This document summarizes a study that aimed to identify critical risk factors causing time overruns in construction projects in Kuwait. The researchers conducted a literature review, developed a questionnaire, and surveyed 80 construction professionals in Kuwait representing government, contractors, and consultants. They asked participants to rate the significance and frequency of 33 potential risk factors. Statistical analysis identified the top 5 most critical risk factors: delays in government approvals, delays in variation orders, additional client work beyond scope, changes to engineering conditions, and decreased labor productivity due to climate. The researchers validated these findings through case studies of 28 projects. They found time overruns were very common in Kuwait's construction industry, occurring in 20-80% of projects.
This document discusses a fuzzy AHP model for risk ranking in construction projects. It begins by introducing construction projects and risk management. It then reviews literature on identifying and assessing risks in construction projects. The document discusses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique and different fuzzy AHP methods. The goal is to develop a fuzzy AHP model to measure significant risks in construction projects based on project objectives.
Evaluation of Risk Factors Affecting Cost Performance of Construction Project...IJCMESJOURNAL
Effective management of risk is critical to the success of any construction project. The importance of risk management has grown as projects have become more complex. Contractors have traditionally used financial mark-ups to cover the risk associated with construction projects, but as competition increases and the margins become tighter, they can no longer rely on this strategy and must improve their ability to manage risk. This study has carried out an empirical evaluation of the effect of risk factors on cost performance of projects at delivery. The study is based on the analysis of primary data derived from bills of quantities for the construction/erection of hospital projects by the Ministry of Works and Housing, Jalingo in Taraba State. The obtained data was analyzed using linear regression, t-statistics, F-statistics, line and scatter graphs. The study identified the following risk variables as having significant impact on cost performance: project size, project location, project complexity, level of variations, prime cost sums and provisional sums, estimator bias, market conditions, level of competition, fraudulent practices, construction techniques, economic and political factors, construction accidents, health and safety factors. The study concludes that these factors have to be comprehensively assessed in the light of the individual projects. It recommends among others, the need for a departure from the use of traditional approach of percentage risk adjustment factor to a more comprehensive risk management system.
Reasons for Delaying the Constriction Projects in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
This article dealt with construction projects in Iraq, and the research focused on the risks that may affect these projects. The purpose of this study is to determine the risks that construction projects are exposed to in Iraq and the methods of dealing in order to reduce these risks. Sometimes, if the construction projects are similar to each other in terms of configuration, requirements and purpose, then changing the project site is very sufficient to make these projects differ from each other and thus may be exposed to different risks. These are risks that negatively affect the implementation of these projects and may lead to delay or increase in their cost. Here a questionnaire is designed to collect data to identify risks that may occur during the construction project phases. This questionnaire was distributed electronically to several samples in the public and private sectors within state institutions in Iraq. After completion, the risks that these projects may be exposed to were identified. This was done with engineers and managers of companies and projects working in the public, private and joint sectors, and then these risks were analyzed by the Social Sciences for Packet Statistical Test program(SPSS).
Establishing risk management factors for construction projects in iraqIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to identify and evaluate key risk factors for construction projects in Iraq. A questionnaire was distributed to 75 respondents representing clients, consultants, and contractors. It identified 65 critical risk factors that were categorized into 8 groups: financial, legal, management, market, political/security, technical, environmental, and social. The top 10 most important risk factors identified were security measures, loss due to corruption/bribery, loss due to bureaucracy, unofficial holidays, loss due to political changes, increase in materials prices, unfair tendering, improper project planning/budgeting, design changes, and increased labor costs. The study analyzed the risk factors based on their frequency, severity, and importance using statistical analysis
IRJET- Risk Management in the Construction Project: ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on risk management in construction projects. It begins with defining risk and discussing the various risks that can arise in construction projects, including design, physical, logistical, legal, environmental, construction, management, cultural, financial, and political risks.
It then reviews the key steps in risk management: risk identification, qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods, risk response planning, and risk monitoring and control. For risk identification, it discusses techniques like brainstorming, Delphi technique, interviews, checklists, and learning from past experience. For risk assessment, it outlines qualitative methods like probability/impact assessment and risk rating matrices, as well as quantitative methods like sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, decision trees,
Time delay and cost escalation in construction worksvivatechijri
The objective of the present study was to measure the effects of delay in construction projects like cost-overrun, time-overrun, litigation and project abandonment. Data on the study variables has been collected through a structured questionnaire. Statistical tool One-Way ANOVA has been applied for data analysis and inference. It is found that delay in construction projects significantly lead to cost overrun, time overrun, litigation and project abandonment. The findings of the study also provide significant insights to the construction industry so that they may formulate strategies in order to avoid delay and its consequences. Moreover, the recommendations and limitations are discussed in the conclusion part of the study.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed risk management for construction projects in Libya. It identified the main risks faced by construction projects through questionnaires distributed to construction companies. The top risks identified were lack of company ability to implement projects, delays in payment, political factors, lack of security, design errors, and permitting issues. The document then proposed a model to evaluate companies before contracting to ensure they have the financial, technical, and experience capabilities to successfully complete projects. A questionnaire was developed listing evaluation criteria in 7 categories: financial situation, resources, experience, technical abilities, personnel, planning, and safety. The results showed financial situation was the most important evaluation factor according to the companies surveyed. The proposed evaluation model aimed to improve project success
RISK MANAGEMENT IN HIGH RISE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN SURAT CITYA Makwana
This paper gives information about identification of risk factors and perceptions of Indian construction practitioners i.e., contractors, owners, project managers and Engineers on the importance of different construction risks and how the risks should be assigned between the different parties of the contract. As the very common project styles, construction projects have so many characteristics likewise time limitation, specific items, financial restrictions and requirements, extraordinary structural and legal situations, complexity features. For this situation every construction project has own complex method. Risks constantly happen at construction projects and frequently cause time overrun or cost overrun. If you don’t contemplate these risk factors, or neglect the main factors, these risk factors will affect the damage because of the managerial errors. Risk management is the process which covers to identify the risks, for assessment with the help of qualitatively and quantitatively, to response with appropriate technique for management and controlling. The concept has gain popularity in various industries. Various companies frequently found the method in their projects for upgrading their performance, reducing their losses and increasing their profits. Questionnaire survey among clients, contractors, engineers and architects is analysed using, Relative Importance Index (RII)) method. The focus of this study is to understand what Risk Management is, understand the process of risk management at construction project and have depth knowledge on the use of risk management in high-rise construction projects.
This document discusses a fuzzy AHP model for risk ranking in construction projects. It begins by introducing construction projects and risk management. It then reviews literature on identifying and assessing risks in construction projects. The document discusses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique and different fuzzy AHP methods. The goal is to develop a fuzzy AHP model to measure significant risks in construction projects based on project objectives.
Evaluation of Risk Factors Affecting Cost Performance of Construction Project...IJCMESJOURNAL
Effective management of risk is critical to the success of any construction project. The importance of risk management has grown as projects have become more complex. Contractors have traditionally used financial mark-ups to cover the risk associated with construction projects, but as competition increases and the margins become tighter, they can no longer rely on this strategy and must improve their ability to manage risk. This study has carried out an empirical evaluation of the effect of risk factors on cost performance of projects at delivery. The study is based on the analysis of primary data derived from bills of quantities for the construction/erection of hospital projects by the Ministry of Works and Housing, Jalingo in Taraba State. The obtained data was analyzed using linear regression, t-statistics, F-statistics, line and scatter graphs. The study identified the following risk variables as having significant impact on cost performance: project size, project location, project complexity, level of variations, prime cost sums and provisional sums, estimator bias, market conditions, level of competition, fraudulent practices, construction techniques, economic and political factors, construction accidents, health and safety factors. The study concludes that these factors have to be comprehensively assessed in the light of the individual projects. It recommends among others, the need for a departure from the use of traditional approach of percentage risk adjustment factor to a more comprehensive risk management system.
Reasons for Delaying the Constriction Projects in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
This article dealt with construction projects in Iraq, and the research focused on the risks that may affect these projects. The purpose of this study is to determine the risks that construction projects are exposed to in Iraq and the methods of dealing in order to reduce these risks. Sometimes, if the construction projects are similar to each other in terms of configuration, requirements and purpose, then changing the project site is very sufficient to make these projects differ from each other and thus may be exposed to different risks. These are risks that negatively affect the implementation of these projects and may lead to delay or increase in their cost. Here a questionnaire is designed to collect data to identify risks that may occur during the construction project phases. This questionnaire was distributed electronically to several samples in the public and private sectors within state institutions in Iraq. After completion, the risks that these projects may be exposed to were identified. This was done with engineers and managers of companies and projects working in the public, private and joint sectors, and then these risks were analyzed by the Social Sciences for Packet Statistical Test program(SPSS).
Establishing risk management factors for construction projects in iraqIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to identify and evaluate key risk factors for construction projects in Iraq. A questionnaire was distributed to 75 respondents representing clients, consultants, and contractors. It identified 65 critical risk factors that were categorized into 8 groups: financial, legal, management, market, political/security, technical, environmental, and social. The top 10 most important risk factors identified were security measures, loss due to corruption/bribery, loss due to bureaucracy, unofficial holidays, loss due to political changes, increase in materials prices, unfair tendering, improper project planning/budgeting, design changes, and increased labor costs. The study analyzed the risk factors based on their frequency, severity, and importance using statistical analysis
IRJET- Risk Management in the Construction Project: ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on risk management in construction projects. It begins with defining risk and discussing the various risks that can arise in construction projects, including design, physical, logistical, legal, environmental, construction, management, cultural, financial, and political risks.
