS extraction of beetroot and turmeric, the maximum yields recovered were 69.55 % and 48.00 %, whilst the yield for MAE extraction rose to 89.64 % and 79.73 % respectively. Using the experimental data, this research also explored Peleg’s and Elovich’s kinetic models of dyes extraction.
Keywords: Beetroot, Turmeric, Magnetic stirring, Microwave, Extraction
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study on using the bacteria Lactobacillus delbruckii to remove synthetic dyes from wastewater. The study explored how effectively the bacteria could decolorize two common reactive dyes, Reactive Orange 16 and Reactive Black 5, under different pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration conditions. The results showed that L. delbruckii was able to decolorize both dyes, with optimum decolorization occurring at a pH of 10, temperature of 37°C, and initial dye concentration of 10 ppm. Therefore, this bacteria shows potential for use in treating textile wastewater and meeting Malaysian wastewater standards in an environmentally friendly and low-cost
Decolourization of textile waste water and dye effluentمحمد حسنین شبیر
This document provides an overview of a seminar on decolorization of textile wastewater and dye effluents. It discusses the composition of textile wastewater, effects of dye effluents, and need for treatment. It then summarizes various treatment methods including chemical (oxidation, Fenton's reagent), physical (adsorption, membrane filtration), and biological treatments. It provides details on specific treatment processes and their advantages and disadvantages for dye removal.
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
Isolation of Natural Dyes from Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis and Marigold Flower and...IOSRJAC
In this study deals with the isolation of natural dyes from hibiscus rosa sinensis and marigold flowers. There are different methods are used to synthesis the natural dyes on each flower. Then they are analysed by GC-MS, UV-Visible and IR Spectroscopy instrumental analysis. The instrument anlaysis reveals the structural conformation of natural dye collected from each dye. The mordant are important chemical component which is used to add with natural dye to enhance the colour strength of natural dye collected from the above flowers. In this project we use the alum, potassium dichromate, copper chloride and stannous chloride are used as mordant to increase the colour strength of each natural dye collected from the concerned flowesr. The colour strength is analysed with DATAColor Spectrophotomete. Wast fastness, Xenon fastness test are also carried out. From above test we conclude the strength of colour is increased by means of the stannous chloride mordent used compared to other mordants applied to the cotton dyed with the natural dyes extracted from the hibiscus rosa sinensis and marigold flower
Extraction of Natural Dyes from Forest Trees and their Application in Textilesijsrd.com
The environment - friendly natural dyes are recently enjoying resurgence in popularity because of the concern with the carcinogenic, mutagenic and sensitizing characteristics of many synthetic dyes. Showing concern towards the nature and to avoid pollution of our environment two forest plants Bixa orellana and Caesalpinia sappan were selected as natural dye sources. In this study, from the bark of C. sappan, seeds of B. orellana and combination of B. orellana and C. sappan, the dyes were extracted. The phytochemical compounds present in the extracts were analyzed as carotenoids in B. orellana and anthocyanin, phenolic acids, flavonoids in C. sappan using TLC. The extracts were then applied to cotton fabric using various natural and chemical mordants which were then tested for their color fastness against rubbing and washing to know the efficiency of the dye. This study will help in improving the natural dye resources and replace them with synthetic dyes, consequently leading to a safe environment.
An investigation on the potential of extracting natural dyes from beetroot an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Today, owing to the environmental and health drawbacks associated with synthetics dyes, stringent standards are imposed by many countries including Mauritius. Following this issue, great enthusiasm is evoked in the rival of natural colourants which are nowadays gaining popularity due to their green approach. Two well-known, readily available and low cost natural dyes bearing plants in Mauritius namely beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) and turmeric (Curcuma Longa) were opted in this study. A comparative study between the extraction of betalains and curcuminoids from the two plants were systematically evaluated between conventional magnetic stirring (MS) and novel microwave assisted extraction techniques (MAE). The optimum operating conditions to yield maximum hues from the two plant species were 50 % aqueous ethanol, agitation speed of 160 rpm, microwave power of 320 W, particle sizes of 0.45 mm and a solid to solvent ratio (SSR) of 1/35. Under the optimised conditions, the results demonstrated that the extraction yields for MAE were higher and more efficient than the conventional one. Consequently, for MS extraction of beetroot and turmeric, the maximum yields recovered were 69.55 % and 48.00 %, whilst the yield for MAE extraction rose to 89.64 % and 79.73 % respectively. Using the experimental data, this research also explored Peleg’s and Elovich’s kinetic models of dyes extraction.
Keywords: Beetroot, Turmeric, Magnetic stirring, Microwave, Extraction
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study on using the bacteria Lactobacillus delbruckii to remove synthetic dyes from wastewater. The study explored how effectively the bacteria could decolorize two common reactive dyes, Reactive Orange 16 and Reactive Black 5, under different pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration conditions. The results showed that L. delbruckii was able to decolorize both dyes, with optimum decolorization occurring at a pH of 10, temperature of 37°C, and initial dye concentration of 10 ppm. Therefore, this bacteria shows potential for use in treating textile wastewater and meeting Malaysian wastewater standards in an environmentally friendly and low-cost
Decolourization of textile waste water and dye effluentمحمد حسنین شبیر
This document provides an overview of a seminar on decolorization of textile wastewater and dye effluents. It discusses the composition of textile wastewater, effects of dye effluents, and need for treatment. It then summarizes various treatment methods including chemical (oxidation, Fenton's reagent), physical (adsorption, membrane filtration), and biological treatments. It provides details on specific treatment processes and their advantages and disadvantages for dye removal.
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
Isolation of Natural Dyes from Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis and Marigold Flower and...IOSRJAC
In this study deals with the isolation of natural dyes from hibiscus rosa sinensis and marigold flowers. There are different methods are used to synthesis the natural dyes on each flower. Then they are analysed by GC-MS, UV-Visible and IR Spectroscopy instrumental analysis. The instrument anlaysis reveals the structural conformation of natural dye collected from each dye. The mordant are important chemical component which is used to add with natural dye to enhance the colour strength of natural dye collected from the above flowers. In this project we use the alum, potassium dichromate, copper chloride and stannous chloride are used as mordant to increase the colour strength of each natural dye collected from the concerned flowesr. The colour strength is analysed with DATAColor Spectrophotomete. Wast fastness, Xenon fastness test are also carried out. From above test we conclude the strength of colour is increased by means of the stannous chloride mordent used compared to other mordants applied to the cotton dyed with the natural dyes extracted from the hibiscus rosa sinensis and marigold flower
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
IRJET- Dye Removal from Low Cost Adsorbent :- A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of low-cost adsorbents for removing dyes from wastewater. It discusses how dyes from industries like textiles can pollute water sources and harm the environment if discharged without treatment. The document examines various physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods and finds that adsorption is effective at removing different types of dyes. It explores using agricultural waste as low-cost adsorbents, noting their adsorption capacity depends on factors like contact time and dye properties. The document concludes that adsorption is an affordable alternative to treatments like membrane filtration or ozonation that are effective but costly for dye removal from wastewater.
Two types of waste are generated from textile processing: process chemicals and fiber wastes. The nature of the waste depends on the type of textile facility, processes used, fibers, and chemicals. Textile effluent can include dispersible wastes mixed with other wastes in wastewater, hard-to-treat wastes that resist treatment and contain non-biodegradable or inorganic materials, and high-volume wastes like wash water, alkaline wastes, and warp sizes. Effluent can also contain hazardous or toxic wastes like metals, chlorinated solvents, and non-degradable surfactants. Common treatment processes include screening, sedimentation, equalization, neutralization, chemical
Biodegradations of Reactive Blue-Dye Using Fresh Water Microalgae Tadele Assefa Aragaw
The document summarizes a study on the biodegradation of reactive blue dye using freshwater microalgae. The objectives were to investigate the effects of dye concentration, temperature, pH, and incubation time on biodegradation. Maximum decolorization of 82.6% was achieved at 50mg/l dye concentration, 30°C temperature, and pH 8 over 20 days. Green microalgae like Chlorella and Scenedesmus were effective at biodegrading the dye under optimal conditions. FTIR analysis indicated the dye's chromophore structure was destroyed into smaller molecules. The study demonstrates that microalgae have potential for cost-effective treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater.
