Egg shell which is made of calcium is thrown away as a waste. When the calcium carbonate is heated a binding material called Calcium Oxide (Lime) is obtained. As lime is the major compound of Portland cement, eggshell powder can be used as partial replacement of fine aggregate.Fly Ash is one of the residues generated in the combustion of coal. Fly ash includes substantial amounts if Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and Calcium Oxide (CaO). 75 million tons of fly ash which are rich in Silica is disposed to landfill as a waste annually in India.This project aims at examining the feasibility of eggshell powder as a partial replacement of fine aggregate and also to observe the affect of fly ash on the proposed concrete. In the present study, concrete cubes of grade M30 and M40 were prepared in the laboratory by replacing the fine aggregate with fly ash and egg shell powder at combined proportions of 0%, 7%, 14%, 21%, 28%, 35% & 42% by weight. Tests are conducted at 7 days and 28 days on concrete cubes, cylinders and flexural beams to study compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength/ finally the results are compared with the normal conventional concrete and the effect of fly ash on it is studied G Anisha | A Pavani"An Experimental Investigation on Effect of Fly Ash on Egg Shell Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2206.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/2206/an-experimental-investigation-on-effect-of-fly-ash-on-egg-shell-concrete/g-anisha
Limestone;Industrial Uses of Limestone ; Lime; Lime Cycle; Production of Lime; Classification of Hydrated Lime IS 712-1973; Purposes for the Utilize of Lime; Soda Ash;Solvay process for the manufacture of Soda Ash; Purposes for the Utilize of Soda Ash; Gypsum; Calcination of Gypsum; Hardening of Plaster; Magnesium; Production Of Magnesium from seawater and dolomite; Process for production Magnesium hydroxide and Calcium chloride from Dolomite ; Process for production Magnesium and Calcium chloride
Experimental Study on Gypsum as Binding Material and Its Propertiestheijes
Cement is widely noted to be most expensive binding material. The entire construction industry is in search of suitable and effective waste product that would considerably minimize the use of cements and ultimately reduces the construction cost. Gypsum which has the pozzolonic properties is a way forward. The possibility of using Gypsum as a construction material need to be investigated. Two types of Gypsum namely Natural Gypsum (NG) and Flue-Gas Gypsum (FGG) are commonly used in construction industry. A comparative study on effects of concrete properties when Gypsum is partially mixed with Lime and Fly ash is discussed. The compressive strength of concrete will be mainly studied. The study suggests that Gypsum has the potential to be used as replacement for cement, having good compressive strength performance. In Gypsum concrete different types of binding materials are rationally combined to produce a cementations composite that drives benefits other than cement concrete mixture. In this project, Gypsum, Lime and Fly ash will be used in proportions as concrete mixture and then fibers will be added together to form a Gypsum concrete. The present investigation is aimed to study the strength characteristics by casting and testing the specimens for 28 days. The compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of sample to be investigated individually by varying the percentage of Gypsum (80%, 70%, 60%), Lime (10%, 20%, 30%) and Fly ash (10%, 20%).
Beneficiation and Mineral Processing of Sand and Silica Sand; Sand and Silica Sand; Processing Sand; Sand into Silicon-Silicon carbide ; Heavy Mineral Sand; Separation of Heavy Minerals from Black Sand/Sand; Zircon to Zirconium; Ti-Bearing Minerals
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Limestone;Industrial Uses of Limestone ; Lime; Lime Cycle; Production of Lime; Classification of Hydrated Lime IS 712-1973; Purposes for the Utilize of Lime; Soda Ash;Solvay process for the manufacture of Soda Ash; Purposes for the Utilize of Soda Ash; Gypsum; Calcination of Gypsum; Hardening of Plaster; Magnesium; Production Of Magnesium from seawater and dolomite; Process for production Magnesium hydroxide and Calcium chloride from Dolomite ; Process for production Magnesium and Calcium chloride
Experimental Study on Gypsum as Binding Material and Its Propertiestheijes
Cement is widely noted to be most expensive binding material. The entire construction industry is in search of suitable and effective waste product that would considerably minimize the use of cements and ultimately reduces the construction cost. Gypsum which has the pozzolonic properties is a way forward. The possibility of using Gypsum as a construction material need to be investigated. Two types of Gypsum namely Natural Gypsum (NG) and Flue-Gas Gypsum (FGG) are commonly used in construction industry. A comparative study on effects of concrete properties when Gypsum is partially mixed with Lime and Fly ash is discussed. The compressive strength of concrete will be mainly studied. The study suggests that Gypsum has the potential to be used as replacement for cement, having good compressive strength performance. In Gypsum concrete different types of binding materials are rationally combined to produce a cementations composite that drives benefits other than cement concrete mixture. In this project, Gypsum, Lime and Fly ash will be used in proportions as concrete mixture and then fibers will be added together to form a Gypsum concrete. The present investigation is aimed to study the strength characteristics by casting and testing the specimens for 28 days. The compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of sample to be investigated individually by varying the percentage of Gypsum (80%, 70%, 60%), Lime (10%, 20%, 30%) and Fly ash (10%, 20%).