It then reviews the key steps in risk management: risk identification, qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods, risk response planning, and risk monitoring and control. For risk identification, it discusses techniques like brainstorming, Delphi technique, interviews, checklists, and learning from past experience. For risk assessment, it outlines qualitative methods like probability/impact assessment and risk rating matrices, as well as quantitative methods like sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, decision trees,
Time delay and cost escalation in construction worksvivatechijri
The objective of the present study was to measure the effects of delay in construction projects like cost-overrun, time-overrun, litigation and project abandonment. Data on the study variables has been collected through a structured questionnaire. Statistical tool One-Way ANOVA has been applied for data analysis and inference. It is found that delay in construction projects significantly lead to cost overrun, time overrun, litigation and project abandonment. The findings of the study also provide significant insights to the construction industry so that they may formulate strategies in order to avoid delay and its consequences. Moreover, the recommendations and limitations are discussed in the conclusion part of the study.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed risk management for construction projects in Libya. It identified the main risks faced by construction projects through questionnaires distributed to construction companies. The top risks identified were lack of company ability to implement projects, delays in payment, political factors, lack of security, design errors, and permitting issues. The document then proposed a model to evaluate companies before contracting to ensure they have the financial, technical, and experience capabilities to successfully complete projects. A questionnaire was developed listing evaluation criteria in 7 categories: financial situation, resources, experience, technical abilities, personnel, planning, and safety. The results showed financial situation was the most important evaluation factor according to the companies surveyed. The proposed evaluation model aimed to improve project success
RISK MANAGEMENT IN HIGH RISE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN SURAT CITYA Makwana
This paper gives information about identification of risk factors and perceptions of Indian construction practitioners i.e., contractors, owners, project managers and Engineers on the importance of different construction risks and how the risks should be assigned between the different parties of the contract. As the very common project styles, construction projects have so many characteristics likewise time limitation, specific items, financial restrictions and requirements, extraordinary structural and legal situations, complexity features. For this situation every construction project has own complex method. Risks constantly happen at construction projects and frequently cause time overrun or cost overrun. If you don’t contemplate these risk factors, or neglect the main factors, these risk factors will affect the damage because of the managerial errors. Risk management is the process which covers to identify the risks, for assessment with the help of qualitatively and quantitatively, to response with appropriate technique for management and controlling. The concept has gain popularity in various industries. Various companies frequently found the method in their projects for upgrading their performance, reducing their losses and increasing their profits. Questionnaire survey among clients, contractors, engineers and architects is analysed using, Relative Importance Index (RII)) method. The focus of this study is to understand what Risk Management is, understand the process of risk management at construction project and have depth knowledge on the use of risk management in high-rise construction projects.
IRJET - Causes, Effects and Minimizing Methods of Construction Projects D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes several previous studies on causes and effects of construction project delays in different countries. The top ten most common causes of delay identified are poor coordination, lack of experienced staff, contractor financial issues, insufficient planning, poor government supervision, client changes, payment delays, late materials procurement, design changes, and inadequate site study. The main effects are cost overruns, schedule overruns, disputes, arbitration, litigation and abandonment. While most studies examined causes or effects, the goal of this research is to identify methods to minimize construction project delays in Afghanistan.
IRJET - A Study on Identification of Risks at Various Phases of Road Construc...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on identifying risks at various phases of road construction projects. It begins with an abstract stating that risk management deals with risk identification, assessment, and mitigation techniques to manage risks related to time, cost, and quality objectives. Some risks can be easily predicted, while others are unknown until they occur. The document then reviews past literature on risk management methods for road projects. It identifies various risks that can occur during different phases of road construction, such as initial planning, funding, design, procurement, and operation/maintenance. The objective is to understand risks at each phase to effectively apply mitigation techniques.
IRJET- A case Study on Risk Identification and Risk Assessment in Real Es...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a case study on risk identification and assessment in real estate projects. It begins with an abstract that outlines how risk management includes identifying, assessing, and handling risks, and how this project focuses on identifying types of risks in real estate projects. The introduction provides background on real estate playing a leading role in economic development and discusses how risk can negatively impact project objectives. The literature review covers previous research on assessing development risk factors, a new approach to real estate risk assessment, integrating sustainability into risk assessment, and measuring risk for private property funds. The major risks identified that affect real estate projects are political, regulatory, social/legal, construction, financial, force majeure, commercial, and economic risks. The conclusions state that
The infrastructure construction sectors are usually complex. Zero risk construction projects are only an
assumption. The objective of this paper is to identify the risks factor associated with the urban infrastructure
construction projects causing delay. The research found that those risks are directly associated to clients,
contractors, sub-contractors that would cause delay in the construction work. Other factors are also
identified such as project, financial, political, technical, market risk, managerial, resource risk, and force
majeure. All risk factors affect the time, cost and quality performance of the construction project. From risk
management perspective, it is the process on which identifies the risks and analyzed with qualitatively and
quantitatively. All associated risks can treat by various mitigation processes and then mitigating method are
monitored to control the risks. Risk management distinguishes between success and failure of a project.
So, Nepal could use it effectively to meet its growing need of infrastructure and job opportunity
Framework for Establishing Risk Impacts on Forecasted Construction Cash Flows...IRJET Journal
This document presents a framework for establishing the impacts of risk factors on forecasted construction cash flows of building projects. The framework is based on a literature review that evaluated cash flow forecasting methodologies. A conceptual framework was developed that establishes the relative contributions of risk factors in causing variations to forecasted construction cash flows based on various work stages in building projects. An advanced cash flow forecasting approach is suggested to forecast cash flow profiles with a high level of detail and accuracy when developing the conceptual framework. The framework aims to help attain more accurate cash flow forecasts for construction projects by accounting for the risk factors that can influence forecasted cash flows.
IRJET-Factors influencing Time and Cost Overruns in Road Construction Project...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on factors influencing time and cost overruns in road construction projects in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It begins with an introduction on the importance of the construction industry to a country's economy. It then reviews literature on definitions of key terms like time overrun, cost overrun, and causes of overruns. The review found that common causes of overruns in Ethiopia included slow site clearance, contractor financial problems, inflation, payment delays, inaccurate cost estimation, and delays in project commencement. Several studies on specific road projects in Addis Ababa found time overruns ranging from 25-264% and cost overruns from 4-135%. The document concludes that identifying the main causes of
EFFECTIVE RISK MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSvivatechijri
Risk management is a step to make construction projects more efficient and practical such that
uncertainties should be identified before occurring and changing into crisis and a balance should be made
between threats and opportunities. Accordingly, construction industry is one of the most important and job
creating industries in all countries. Compared to other economic-industrial sectors, construction management is
highly influenced by the perception and employment of risk management concept. Additionally, there are
abundant risks in such activities since Construction projects activities are very complex and various. Hence, it
seems necessary to evaluate the proper use of risk management in various stages of Construction projects life
cycle. In this regard, the present study attempts to describe Construction projects life cycle step by step and
analyse the way of using risk management from designing stage to reviewing and supporting stage. The risk
management framework for construction projects can be improved by combining qualitative and quantitative
methodologies to risk analysis. The research work includes visiting and inspecting various construction sites,
analysing the field, collection of data, interpretation of data; using matrix method of risk calculation calculating
risk and providing effective measures to overcome it.
RISK LEVEL ASSESSMENT ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION’S CONTRACTORS USING CULTURAL – PRO...IAEME Publication
This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of potential risk and the risk levels to the contractors in a road construction project and its impact on service providers (contractors), and to make a risk assessment model with multi-criteria to the contractors in road construction projects. Objective contractors road construction is not optimal due to non-performance risk management in the project with the right. This study is done in the form of a survey by capturing the opinions or perceptions, experiences and attitudes of respondents implementing on road construction. Parameters indicating the risk of road construction projects were model and tested using the methodology of Expert Choice to describe, quantify and demonstrate the risk level, allocation, and response in road construction projects with different risk variables. Results of the study firstly identified 281 risks for the road construction including 57 non-technical, 39 technical, 36 financial, 76 cultural, 38 work health and safety management aspect and 35 environmental aspects.
IRJET- Risk Management in Construction: A Literature ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews literature on risk management in the construction industry. It begins with an abstract stating that risk management is key for successful construction projects. The introduction defines project risk and risk management, noting risks significantly impact construction projects in terms of cost, time and quality. The literature review then summarizes 15 research papers on various aspects of risk identification, analysis, response and management in construction projects. Key findings include that risk management knowledge and formal techniques are still lacking, risks are often perceived based on experience rather than analysis, and integrating risk management across project stakeholders is important for success.
The success rate of real estate project is
decreasing as there is large scale of project and participation of
entities. It is necessary to study the risk factors involved in the
project. This paper focused on types of risks involved in the
project, risk factors, risk management tools & techniques.
Identification of risk of the project in terms of the total cost of the
project has been divided under Technical, Financial, Sociopolitical
and Statutory cost centers. Large real estate projects
have to tackle the following issues: land acquisition, skilledlabour
shortage, non-availability of skilled project managers, and
mechanization of the construction process to cater to the growing
demands. Non- availability of supporting infrastructure, political
issues like instability of the government leading to regulatory
issues, social issues, marketing forms an important part in these
projects as this is a onetime investment and the purchase cycle is
long , long development period makes the same project be at
different points in the real estate value cycle.
Green Building Effect in Commercial Building vivatechijri
This document discusses the benefits of implementing green building techniques in commercial buildings. It describes several green building strategies used in the project building, including green roofing, rainwater harvesting, an HVAC system, glass facades, and a greywater reuse system. With all the green features, the project building achieved a 33.76% energy improvement over the baseline building. The maximum recycled water generated inside the building was 157.3 KL/month, saving 53.85% of freshwater. Some advantages of green buildings are environmental benefits, reduced emissions and costs, while disadvantages include higher initial costs and lack of skilled workers.
Causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of e...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on the causes of delays in construction projects in Kuwait according to engineers working in Kuwait. The study identifies 40 potential causes of delays from literature. It then uses a questionnaire survey to collect views from key players in the Kuwait construction industry on the importance of each potential cause. The responses are analyzed using a relative importance index method to rank the causes. The top 10 causes of delays identified are related to issues like lowest price bidding, poor contractor/subcontractor performance, payment delays, labor shortages, and conflicts. The study aims to propose ways to prevent delays in future Kuwait construction projects based on the identified important causes.
Risk Management In Construction Projects Of Developing CountriesIJERA Editor
Managing risks in construction projects has been perceived as a very important management process so as to
accomplish the undertaking goals as far as time, cost, quality, safety and environmental sustainability. Projects
have become shared effort of multiple parties and construction industry is a good example of an area, where the
project outcome is delivered in an extremely complex actor network. By adopting risk management, savings’
potentials can be realized in construction projects. For this reason, consideration of the risk management process
is worthwhile for project managers as well as real estate developers. The implementation of risk management
system in construction projects must be oriented towards the progress of the project and pervade all areas,
functions and processes of the project.