This document summarizes a study on using natural coagulants from Moringa, corn, green bean, and tamarind seeds to decolorize textile wastewater. The study tested the coagulation efficiency of the different seeds at removing dyes under varying conditions of pH, coagulant dose, and contact time. Moringa seed extract showed the highest color removal rate of 86.45% and produced the lowest sludge content. The natural coagulants were found to be effective and environmentally-friendly alternatives to chemical coagulants for treating textile wastewater.
Dye removal by adsorption on waste biomass - sugarcane bagasseMadhura Chincholi
This document discusses the use of bagasse as an adsorbent for removing dyes from wastewater. It provides background on dyes, their usage, and the issues they cause when discharged in wastewater. The document examines using raw and chemically activated bagasse to adsorb the dye methylene blue. It explores the adsorption process and how parameters like pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and dye concentration affect adsorption. The results found chemically activated bagasse was more effective at lower pH levels, and equilibrium was reached within 45 minutes with optimal removal achieved using 12g/L of the chemically activated bagasse.
This document discusses various methods for removing color from textile effluents, which is an environmental concern. It covers physical methods like membrane filtration and adsorption. Chemical methods include coagulation and advanced oxidation processes, though they produce sludge. Biological methods like fungal and microbial degradation are most economical. Specifically, phytoremediation uses plants to uptake and degrade dyes, while photodegradation employs TiO2 and radiation like sunlight to break down dyes. Plant surface morphology impacts accumulation and different plant types may work best for specific dyes.
This document discusses using bagasse ash, a byproduct of sugar production, to treat industrial wastewater. It provides background on wastewater treatment technologies like biological, chemical, and physical methods. Adsorption using activated carbon from bagasse ash is proposed, which could remove 89% of acid orange dye from water. Producing activated carbon from a low-cost agricultural byproduct like bagasse ash makes it three times cheaper than conventional activated carbon. Further studies on column tests and regeneration are needed before commercializing bagasse ash activated carbon for industrial wastewater treatment.
This document summarizes research on the biodegradation of textile dyes by bacteria. It introduces that dye effluent from textile manufacturing is a major source of water pollution. Bacteria are known to degrade reactive azo dyes through various mechanisms under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The document then reviews common methodology for bacterial treatment and characterization techniques used. It provides examples of bacterial strains and conditions achieving high levels of decolorization for different dyes. The conclusion emphasizes that bacterial decomposition is a viable wastewater treatment option and that mixed bacterial consortiums are effective at degrading textile dyes.
This document discusses the adsorption of textile waste using biomass. Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid onto a surface. Certain methods are being introduced to adsorb materials through plant biomasses like mosses, leaves, and fruit waste or seeds. The parameters that affect adsorption include pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial concentration, temperature, and adsorbent size. Characterization techniques like SAM, FTIR, and XRD are used. Experiments are conducted to prepare synthetic dyes and measure their interaction and removal percentage with adsorbents. This process uses waste biomass, making it cost effective
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
This document summarizes Wong Shi Ting's research project on the biosorption of the dye methylene blue using sugarcane bagasse. The research aims to characterize sugarcane bagasse using FTIR spectroscopy, study the factors affecting dye adsorption using two-level factorial design and response surface methodology, and determine the optimum adsorption conditions. Key findings include sugarcane bagasse having an adsorption capacity of 26.58 mg/g for methylene blue under optimal conditions identified by RSM. FTIR analysis also confirmed electrostatic interactions between the dye and sugarcane bagasse fibers during adsorption.
Current technologies for biological treatmentKen Kinamori
The document discusses textile wastewater and its treatment. Textile wastewater is one of the main sources of water pollution worldwide due to dyes and other chemicals used in the textile production process. Dyes can be detected in water at low concentrations and absorb light, inhibiting aquatic plant growth. Textile wastewater is difficult to treat due to fluctuations in pH, organic content, color, and other parameters depending on the chemicals used. Major pollutants come from dyeing and finishing steps. Anaerobic treatment is commonly used but produces aromatic amine byproducts, so sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment is often employed for complete degradation.
Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Isotherm Studies on the Removal of Methylene Blue ...IOSR Journals
The research of the present work was to investigate the removal of methylene blue dyes from aqueous solution by using Acid Activated Abutilon Indicum Leaves (AAAI). Generally, dyes are organic compounds used as colouring products in chemical, textile, paper, printing, leather, plastics and various food industries. The need for the treatment of dye contaminated waste water passed out from the industry. In this study, Abutilon Indicum Leaves were studied for its potential use as an adsorbent for removal of a cationic dye methylene blue. The various factors affecting adsorption, such as initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and effect of temperature, were evaluated. The experimental data were fitted into the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The equilibrium of adsorption was modeled by using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The objective of the present work suggests the AAAI may be utilized as a low cost adsorbent for methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution.
Adsorption of Rhodamine – B Dye from Aqueous Solution by Aloe Vera as Bio – A...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using Aloe vera as a bio-adsorbent for removing Rhodamine B dye from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to examine the effects of parameters like pH, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, contact time and temperature. The maximum dye removal occurred at pH 5, adsorbent dosage of 50 mg, and temperature of 60°C. Equilibrium data fit the Langmuir isotherm model well. The results indicate that Aloe vera is an effective adsorbent for removing Rhodamine B dye from water.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
Project report on Textile effluent treatment by electrochemical processBrijmohan Sharma
This document provides an overview of a student project on treating textile effluent water using an electrochemical process. It includes a certificate verifying the students conducted the project, an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project, and a preface describing how the project helped the students learn. The contents section outlines the document, which explores using electrochemical treatment to make textile wastewater safer before discharge by reducing parameters like BOD, COD and suspended solids. The aim is to compare electrochemical treatment to conventional ETP methods and reduce treatment costs.
Azo dyes are one of the oldest industrially synthesized organic compounds characterized by presence of Azo bond (-N=N-) and are widely utilized as coloring agents in textile, leather, cosmetic, paint, plastic, paper, and food industries During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing result in large amounts of the dyestuff (varying from 2% loss when using basic dyes to a 50% loss when certain reactive dyes used) is being directly lost to the wastewater, which ultimately finds its way into the environment. The physico-chemical method of industrial effluent treatment does not remove the dyes effectively. Microbial degradation and decolorization of azo dyes has gained more attention recently because of eco-friendly and inexpensive nature. Microbes and there enzymes could decolorize the dyes by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolis. This review provides a general idea of decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes with various microbes and highlights the application of for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
This document provides guidance on establishing a systematic process for handling records in a bespoke marine service contract. It recommends developing bespoke systems to accommodate new methodologies and data, while following general principles like securely backing up and identifying all raw and processed data. An example project involving remote seabed drilling, coring, and sampling at depths up to 2500m is described to illustrate implementing file naming conventions and storage hierarchies to efficiently organize large amounts of technical and contractual data from multiple sources over the project duration.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
IRJET- Dye Removal from Low Cost Adsorbent :- A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of low-cost adsorbents for removing dyes from wastewater. It discusses how dyes from industries like textiles can pollute water sources and harm the environment if discharged without treatment. The document examines various physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods and finds that adsorption is effective at removing different types of dyes. It explores using agricultural waste as low-cost adsorbents, noting their adsorption capacity depends on factors like contact time and dye properties. The document concludes that adsorption is an affordable alternative to treatments like membrane filtration or ozonation that are effective but costly for dye removal from wastewater.