Beneficiation and Mineral Processing of Sand and Silica Sand; Sand and Silica Sand; Processing Sand; Sand into Silicon-Silicon carbide ; Heavy Mineral Sand; Separation of Heavy Minerals from Black Sand/Sand; Zircon to Zirconium; Ti-Bearing Minerals
Presentation by
Primary Information Services
www.primaryinfo.com
mailto:primaryinfo@gmail.com
Download PDF Version at
https://www.slideshare.net/thorapadi/presentations
See Youtube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/user/ch600091/videos?view_as=subscriber
Mine wastes are problematic because they contain hazardous substances that can be (or are) released into the environment around the Sukari gold mine – heavy metals, metalloids, acids, process chemicals – and therefore require treatment, secure disposal, and monitoring.
Wastes are not only produced during mining, but also at mineral processing plants and smelter sites and include effluents, sludges, leached ore residues, slags, furnace dusts, filter cakes and smelting residues.
Mine wastes may be in the form of: solid waste, water waste, or gaseous waste.
Environmental contamination and pollution as a result of improper mining, smelting and waste disposal practices has occurred, and still occur at Sukari Gold Mine. Sukari Tailings Storage Facilities” (TSF)
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Mineral...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Minerals Engineering (Mining, Non – Ferrous Metals, Iron Ore Slimes, Limes, Limestone, Asbestos, Coal Beneficiation, Coal and Ore Fines, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ammonium Salts, Fertilizers)
Mineral is defined as a naturally occurring solid chemical substance formed through biogeochemical processes, having characteristic chemical composition, highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. By comparison, a rock is an aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids and does not have a specific chemical composition.
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Ammonium Salts, Business guidance for Mineral Production, Business guidance to clients, Business of Mining, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan small scale mining project, Business start-up, Chemistry and physics of Asbestos, Chemistry of nitrogen and its inorganic compounds, Coal and Ore Fines, Coal Beneficiation, Extractive Metallurgy, Fertilizers, Great Opportunity for Startup, Growing a mineral processing business, How to start a Mineral manufacturing business, How to Start a Mineral processing industry?, How to Start a Mineral Production Business, How to start a mining business, How to start a successful Mineral processing business, How to start mineral grinding industry in India, How to Start Mineral Processing Industry in India, Introduction to Mineral Processing, Limes manufacturing, Limestone exploration and extraction, Limestone Processing, Manufacture of Ammonium Bicarbonate, Manufacture of ordinary superphosphate, Metals and Minerals Production in India, Metals, Minerals & Mining Industry, Mineral Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Mineral industry, Mineral mining business plan, Mineral processing, Mineral Processing & mining Based Profitable Projects, Mineral processing book, Mineral processing Business, Mineral Processing Industry in India, Mineral processing metallurgy, Mineral processing plants, Mineral Processing Projects, Mineral processing Small Business, Mineral processing technology, Mineral Production, Mineral production for mining sector, Minerals and Mineral Processing, Minerals Engineering, Mining & mineral processing industry, Mining and Mineral Processing, Mining processing, Mining Sector Investment and Business, Mining, Mineral Processing & Metals Industry, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Mineral Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Mineral processing industry, Non – Ferrous Metals Production, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ore Dressing, Processing of Iron Ore Slimes, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Mineral processing, Setting up and opening your Mineral processing Business, Setting up of Mineral Processing Units, Small Business ideas in the Mining Industry
Concentration, Analysis and Characterization of Smectite Selected From Volca...Scientific Review SR
Natural clays occur as mixtures of many clay minerals and remains of the rocks that under went
diagenesis to yield the clays. As weathering of clay soils never ceases it may not be possible to mine single clay
minerals. The purity of the mineral may increased through hydrocycloning and sedimentation as different clay
minerals have different densities, wetting behavior and solubility in water. In this study, information has been
accumulated on clays mined from Budadiri, Chelel, Mutufu and Sirron in eastern Uganda which were
sedimented to upgrade the content of smectites. The dried raw clays and fractions that settled from
sedimentation mixtures after six days were subjected to chemical and differential thermal analyses in addition
to Infra red and X-ray diffraction studies. The data acquired from the various experiments revealed presence of
Fe-montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, K-feldspars, plagioclase and quartz in raw clays. Although smectites and
kaolinites may appear similar in color, the alkalinity of aqueous slurries of clay sediments from Budadiri,
Chelel and Mutufu showed they were smectites containing nontronite. The clays and clay fractions were made
of 40-50% smectite, 20-30% K-feldspars and plagioclase showing they formed from alkaline intrusive
granitoids in basic medium. The presence of iron, aluminium, and silicon in approximate percentages of 11, 18
and 60% respectively indicated that sedimentation yielded nontronite and montmorillonite fractions. The IR
spectrum absorption peaks at 3600, 3454, 526 and 466cm-1 among others were due to Al-Al-OH, Mg-OH-Al,
Si-O-Al and Si-O-Si bond deformations respectively indicated presence of smectites in the clay fractions
obtained. DTA showed peaks at temperatures of 100, 250 and 650oC due to presence of smectites.
Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes; صخورالصوان (Chert)
درنات او عقيدات الشيرت(Nodular or Concretion Cherts)
زلط الطواحين (Mill chert)
الشيرت الطبقى (Bedded Cherts )
رواسب الكالسيوم الكربونات (Calcium Carbonate Deposits)
الحجر الجيري (Limestone)
الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
الفرق بين الحجر الجيري (Limestone) و الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
استخدمات الحجر الجيري
السن المستخدم فى الاغراض المدنية
سن الأسفلت (Road or Asphalt Aggregates):
سن جابرو (Gabbro Aggregates)
سن بازالت (Basalt Aggregates)
سن الدولوميت (Dolomite/Dolostone Aggregates)
سن الشيرت (Chert Aggregates)
السن المستخدم فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء (Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes)
الفرق بين الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate)...!