For analyzing the levels of various risk factors in construction industry, questionnaire surveys were used to
collect data. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of various risks and their
impacts on the project objectives, this paper identifies twenty major risk factors. This research found that these
risks are mainly related to (in ranking) contractors, clients and designers, with a few related to government
bodies, subcontractors/suppliers and external issues. Among them, “Financial Risk” is recognized to influence
all project destinations maximally, whereas working in hot areas, closure, defective design and delayed
payments on contract are also some important risk factors. This research also found that these risks spread
through the whole project life cycle and many risks occur in more than one phase, with the construction stage as
the most risky phase, followed by the feasibility stage. It is concluded that clients, designers and government
bodies must work cooperatively from the feasibility phase onwards to address potential risks in time. Also
contractors and subcontractors with robust construction and management knowledge should be employed early
to make sound preparation for carrying out safe, efficient and quality construction activities.
The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate current risks and uncertainties in the construction industry
through extensive literature survey. It also intends to make a basis for future studies for development of a risk
management structure to be adopted by prospective investors, developers and contractors in Developing
countries.
This document summarizes a study that examined risks affecting the Nigeria East-West Coastal Highway Project. The study involved identifying risks through literature review and surveys of engineering consultants and construction managers. A risk register containing 245 risks was developed. High impact, high probability risks identified include lack of government political will, changes in government, corruption, insufficient design details, incompetent design teams, unsuitable ground conditions, unstable macroeconomic conditions, and flood/coastal surge risks. The majority (66%) of risks were allocated to contractors by respondents, while clients were allocated only 34% despite clients being better able to manage policy, economic, financial, social, environmental and technological risks. The study provides an in-depth risk analysis and risk register
Effect of construction delays on project time overruneSAT Journals
This document discusses construction delays and time and cost overruns in infrastructure projects in India. It finds that about 57% of Indian construction projects experience time overruns. Major causes of delays include changes in plans, payments issues, improper planning, inexperienced contractors, and coordination problems. These delays contribute to projects exceeding initial time and cost estimates. Analysis of mega projects worth over 1000 crore from 2011-2012 found irregular increases in percentage time and cost overruns in 2012 compared to 2011. Some projects experienced over 200 months of delay and over 700% increases in projected costs. Addressing delays in land acquisition, equipment issues, payments, and changes in scope could help reduce overruns.
ANALYSIS OF RISK CATEGORIES AND FACTORS FOR PPP PROJECTS USING ANALYTIC HIERA...A Makwana
Success of Public Private Partnership projects is greatly influenced by proper management of the risks associated with the project. All projects which are undertaken using conventional procurement method or using a PPP approach have known risks and unknown risks. Risk identification plays an important role in development of PPP framework. The participation and investment of Private sector has been the main stay of the Government of India policy toward infrastructural growth. In this study main risk categories and factors of Public Private Partnership projects have been recognized. A total of 7 risk categories and 31 risk sub-factors for each category were identified for PPP projects safety listed under subheads. The questionnaire was prepared on the basis of literature review and was filled by 100 Stakeholders namely Consultant/Client, Project Manager/ Contractor, Engineer. Generally Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is widely used as multi criteria decision making. Normally it is very hard to meet the consistence need of a comparison matrix in analytic hierarchy process. In this study AHP is used to categories the risks of PPP projects in different levels and the impact of those risks on the PPP projects are identified.
IRJET- Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting Management and Maintenance of Urban...IRJET Journal
This document discusses analyzing risk factors that affect the management and maintenance of urban transportation infrastructure. It begins with an abstract that outlines challenges facing urban transportation systems in developing countries, including high demand that exceeds existing road capacity. The document then aims to identify risk factors that influence the performance and lifespan of transportation facilities over their lifecycle. It discusses conducting a survey of experts to determine common and frequently occurring risks. Key risks identified through literature review include management risks, operational risks, environmental risks, political/government risks, technological risks, construction risks, project finance risks, and other risks like natural disasters. The methodology involves collecting data on risks through questionnaires, analyzing the responses using a Likert scale to rate the likelihood and impact of each risk,
Management of government funded construction projects in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the causes of delays in construction projects funded by the Ghanaian government. The researchers conducted a literature review to identify potential causes of delays. They developed a questionnaire to gather stakeholders' perspectives on how common various delay factors are in Ghana's public sector construction industry. 36 stakeholders responded, including clients and professionals. The results suggest the major causes of delays are long bureaucratic processes for approving payment certificates and changes, cash flow problems, lackadaisical decision making, inefficient plant/equipment, and limited liquidity. The researchers conclude the client is often responsible for delays.
IRJET- Risk Management of Contracts in Construction ProjectsIRJET Journal
This document discusses risks in construction contracts and their management. It notes that approximately 26% of construction projects in India are delayed or fail due to risks in construction contracts. There is currently no proper framework for managing these risks. The document reviews literature on contractual risks, identifies major risk factors for different types of construction projects, and discusses potential risk management techniques to reduce delays.
This document contains the K to 12 English curriculum guide published by the Department of Education of the Philippines in December 2013. It outlines the philosophy, principles, and outcomes of the English curriculum. The curriculum is meant to develop students' communicative competence and literacy skills through engaging with various texts and multimedia. It recognizes that today's students, known as Generation Z, are digital natives who are highly technology-savvy but may have reduced attention spans due to multi-tasking. The curriculum aims to prepare students for a diverse, technology-driven world by cultivating their ability to interact, learn, and achieve success in their chosen fields through the effective use of English.
Dropbox is a free service that allows users to access and sync files across all of their devices. Any file saved to the Dropbox folder on a computer is automatically synced to all other computers, phones, and the Dropbox website. The Dropbox folder works just like any other folder but syncs file changes in real-time. Users can drag and drop files into their Dropbox folder to upload and access them from any device.
This document outlines a child protection policy for an organization. It defines child abuse and provides guidelines for promoting good practice and responding to concerns about child welfare. The policy is intended to protect children involved in the organization's activities and allow staff to properly respond to issues of child protection. It provides definitions of different types of child abuse and guidance for staff on reporting any suspicions of abuse to ensure the safety of children in the organization's care.
IRJET - Causes, Effects and Minimizing Methods of Construction Projects D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes several previous studies on causes and effects of construction project delays in different countries. The top ten most common causes of delay identified are poor coordination, lack of experienced staff, contractor financial issues, insufficient planning, poor government supervision, client changes, payment delays, late materials procurement, design changes, and inadequate site study. The main effects are cost overruns, schedule overruns, disputes, arbitration, litigation and abandonment. While most studies examined causes or effects, the goal of this research is to identify methods to minimize construction project delays in Afghanistan.
IRJET - A Study on Identification of Risks at Various Phases of Road Construc...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on identifying risks at various phases of road construction projects. It begins with an abstract stating that risk management deals with risk identification, assessment, and mitigation techniques to manage risks related to time, cost, and quality objectives. Some risks can be easily predicted, while others are unknown until they occur. The document then reviews past literature on risk management methods for road projects. It identifies various risks that can occur during different phases of road construction, such as initial planning, funding, design, procurement, and operation/maintenance. The objective is to understand risks at each phase to effectively apply mitigation techniques.
IRJET- A case Study on Risk Identification and Risk Assessment in Real Es...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a case study on risk identification and assessment in real estate projects. It begins with an abstract that outlines how risk management includes identifying, assessing, and handling risks, and how this project focuses on identifying types of risks in real estate projects. The introduction provides background on real estate playing a leading role in economic development and discusses how risk can negatively impact project objectives. The literature review covers previous research on assessing development risk factors, a new approach to real estate risk assessment, integrating sustainability into risk assessment, and measuring risk for private property funds. The major risks identified that affect real estate projects are political, regulatory, social/legal, construction, financial, force majeure, commercial, and economic risks. The conclusions state that
The infrastructure construction sectors are usually complex. Zero risk construction projects are only an
assumption. The objective of this paper is to identify the risks factor associated with the urban infrastructure
construction projects causing delay. The research found that those risks are directly associated to clients,
contractors, sub-contractors that would cause delay in the construction work. Other factors are also
identified such as project, financial, political, technical, market risk, managerial, resource risk, and force
majeure. All risk factors affect the time, cost and quality performance of the construction project. From risk
management perspective, it is the process on which identifies the risks and analyzed with qualitatively and
quantitatively. All associated risks can treat by various mitigation processes and then mitigating method are
monitored to control the risks. Risk management distinguishes between success and failure of a project.
So, Nepal could use it effectively to meet its growing need of infrastructure and job opportunity
Framework for Establishing Risk Impacts on Forecasted Construction Cash Flows...IRJET Journal
This document presents a framework for establishing the impacts of risk factors on forecasted construction cash flows of building projects. The framework is based on a literature review that evaluated cash flow forecasting methodologies. A conceptual framework was developed that establishes the relative contributions of risk factors in causing variations to forecasted construction cash flows based on various work stages in building projects. An advanced cash flow forecasting approach is suggested to forecast cash flow profiles with a high level of detail and accuracy when developing the conceptual framework. The framework aims to help attain more accurate cash flow forecasts for construction projects by accounting for the risk factors that can influence forecasted cash flows.
IRJET-Factors influencing Time and Cost Overruns in Road Construction Project...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on factors influencing time and cost overruns in road construction projects in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It begins with an introduction on the importance of the construction industry to a country's economy. It then reviews literature on definitions of key terms like time overrun, cost overrun, and causes of overruns. The review found that common causes of overruns in Ethiopia included slow site clearance, contractor financial problems, inflation, payment delays, inaccurate cost estimation, and delays in project commencement. Several studies on specific road projects in Addis Ababa found time overruns ranging from 25-264% and cost overruns from 4-135%. The document concludes that identifying the main causes of
EFFECTIVE RISK MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSvivatechijri
Risk management is a step to make construction projects more efficient and practical such that
uncertainties should be identified before occurring and changing into crisis and a balance should be made
between threats and opportunities. Accordingly, construction industry is one of the most important and job
creating industries in all countries. Compared to other economic-industrial sectors, construction management is
highly influenced by the perception and employment of risk management concept. Additionally, there are
abundant risks in such activities since Construction projects activities are very complex and various. Hence, it
seems necessary to evaluate the proper use of risk management in various stages of Construction projects life
cycle. In this regard, the present study attempts to describe Construction projects life cycle step by step and
analyse the way of using risk management from designing stage to reviewing and supporting stage. The risk
management framework for construction projects can be improved by combining qualitative and quantitative
methodologies to risk analysis. The research work includes visiting and inspecting various construction sites,
analysing the field, collection of data, interpretation of data; using matrix method of risk calculation calculating
risk and providing effective measures to overcome it.