Two types of waste are generated from textile processing: process chemicals and fiber wastes. The nature of the waste depends on the type of textile facility, processes used, fibers, and chemicals. Textile effluent can include dispersible wastes mixed with other wastes in wastewater, hard-to-treat wastes that resist treatment and contain non-biodegradable or inorganic materials, and high-volume wastes like wash water, alkaline wastes, and warp sizes. Effluent can also contain hazardous or toxic wastes like metals, chlorinated solvents, and non-degradable surfactants. Common treatment processes include screening, sedimentation, equalization, neutralization, chemical
Biodegradations of Reactive Blue-Dye Using Fresh Water Microalgae Tadele Assefa Aragaw
The document summarizes a study on the biodegradation of reactive blue dye using freshwater microalgae. The objectives were to investigate the effects of dye concentration, temperature, pH, and incubation time on biodegradation. Maximum decolorization of 82.6% was achieved at 50mg/l dye concentration, 30°C temperature, and pH 8 over 20 days. Green microalgae like Chlorella and Scenedesmus were effective at biodegrading the dye under optimal conditions. FTIR analysis indicated the dye's chromophore structure was destroyed into smaller molecules. The study demonstrates that microalgae have potential for cost-effective treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater.
This document summarizes a study on using natural coagulants from Moringa, corn, green bean, and tamarind seeds to decolorize textile wastewater. The study tested the coagulation efficiency of the different seeds at removing dyes under varying conditions of pH, coagulant dose, and contact time. Moringa seed extract showed the highest color removal rate of 86.45% and produced the lowest sludge content. The natural coagulants were found to be effective and environmentally-friendly alternatives to chemical coagulants for treating textile wastewater.
Dye removal by adsorption on waste biomass - sugarcane bagasseMadhura Chincholi
This document discusses the use of bagasse as an adsorbent for removing dyes from wastewater. It provides background on dyes, their usage, and the issues they cause when discharged in wastewater. The document examines using raw and chemically activated bagasse to adsorb the dye methylene blue. It explores the adsorption process and how parameters like pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and dye concentration affect adsorption. The results found chemically activated bagasse was more effective at lower pH levels, and equilibrium was reached within 45 minutes with optimal removal achieved using 12g/L of the chemically activated bagasse.
This document discusses various methods for removing color from textile effluents, which is an environmental concern. It covers physical methods like membrane filtration and adsorption. Chemical methods include coagulation and advanced oxidation processes, though they produce sludge. Biological methods like fungal and microbial degradation are most economical. Specifically, phytoremediation uses plants to uptake and degrade dyes, while photodegradation employs TiO2 and radiation like sunlight to break down dyes. Plant surface morphology impacts accumulation and different plant types may work best for specific dyes.
This document discusses using bagasse ash, a byproduct of sugar production, to treat industrial wastewater. It provides background on wastewater treatment technologies like biological, chemical, and physical methods. Adsorption using activated carbon from bagasse ash is proposed, which could remove 89% of acid orange dye from water. Producing activated carbon from a low-cost agricultural byproduct like bagasse ash makes it three times cheaper than conventional activated carbon. Further studies on column tests and regeneration are needed before commercializing bagasse ash activated carbon for industrial wastewater treatment.
This document summarizes research on the biodegradation of textile dyes by bacteria. It introduces that dye effluent from textile manufacturing is a major source of water pollution. Bacteria are known to degrade reactive azo dyes through various mechanisms under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The document then reviews common methodology for bacterial treatment and characterization techniques used. It provides examples of bacterial strains and conditions achieving high levels of decolorization for different dyes. The conclusion emphasizes that bacterial decomposition is a viable wastewater treatment option and that mixed bacterial consortiums are effective at degrading textile dyes.
This document discusses the adsorption of textile waste using biomass. Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid onto a surface. Certain methods are being introduced to adsorb materials through plant biomasses like mosses, leaves, and fruit waste or seeds. The parameters that affect adsorption include pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial concentration, temperature, and adsorbent size. Characterization techniques like SAM, FTIR, and XRD are used. Experiments are conducted to prepare synthetic dyes and measure their interaction and removal percentage with adsorbents. This process uses waste biomass, making it cost effective
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
This document summarizes Wong Shi Ting's research project on the biosorption of the dye methylene blue using sugarcane bagasse. The research aims to characterize sugarcane bagasse using FTIR spectroscopy, study the factors affecting dye adsorption using two-level factorial design and response surface methodology, and determine the optimum adsorption conditions. Key findings include sugarcane bagasse having an adsorption capacity of 26.58 mg/g for methylene blue under optimal conditions identified by RSM. FTIR analysis also confirmed electrostatic interactions between the dye and sugarcane bagasse fibers during adsorption.
Current technologies for biological treatmentKen Kinamori
The document discusses textile wastewater and its treatment. Textile wastewater is one of the main sources of water pollution worldwide due to dyes and other chemicals used in the textile production process. Dyes can be detected in water at low concentrations and absorb light, inhibiting aquatic plant growth. Textile wastewater is difficult to treat due to fluctuations in pH, organic content, color, and other parameters depending on the chemicals used. Major pollutants come from dyeing and finishing steps. Anaerobic treatment is commonly used but produces aromatic amine byproducts, so sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment is often employed for complete degradation.
Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Isotherm Studies on the Removal of Methylene Blue ...IOSR Journals
The research of the present work was to investigate the removal of methylene blue dyes from aqueous solution by using Acid Activated Abutilon Indicum Leaves (AAAI). Generally, dyes are organic compounds used as colouring products in chemical, textile, paper, printing, leather, plastics and various food industries. The need for the treatment of dye contaminated waste water passed out from the industry. In this study, Abutilon Indicum Leaves were studied for its potential use as an adsorbent for removal of a cationic dye methylene blue. The various factors affecting adsorption, such as initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and effect of temperature, were evaluated. The experimental data were fitted into the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The equilibrium of adsorption was modeled by using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The objective of the present work suggests the AAAI may be utilized as a low cost adsorbent for methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution.
Adsorption of Rhodamine – B Dye from Aqueous Solution by Aloe Vera as Bio – A...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using Aloe vera as a bio-adsorbent for removing Rhodamine B dye from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to examine the effects of parameters like pH, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, contact time and temperature. The maximum dye removal occurred at pH 5, adsorbent dosage of 50 mg, and temperature of 60°C. Equilibrium data fit the Langmuir isotherm model well. The results indicate that Aloe vera is an effective adsorbent for removing Rhodamine B dye from water.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
Project report on Textile effluent treatment by electrochemical processBrijmohan Sharma
This document provides an overview of a student project on treating textile effluent water using an electrochemical process. It includes a certificate verifying the students conducted the project, an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project, and a preface describing how the project helped the students learn. The contents section outlines the document, which explores using electrochemical treatment to make textile wastewater safer before discharge by reducing parameters like BOD, COD and suspended solids. The aim is to compare electrochemical treatment to conventional ETP methods and reduce treatment costs.
Azo dyes are one of the oldest industrially synthesized organic compounds characterized by presence of Azo bond (-N=N-) and are widely utilized as coloring agents in textile, leather, cosmetic, paint, plastic, paper, and food industries During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing result in large amounts of the dyestuff (varying from 2% loss when using basic dyes to a 50% loss when certain reactive dyes used) is being directly lost to the wastewater, which ultimately finds its way into the environment. The physico-chemical method of industrial effluent treatment does not remove the dyes effectively. Microbial degradation and decolorization of azo dyes has gained more attention recently because of eco-friendly and inexpensive nature. Microbes and there enzymes could decolorize the dyes by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolis. This review provides a general idea of decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes with various microbes and highlights the application of for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
This document provides guidance on establishing a systematic process for handling records in a bespoke marine service contract. It recommends developing bespoke systems to accommodate new methodologies and data, while following general principles like securely backing up and identifying all raw and processed data. An example project involving remote seabed drilling, coring, and sampling at depths up to 2500m is described to illustrate implementing file naming conventions and storage hierarchies to efficiently organize large amounts of technical and contractual data from multiple sources over the project duration.