الأقضلية بين استخدام الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate) فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء
Mine wastes are problematic because they contain hazardous substances that can be (or are) released into the environment around the Sukari gold mine – heavy metals, metalloids, acids, process chemicals – and therefore require treatment, secure disposal, and monitoring.
Wastes are not only produced during mining, but also at mineral processing plants and smelter sites and include effluents, sludges, leached ore residues, slags, furnace dusts, filter cakes and smelting residues.
Mine wastes may be in the form of: solid waste, water waste, or gaseous waste.
Environmental contamination and pollution as a result of improper mining, smelting and waste disposal practices has occurred, and still occur at Sukari Gold Mine. Sukari Tailings Storage Facilities” (TSF)
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Mineral...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Minerals Engineering (Mining, Non – Ferrous Metals, Iron Ore Slimes, Limes, Limestone, Asbestos, Coal Beneficiation, Coal and Ore Fines, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ammonium Salts, Fertilizers)
Mineral is defined as a naturally occurring solid chemical substance formed through biogeochemical processes, having characteristic chemical composition, highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. By comparison, a rock is an aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids and does not have a specific chemical composition.
See more
http://goo.gl/grSq9U
http://goo.gl/AIjkcu
http://goo.gl/H7QGBA
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Tags
Ammonium Salts, Business guidance for Mineral Production, Business guidance to clients, Business of Mining, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan small scale mining project, Business start-up, Chemistry and physics of Asbestos, Chemistry of nitrogen and its inorganic compounds, Coal and Ore Fines, Coal Beneficiation, Extractive Metallurgy, Fertilizers, Great Opportunity for Startup, Growing a mineral processing business, How to start a Mineral manufacturing business, How to Start a Mineral processing industry?, How to Start a Mineral Production Business, How to start a mining business, How to start a successful Mineral processing business, How to start mineral grinding industry in India, How to Start Mineral Processing Industry in India, Introduction to Mineral Processing, Limes manufacturing, Limestone exploration and extraction, Limestone Processing, Manufacture of Ammonium Bicarbonate, Manufacture of ordinary superphosphate, Metals and Minerals Production in India, Metals, Minerals & Mining Industry, Mineral Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Mineral industry, Mineral mining business plan, Mineral processing, Mineral Processing & mining Based Profitable Projects, Mineral processing book, Mineral processing Business, Mineral Processing Industry in India, Mineral processing metallurgy, Mineral processing plants, Mineral Processing Projects, Mineral processing Small Business, Mineral processing technology, Mineral Production, Mineral production for mining sector, Minerals and Mineral Processing, Minerals Engineering, Mining & mineral processing industry, Mining and Mineral Processing, Mining processing, Mining Sector Investment and Business, Mining, Mineral Processing & Metals Industry, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Mineral Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Mineral processing industry, Non – Ferrous Metals Production, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ore Dressing, Processing of Iron Ore Slimes, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Mineral processing, Setting up and opening your Mineral processing Business, Setting up of Mineral Processing Units, Small Business ideas in the Mining Industry
Concentration, Analysis and Characterization of Smectite Selected From Volca...Scientific Review SR
Natural clays occur as mixtures of many clay minerals and remains of the rocks that under went
diagenesis to yield the clays. As weathering of clay soils never ceases it may not be possible to mine single clay
minerals. The purity of the mineral may increased through hydrocycloning and sedimentation as different clay
minerals have different densities, wetting behavior and solubility in water. In this study, information has been
accumulated on clays mined from Budadiri, Chelel, Mutufu and Sirron in eastern Uganda which were
sedimented to upgrade the content of smectites. The dried raw clays and fractions that settled from
sedimentation mixtures after six days were subjected to chemical and differential thermal analyses in addition
to Infra red and X-ray diffraction studies. The data acquired from the various experiments revealed presence of
Fe-montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, K-feldspars, plagioclase and quartz in raw clays. Although smectites and
kaolinites may appear similar in color, the alkalinity of aqueous slurries of clay sediments from Budadiri,
Chelel and Mutufu showed they were smectites containing nontronite. The clays and clay fractions were made
of 40-50% smectite, 20-30% K-feldspars and plagioclase showing they formed from alkaline intrusive
granitoids in basic medium. The presence of iron, aluminium, and silicon in approximate percentages of 11, 18
and 60% respectively indicated that sedimentation yielded nontronite and montmorillonite fractions. The IR
spectrum absorption peaks at 3600, 3454, 526 and 466cm-1 among others were due to Al-Al-OH, Mg-OH-Al,
Si-O-Al and Si-O-Si bond deformations respectively indicated presence of smectites in the clay fractions
obtained. DTA showed peaks at temperatures of 100, 250 and 650oC due to presence of smectites.
Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes; صخورالصوان (Chert)
درنات او عقيدات الشيرت(Nodular or Concretion Cherts)
زلط الطواحين (Mill chert)
الشيرت الطبقى (Bedded Cherts )
رواسب الكالسيوم الكربونات (Calcium Carbonate Deposits)
الحجر الجيري (Limestone)
الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
الفرق بين الحجر الجيري (Limestone) و الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
استخدمات الحجر الجيري
السن المستخدم فى الاغراض المدنية
سن الأسفلت (Road or Asphalt Aggregates):
سن جابرو (Gabbro Aggregates)
سن بازالت (Basalt Aggregates)
سن الدولوميت (Dolomite/Dolostone Aggregates)
سن الشيرت (Chert Aggregates)
السن المستخدم فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء (Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes)
الفرق بين الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate)...!