RISK LEVEL ASSESSMENT ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION’S CONTRACTORS USING CULTURAL – PRO...IAEME Publication
This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of potential risk and the risk levels to the contractors in a road construction project and its impact on service providers (contractors), and to make a risk assessment model with multi-criteria to the contractors in road construction projects. Objective contractors road construction is not optimal due to non-performance risk management in the project with the right. This study is done in the form of a survey by capturing the opinions or perceptions, experiences and attitudes of respondents implementing on road construction. Parameters indicating the risk of road construction projects were model and tested using the methodology of Expert Choice to describe, quantify and demonstrate the risk level, allocation, and response in road construction projects with different risk variables. Results of the study firstly identified 281 risks for the road construction including 57 non-technical, 39 technical, 36 financial, 76 cultural, 38 work health and safety management aspect and 35 environmental aspects.
IRJET- Risk Management in Construction: A Literature ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews literature on risk management in the construction industry. It begins with an abstract stating that risk management is key for successful construction projects. The introduction defines project risk and risk management, noting risks significantly impact construction projects in terms of cost, time and quality. The literature review then summarizes 15 research papers on various aspects of risk identification, analysis, response and management in construction projects. Key findings include that risk management knowledge and formal techniques are still lacking, risks are often perceived based on experience rather than analysis, and integrating risk management across project stakeholders is important for success.
The success rate of real estate project is
decreasing as there is large scale of project and participation of
entities. It is necessary to study the risk factors involved in the
project. This paper focused on types of risks involved in the
project, risk factors, risk management tools & techniques.
Identification of risk of the project in terms of the total cost of the
project has been divided under Technical, Financial, Sociopolitical
and Statutory cost centers. Large real estate projects
have to tackle the following issues: land acquisition, skilledlabour
shortage, non-availability of skilled project managers, and
mechanization of the construction process to cater to the growing
demands. Non- availability of supporting infrastructure, political
issues like instability of the government leading to regulatory
issues, social issues, marketing forms an important part in these
projects as this is a onetime investment and the purchase cycle is
long , long development period makes the same project be at
different points in the real estate value cycle.
Green Building Effect in Commercial Building vivatechijri
This document discusses the benefits of implementing green building techniques in commercial buildings. It describes several green building strategies used in the project building, including green roofing, rainwater harvesting, an HVAC system, glass facades, and a greywater reuse system. With all the green features, the project building achieved a 33.76% energy improvement over the baseline building. The maximum recycled water generated inside the building was 157.3 KL/month, saving 53.85% of freshwater. Some advantages of green buildings are environmental benefits, reduced emissions and costs, while disadvantages include higher initial costs and lack of skilled workers.
Causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of e...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on the causes of delays in construction projects in Kuwait according to engineers working in Kuwait. The study identifies 40 potential causes of delays from literature. It then uses a questionnaire survey to collect views from key players in the Kuwait construction industry on the importance of each potential cause. The responses are analyzed using a relative importance index method to rank the causes. The top 10 causes of delays identified are related to issues like lowest price bidding, poor contractor/subcontractor performance, payment delays, labor shortages, and conflicts. The study aims to propose ways to prevent delays in future Kuwait construction projects based on the identified important causes.
Risk Management In Construction Projects Of Developing CountriesIJERA Editor
Managing risks in construction projects has been perceived as a very important management process so as to
accomplish the undertaking goals as far as time, cost, quality, safety and environmental sustainability. Projects
have become shared effort of multiple parties and construction industry is a good example of an area, where the
project outcome is delivered in an extremely complex actor network. By adopting risk management, savings’
potentials can be realized in construction projects. For this reason, consideration of the risk management process
is worthwhile for project managers as well as real estate developers. The implementation of risk management
system in construction projects must be oriented towards the progress of the project and pervade all areas,
functions and processes of the project.
For analyzing the levels of various risk factors in construction industry, questionnaire surveys were used to
collect data. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of various risks and their
impacts on the project objectives, this paper identifies twenty major risk factors. This research found that these
risks are mainly related to (in ranking) contractors, clients and designers, with a few related to government
bodies, subcontractors/suppliers and external issues. Among them, “Financial Risk” is recognized to influence
all project destinations maximally, whereas working in hot areas, closure, defective design and delayed
payments on contract are also some important risk factors. This research also found that these risks spread
through the whole project life cycle and many risks occur in more than one phase, with the construction stage as
the most risky phase, followed by the feasibility stage. It is concluded that clients, designers and government
bodies must work cooperatively from the feasibility phase onwards to address potential risks in time. Also
contractors and subcontractors with robust construction and management knowledge should be employed early
to make sound preparation for carrying out safe, efficient and quality construction activities.
The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate current risks and uncertainties in the construction industry
through extensive literature survey. It also intends to make a basis for future studies for development of a risk
management structure to be adopted by prospective investors, developers and contractors in Developing
countries.
This document summarizes a study that examined risks affecting the Nigeria East-West Coastal Highway Project. The study involved identifying risks through literature review and surveys of engineering consultants and construction managers. A risk register containing 245 risks was developed. High impact, high probability risks identified include lack of government political will, changes in government, corruption, insufficient design details, incompetent design teams, unsuitable ground conditions, unstable macroeconomic conditions, and flood/coastal surge risks. The majority (66%) of risks were allocated to contractors by respondents, while clients were allocated only 34% despite clients being better able to manage policy, economic, financial, social, environmental and technological risks. The study provides an in-depth risk analysis and risk register
Effect of construction delays on project time overruneSAT Journals
This document discusses construction delays and time and cost overruns in infrastructure projects in India. It finds that about 57% of Indian construction projects experience time overruns. Major causes of delays include changes in plans, payments issues, improper planning, inexperienced contractors, and coordination problems. These delays contribute to projects exceeding initial time and cost estimates. Analysis of mega projects worth over 1000 crore from 2011-2012 found irregular increases in percentage time and cost overruns in 2012 compared to 2011. Some projects experienced over 200 months of delay and over 700% increases in projected costs. Addressing delays in land acquisition, equipment issues, payments, and changes in scope could help reduce overruns.
ANALYSIS OF RISK CATEGORIES AND FACTORS FOR PPP PROJECTS USING ANALYTIC HIERA...A Makwana
Success of Public Private Partnership projects is greatly influenced by proper management of the risks associated with the project. All projects which are undertaken using conventional procurement method or using a PPP approach have known risks and unknown risks. Risk identification plays an important role in development of PPP framework. The participation and investment of Private sector has been the main stay of the Government of India policy toward infrastructural growth. In this study main risk categories and factors of Public Private Partnership projects have been recognized. A total of 7 risk categories and 31 risk sub-factors for each category were identified for PPP projects safety listed under subheads. The questionnaire was prepared on the basis of literature review and was filled by 100 Stakeholders namely Consultant/Client, Project Manager/ Contractor, Engineer. Generally Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is widely used as multi criteria decision making. Normally it is very hard to meet the consistence need of a comparison matrix in analytic hierarchy process. In this study AHP is used to categories the risks of PPP projects in different levels and the impact of those risks on the PPP projects are identified.
IRJET- Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting Management and Maintenance of Urban...IRJET Journal
This document discusses analyzing risk factors that affect the management and maintenance of urban transportation infrastructure. It begins with an abstract that outlines challenges facing urban transportation systems in developing countries, including high demand that exceeds existing road capacity. The document then aims to identify risk factors that influence the performance and lifespan of transportation facilities over their lifecycle. It discusses conducting a survey of experts to determine common and frequently occurring risks. Key risks identified through literature review include management risks, operational risks, environmental risks, political/government risks, technological risks, construction risks, project finance risks, and other risks like natural disasters. The methodology involves collecting data on risks through questionnaires, analyzing the responses using a Likert scale to rate the likelihood and impact of each risk,
Management of government funded construction projects in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the causes of delays in construction projects funded by the Ghanaian government. The researchers conducted a literature review to identify potential causes of delays. They developed a questionnaire to gather stakeholders' perspectives on how common various delay factors are in Ghana's public sector construction industry. 36 stakeholders responded, including clients and professionals. The results suggest the major causes of delays are long bureaucratic processes for approving payment certificates and changes, cash flow problems, lackadaisical decision making, inefficient plant/equipment, and limited liquidity. The researchers conclude the client is often responsible for delays.
IRJET- Risk Management of Contracts in Construction ProjectsIRJET Journal
This document discusses risks in construction contracts and their management. It notes that approximately 26% of construction projects in India are delayed or fail due to risks in construction contracts. There is currently no proper framework for managing these risks. The document reviews literature on contractual risks, identifies major risk factors for different types of construction projects, and discusses potential risk management techniques to reduce delays.
This document contains the K to 12 English curriculum guide published by the Department of Education of the Philippines in December 2013. It outlines the philosophy, principles, and outcomes of the English curriculum. The curriculum is meant to develop students' communicative competence and literacy skills through engaging with various texts and multimedia. It recognizes that today's students, known as Generation Z, are digital natives who are highly technology-savvy but may have reduced attention spans due to multi-tasking. The curriculum aims to prepare students for a diverse, technology-driven world by cultivating their ability to interact, learn, and achieve success in their chosen fields through the effective use of English.
Dropbox is a free service that allows users to access and sync files across all of their devices. Any file saved to the Dropbox folder on a computer is automatically synced to all other computers, phones, and the Dropbox website. The Dropbox folder works just like any other folder but syncs file changes in real-time. Users can drag and drop files into their Dropbox folder to upload and access them from any device.