Un óvalo imperfecto llegó a un lugar donde vivían otros óvalos perfectos que podían rodar rápidamente. Los otros óvalos se burlaron del óvalo imperfecto porque no podía rodar de la misma manera, pero él les explicó que aunque fuera diferente, podía viajar a su manera y que en realidad había muchas formas de ser un óvalo, no solo la forma perfecta.
This document is an introduction to a course on the French past tense called "passé composé". It aims to teach students the basic level of this tense in a clear and simple way. The course covers the structure of the passé composé, the auxiliary verbs être and avoir, reflexive verbs in the past tense, how to form the negative, exercises, and a final evaluation. The objectives are for students to master the passé composé, learn related vocabulary, distinguish the tenses, and easily classify regular and irregular verbs.
Мы организовываем 5 недель активностей, которые взорвут вашу группу! Что сделать, чтобы полюбиться участникам? Как создать элиту группы? Как заполучить доверие и лояльность? Об этом в нашей презентации!
Bg primary production workshop 4.06.2014marcusbiogro
This document provides an overview of the BioGro organic certification process. It discusses why farmers should choose BioGro certification, including access to international and domestic markets. It outlines the certification steps such as developing an organic management plan, additional documentation requirements, handling parallel production, using contractors, and the certification cycle. It also covers the input approval process, finding certified inputs, market access for regulated vs. unregulated markets, and the benefits of international vs. domestic certification. The overall purpose is to guide farmers through the BioGro certification requirements and process.
This document provides an introduction to finance concepts for a business principles course. It discusses key topics like the importance of cash over profit, debt versus equity sources of funding, and the working capital cycle. The learning outcomes are to explain the difference between cash and profit, compare debt and equity, evaluate financing options, and understand the importance of cash flow to a business. The document also outlines different sources of funding like loans, leasing, overdrafts, and shares, and how their costs vary based on risk level.
This document proposes a new technique to solve the key exchange problem in cryptography. It discusses existing key exchange methods that rely on additional encryption processes or pre-shared secrets. The proposed method mixes the cipher key with the encrypted data block such that only the intended receiver can extract both the key and data. This allows key exchange without pre-sharing secrets or additional encryption steps. It aims to provide a more efficient and secure key exchange technique compared to traditional methods.
New Schiff base ligand (E)-6-(2-(4-
(dimethylamino)benzylideneamino)-2-phenylacetamido)-3,3-
dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic
acid = (HL) Figure(1) was prepared via condensation of
Ampicillin and 4(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde in methanol
.Polydentate mixed ligand complexes were obtained from 1:1:2
molar ratio reactions with metal ions and HL, 2NA on reaction
with MCl2 .nH2O salt yields complexes corresponding to the
formulas [M(L)(NA)2Cl] ,where M =
Fe(II),Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),and Zn(II) and NA=nicotinamide.
The 1H-NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis and elemental analysis
were used for the characterization of the ligand. The complexes
were structurally studied through AAS, FT-IR, UV-Vis,
chloride contents, conductance, and magnetic susceptibility
measurements. All complexes are non-electrolytes in DMSO
solution. Octahedral geometries have been suggested for each
of the complexes. The Schiff base ligands function as
tridentates and the deprotonated enolic form is preferred for
coordination. In order to evaluate the effect of the bactericidal
activity, these synthesized complexes, in comparison to the un
complexed Schiff base has been screened against bacterial
species, Staphy
Multiagent Based Methodologies have become an
important subject of research in advance Software Engineering.
Several methodologies have been proposed as, a theoretical
approach, to facilitate and support the development of complex
distributed systems. An important question when facing the
construction of Agent Applications is deciding which
methodology to follow. Trying to answer this question, a
framework with several criteria is applied in this paper for the
comparative analysis of existing multiagent system
methodologies. The results of the comparative over two of them,
conclude that those methodologies have not reached a sufficient
maturity level to be used by the software industry. The
framework has also proved its utility for the evaluation of any
kind of Multiagent Based Software Engineering Methodology
Tonsillitis is a disease that can be found in every
part of the world. Moreover, it is one of the main causes
intervening for heart attack and pneumonia. It has been reported
that there are a large number of people having died because of
heart attack and pneumonia. To improve data transfer rates, this
paper proposes Gabor filter design with efficient noise reduction
and less power consumption usage is proposed in this paper.
Using textural properties of anatomical structures the filter
design is suitable for detecting the early stages of disease. The
code for Gabor filter will be developed in MATLAB
Waste is actually the biggest feed stock available for
processing, to produce useful and usable products. The
increasing amount of waste is a characteristic of the modern
human, though this discloses a more luxury life it presents an
environmental hazard that cannot be ignored. Following this
understanding we decided to impact on method of utilizing waste
and converting it into useful and usable products as well as
reducing the nuisance of waste. The methodology followed comes
in steps; first a random trial to detect the use of unsorted waste
and evaluating the equipment design, secondly improvement of
blending of different components of waste, thirdly improvement
of facilities for uniformity of heat and pressure, finally arriving
at suitable formula regarding the ratio of the different waste
components to give uniformity and better hold of the product.
1. Ravi Kant Mishra has over 4 years of experience as a Software Engineer, developing applications using technologies like C, C++, C#, and WPF.
2. He has experience designing, developing, and maintaining financial software at Intuit and Nagarro, including features for bill payment and cloud syncing.
3. Ravi aims to manage projects efficiently from concept to completion, with an ability to resolve bugs quickly in large codebases.
A Broadband Wireless Access technology known as
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is
based on IEEE 802.16 standards. It uses orthogonal frequency
division multiple accesses (OFDMA) as one of its multiple access
technique. Major design factors of OFDMA resource allocation are
scheduling and burst allocation. To calculate the appropriate
dimensions and location of each user’s data so as to construct the
bursts in the downlink subframe, is the responsibility of burst
allocation algorithm. Bursts are calculated in terms of number of
slots for each user. Burst Allocation Algorithm is used to overcome
the resource wastage in the form of unused and unallocated slots per
frame. It affects the Base station performance in mobile WiMAX
systems. In this Paper, HOCSA (Hybrid One Column Striping with
Non Increasing Area) algorithm is proposed to overcome frame
wastage. HOCSA is implemented by improving eOCSA algorithm
and is evaluated using MATLAB. HOCSA achieves significant
reduction of resource wastage per frame, leading to more
exploitation of the WiMAX frame.
Data mining , knowledge discovery is the process
of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it
into useful information - information that can be used to increase
revenue, cuts costs, or both. Data mining software is one of a
number of analytical tools for analyzing data. It allows users to
analyze data from many different dimensions or angles, categorize
it, and summarize the relationships identified. Technically, data
mining is the process of finding correlations or patterns among
dozens of fields in large relational databases. The goal of
clustering is to determine the intrinsic grouping in a set of
unlabeled data. But how to decide what constitutes a good
clustering? It can be shown that there is no absolute “best”
criterion which would be independent of the final aim of the
clustering. Consequently, it is the user which must supply this
criterion, in such a way that the result of the clustering will suit
their needs.
For instance, we could be interested in finding
representatives for homogeneous groups (data reduction), in
finding “natural clusters” and describe their unknown properties
(“natural” data types), in finding useful and suitable groupings
(“useful” data classes) or in finding unusual data objects (outlier
detection).Of late, clustering techniques have been applied in the
areas which involve browsing the gathered data or in categorizing
the outcome provided by the search engines for the reply to the
query raised by the users. In this paper, we are providing a
comprehensive survey over the document clustering.