الأقضلية بين استخدام الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate) فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء
A STUDY ON WASTE UTILIZATION OF MARBLE DUST IN HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE MIXIAEME Publication
Marble is a standout amongst the most imperative materials utilized as a part of the development business. Marble powder is delivered from the preparing plants amid the sawing and cleaning of the marble squares and around 20 - 25% of the handled marble is transformed into powder structure i.e., marble powder. Marble dust which is a waste material from development site is blended with concrete as a substitution. As marble powder is the waste item which is gotten amid the procedure of sawing and molding of the marble by the guardian marble rock, contains substantial metals in it which makes the water unfit for use. Marble powder makes numerous ecological issues. Because of ecological issues, it greatly affects the human wellbeing and also on the nature. To control its belongings we need to utilize this waste. Marble dust which is a waste material from the development site is blended with the solid.
Partial Replacement of Natural Sand by Microfines for Cement Concreteijtsrd
The purpose of this study was to investigate the PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL SAND BY MICROFINES FOR CEMENT CONCRETE. The suitability of crushed stone dust waste as a fine aggregate for concrete has been assessed by comparing its basic properties with that of conventional concrete. Two basic mixes were chosen for natural sand to achieve M25 and M30 grade concrete. The equivalent mixes were obtained by replacing natural sand by stone dust partially and fully. The test results indicate the crushed stone dust waste can be used effectively to replace natural sand in concrete. In the experimental study of strength characteristics of concrete using crushed stone dust as fine aggregate it is found that there is increase in compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength of concrete. Bharath V B | Kuldeep Singh Solanki | Muhammad Nasir Ibrahim "Partial Replacement of Natural Sand by Microfines for Cement Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31240.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/31240/partial-replacement-of-natural-sand-by-microfines-for-cement-concrete/bharath-v-b
Use of Granite Waste for the Application as Coarse Aggregate in Concreteijtsrd
The granite waste GW generated during mining extraction is responsible for environmental degradation. Millions of tonnes of stored granite waste are currently still not being reused. This paper describes a disposal process for this material, where granite waste can be used as an alternative aggregate for ordinary concrete. The awareness of the impact of coarse aggregate morphology on the behaviour of fresh concrete mixture, as well as on the deformation and compressive strength of the hardened concrete, favours the creation of the efficiency of Concrete. In this project, experimental work will be done on the effect of granite waste on compressive strength of concrete and split tensile strength of concrete with partial replacement of coarse aggregates by 20 , 40 , 60 , 80 , and 100 for 28 days of water curing for M25 grade of concrete. This project concluded that the performance concrete made with waste granite as coarse aggregate subjected to water curing is conducted for finding the characteristic mechanical properties such as compressive strength and split tensile of concrete mixtures at 7, 14, and 28 days of curing for 0.45 water cement ratio. The test results show clearly that waste granite as a partial coarse aggregate has beneficial effects of the mechanical properties of concrete. Of all the 6 mixtures considered, concrete with 20 of granite powder GW 20 was found to be superior to other mixtures for all operating conditions. On the other hand, the tensile strength of the concrete reduced with the increment of granite waste. The effect was more significant in the strength of concrete. The study reveals that when waste granite is added in concrete partially replaced with coarse aggregates, the properties of concrete are satisfactory up to 20 of granite waste. But when percentage of granite waste is increases, the compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete is decreases. The effect of using granite powder in concrete by partially reducing quantities of coarse aggregates reduces cost of concrete work. Prof. K. A. Salunke | Sumit M. Pardeshi | Prathm N. Patil | Yash A. Mahajan | Lokesh S. Shirode "Use of Granite Waste for the Application as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57402.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/civil-engineering/57402/use-of-granite-waste-for-the-application-as-coarse-aggregate-in-concrete/prof-k-a-salunke
Behaviour of Lustrous Carbon Additives in Green Sand Castingijtsrd
The advent of High Volume, High Density and High Pressure Moulding Lines has changed the logistics of Molding Techniques and selection of additives significantly. Having 4 main ingredients, Base Sand, Bentonite, Lustrous Carbon Additives and Water, the properties of the Sand Mold resulting from this simple mixture to deliver target casting quality is complexly variable. Sand Control is an Art' as any foundry man will willingly emphasize. It is well accepted that no two foundry sand systems are the same. Even a single foundry Unit or foundry group having two or more molding lines, along with separate Sand preparation lines, whether in the same campus or in different locations, sand preparation and sand parameters will normally differ in each sand loop The role of quality in additives has therefore become even more important than when one could feel' the sand and make changes accordingly. Now, additives and ingredients have to be engineered precisely for the application with assured reproducibility in chemistry, grain fineness and other parameters. Pawan Prakash | Bhasker Shrivastava "Behaviour of Lustrous Carbon Additives in Green Sand Casting" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29807.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29807/behaviour-of-lustrous-carbon-additives-in-green-sand-casting/pawan-prakash
Impact of Using RHA and CD in Replacement of Cement for Mixijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR ON CEMENT MORTAR Chandan Kumar.D
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR ON CEMENT MORTAR BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH GRANITE WASTE, ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE AND FULLY REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE BY CRUSHED STONE DUST
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
GIÁO ÁN DẠY THÊM (KẾ HOẠCH BÀI BUỔI 2) - TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS (2 CỘT) N...