This document outlines a child protection policy for an organization. It defines child abuse and provides guidelines for promoting good practice and responding to concerns about child welfare. The policy is intended to protect children involved in the organization's activities and allow staff to properly respond to issues of child protection. It provides definitions of different types of child abuse and guidance for staff on reporting any suspicions of abuse to ensure the safety of children in the organization's care.
The Ultimate CleanTM pipeline cleaning tool from ROSEN provides flexibility for a wide range of cleaning applications. It has an adjustable multi-bolt design that allows it to navigate pipelines. The tool can be equipped with cups for general cleaning, discs for heavy-duty cleaning, and accessories like spiders, brushes, and magnets. It is available in sizes from 2 to 64 inches and can operate in pipelines transporting gas, liquid, or slurries at varying pressures and temperatures. The tool is customizable for specialized applications.
This document contains a quiz for grade 3 English with questions in six sections:
1) Matching words with their meanings
2) Identifying sentences with actions
3) Identifying real vs make-believe sentences and identifying correct punctuation
4) Questions about nouns and their properties
5) Writing plurals of given nouns
6) Boxing nouns in given sentences
The quiz tests students on basic English concepts like word meanings, verbs, punctuation, parts of speech like nouns and their properties including plural forms.
The document outlines a business plan for a buttermilk venture by 4 college students. It discusses the objective to earn profits and understand entrepreneurship. The business will be located in their city with an initial Rs. 200 investment. A SWOT analysis and target market analysis are provided. The document also analyzes competitors and outlines how any potential profits will be distributed.
The document discusses motivation in sport and how coaches can influence athlete motivation. It defines motivation as the desire to accomplish goals and notes it comes from internal or external factors. Coaches play a key role in motivating athletes to reach their potential through personality, monitoring effort, and use of rewards or punishments. The document also examines intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in athletes and lists some variables that can impact an individual's motivation.
Kelly ruggles financial advice to secure finances for retirementKellyRuggels
Kelly Ruggles has over 15 years of experience as a financial advisor in Spokane. He is the founder and president of American Reliance Group, which helps clients plan for retirement through customized strategies involving investments, property purchases and sales, insurance contracts and more. Ruggles believes in maintaining close relationships with clients to create accurate long-term financial plans and ensure their goals are met. He offers strategies that balance growth opportunities with protecting clients' financial security for retirement.
This document provides an overview of the grade 3 mathematics curriculum guide for the province. It outlines the beliefs that mathematical understanding is fostered when students build on their own experiences, that students learn best when they can construct their own meaning from concrete to abstract understanding, and that maintaining a positive attitude is important for learning. The guide is based on the Western and Northern Canadian Protocol framework and outlines the conceptual framework, strands, outcomes and achievement indicators that make up the curriculum. It also provides suggestions for instructional focus, teaching and resources.
This chapter discusses developing instructional goals and objectives to guide classroom instruction. It defines instructional goals as general statements of expected student performance, while instructional objectives are measurable and observable statements of student performance derived from goals. The chapter outlines guidelines for writing goals and objectives in the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains based on curriculum goals. It also discusses debates around using behavioral objectives and validating instructional goals.
This chapter discusses selecting and implementing instructional strategies. It defines key concepts like style, model, method and skills of teaching and how they relate to choosing strategies. Sources of strategies include objectives, subject matter, students, community and teachers. A variety of instructional strategies are discussed, and the chapter emphasizes planning instruction through both long-range and short-range planning like unit plans and daily lesson plans. The goal of all strategies, styles and skills discussed is fostering student achievement.
This chapter discusses developing curriculum goals and objectives. It distinguishes between aims of education, curriculum goals, and curriculum objectives, noting that goals are general statements while objectives are specific and measurable. The chapter also distinguishes between curriculum goals/objectives, which guide an entire program or school, and instructional goals/objectives, which are used in individual lessons. It notes there is some ambiguity around the terminology used for different levels of outcomes. The chapter provides guidance on writing goals and objectives at different levels from state to district to school.
The document discusses definitions of curriculum and the relationship between curriculum and instruction. It provides several conceptions of curriculum from narrow (subjects taught) to broad (all learner experiences). Curriculum can be defined by its purposes, contexts, or strategies. Models of the curriculum-instruction relationship are presented, including dualistic, interlocking, concentric, and cyclical. For curriculum to be considered a discipline, it must have principles, a body of knowledge and skills, and theoreticians and practitioners.
Harshad Mehta was an Indian stockbroker born in 1953 who triggered a securities scam in 1992 by diverting Rs. 4,000 crore from banks to inflate stock prices. He took advantage of loopholes in the banking system to siphoned money and bought shares, artificially raising prices. His actions were later exposed, causing the stock market to crash and devastating many investors. Mehta was charged with 72 criminal offenses and banned from trading, and his actions highlighted issues with regulation and oversight in the financial system.
ESTABLISHING RISK MANAGEMENT FACTORS FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN IRAQ IAEME Publication
The construction industry is widely associated with a high risk and uncertainty due to the nature of its operating environment. This study aim s to identify and evaluate key risk factors and their frequency and severity and then their impact in different types of construction projects in Iraq . A questionnaire survey was conducted and a total of sixty five critical factors were identified and categorized into eight groups. These are: 1. Financial related risk, 2. Legal related risk, 3. Management risk, 4. Market related risk, 5. Politic al and security related risk, 6. Technical related risk, 7. Environmental related risk, and 8. Social related risk. Seventy five respondents participated in the survey representing 22 clients, 21 consultants and 32 contractors. The results are presented on the basis of their frequency, severity and importance. The study revealed that the most ten important factors are: Security measures, loss incurred due t o corruption and bribery, loss due to bureaucracy for late approvals, un-official holidays, loss incurred due to political changes, increase of material s price, unfairness in tendering, improper project planning and budgeting, design changes and increase of labor costs. Finally the study suggested that what are the importance of risk function and project risk management for project success.
This literature review examines risk factors that impact construction projects in Sri Lanka. It summarizes several studies on risk identification and evaluation in the construction industry in countries like Singapore, Ghana, Nigeria, the UK, and Kuwait. Key risks identified include construction methods, inflation, weather, ground conditions, poor communication, delays in approvals, scope changes, and financing problems. The review indicates that proper risk management is important for construction projects, but that adoption of risk analysis techniques is still limited, especially among small-to-medium firms. Identifying country-specific risks and improving management skills could help minimize delays and cost overruns on projects in Sri Lanka.
RISK ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRUCTION BUILDING PROJECTSIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on risk assessment of construction building projects. It begins by introducing construction as a fast-growing industry with significant economic impact. It then discusses how large delays in construction projects can increase budgets. The objectives of the research are to analyze common risks in construction projects, classify risks, formulate risk mitigation plans, and provide recommendations to improve risk management. The methodology involves identifying risks through questionnaires, qualitatively analyzing risks to determine probability and impact, and developing risk management strategies.
RISK ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRUCTION BUILDING PROJECTSIRJET Journal
This document discusses risk assessment of construction building projects. It begins by introducing construction as a fast-growing industry with significant economic impact. It then outlines various risks that can occur in construction projects like delays, cost overruns, quality issues, etc. that need to be managed for project success. The objectives of the study are to analyze risks, classify them based on likelihood and impact, formulate risk mitigation plans, and provide recommendations. Various risks are identified through a questionnaire survey and analyzed qualitatively. Risks are then prioritized based on probability, impact and urgency of response. Finally, the document provides remedies like clear project definition, goals, requirements, involvement of client, and following project schedules to effectively manage risks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IRJET- Risk Assessment and Mitigation of International Airport Projects in In...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on risk assessment and mitigation for international airport construction projects in India. It identifies 48 risk factors through literature review. A survey of project organizations found that 20 risk sub-factors could be grouped into 4 critical risk factors: financial & economic risk, contractual & legal risk, sub-contractor risk, and force majeure risk. Sub-contractor risk was found to be the most important based on an importance index. The study aims to develop a risk management template for construction projects.
Delay Analysis of Projects and Effects of Delays in the Mining/Manufacturing ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document discusses delays in mining/manufacturing projects in India and their effects. It begins by identifying some of the common causes of delays in these types of projects, such as natural disasters, financial problems, improper planning, and shortages. It then discusses three main techniques for analyzing delays: relative importance index, importance index, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The remainder of the document focuses on different delay analysis methodologies, including foresight, hindsight, and contemporaneous methods. It also discusses how to calculate schedule impacts from lost productivity using time impact analysis and window analysis. Overall, the document aims to identify the root causes of delays in mining/manufacturing projects and develop comprehensive methodologies for analyzing delays
This document discusses delays in mining and manufacturing projects in India. It begins by providing background on the prevalence of delays and cost overruns in infrastructure projects in India. It then reviews literature on causes of delays in construction projects, which are relevant for mining projects given similarities in planning and execution. The document outlines objectives to identify causes of delays specific to mining/manufacturing projects in India and calculate delays in a job shop industry project. It proposes using the Relative Importance Index and Importance Index techniques to rank identified delay causes based on severity and frequency of occurrence.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Critical Factors Influencing to Management Risk in Construction Projectstheijes
The document discusses critical risk factors that influence management of construction projects. It identifies 10 management risk factors through a literature review. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to construction companies to assess the severity of each risk factor using a Likert scale. Statistical analysis techniques like descriptive analysis (mean, standard deviation), t-tests, and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The study aims to identify key risks, understand their impact, and develop a risk management framework to help construction firms better handle project risks.
This document discusses a study on risk management practices in construction projects in Pakistan. The study aims to investigate current risk management practices, identify and prioritize key risks and success factors, and examine the relationship between effective risk management and project success. Data was collected through surveys of 22 contractor firms working on 100 diverse projects. The analysis found that risk management has been implemented at a low level locally. It also revealed a strong correlation between effective risk management and project success, highlighting the importance of risk management techniques and their impact on construction project outcomes from the contractor's perspective.
The document discusses risk factors that influence construction procurement performance in Nigeria. It identifies 20 risk factors through a literature review. A questionnaire was distributed to construction professionals to evaluate the significance of these factors. Corruption, conflict of interest, ineffective project feasibility studies, and lack of transparency were found to be the most significant factors limiting procurement performance. Communication barriers and unconfidential tender evaluations were considered less important. The findings can help improve risk management and procurement systems in Nigeria to enhance overall project performance.