Attitudes toward suicide may influence the
treatment content and outcomes. Hence, this study aimed to
investigate how public attitudes toward suicide were influenced
by (1) their degree of idealism; and (2) their degree of
relativism. A questionnaire survey with Suicide Perception
Scale and Ethic Position Questionnaire was carried out on 50
male and 50 female participants (aged 21 and above) from
Klang Valley, Malaysia to obtain answer. The findings
supported both hypotheses, indicated that (1) higher idealism is
associated with lower level of acceptance toward suicide; and
(2) higher relativism is associated with higher level of
acceptance toward suicide. In sum, variations in public’s
attitude toward suicide were related to individual differences in
personal ethical ideologies and moral philosophies.
We present a case of murder with a blunt object.
On the body of the deceased were identified specific traces in
the form of suffusions. Four people were suspected for the
murder. During the investigative four pairs of sneakers were
obtained. A full forensic examination was performed which
excluded three of the four pairs of suspected shoes. The forth
pair was a match. This kind of research is extremely important
in forensic practice and theory, as they allow forensic experts
to identify the objects that left specific traces on the body of a
victim or deceased. They are also extremely important during
investigation of criminal offenses, especially when there is more
than one suspect.
This document provides an overview of the contents of a BUS 370 Entire Course. It lists the titles of discussion questions, assignments, and a final paper that make up the coursework. The coursework covers topics like organizational change, goal setting, communication processes, and diagnostic models. It also provides descriptions of some of the discussion prompts, which generally involve analyzing case studies or applying organizational development principles.
This document discusses the emergence and growth of mobile commerce (m-commerce) in India. It begins by defining m-commerce as e-commerce transactions made via mobile devices. It then discusses how the large and growing number of mobile internet users in India, reaching 185 million by June 2014, represents significant scope for m-commerce. The document outlines some of the key benefits of m-commerce like convenience, personalized services, and location-based offers. It concludes by stating that m-commerce provides companies an important new platform for marketing and connecting with customers anytime, anywhere.
Comparative Study for Adsorptive Removal of Coralene Blue BGFS Dye from Aqueo...IJERA Editor
Textile industries represent biggest impact on the environment due to high water consumption and waste water discharge as government control water pollution by setting strength regulation for waste water discharge, removal of color from waste water becomes more and more essential and attractive. Adsorption technology is very efficient in treatment of textile effluent. In this paper comparison of adsorption phenomena of textile dye Anthraquinone blue onto two different adsorbents MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 amorphous powder has been studied for removal of said dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Anthraquinone blue on adsorbents occurs by studying the effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time and pH of solution. All results found that MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 provide a fairly high dye adsorption capacity, which combined with their fulfilment of pollution control board’s standards, lack of pollution, lower environmental hazard and low-cost makes them promising for future applications. The present work also provides information on optimum value of different operating parameter for dye removal by two adsorbent.
This study investigated the removal of methyl orange dye from aqueous solutions using thermally treated egg shells. The egg shell powder was tested as an adsorbent for removing methyl orange under different operating conditions. Key findings include: (1) Adsorption increased with increasing adsorbent dosage and decreasing particle size due to greater surface area. (2) Maximum adsorption occurred within 40 minutes as equilibrium was reached. (3) Higher initial dye concentrations decreased removal efficiency due to fewer available adsorption sites. Overall, thermally treated egg shells showed potential as a low-cost adsorbent for removing methyl orange from wastewater. Further research was recommended to optimize conditions.
Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removalijtsrd
This study investigated the potential of neem leaf powder and acid-treated neem leaf powder as low-cost bio-adsorbents for removing dye color from Congo red solutions. The neem leaf powders were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis. Adsorption experiments were conducted by varying the adsorbent dosage and agitation time. The results showed that 0.4g was the optimal dosage, with 91% color removal for neem leaf powder and 76% for acid-treated neem leaf powder after 60 minutes of agitation. Both neem leaf powders demonstrated potential as effective and low-cost bio-adsorbents for dye wastewater treatment.
This document summarizes a study that examined using treated orange peel to remove reactive red 3B dye from aqueous solution. The study investigated the effects of contact time, pH, and adsorbent dosage on dye removal efficiency. Batch experiments showed the percentage of dye removed increased with contact time until reaching equilibrium at 2.5 hours. Maximum removal occurred at pH values between 4-6. Removal efficiency also increased with greater dosages of the treated orange peel adsorbent. Equilibrium adsorption data fitted well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The results indicate treated orange peel has potential as a low-cost adsorbent for dye removal from wastewater.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Tea (Camellia sinensis) Waste for the reduction of Malathion and Phorate in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Diminution of Malathion and Phorate from aqueous solutions by tea waste biomass was examined in a batch experimental setup. Waste tea powder, obtained from University canteen, S.V. University, Tirupati, India has been used as an effective material for the reduction of Malathion and Phorate from aqueous solutions. Characterization of the adsorbent was studied using SEM micrograph and Fourier Transform Infrared spectral analysis. From the FTIR spectrum it is observed that the change in peak position at 3390 cm−1 in the spectrum of the Phorate and Malathion loaded tea powder indicates the binding of these pesticides with hydroxyl groups. The working solutions of the pesticides are in the range of 0.1µg – 1.0µg for Malathion and 0.05µg – 0.5µg for phorate. It was observed that percentage adsorption increased with pH of the liquid phase and reached an optimum value of 95 % for Malathion and 94 % for phorate at pH 7.4 ± 0.2 and pH 7.5 ± 0.2, respectively. The dosage of the adsorbent had showed considerable effect on the adsorption of Malathion and Phorate.
This document summarizes a study on using ferric oxide (Fe2O3) as an adsorbent to remove color from dye wastewater. Batch experiments were conducted with synthetic wastewater containing anthraquinone blue dye. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, and adsorption isotherms were evaluated. Maximum dye removal efficiency of 94% was achieved at pH 2 with 0.3 g of Fe2O3 adsorbent dosage and an initial dye concentration of 125 ppm. Equilibrium data fitted well to Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin isotherm models, indicating favorable adsorption of dye onto Fe2O3.
Identification and chemical characterization of azadirachta indica leaf extra...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this article, extraction of Azadirachta indica compounds has been done using solvents namely ethanol, methanol, benzene, ethyl
acetate, toluene which are widely used in industries as solvents. All the compounds present in Azadirachta indica leaves are
supposed to be soluble in solvents but this work has been done to show that different solvents have different capacity to extract the
compounds. The semi quantitative analysis has been done with the help of thin layer chromatography (TLC) which shows the
efficiency of every individual solvent to extract compounds from Azadirachta indica. Thin layer chromatography can physically
separate the compounds from pure extracts hence this method is preferred for analysis purpose. Even composition and their
respective percentage can be concluded using various analysis method. It is helpful to analyse the solubility of different
compounds of Azadirachta indica in particular solvent.
Keywords: Extraction, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Semi Quantitative Analysis, Solubility Of Compounds,
Characterization And Identification
Operational parameters affecting the removal and recycling of direct blue ind...IJEAB
In this work the ability of “bleached” oil mill solid waste to reduce the dyestuff content in industrial textile wastewater was studied. Bleaching treatment consists in a preliminary oil mill solid waste management with NaOH and NaClO2 for obtaining cellulosic materials, mainly removing lignin from the waste surface. Thus, a novel bioadsorbent from agricultural residues, named bleached olive pomace (OP), was presented. Direct Blue 78 was studied as a model azoic dye. Experiments were planned to study the effect of different initial conditions on the adsorption processes: oil mill waste amount as grains and as a fine powder (OPP), solution temperature values, initial dye concentration, pH values and electrolytes influence. The results showed that the adsorption process using bleached oil mill waste determined an excellent degree of water color reduction, reaching the best work conditions when pH 2 and OPP were used. The presence of electrostatic interactions was also suggested. The adsorption appeared to be influenced by temperature values showing an endothermic character. Interestingly, to confirm the role of ionic interactions between dye and sorbent at pH 2, fashionable results were obtained. The adsorption process was verified also at pH 6 with 100% of dye removal in presence of both NaCl and Na2SO4 avoiding the aforementioned strong acid conditions. A very important aspect of this work is the recycle of both the dye and the adsorbent, with particular attention to the dye reuse for coloring cotton fabric.