An Experimental Investigation on Effect of Fly Ash on Egg Shell Concrete
1. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Volume 1(4), ISSN: 2456-6470 www.ijtsrd.com
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An Experimental Investigation on Effect of Fly Ash
on Egg Shell Concrete
G. Anisha
Department of Civil Engineering,
Chirala Engineering College,
Chirala, Andhra Pradesh, India
A. Pavani
Department of Civil Engineering,
Chirala Engineering College,
Chirala, Andhra Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Egg shell which is made of calcium is thrown away as
a waste. When the calcium carbonate is heated a
binding material called Calcium Oxide (Lime) is
obtained. As lime is the major compound of Portland
cement, eggshell powder can be used as partial
replacement of fine aggregate.
Fly Ash is one of the residues generated in the
combustion of coal. Fly ash includes substantial
amounts if Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and Calcium Oxide
(CaO). 75 million tons of fly ash which are rich in
Silica is disposed to landfill as a waste annually in
India.
This project aims at examining the feasibility of
eggshell powder as a partial replacement of fine
aggregate and also to observe the affect of fly ash on
the proposed concrete.
In the present study, concrete cubes of grade M30 and
M40 were prepared in the laboratory by replacing the
fine aggregate with fly ash and egg shell powder at
combined proportions of 0%, 7%, 14%, 21%, 28%,
35% & 42% by weight. Tests are conducted at 7 days
and 28 days on concrete cubes, cylinders and flexural
beams to study compressive strength, split tensile
strength and flexural strength/ finally the results are
compared with the normal conventional concrete and
the effect of fly ash on it is studied
KEYWORD: Concrete, Eggshell Powder, Fly Ash,
Fine Aggregate, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile
Strength and Flexural Strength
1. Introduction
Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, coarse
aggregate and water. Its success lies in its versatility
as can be designed to withstand harshest
environments while taking on the most inspirational
forms. Engineers and scientists are further trying to
increase its limits with the help of innovative
chemical admixtures and various supplementary
cementitious materials SCMs.
Early SCMs consisted of natural, readily available
materials like volcanic ash or diatomaceous earth. The
engineering marvels like Roman aqueducts, the
Coliseum are examples of this technique used by
Greeks and Romans. Nowadays, most concrete
mixture contains SCMs which are mainly byproducts
or waste materials from other industrial processes.
II. MATERIALS
A. Cement:
Cement is a material, generally in powder form, that
can be made into a paste usually by the addition of
water and, when molded or poured, will set into a
solid mass. Numerous organic compounds used for
adhering, or fastening materials, are called cements,
but these are classified as adhesives, and the term
cement alone means a construction material. The most
widely used of the construction cements is Portland
cement. It is a bluish-gray powder obtained by finely
grinding the clinker made by strongly heating an
intimate mixture of calcareous and argillaceous
minerals. The chief raw material is a mixture of high-
calcium limestone, known as cement rock, and clay or
shale. Blast-furnace slag may also be used in some
cements and the cement is called Portland slag cement
(PSC). The color of the cement is due chiefly to iron
oxide. In the absence of impurities, the color would be
white, but neither the color nor the specific gravity is
a test of quality.
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Table 1 Chemical Composition of Portland cement
Oxide
Composition
Abbreviation
Lime CaO
Silica SiO2
Alumina Al2O3
Iron Oxide Fe2O3
Sulphate SO3
Magnesia MgO
Alkalies K2O, Na2O
B. Fly Ash
Class F fly ash obtained from thermal power plant at
Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh was used in this
investigation. It was sieved through 90 micron sieve
for the purpose of concreting samples. Specific
Gravity of FA was 2.10. Fineness of FA was
310m3/kg. Bulk Density of FA was 0.749 gm/cm3
conforming to IS: 3812-1981.
Figure 1 Fly Ash
Table 2 Chemical composition of fly ash
Oxide Composition Percent content
Loss on ignition 4.5
SiO2 56.65
Al2O3 27.35
Fe2O3 4.79
CaO 2.19
MgO 0.57
Soluble SiO2 3.95
Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Volume 1(4), ISSN: 2456
Chemical Composition of Portland cement
Percent
content
60-67
17-25
3.0-8.0
0.5-6.0
1.3-3.0
0.1-4.0
0.4-1.3
Class F fly ash obtained from thermal power plant at
Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh was used in this
investigation. It was sieved through 90 micron sieve
for the purpose of concreting samples. Specific
avity of FA was 2.10. Fineness of FA was
310m3/kg. Bulk Density of FA was 0.749 gm/cm3
Table 2 Chemical composition of fly ash
Percent content
4.5
56.65
27.35
4.79
2.19
0.57
3.95
C. Egg Shell Powder
The eggshells (ES) were collected from domestic
sources. The ES was washed manually and then left
to dry at ambient conditions. In order to satisfy the
physical requirement for fineness, ES was ground fine
enough to pass through a 75 µm sieve.
This is accomplished by crushing and grinding the
eggshells manually and then sieving the ground ESP
to the desired particle size.
Figure 2 Egg shell powder
Table 3 Chemical composition of egg shell powder
Oxide composititon
CaO
SiO2
Al2O3
MgO
Fe2O3
Na2O
P2O5
SrO
NiO
SO3
Cl
D. Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregate / sand is an accumulati
mineral matter derived from the disintegration of
rocks. It is distinguished from gravel only by the size
of the grains or particles, but is distinct from clays
which contain organic materials. Sands that have been
sorted out and separated from the organic material by
the action of currents of water or by winds across arid
lands are generally quite uniform in size of grains.