The Identification of Risks and its Criticality in the Nigeria Construction I...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a study on identifying risks and their criticality in the Nigerian construction industry. A survey was conducted with construction professionals to identify 20 common risks, which were categorized into 5 groups: government/politics, management/technology, finance/economics, social/culture, and natural/environmental. The surveys found that economic and financial risks were considered the most severe in the Nigerian construction industry. Hierarchically, the risks were ranked from most to least severe as: economic/financial, government/political, management/technological, social/cultural, and natural/environmental. The study provides insight into managing risks that impact construction projects in Nigeria.
Cost Overrun Causes Related to the Design Phase in the Egyptian Construction ...World-Academic Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that aimed to identify and evaluate the most significant causes of cost overrun related to the design phase of construction projects in Egypt. Through a literature review and expert interviews, the researchers developed a list of potential cost overrun causes. They then conducted a survey with 101 industry professionals to quantitatively assess the frequency and impact of each cause. The results showed that the most important causes were design changes/variations and unrealistic construction time estimates. The degree of agreement between owners, contractors, architects, and project managers was also analyzed to identify any conflicting perspectives on the causes.
This document summarizes a research study on risk management and successful project delivery in Nigeria. The study found that:
1) Risk management is key to successful project delivery by helping address uncertainties that can cause time and cost overruns and affect quality. Common risks in construction projects include poor quality, design errors, and financial risks.
2) The study identified risks that significantly impact project delivery in Nigeria, such as inadequate cash flow, corruption, security issues, and unstable exchange rates. These risks were found to affect project costs and timelines.
3) Risk management should be applied throughout the project life cycle from planning to construction. While risks can't be eliminated, identifying and managing them helps minimize their impacts and improve
IRJET- Review on Developing a Model of Risk Allocation and Risk Handling for ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews literature on developing a model for effective risk allocation and handling in construction projects. It identifies several key risks studied in previous research, including insufficient planning, currency price changes, and worker strikes. The literature review found that optimal risk allocation where the best positioned party manages risk can reduce overall project costs. However, previous studies did not assess the effectiveness of risk allocation methods. This paper aims to develop a model to allocate risks to stakeholders and propose mitigation strategies. A mixed methodology is used, including interviews, questionnaires, and qualitative data analysis. The model will help construction parties better allocate responsibilities to manage risks and control impacts on time and cost objectives.
IRJET- Risk Modelling in Highway Construction Project using Regression and Fa...IRJET Journal
This document discusses risk modeling in highway construction projects using regression analysis and fault tree analysis. It first provides background on risk management in construction projects and identifies common risks such as schedule delays, design changes, weather impacts, and others. It then describes a methodology to identify risks specific to highway projects using a literature review and questionnaire. Key risks identified include project approval delays, cost overruns, site condition issues, and safety risks. The document concludes that innovative contracting approaches and risk response strategies like accepting, avoiding, monitoring and mitigating risks can help reduce risks in construction projects.
AN INTEGRATED PROJECT EVALUATION TOOL FOR PFI SEAPORT PROJECTSFredy Kurniawan
The evaluation of the financial viability for seaport projects is a critical activity for bidders and governments under traditional procurement or through private finance initiative (PFI). The aim of this research is to assist government agencies in
evaluating bids and making decision efficiently for seaport development projects through the use of an integrated project evaluation tool. The proposed tool is expected to integrate the results of the financial model and the risk sharing strategy. The
integrated project evaluation tool can be mutually used by the government agency and the sponsor(s). This paper discusses the proposed tool to be tested in future study. The research strategy uses literature review, questionnaire surveys, interviews, and document analyses in order to develop the proposed tool. The tool will be tested through case studies and experts’ opinion to validate its applicability and effectiveness. The main conclusion of this paper is that the knowledge gap between the sponsor(s) and the government agency can be improved if the government agency is provided with efficient tools that consider both the financial and the risk factors
affecting a new project.
An Integrated Project Evaluation Tool for PFI Seaport ProjectFredy Kurniawan
The evaluation of the financial viability for seaport projects is a critical activity for bidders and governments under traditional procurement or through private finance initiative (PFI). The aim of this research is to assist government agencies in
evaluating bids and making decision efficiently for seaport development projects through the use of an integrated project evaluation tool. The proposed tool is expected to integrate the results of the financial model and the risk sharing strategy. The integrated project evaluation tool can be mutually used by the government agency and
the sponsor(s). This paper discusses the proposed tool to be tested in future study. The research strategy uses literature review, questionnaire surveys, interviews, and document analyses in order to develop the proposed tool. The tool will be tested
through case studies and experts’ opinion to validate its applicability and
effectiveness. The main conclusion of this paper is that the knowledge gap between
the sponsor(s) and the government agency can be improved if the government agency is provided with efficient tools that consider both the financial and the risk factors affecting a new project
Similar to مهم جدا جدا An empirical approach for identifying critical time ovrerun risk factors in kuwait’s construction projects (20)
Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...Neil Horowitz
On episode 272 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Brian Fitzsimmons, Director of Licensing and Business Development for Barstool Sports.
What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In the recent edition, The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024, The Silicon Leaders magazine gladly features Dejan Štancer, President of the Global Chamber of Business Leaders (GCBL), along with other leaders.
Digital Marketing with a Focus on Sustainabilitysssourabhsharma
Digital Marketing best practices including influencer marketing, content creators, and omnichannel marketing for Sustainable Brands at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit 2024 in New York
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Tastemy Pandit
Know what your zodiac sign says about your taste in food! Explore how the 12 zodiac signs influence your culinary preferences with insights from MyPandit. Dive into astrology and flavors!
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Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
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How to Implement a Real Estate CRM SoftwareSalesTown
To implement a CRM for real estate, set clear goals, choose a CRM with key real estate features, and customize it to your needs. Migrate your data, train your team, and use automation to save time. Monitor performance, ensure data security, and use the CRM to enhance marketing. Regularly check its effectiveness to improve your business.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
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مهم جدا جدا An empirical approach for identifying critical time ovrerun risk factors in kuwait’s construction projects
1. Journal of Economic & Administrative Sciences
Vol. 24, No. 2, December 2008 (35 - 53)
An Empirical Approach for Identifying Critical Time-Ovrerun
Risk Factors in Kuwait’s Construction Projects
Dr. Hassan Al Zubaidi
Kuwait-Maastricht Business
School
Mr. Srour Al Otaibi
Construction Team leader
Ministry of Public Work
Kuwait
Abstract
Risk identification is an integral part of overall risk management
framework of projects. The risks associated with projects and their response
planning differs according to the country and the sector specific environment
in which they are being implemented. In this paper, the study is carried out
to identify the critical risk factors causing delay in Kuwait’s building and
infrastructure projects. The preparation of a preliminary list of risks and risk
factors is outlined, questionnaire development and survey details are
explained, and analysis of survey responses for the identification of delay
risk factors in Kuwait is presented. A case study analysis with respect to
time-overrun/delay of about 28 building and infrastructure projects executed
in Kuwait is also presented to validate the survey results. Survey and case
study results show that the frequency of time-overrun in Kuwait’s
construction projects is very high. The five most critical time-overrun factors
identified in Kuwait’s infrastructure and building projects are: delay in
government approvals/permits, delay in preparation and approval in
variation orders, client induced additional work beyond the original scope,
changed engineering conditions from the contract document and decreased
labor productivity due to extreme climatic conditions. All the above risk
factors are rated as moderately critical to very critical in Kuwait.
Introduction
Availability of adequate infrastructure facilities at reasonable cost is a
prerequisite for the economic development of a country. In recent decades
the Middle East States in general have experienced a boom in the
construction and infrastructure industry and experienced substantial growth
after escalated oil prices brought cash pouring into their economies. Global
economic research on Kuwait has indicated of exuberant growth for Kuwaiti
economy with a Nominal GDP surge of 19.3% from 2003 to 2004, which
was one of the highest in the world. (Kuwait Economic and Strategic
Outlook, 2005). Robust economic conditions and increased private spending
as well as a strong pick up in gross capital formation driven by several
capital projects in Kuwait is anticipated to help the economy to sustain the
double digit growth rate further. Along with the oil and gas sector, the civil
2. Dr. Hassan Al Zubaiadi, Mr. Srour Al Otaibi
December 2008
infrastructure and services-led non-oil sector in Kuwait are also anticipated
to exhibit a matching growth trends. After a recession in the late 1990s,
Kuwait is rejuvenating itself for higher investment in Civil Infrastructures. It
is expected that in Kuwait, for the next five years the private sector will
invest up to US$8bn in the construction sector, in addition US$3bn in
government investment.
Most of the large-scale construction projects are operated in complex and
dynamic conditions and is constantly confronted with various risks and
uncertainties. Kartam et al (2001) have studied the significance/contribution
of risk factors towards project delay and their preference of risk allocation
among major contractors in the Kuwait’s construction industry. The
significant risk factors identified are financial failure of contractors or
subcontractors, defective design, and delayed dispute resolution. In a study
of analyzing eight (8) Kuwaiti construction projects, Al-Sabah et al (2002)
found that, arbitration tribunal awarded KD31 million on contract price of
KD100 million (at 1980 price level). Many of the past construction projects
executed in Kuwait had time- and cost-overrun problems (Koushki et al.,
2005). Major Government contracts for construction in Kuwait are let as
lump sum projects (Design-Build), which are often encountered with
construction disputes resulting, claims induced delay and cost-overrun.
Many of the projects exceed completion time by 100% in addition to
exceeding their budget.
Project Risks and their Characterization
In the context of project management, Chapman et al (1983) and Perry et
al (1985) have expressed risk as an exposure to economic loss or gain
arriving from involvement in the construction process, whereas Wideman
(1986) have viewed risk as an exposure to loss only. Al-Bahar (1989)
characterized risk with three components: risk event, the uncertainty of the
event and the potential loss or gain. In general, risks in a project can be
either viewed as an opportunity for greater potential of return or as hazards
or threats, which affects the goal and the economic performance of the
organization that is promoting the project. It is manifested through the
occurrences of various risk events.