Removal of basic dye from aqueous solution by adsorption on melon husk inAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the adsorption behavior of the cationic dye methylene blue in single, binary, and ternary solutions using melon husk as an adsorbent. Experiments showed that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 120 minutes for all systems. Kinetic data fit best to a pseudo-second order model. Isotherm data fit best to the Langmuir model for single systems and Freundlich model for binary and ternary systems. Adsorption was found to be thermodynamically feasible and exothermic for single and binary systems but endothermic for ternary systems.
Performance of integrated process using fungal strain corialus versicalor mtcIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the degradation of three dyes (Quinoline Yellow, Eosin B, and Rose Bengal) using an integrated process of fungal degradation and electrochemical oxidation. The fungal strain Corialus versicalor was found to efficiently decolorize the dyes. Degradation was measured by monitoring chemical oxygen demand (COD), which decreased by over 90% for the treated effluents. Spectral analysis showed reductions in dye absorption after treatment. The integrated process demonstrates potential for treating and reusing textile dye wastewater.
Article on the application of red mangrove plant extracts as pH indicatorKorfii Uebari
This document summarizes a research study that characterized extracts from the red mangrove plant Rhizophora racemosa and evaluated their potential as pH indicators. Key findings include:
1) Extracts were obtained from R. racemosa using water and ethanol as solvents and characterized using UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy.
2) The extracts showed color changes from yellow in acidic solutions to red-wine in alkaline solutions.
3) Titration experiments found the extract endpoints were similar to standard indicators, establishing the suitability of R. racemosa as a pH indicator.
IRJET- Phytochemical Screening and Effect of PH in the Antimicrobial Acti...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of Hibiscus Mutabilis at varying pH levels. Ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate extracts of Hibiscus Mutabilis leaves were tested for antimicrobial activity against four bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas) using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity. Testing the extracts at different pH levels from acidic to alkaline showed increased antimicrobial activity with increasing pH. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, glycosides
Application of response surface methodology for biosorption of reactive dyes ...IJLT EMAS
1. The document describes a study that used response surface methodology to optimize the biosorption of reactive dyes from textile effluent using dead biomass of the fungus Rhizopus arrhizus.
2. Central composite design was employed to determine the optimum conditions of pH, biosorbent dosage, agitation speed, and contact time for maximum dye removal.
3. Under the optimal conditions of pH 2.0, biosorbent dosage of 3 g/L, agitation speed of 80 rpm, and contact time of 60 minutes, 99.6% of dyes were removed from the wastewater.
Cationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solid wastes: A comprehen...IOSR Journals
This document provides a comprehensive review of using agricultural solid wastes to adsorb cationic and anionic dyes. It discusses the classification and characteristics of different dye types and their impacts. It also examines various dye removal methods and their advantages and disadvantages. The focus is on using agricultural wastes like peanut hull, rice husk, and coconut shell as low-cost adsorbents for dye removal. Their adsorption capacities for cationic dyes like methylene blue and anionic dyes are evaluated. Factors affecting dye adsorption like pH, concentration, dosage, and temperature are also considered. The review concludes agricultural wastes show potential as effective and economical adsorbents for treating textile wastewater
REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE USING CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED WATERMELO...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated using chemically activated watermelon rinds as a low-cost adsorbent to remove methylene blue dye from water. The researchers prepared activated carbon from watermelon rinds using sulfuric acid treatment. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effects of contact time, dye concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage on dye removal efficiency. The results showed maximum removal efficiencies of 95-99.6% for sulfuric acid-treated activated watermelon rind. Optimum conditions were determined to be a contact time of 180 minutes, pH of 9, and increasing adsorbent dosage with increasing dye concentration.
The document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized the fungus Aspergillus flavus TEAK 07 for its ability to decolorize the reactive textile dye Reactive Red 120. A. flavus TEAK 07 showed greater decolorization efficiency than the reference strain. The study optimized various factors affecting decolorization, finding pH 5.5 and 28°C provided optimal conditions. Glucose and ammonium nitrate served as the best carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Seed germination tests showed the decolorized dye was less toxic than the original dye.
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
Residuos de flores como adsorventes de bajo costoEmiy Nicole
This document describes research on using flower waste (carnation, rose, and daisy stalks) as a low-cost adsorbent to remove Acid Blue 9 dye from water. Batch experiments tested the effect of pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial dye concentration on dye removal efficiency. Equilibrium was modeled using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with better fit to the Freundlich model. Kinetic studies fit best to a pseudo-second order model. Over 90% removal was achieved at pH 2.0 using 15 mg/L initial dye concentration and 4 g/L adsorbent dosage. The flower wastes were characterized and showed potential as an alternative,
Effect of basidiomycete fungi on the discoloration and phytotoxicity of synth...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the ability of three basidiomycete fungi (Lentinula edodes, Pleurotusostreatus, and Pleurotuspulmonarius) to decolorize Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye and textile effluent, as well as reduce their phytotoxicity. The fungus P. pulmonarius was most effective at decolorizing the dye. While decolorization occurred, germination rates of lettuce seeds exposed to treated dye sometimes decreased, indicating potential toxicity of metabolites. However, roots generally grew longer when exposed to dye treated by P. pulmonarius, showing it reduced phytotoxicity. Decolorization of the efflu
Similar to ECO-FRIENDLY DYEING TEXTILES WITH NEEM HERB FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL FABRICS. PART 1: EXTRACTION STANDARDIZATION (20)
This document summarizes research on metal-on-metal hip implants. It discusses how metal-on-metal hip implants were developed over 30 years ago and have been refined through advances in manufacturing and materials science. It reviews various modeling techniques used to analyze the performance of metal-on-metal hip implants, including finite element analysis, numerical solutions of Reynolds' equation, and multi-grid methods. The document finds that while metal-on-metal implants offer strengths like strength and low wear rates, more research is still needed to fully understand factors like lubrication, materials used, geometry, and input parameters in order to minimize failures and revision surgeries.
Background Hospital contributes significantly tangible and intangible resources on a concurred plan by the scheduling of surgery on the OT list. Postponement decreases efficiency by declining throughput leads to wastage of resources hence burden to the nation. Patients and their family face economic and emotional implication due to the postponement. Postponement rate being a quality indicator controls check mechanism could be developed from the results. Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of the operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families are also caused by postponements. Moreover, the day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extent of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology A cross-sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from March 1st to September 30th, 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing Officer) and they were further evaluated time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for moving average technique. Results Total 958 surgeries were scheduled and 772 surgeries performed were and 186 surgeries were postponed with a postponement rate of 19.42% in the cardiac surgery department during the study period. Month-wise postponement Rate exponential smoothing of time series data shows the dynamic of operating suits. To test throughput Postponement rate was plotted the postponed surgeries and on regression analysis is in a perfect linear relationship.
Introduction: Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families also caused by postponements. Moreover, day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extend of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology: A cross sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from march 1st to September 30th 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (Surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing officer) and they were further evaluated Time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for Moving average Technique. Results: total 2,466 surgeries were scheduled and 1,980 surgeries were performed and 486 surgeries were postponed in the general surgery department during the study period. Month wise postponement forecast was in accordance with the performed surgeries and on regression analysis postponed surgeries were in perfect linear relationship with the postponement Rate.