Usually commercial sand is obtained from river beds
or from sand dunes originally formed by the action of
winds. Much of the earth’s surface is sandy, and these
sands are usually quartz and other siliceous materials.
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586
The eggshells (ES) were collected from domestic
sources. The ES was washed manually and then left
to dry at ambient conditions. In order to satisfy the
nt for fineness, ES was ground fine
enough to pass through a 75 µm sieve.
This is accomplished by crushing and grinding the
eggshells manually and then sieving the ground ESP
Egg shell powder
Chemical composition of egg shell powder
Percent content
50.7
0.09
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.19
0.24
0.13
0.0001
0.57
0.219
Fine aggregate / sand is an accumulation of grains of
mineral matter derived from the disintegration of
rocks. It is distinguished from gravel only by the size
of the grains or particles, but is distinct from clays
which contain organic materials. Sands that have been
from the organic material by
the action of currents of water or by winds across arid
generally quite uniform in size of grains.
Usually commercial sand is obtained from river beds
or from sand dunes originally formed by the action of
of the earth’s surface is sandy, and these
sands are usually quartz and other siliceous materials.
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The most useful commercially are silica sands, often
above 98% pure. Beach sands usually have smooth,
spherical to ovaloid particles from the abrasive action
of waves and tides and are free of organic matter. The
white beach sands are largely silica but may also be of
zircon, monazite, garnet, and other minerals, and are
used for extracting various elements.
Natural river sand confirming to Zone 2 grading as
per IS: 383 – 1987 was used. The sand was
thoroughly flushed with water to reduce the level of
impurities and organic matter and later sun dried.
Table 4 Physical properties of Fine aggregate
Sl.No Parameters Values
1. Specific
gravity
2.9
2. Fineness
modulus
3.2
3. Bulk Density 1560kg/m3
4. Moisture
Content
1.50%
E. Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregate are the crushed stone is used for
making concrete. The commercial stone is quarried,
crushed, and graded. Much of the crushed stone used is
granite, limestone, and trap rock. The last is a term
used to designate basalt, gabbro, diorite, and other
dark-colored, fine-grained igneous rocks. Graded
crushed stone usually consists of only one kind of rock
and is broken with sharp edges. The sizes are from
0.25 to 2.5 in (0.64 to 6.35 cm), although larger sizes
may be used for massive concrete aggregate. Machine
crushed granite broken stone angular in shape was
used as coarse aggregate. The maximum size of coarse
aggregate was 20 mm and specific gravity of 2.78.
Granite is a coarse-grained, igneous rock having an
even texture and consisting largely of quartz and
feldspar with often small amounts of mica and other
minerals. There are many varieties. Granite is very
hard and compact, and it takes a fine polish, showing
the beauty of the crystals. Granite is the most
important building stone. Granite is extremely durable,
and since it does not absorb moisture, as limestone and
sandstone do, it does not weather or crack as these
stones do. The colors are usually reddish, greenish, or
gray. Rainbow granite may have a black or dark-Green
background with pink, yellowish, and reddish
mottling; or it may have a pink or lavender background
with dark mottling.
The natural broken stone (coarse aggregate) used for
the study was of 20mm size maximum.
F. Water
Water fit for drinking is generally considered fit for
making concrete. Water should be free from acids, oils,
alkalies, vegetables or other organic Impurities. Soft
waters also produce weaker concrete. Water has two
functions in a concrete mix. Firstly, it reacts chemically
with the cement to form a cement paste in which the
inert aggregates are held in suspension until the cement
paste has hardened. Secondly, it serves as a vehicle or
lubricant in the mixture of fine aggregates and cement.
III. METHODOLOGY
In order to study the mechanical properties of fly ash
and egg shell powder concrete. Six mix proportions
were made. The percentage replacements of aggregates
by fly ash and egg shell powder were 0%, 7%, 14%,
21%, 28% 35% and 42%. This was done to determine
the proportion that would give the most favorable
result. The 0% replacement was to serve as control for
other sample which is finally used for the comparison.
The mix proportions studied for the fly ash and egg
shell powder concrete are totally 5 proportions. The
mix proportion was done as per the IS: 10262-1982.
The target mean strength was 39.9 and 50.89 N/mm2
for M30 and M40. The final mix that is used
1:1.13:2.36 and 1:1.07:2.20 is obtained for water
cement ratio is 0.38 and 0.31.
IV. TEST PROGRAM
The cubes of 150X150X150 mm size and cylinders of
150mm diaX300mm and beams of
100X100X500mm, were tested for Compression,
Split Tensile and Flexural Strength. Tests were done
as per following codes of Bureau of Indian Standards.
The test for Compressive Strength on cubes were
measured at 7 and 28 days of curing as per IS:516-
1959, test for Flexural Strength on beam was
measured at 7 and 28 days of curing as per IS:516-
1959 and test for Split Tensile Strength on cylinder
was measured at 7 and 28 days of curing as per
IS:5816-1999.
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MIX PROPORTIONS OF TEST SPECIMENS
The present experimental programme includes casting
and testing of specimens for compressive strength.