In this research, “risk” is used to indicate threat/hazard to the project from
one or more events of a particular category/nature or origin, for example,
Time-overrun risk. Risk Event is a specific event that could occur during the
project life cycle, which has a probability of occurrence and an adverse
impact on the project objectives. The key attributes of risk events are the
probability of occurrence and the impact of occurrence (RAMP, 2000). A
36
3. Journal of Economic & Administrative Sciences
December 2008
Risk Factor is a factor, which could lead to the occurrence of one or more
risk events and is characterized by the probability of occurrence. Risk factors
do not affect project objectives directly but do so through risk events
(indirect impact). It is assumed that the realization of respective risk factors
will contribute to the risk/risk event (under which it is classified) with
varying degrees of influences (Thomas et al; 2006). The research seeks to
identify and evaluate the critical risk factors contributing to time-overrun in
both the public and private sectors. The main hypothesis this paper is trying
to test is “Is there a difference in criticality rating by different category of
respondents.
Research Methodology
The risks associated with construction projects differ according to the
country and the sector specific environment in which they are being
implemented. The political, legal, economic and regulatory environments in
Kuwait are different from other countries and risk management strategies
carried out in other project environments may not be directly suitable for the
Kuwait infrastructure and construction environment. One of the aims of this
research is to identify the critical risk factors causing time-overrun in the
building and infrastructure projects implemented in Kuwait. The process of
identification of critical risk factors was done in two stages and summarized
in Table 1.
Table 1: Process of Risk Factor Identification
Stage
1
Process
Preparation of
preliminary list of
risk factors
2
Identification of
critical risk factors
Details
Study of literature including research papers and
case study reports.
Discussions with project participants.
Unstructured interviews/discussions with project
participants for consolidation of risk factors and
their classification.
Content validation of list/questionnaire through
locally available experts.
Questionnaire survey among senior project
participants in Kuwait Construction Industry.
The survey responses were statistically analysed
for identifying critical risk factors. Validation of
survey results through case studies
A mixed approach of questionnaire survey followed by case study was
used for the research (Assaf et al, 1995; Chan et al, 1997; Odeh et al, 2000;
37
4. Dr. Hassan Al Zubaiadi, Mr. Srour Al Otaibi
December 2008
Kartam et al, 2001; Aibinu et al, 2002). A preliminary list of various timeoverrun risk factors associated with building and infrastructure projects in
general and unique to the middle east and Kuwait construction project
environment was prepared based on desk based literature review and
discussions with project participants of Kuwait’s construction industry.
The preliminary list of risk factors causing time-overrun thus prepared
was further filtered out through unstructured interviews with locally
available project experts/participants. Thirty-three risk factors causing timeoverrun were short listed for including in the questionnaire. The short listed
risk factors that included in the questionnaire are given in Appendix 1.
Survey Approach
Due to the non-availability of organized information relating to the
occurrence of risk factors and risk management in Kuwait’s construction
industry, a mail questionnaire survey approach was considered. This
approach is well recognized and widely used in both social sciences and
management research studies. In the area of construction management,
many researchers have used this approach (Assaf et al, 1995; Chan et al,
1997; Odeh et al, 2000; Kartam et al, 2001; El-Dash et al, 2004; Assaf et al,
2006). Some of the advantages of mail questionnaire approaches are low
cost, greater anonymity, reduction in bias and wider geographic coverage.
Criteria for Risk Identification
In this research, “Criticality Index CI” is used as the criteria for
identifying the critical risk factors. The degree of impact of each risk factor
was included in the questionnaire under the heading “significance”. As
mentioned earlier, criticality of risk factor is assumed to be the combined
effect of probability (frequency of occurrence) and impact (significance) of
occurrence of the risk. Assaf et al, (1995) and Falqi, (2004) have used a
similar criterion. Both studies had used severity/significance of risk factors
and frequency of risk factors for evaluation of importance index as a
function of two attributes.
Survey Questionnaire
The questionnaire for the survey was designed with the main objective of
identifying the most critical risks factors causing time-overrun in Kuwait’s
building and infrastructure projects. The preliminary questionnaire was
circulated among locally available experts in the field and their suggestions
with respect to contents, structure, and format were incorporated in the final
questionnaire. Questions Q.1 to Q.5 were factual questions, which elicit
38
5. Journal of Economic & Administrative Sciences
December 2008
information from the respondents regarding their background, experience
and category and also the overall time-overrun risk exposure of construction
projects in Kuwait.
Questions for Identification of Critical Risk Factors: Thirty-three risk
factors causing time-overrun in construction projects were given in the
questionnaire and respondents were asked to indicate the significance of
each risk factor on a five point Likert scale, response scale ranging from “not
significant” (1) to “extremely significant” (5). The questionnaire was
designed to examine the respondent’s observation and judgment in
determining the relative significance of risk factors.
Although the degree of impact of risk factors varies from project to
project, the questions were designed to elicit a general assessment of the
significance of risk factors. The respondents were also asked about the
frequency of occurrence of that risk factor according to their judgment and
local working experience in Kuwait construction industry on a three point
Likert scale, response scale ranging from “low” (1) to “high” (3).
Survey Responses
In order to identify critical risk factors causing time-overrun in Kuwait’s
building and infrastructure construction environment, a survey was carried
out among the various stakeholders: Government representatives, builder/
contractors, clients, consultants, project managers and architects. The survey
was administrated during the period August 2006 to October 2006. Since
the responses from clients, project managers and architects were very few in
numbers; their responses were clubbed with other categories. Clients and
project managers were included in contractor/ builder category whereas
architects were included in the consultant’s category.
Out of 100 questionnaires sent, 84 responses were received out of which
4 were incomplete and discarded. The response rate of 80 percent is
considered to be very good for this kind of a mail survey. The methodology
adopted for increasing the response rate was regular email and telephonic
follow-ups. The reliability of the survey results is expected to be high
because all the respondents are top-level experienced management officials
in their organizations.
The summary of the survey responses concerning category and
experience is given in Table 2. The majority of the survey respondents were
having very good experience in Kuwait’s construction environment. About
ninety four percent of the respondents have at least 10 years of experience in
the area construction projects.
39
6. Dr. Hassan Al Zubaiadi, Mr. Srour Al Otaibi
December 2008
Table 2: Distribution of Respondents by Category and Experience
Experience in Construction Projects, in years
Total
Category
Government
Engineers
Builders/
Contractors
Consultants
Total
(%)
> 20
15-19
10-14
5-9
<5
5
7
10
3
0
17
7
3
1
0
21
5
0
0
1
43
(54%)
19
(24%)
13
(16%)
4
(5%)
1
(1%)
(%)
25
(31%)
28
(35%)
27
(34%)
80
(100%)
Time-Over run in Kuwait’s Construction Projects
Respondents of the survey were asked to evaluate the overall timeoverrun risk exposure of construction projects in Kuwait. The responses to
Q.4 “How often have time-overrun problems occurred in the projects you
have undertaken in Kuwait?” were statistically analyzed and summarized in
Table 3, which shows that the percentage of time-overrun in Kuwait’s
construction projects is ranging from 20-80%.
Table 3: Frequency of Time-overrun in Kuwait’s Construction Projects
Percentage of Projects
Category
< 20%
20-50%
50-80%
80-100%
Government
Engineers
3
10
12
0
Builders/
Contractors
11
8
7
2
Consultants
12
10
3
2
26
(32.5)
28
(35)
22
(27.5)
4
(5)
Total
(%)
About 93% of the respondents to Q.5 “Which type of construction
projects undertaken in Kuwait has had the highest case of time-overrun
problems?” stated that government projects executed in Kuwait have the
highest time-overrun problems. The remaining 6% mentioned private
developers’ projects.
40
7. Journal of Economic & Administrative Sciences
December 2008
Identification of Critical Risk Factors
The survey responses were stored in a database and the SPSS software
was used to perform the statistical analysis. For the purpose of this research
the responses were sorted based on category of respondents (Government
Engineers, Builders/Contractors and Consultants). Based on the significance
rating and frequency rating on each risk factor, the average score of the
Significance Index (SI) and Frequency Index (FI) was calculated for the
combined as well as for each category of respondents. The average scores of
SI and FI were calculated for each risk factor by the following formulae:
5
5
(1)
SI
i 1 S i Pi /
i 1 Pi
FI
3
j 1
F j Pj /
3
j 1
(2)
Pj
where
Si is the significance weight (1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) assigned to option i
Pi is the number of participants who responded to option i
Fj is the frequency weight (1, 2 or 3) assigned to option j
Pj is the number of participants who responded to option j
The calculation of the criticality index (CI) was determined through two
steps; first, identifying the score for every possible answer as shown in the
Table 4.
Table 4: Significance-Frequency Combination Matrix
Frequency (F)
1
Significance (S)
3
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
2
2
4
6
7
9
3
6
8
10
11
Since the weight of significance was considered on a 5-point scale
whereas that of frequency was considered on a 3-point scale, the score of
integrating S and F will run from 1 to 11. The Criticality index (CI) for each
cause was calculated as follows:
15
CI
F )k P k / 15 1 P k ,
(3)
k 1( S
k
where (S F )k is the conjunction (1, 2, …., or 11) in the matrix shown in
Table 4 and Pk is the number of participants who responded to option k.
41
8. Dr. Hassan Al Zubaiadi, Mr. Srour Al Otaibi
December 2008
Based on the criticality rating of each category of respondents, the mean
criticality index was evaluated for each risk factor. Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) using the F-test was carried out to compare the mean criticality
rating among different categories of respondents (Mendenhall, 1971; Levin
and Rubin, 1998). In the ANOVA F-test, the samples are assumed to have
been randomly selected from the population in an independent manner. The
population is assumed to be normally distributed. Moderate departure from
these assumptions will not seriously affect the properties of the test
(Mendenhall, 1971).
Overall F-tests only determine whether any significant difference exists
among the means. For cases where the F-test is statistically significant, the
Post-Hoc Tukey HSD test was carried out. This test compares sets of two
means at a time in order to determine specifically, where the significant
difference lies. The Spearman’s rank correlation technique was also used to
compare the risk criticality ranking of the three different categories of
respondents. This technique is widely used in various psychological, socioeconomic and complex environmental problems to measure the association
between two ranked variables.