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experimentation processes were also slow. Attempt has also
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change in the present convergence of Nano-systems and
information technologies. one cannot rely on experimental
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ECO-FRIENDLY DYEING TEXTILES WITH NEEM HERB FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL FABRICS. PART 1: EXTRACTION STANDARDIZATION
1. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 2 (March-April 2014), PP. 51-55
51 | P a g e
ECO-FRIENDLY DYEING TEXTILES WITH
NEEM HERB FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL
FABRICS. PART 1: EXTRACTION
STANDARDIZATION
BUKHARI H, HEBA M* & KHADIJAH Q
Fashion Design Department,
Faculty of Arts and Design,
King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, KSA
Abstract— Textile industries produce huge amounts of polluted
effluents, whereby over 80% of textile dyes are constituted of
Benzedrine based dyes or aromatic hazardous substances azo
groups that are normally discharged to surface and ground water
aquifers. Through the scientific awareness to reach an eco-
friendly system, this research part deals on the optimum
extraction condition of the new neem natural dye, where the
optimization parameters have technical and commercial
importance on cost and color yield. This has been carried out
using water and different concentrations of water-acetone and
water ethanol mixtures at different temperatures, pH values and
time intervals. Data observed that the optimum extraction
condition was achieved with 50% (v/v) acetone, 18% (w/v) neem
amount at pH 9 at 70oC for 60 min where 50% (v/v) water-
acetone exhibited 60 % absorbance percentage compared to (31
and 9) % of 40% (v/v) water-ethanol and water respectively. The
absorbance values are influenced by the properties of solvents
such as, the dipole moment, dielectric constant, and refractive
index values. Aqueous extraction gave less amount of pigment
and was time consuming, promoting the degradation of color
compounds while the other co-solvents increased the extract
solubility, giving high extraction capacity. pH 9 increased the
diffusion coefficients of color component and the temperature at
70oC for 60 min enhanced the de-aggregation of its molecules.
Finally, FTIR analysis investigated the presence of mainly yield
quercetin (flavonoid) compounds in neem extract which is known
to have antibacterial and antifungal properties giving chance to
be applied for antimicrobial textile dyeing in the second part of
this study.
Key words— Neem, extraction, solvents, natural dyes,
environmental technology.
I. INTRODUCTION
An aspect of the return to use natural dyes is the search for
novel natural dyes from various plant materials. This is because
the use of synthetic dye has recently been banned not only due
to the carcinogenic nature of the intermediates used in the
preparation of these dyes, but also the effluent coming from
their industries are the major cause of environmental pollution
[1].
There are several plants parts that provide natural dyes
which might be used in the textile industry. However, their
common drawback is the lack of scientific information on the
chemistry of extraction and dyeing [2].
Extraction of color component from natural sources is an
important step for dyeing any textile substrate in order to
evaluate their dyeing characteristics and maximize the color
yield on textile fabrics [3, 4].
Moreover, standardization of extraction process and
optimizing the extraction variables both, have technical and
commercial importance on color yield and cost of extraction
process as well as dyeing cost [5]. Commonly, conventional
aqueous extraction methods give less amount of coloring
component for coloring textiles. Thus these methods are, in
general, time and solvent consuming and may promote the
degradation of these compounds. To overcome these
drawbacks conditions popular common solvents such as
acetone, ethanol, and methanol have been successfully used to
obtain natural dyes and pigment-rich extracts [6, 7].
Use of organic solvents might give rise to extract which are
not completely water-soluble. It was reported that the solvent
gave high extraction capacity, had quite low boiling
temperature and latent heat of vaporization. As a result, lead to
extract the dye at low temperatures with minimum energy
consumption and insignificant reactivity with pigments to avoid
any loss in the color quality [8].
The Neem plant (Azadirachta indica) of family meliaceae is
also named Margosa and Indian Lilac. It is well known since
the ancient times, it is an aboriginal tree found in tropical and
semi-tropical countries like Burma and India. It has been
declared non-toxic to humans having variety of medicinal and
germicidal properties that attributed to leaves, bark, seeds and
other parts of the plant and each part of the tree. So it is used as
an active ingredient in different industries ranging from
cosmetics to agriculture [9]. Its seeds and leaves have been in
use not only to treat a number of human ailments such as anti-
inflammatory, anxiolytic, anti-androgenic, anti-stress, humoral
and cell-mediated immune stimulant, anti-hyperglycemic, liver-
stimulant, anti-viral and anti-malarial activities [10], but also as
a household pesticide [11-13], but also was used as a promoting
adsorbent for dyes in aqueous solutions. At the same time its
bark contains tannin, so it is useful in tanning and dyeing a
number of products [9]. Few years ago; neem leaves was
extracted by grinding into fine powders and followed by
mixing with methanol at room temperature then was left closed
for 3 days [14]. So this method is time consuming and might
promote the degradation of color compounds.
The present investigation, therefore, was aimed at
identifying the most appropriate leaching solvent for neem
pigments to produce an optimum concentrated extract with
high extraction capacity avoiding any loss in the color quality
and time consuming. This has been carried out using water in
addition to the co-solvents of water-acetone and water ethanol
mixtures at different concentrations, temperatures, pH values
and time intervals, where the color components and chemical
2. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 2 (March-April 2014), PP. 51-55
52 | P a g e
constituents were isolated and established based on
spectroscopic investigations.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Material
The air dried leaves of neem plants (Azadiracta
indica), collected from Jeddah, KSA were washed
under flowing water repeatedly to remove dust
particles and soluble impurities and were allowed to
dry at ambient temperature (24-25 o C) till the leaves
became crisp, then were crushed into a fine powder in
an electrically grinder.
Distilled water, acetone, ethanol, sodium hydroxide
and acetic acid were all of analytical grade.
B. Pigment leaching and estimation of extraction yields
To select the best extraction variable parameters, different
amount of neem powder from (1-21) % (w/v) were dissolved in
distilled water and other co-solvents as water-acetone and
water ethanol mixtures were tested at different concentrations
ranged from (5-75) % (v/v), at (25-70) o C, for (15-120) min, at
pH values of (3, 5, 7 and 9). This was carried out using a liquor
ratio of 1:50 to determine the standardization method of
extraction.
C. Spectral analysis
The absorption spectra were recorded for the determination
of absorbance on Pharmacia Biotech Ultrospec 3000 UV/Vis
spectrophotometer in the wavelength range 300-800 nm.
Infrared spectra of the compounds were recorded on a
PerkinElmer FTIR spectrum (version 10, 03.08) in the
frequency range 4000-450 cm_1.
III. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The color capacity of neem extract was evaluated by the
absorption values in the wavelength range 300-800 nm, giving
maximum absorbance at (550-600) λmax where its molecules
are complex organic molecules which might carry charge
centers which are thus prone to absorption changes in various
media [15].
As shown in Figure 1. When dissolving 10% (w/v) neem
powder in pure distilled water and different concentrations of
water – acetone and water methanol mixtures with different
concentrations of (5-75) % (v/v) at 70 o C and pH 9 for 60 min
using liquor ration of 1:50.
It was denoted that, the maximum absorbance was achieved
with 50% (v/v) water acetone, followed by 40% (v/v) water-
ethanol then pure distilled water. On the other hand; as shown
in Figure 2. 50% (v/v) water- acetone co-solvent exhibited 60
% absorbance percentage compared to (31 & 9) % in case of
40% (v/v) water- ethanol co-solvent and pure distilled water
respectively.
Absorbance values were influenced by influenced by the
properties of solvents such as, the dipole moment, dielectric
constant, and refractive index values, thus the change in values
can be noted as a probe for various types of interactions
between the neem powder and the solvent where the solvent
polarity can change the position of the absorption or emission
band of molecules. By the way, dye molecules are complex
organic molecules which might carry charge centers and are
thus prone to absorption changes in various media [15, 16]. As
a result, as a result; it was denoted from figs 1 and 2 that the
absorbance values of neem extract was affected by the solvent
type and the change in values can be noted as a probe for
various types of interactions between the solute and the solvent.