Specimens are prepared for M30 & M40 grades of
concrete with different percentages of FLY ASH and
EGG SHELL POWDER. .The cube specimens are
cast. The details of casting and testing of specimens
are described below
Table 5 Mix Proportions
S.No Mix Flyash % Eggshell
Powder %
Combined
1 M1 0 0 0
2 M2 3.5 3.5 7
3 M3 7 7 14
4 M4 10.5 10.5 21
5 M5 14 14 28
6 M6 17.5 17.5 35
7 M7 21 21 42
MIXING
For each mix, the required quantities of the
constituents were batched by weight. The mix design
is produced for maximum size of the aggregate is
20mm conventional aggregate FA and ESP with
replacement of FA and ESP respectively and
combinely with fine aggregate by 7%, 14%, 21%,
28%, 35%, 42%, is studied by casting cubes,
cylinders and beams.
Water is weighed exactly and added to the dry mix and
entire mix is thoroughly mixed till uniformity is arrived
at. The fresh concrete is tested using compaction factor
apparatus for workability immediately after thoroughly
mixing.
WORKABILITY:
In an indirect by determining the degree of
compaction achieved by a standard amount of work
done compaction factor measures the workability by
allowing the concrete to fall through a standard
height. In the upper hopper up to the brim the sample
of concrete to be tested is placed. So that the concrete
falls in the lower hopper the trap door is opened.
Concrete is allowed to fall into the cylinder the trap
door of the lower hopper is opened and. It is likely
that the concrete may not fall on opening trap door in
the case of a dry mix. In such case a slight pocking by
the rod may be required to set the concrete in motion.
The excess concrete remaining top level of cylinder is
then cut off with the help of plain blades supplied
with apparatus. The surface of cylinder is wiped clean
and weighed to the nearest 10gms. This weight is
known as "weight of partially compacted concrete".
The cylinder is emptied and then refilled with the
concrete from the sample in layers of each about 5cm
depth. The layers are heavily rammed or preferably
vibrated so as to obtain full compaction. The top
surface of fully compacted concrete is then carefully
struck off and the cylinder is weighed to the nearest
10gms. The weight is known of fully compacted
concrete.
Compaction Factor = Weight of partially compacted
concrete/weight of fully compacted concrete. The
compaction factor is calculated for various
percentages of silica fume concretes and various
ordinary concretes keeping the water -cement ratio
constant. A compaction factor value of 0.82-0.9 has
been maintained throughout the experimentation.
CASTING OF SPECIMENS
For casting the cubes, standard C.I Metal cubes of
size 150 mm x 150 mm have been used. The moulds
have been cleaned of dust particles and applied with
mineral oil on all sides, before concrete is poured into
the mould. Thoroughly mixed concrete is filled into
the mould.
CURING OF SPECIMENS
After casting the molded specimens are stored in the
laboratory free from vibrations, in moist air and at
room temperature for 24 hrs. After this period, the
specimen are removed from the moulds and
immediately submerged in the clean fresh water of
curing tank. The curing water is renewed after every 5
days. The specimens are cured for 7 and 28 days in
the present work.
TESTING OF CUBE SPECIMENS
After 7 days & 28 days the specimens are removed
and the following tests were tested and the results
compared with conventional concrete.
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Compressive strength test
Flexural strength test
Split tensile strength test
V. RESULTS
The cubes of 150X150X150 mm size and cylinders
of 150mm diaX300mm and beams of
100X100X500mm, were tested for Compression,
Split Tensile and Flexural Strength. Tests were done
as per following codes of Bureau of Indian
Standards. The test for Compressive Strength on
cubes were measured at 7 and 28 days of curing as
per IS:516-1959, test for Flexural Strength on beam
was measured at 7 and 28 days of curing as per
IS:516-1959 and test for Split Tensile Strength on
cylinder was measured at 7 and 28 days of curing as
per IS:5816-1999.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
The cubes are tested for compressive strength for 7
days and 28 days with the maximum nominal size of
the aggregate as 20mm and the average test results
are noted.
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
The ability of a beam or slab to resist failure in
bending is flexural strength. The flexural strength of
concrete is 12 to 20 percent of compressive strength.
The concrete prisms are tested for flexural strength
for 7 days and 28 days.
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
The concrete cylinders are tested for split tensile
strength for 7 days and 28 days. The split tensile
strength is determined by dividing the maximum
applied load by appropriate geometrical factors.
RESULTS FOR M30 GRADE CONCRETE
Table 6 Average Compressive strength values for
M30
Table 7 Average Flexural strength values for M30
grade
S.
N
O
MIX FLY
AS
H
EGGS
HELL
POWD
ER
COMB
INED
REPL
ACEM
ENT
FLEXURAL
STRENGTH
N/mm2
% % % 7 days 28
days
1 M1 0 0 0 3.19 4.33
2 M2 3.5 3.5 7 3.55 4.56
3 M3 7 7 14 3.26 4.26
4 M4 10.5 10.5 21 2.46 3.75
5 M5 14 14 28 2.21 3.42
6 M6 17.5 17.5 35 1.76 2.99
7 M7 21 21 42 1.12 2.48
S.
N
O
MI
X
FL
YA
SH
EGGS
HELL
POW
DER
COMB
INED
REPL
ACEM
ENT
COMPRESSI
VE
STRENGTH
N/mm2
% % % 7 days 28
days
1 M1 0 0 0 25.75 37.59
2 M2 3.5 3.5 7 30.94 44.25
3 M3 7 7 14 28.56 41.22
4 M4 10.5 10.5 21 27.12 40.23
5 M5 14 14 28 25.43 39.51
6 M6 17.5 17.5 35 20.25 30.15
7 M7 21 21 42 15.36 21.06
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Fig 3 Compressive strength for 7 days and 28 days
(M30)
Fig 4 Flexural strength for 7 days and 28 days
(M30)
Fig 5 Split Tensile strength for 7 days and 28 days
(M30)
Table 8 Average Split tensile strength values for
M30
SL.
NO
MI
X
FLY
ASH
EGG
SHEL
L
POWD
ER
COM
BINE
D
REPL
ACEM
ENT
SPLIT
TESNILE
STRENGT
H N/mm2
% % % 7 days 28 days
1 M1 0 0 0 2.84 4.35
2 M2 3.5 3.5 7 3.12 4.68
3 M3 7 7 14 2.95 4.27
4 M4 10.5 10.5 21 2.89 3.42
5 M5 14 14 28 2.71 3.34
6 M6 17.5 17.5 35 2.56 2.94
7 M7 21 21 42 2.23 2.13
0
10
20
30
40
50
7 days 28 days
CompressivestrengthN/mm2
% Variation in ESP+FA
Compressive Strength for M30 for
various proportions of ESP+FA
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
0
1
2
3
4
5
7 days 28 days
FlexuralStrengthN/mm2
% Variation in ESP+FA
Flexural Strength for M30 for various
proportions of ESP&FA
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
7 days 28 days
SplitTensilestrengthN/mm2
% Variation in ESP+FA
Split tensile strength for M30 for
different proportions of ESP&FA
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
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RESULTS FOR M40 GRADE CONCRETE
Table 9 Average Compressive strength values for
M40
S.
N
O
MIX FL
Y
AS
H
EGGS
HELL
POW
DER
COM
BINE
D
REPL
ACE
MEN
T
COMPRESSI
VE
STRENGTH
N/mm2
% % % 7
days
28
days
1 M1 0 0 0 31.62 46.22
2 M2 3.5 3.5 7 32.04 46.88
3 M3 7 7 14 31.54 46.45
4 M4 10.
5
10.5 21 29.74 45.86
5 M5 14 14 28 26.63 40.96
6 M6 17.
5
17.5 35 23.37 37.33
7 M7 21 21 42 20.25 32.76
Table 10 Average Flexural strength values for M40
grade
S.
N
O
MIX F
L
Y
A
S
H
EGGS
HELL
POW
DER
COM
BINE
D
REPL
ACE
MEN
T
FLEXURAL
STRENGTH
N/mm2
% % % 7 days 28
days
1 M1 0 0 0 3.97 5.23
2 M2 3.5 3.5 7 4.22 5.47
3 M3 7 7 14 3.92 5.29
4 M4 10.
5
10.5 21 3.35 4.63
5 M5 14 14 28 2.55 3.48
6 M6 17.
5
17.5 35 1.88 2.88
7 M7 21 21 42 1.23 2.13
Table 11 Average Split tensile strength values for
M40
SL
.N
O
MI
X
FLY
ASH
EGG
SHEL
L
POW
DER
COM
BINE
D
REPL
ACE
MEN
T
SPLIT
TESNILE
STRENG
TH
N/mm2
% % % 7
days
28
days
1 M1 0 0 0 2.93 5.19
2 M2 3.5 3.5 7 3.09 5.49
3 M3 7 7 14 3.01 5.27
4 M4 10.
5
10.5 21 2.87 4.63
5 M5 14 14 28 2.71 3.45
6 M6 17.
5
17.5 35 2.64 2.87
7 M7 21 21 42 2.22 2.63
Fig 6 Compressive strength for 7 days and 28 days
(M40)
0
10
20
30
40
50
7days 28 days
CompressivestrengthN/mm2
% Variation in ESP&FA
Compressive Strength for M40 for
various proportions of ESP&FA
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
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Fig 7 Flexural strength for 7 days and 28 days
(M40)
Fig 8 Split Tensile strength for 7 days and 28 days
(M40)
VI. CONCLUSION
Based on the experimental investigation conducted in
the present project, the following Conclusions are
drawn.
1. Inclusion of Fly Ash improves the strength of
different types of egg shell concrete mix by making
them more denser
2. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and
flexural strength of fine aggregate partially
replaced with FA and ESP concrete specimens
were higher than the normal concrete specimens at
7 and 28 days. The strength differential between
the FA and ESP concrete specimens and normal
concrete specimens became more distinct after 28
days.
3. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and
flexural strength of fine aggregate partially
replaced with FA and ESP concrete continued to
increase at certain level at 7 and 28 days.
4. Compressive strength was higher than normal
concrete for 21% FA and ESP replacement at 7 and
28 days of curing ages. FA and ESP replacements
greater than 28% (M30) and 21% (M40) had lower
strength than nor-mal concrete at the same time
weight of the cubes are reduced up to 7% per cube.
5. Split tensile strength of FA and ESP concrete were
comparable with normal concrete up to 35% FA
and ESP replacement. However, concrete with 14%
FA and ESP had lower split tensile strength than
normal concrete at both the mixes.
6. Flexural strength of ESP and FP concrete were
comparable with normal concrete up to 35%
replacement. However, concrete with 14% FA and
ESP had lower flexural strength than normal
concrete at both the mixes
7. Results of this investigation suggest that fly ash and
egg shell could be very conveniently used in
structural concrete
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