Acetone acts as the non-hydrogen-bond donating solvents
also called as non-HBD type of solvents that contain a large
multiple bond between carbon and either oxygen or nitrogen
e.g. C-O double bond, while water and ethanol are the
hydrogen-bond donating solvents, also called as HBD type
solvents where their polarity stems from the bond dipole of the
O-H bond, whereas the large difference in the electro-
negativities of the oxygen and hydrogen atom, combined with
the small size of the hydrogen atom, warrant separating the
neem molecules that contain the OH groups from those polar
compounds that do not. On the other hand, although water has
the highest dielectric constant among ethanol and acetone
solvents, its extraction demonstrated the lowest value of
absorbency due to the formation of strong hydrogen bond
between the dyes extract and water molecules. {16, 17].
In case water-acetone co-solvent, the salvation of extract is
non-HBD type of solvent mainly occurs through charge-dipole
type of interaction, whereas in HBD type of solvent, the
interaction also occurs by hydrogen bonding besides the usual
ion-dipole interaction. In this situation, the methyl groups of
acetone are responsible for the solvation of the neem powder.
Thus, decreasing the amount of non-HBD acetone solvent
“concentration” increasing the amount of HBD solvent (water)
shall break these interactions with the neem molecule, thereby
decreasing the value of absorbance [15, 16].
In case of water-ethanol mixtures, it belongs to HBD type
of solvents where neem powder is preferentially solvated by the
alcoholic component in all mole fractions in aqueous mixtures
with ethanol [15, 16].
Water makes strong hydrogen-bonded nets in the water-rich
region, which are not easily disrupted by the co-solvent
explaining the strong preferential salvation by the alcoholic
component in this region. Since water preferentially interacts
with itself rather than with neem powder, the alcohol molecules
are freer to interact with neem molecules where their nets
formed by hydrogen bonds are weaker than in water. In this
situation, the alcohol molecules can, to a greater or lesser
extent, interact with water through hydrogen bonding by
solvating a solute molecule or any other molecular species
introduced into the solvent matrix [15, 17].
Increasing the concentration of acetone or ethanol in water
rather than (50 and 40) % (v/v) respectively breaks these
interactions with the neem molecule; thereby decrease the
extract absorbance value [16]. While decreasing the
concentrations brings an increase of the other compounds
concomitant extraction which lowers the neem pigment
concentrations and lead to a lesser absorbance [18].
As shown in Fig. 3, it was denoted that, more concentrated
extract resulted in an increase in absorbance values where the
maximum value was achieved with 18% w/v. This can be
explained by the diffusion of high amount of neem solvated in
the solvent.
The pH of the plant extraction plays an important role in
controlling the absorbance capacity into the extract solution.
Neem molecules are complex organic molecules which carry
charge centers and are thus prone to absorption changes in
3. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 2 (March-April 2014), PP. 51-55
53 | P a g e
various media [15]. These changes are important to understand
various physical- organic reactions of these macromolecules
which have become important in plant extraction. As shown in
Figure 4, it was recorded that the maximum absorbance was
achieved at pH 9 due to the increased solubility and diffusion
coefficients of neem extract, while the decrease of absorbance
at pH values 3, 5 and 7 was due to the possible degradation of
pigment compounds caused by hydrolysis and polymerizations
[19].
Extraction temperature and time are important parameters
influenced the absorbance values as shown in Figures 5 and 6.
It was recorded that the standard parameter of extraction time
was achieved after 60 min 70o C. The absorbance values
increased with the increase in temperature and time otherwise a
decline was achieved with prolong extraction.
Generally, the increase in extract absorbency may be
explained by the de-aggregation of neem molecules in the
extract bath, while the decline in the absorbance value may be
not only attributed to the hydrolytic decomposition of the
extract molecules during prolonged extraction rather than 60
min. [20], but also the loss of solvent by evaporation [21].
Neem leaves yield quercetin (polyphenolic flavonoid) and
nimbosterol (β- sitosterol) as well as number of liminoids
(nimbin and its derivatives) as shown in Figure 7. [22]
This was confirmed from the FTIR spectrum (version 10,
03.08) in the frequency range 4000-450 cm_1 as shown in Fig
8. It was recorded that the number of peaks lying between
3429.10 cm-1, 2925.55 cm-1, 2335.72 cm-1, 1607.23 cm-1,
1404.91 cm-1, 1261.28 cm-1, 1073.05 cm-1, 800.97 cm-1 and
600.72 cm-1 1.
The broad band (3600-3000) corresponds to hydroxyl group
(bonded). Band around 2900 cm-1 could be attributed to
aliphatic CH3 and CH2. The bands from 2800 to 2000 cm-1 are
normally void of other absorptions, so the presence of alkyne or
nitrile groups can be easily seen. The bands from (1638-1484)
cm-1 may be attributed to C=C group of an aromatic ring.
Bands at (1433-1368) cm-1 due to the CH3 and CH2, bending,
and the present bands at (1300-1000) cm-1 indicated C-O
group, while the bands below 900 cm-1 indicated the existence
of C-H deformation of an aromatic proton. This confirmed the
presence of flavonoid compounds in the neem extract so that
the bands in the 1650-1050 cm-1 range are represented the
flavonoid skeleton [23].
IV. CONCLUSION
Use of organic solvents gave rise to neem extract which are not
completely water-soluble provided extremely high capacity for
neem pigments to avoid any loss in the color quality present in
its material at quite latent heat of vaporization to allow its
separation at low temperatures with minimum energy
consumption. The absorption maxima of neem dye extract are
dependent on solvent polarity; in non-hydrogen-bond donating
solvents, solvation of dye molecules probably occurs via
dipole-dipole interactions, whereas in hydrogen-bond donating
solvents the phenomenon is more hydrogen bonding in nature.
The alkaline extraction at pH 9 increased solubility and
diffusion coefficients while the increase of extraction time and
temperature till 70oC for 60 min lead to an increase in the
absorbency due to the de-aggregation of neem molecules in the
extract bath and any decline in the absorbance value might be
not only attributed to the hydrolytic decomposition of the
extract molecules but also might be potentially increased the
loss of solvent by evaporation. Finally, FTIR analysis
investigated the presence of mainly yield quercetin (flavonoid)
compounds in neem extract which is known to have
antibacterial and antifungal properties giving chance to be
applied for antimicrobial textile dyeing in the second part of
this study to approach the demands of economic and ecological
viewpoints.
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was funded by the Deanship of Scientific
Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under
grant No. (364-001-D1434). The authors, therefore,
acknowledge with thanks DSR technical and financial support.
VI. LIST OF FIGURES
Figure1: Effect of solvent type and concentrations on
the absorbance of 10% (w/v) neem powder extracted at 70o
C and pH 9 for 60 min using L:R of 1:50
Figure 2: Efficiency of the optimum solvents
concentrations on the absorbance percentage of 10% (w/v)
neem powder extracted at 70o C and pH 9 for 60min using
L:R of 1:50
4. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 2 (March-April 2014), PP. 51-55
54 | P a g e
Figure 3:Effect of neem powder amount (w/v) on the
absorbance when extracted with 50 % (v/v) water-acetone
at 70o C and pH 9 for 60 min using L:R of 1:50
Fig. 4. Effect of pH values on the absorbance of
extracting 18% (w/v) neem powder with 50 % (v/v) water-
acetone at 70o C for 60 min using L:R of 1:50
Figure 5: Effect of extraction bath time on the
absorbance of extracting 18% (w/v) neem powder with 50
% (v/v) water-acetone at 70o C and pH 9 using L:R of 1:50
Figure 6: Effect of extraction temperature on the
absorbance of extracting 18% (w/v) neem powder with 50
% (v/v) water-acetone at pH 9 for 60 min using L: R of 1:50
Figure 7: Chemical structure of neem
Figure 8: FTIR spectrum of the standardize neem
extract using 50 % (v/v) water-acetone, 18% (w/v) neem
amount at pH 9 and 70oC for 60 min using L:R of 1:50.
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