Identification of Critical Time-overrun Risk Factors: Survey Results
The mean criticality index (CI) for each time-overrun risk factor was
calculated based on the rating given by the government engineers,
builders/contractors and consultants and are summarized in Appendix 2.
One-way ANOVA F-tests (2- tailed) were carried out for each risk factor
and showed that there was a high degree of agreement in risk criticality
rating (at 0.05 significance level) for the majority of the time-overrun risk
factors except TO.4 (Client induced additional work beyond the original
scope) and TO.27 (Inadequate design team experience). Post-Hoc Tukey
HSD tests were carried out for the TO.4 and TO.27 risk factors. The results
appear in Table 5, which reveals significant differences between Consultants
and Government Engineers. The criticality ratings of TO.4 and TO.27 risk
factors for Consultants were lower in comparison to others.
The high degree of agreement on risk factor criticality rating and ranking
(except two risk factors) shows that the respondents have a common
understanding of the risks in Kuwait construction project environment and
the reliability of their ratings are likely to be high. Since the criticality rating
of different categories of respondents were not significantly different for
thirty one risk factors out of thirty three, the critical time-overrun risk factors
for Kuwait were identified based on the combined rating of all categories.
The risk ranking based on criticality index (CI) is given in Appendix 3.
42
9. Journal of Economic & Administrative Sciences
December 2008
Table 5: Multiple Comparisons (Tukey HSD)
Risk
Factor
Dependent Variables
(I)
Mean Std.
diff. Error
Significance
(J)
TO.4
Consultants
Contractors/Builders
Consultants
Govt. Engineers
Govt. Engineers
Builders/Contractors
TO.27 Consultants
Builders/Contractors
Consultants
Govt. Engineers
Govt. Engineers
Builders/Contractors
* S ignificant at the 0.05 level
3.11
3.39
0.28
1.70
3.82
2.12
1.14
1.17
1.16
1.13
1.17
1.16
0.021*
0.013*
0.969
0.296
0.004*
0.66
There is also a high correlation among different categories of respondents
in overall ranking of different risk factors. The spearman’s rank correlation
for risk factor criticality is also considered. The results show that there is
relatively good agreement between each two categories in ranking timeoverrun risk factors with the highest degree of agreement (0.87) between
Government Engineers and consultants, while the lowest degree of
agreement is between Builders and consultants (0.81). Such a relatively high
agreement demonstrates the reliability of the results.
Based on the risk criticality index analysis, most critical time-overrun risk
factors in Kuwait’s construction projects identified are given in Table 6,
which also gives the results of similar analyses for significance as well as
frequency of occurrence of critical risk factors in Kuwait.
The five highest rankings are “Delay in government approvals/permits
related to project”, “Delay in preparation and approval in variation orders”,
“Client induced additional work beyond the original scope”, “Changed
engineering conditions from the contract document”, “Decreased labor
productivity due to extreme climatic conditions”. Among these five most
critical time-overrun risk factors, the values of the criticality index (CI) of
first three risk factors are around 8-8.75 whereas the values for the fourth
and fifth factors are around 6.5. Since the highest possible criticality index in
the adopted scale is 11, the range 6 to 8.75 can be treated as moderately to
very critical risk factors. None of the time-overrun risk factors are in the
range of extremely critical in Kuwait. The values of the relative criticality
index for the five most critical risk factors are shown in Figure 1.
43
10. Dr. Hassan Al Zubaiadi, Mr. Srour Al Otaibi
December 2008
Table 6: The Most Critical Time-overrun Risk Factors in Kuwait
Risk
Factor No.
TO.29
TO.11
TO.4
TO.2
TO.30
Significance Frequency
Rank
Rank
Risk Factor
Delay in Government
approvals/permits related
to project
Delay in preparation and
approval in variation
orders
Client induced additional
work beyond the original
scope
Changed engineering
conditions from the
contract document
Decreased labor
productivity due to
extreme climatic
conditions
Criticality
Rank
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
Figure 1: Criticality Index of Most Critical Time-overrun Risk Factors
The most critical problem identified is “Delay in government
approvals/permits related to project”. This is a global problem especially for
44
11. Journal of Economic & Administrative Sciences
December 2008
infrastructure construction projects. Depending on the type of projects, the
clearance/approval required from government agencies can adversely affect
the completion time. Careful observations of most critical time-overrun risk
factors reveal that all project stakeholders are equally responsible for project
delay. Government delay, delay in variation orders, additional works beyond
scope are client induced risk factors. Contractors with proper planning and
scheduling can better address problems related to change engineering
condition and labor productivity issues. Though earlier studies in some other
Middle East counties and Kuwait identified that delayed payment and
working capital shortage is a potential reason for time-overrun, such
problems are not very critical in Kuwait now. The survey result reveals that
“social and cultural problems (TO.24)” and “Accidents during construction
(TO.25)” are the least critical time-overrun factors in Kuwait.
Risk Factors Identification - Case Study Approach
In order to continue the survey based criticality assessment, twenty eight
infrastructure and Building projects executed in Kuwait were studied for
actual time-overrun occurrence and the major contributing risk factors. The
case study analysis revealed that 23 out of the 28 projects had time-overrun
problems. The case study results substantiated the survey findings of
frequent time problems of Kuwait’s building and infrastructure projects. The
average time-overrun in Kuwait’s projects (calculated from the case study) is
38%. In case of Management & Operation of Um-El haiman STP project,
the time-overrun recorded was 174%, which is the maximum among all
projects studied.
One of the main objectives of the case study research was to check how
far the critical risk factors (identified through the survey research) have
adversely affected the projects. The percentages of projects incurring timeoverrun with their critical risk factors are summarized in Table 7.
The most critical time-overrun factors like “delay in government
approvals/permits related to project (TO.29)”, “delay in preparation and
approval in variation orders (TO.11)”, “client induced additional work
beyond the original scope (TO.4)” and “changed engineering conditions
from the contract document (TO.2)” were major time-overrun reasons for the
majority of projects. More than 65% of projects had time-overrun due to
above problems. However, in contrary to the survey results, “decreased labor
productivity due to extreme climatic conditions (TO.30)” was not a major
time-overrun issue in Kuwait. Only 9% of projects studied had extreme
climatic conditions as a reason for delay. “Third party delays (TO.33)” and
45
12. Dr. Hassan Al Zubaiadi, Mr. Srour Al Otaibi
December 2008
“insufficient information of constructability (TO.3)” have delayed about
30% and 39% of the projects.
Table 7: Occurrence of Time- overrun Risk Factors in Kuwait’s
Projects
Time-overrun Risk Factors
Delay in Government approvals/permits related to project
Delay in preparation and approval in variation orders
Client induced additional work beyond the original scope
Changed engineering conditions from the contract document
Decreased labor productivity due to extreme climatic conditions
Third party delays *
Insufficient information of constructability *
* Additional critical risk factors
% of projects
incurring
Time-overrun
78
74
87
65
9
39
30
Conclusions
In comparison to private and corporate body projects, government
projects executed in Kuwait have the highest time-overrun problems. On an
average, about 20-50% projects executed in Kuwait have time-overrun
problems.
There is a high degree of agreement on criticality ratings among various
respondents for all risk factors causing time-overrun in construction projects
executed in Kuwait. There is a significant difference in risk criticality rating
between the government engineers and the consultants with respect to two
time-overrun risk factors: “Client induced additional work beyond the
original scope” and “Inadequate design team experience”.
The five most critical time-overrun risk factors in Kuwait’s construction
projects are: “Delay in Government approvals/permits related to project”,
“Delay in preparation and approval in variation orders”, “Client induced
additional work beyond the original scope”, “Changed engineering
conditions from the contract document”, and “Decreased labor productivity
due to extreme climatic conditions”.
Client induced additional work beyond the original scope and subsequent
design changes can lead to time-overrun and in turn cost-overrun. Such risk
factors will ultimately end up in aggressive claims by the contractor.
All the short-listed time-overrun risk factors can be treated as moderately
critical to very critical risk factors. None of the time-overrun risk factors is
in the range of extremely critical in Kuwait.
46
13. Journal of Economic & Administrative Sciences
December 2008
There was a fair degree of agreement between survey based risk
assessment and the actual risk impact in construction projects examined
through the case study. The average time-overrun in Kuwait’s project
(calculated from the case study) is 38%.
Limitations & Scope for Further Work
The scope of the present work was limited to specific risks, i.e., timeoverrun risks. The research can be extended for other construction related
risk categories like cost-overrun, political risks, legal risks, financial risk,
etc. The risk identification study carried out for building and infrastructure
projects in Kuwait can be extended and or focused on specific infrastructure
sectors like power, ports, telecommunication, etc.
47
14. Dr. Hassan Al Zubaiadi, Mr. Srour Al Otaibi
December 2008
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16. Dr. Hassan Al Zubaiadi, Mr. Srour Al Otaibi
December 2008
Appendix 1: Risk Factors Causing Time-Overrun
Risk
Factor No.
TO.1
TO.2
TO.3
TO.4
TO.5
TO.6
TO.7
TO.8
TO.9
TO.10
TO.11
TO.12
TO.13
TO.14
TO.15
TO.16
TO.17
TO.18
TO.19
TO.20
TO.21
TO.22
TO.23
TO.24
TO.25
TO.26
TO.27
TO.28
TO.29
TO.30
TO.31
TO.32
TO.33
Time-overrun Risk factors
Unrealistic design development periods
Changed engineering conditions from the contract document
Insufficient information of constructability
Client induced additional work beyond the original scope
Rework due to errors/omissions during construction (quantity & quality)
Error in the estimated activity completion time
Noncompliance with conditions of contract
Delay in contractors payment of completing work
Consultant/Engineer driven frequent changes in design and materials
Lack of co-ordination between design team and contractor
Delay in preparation and approval in variation orders
Unplanned Maintenance of Plant & Machinery
Lack of construction experience of client
Capacity problem of Contractor (handling many sites at a time)
Shortage and slow delivery of construction materials
Shortage of skilled labour in Kuwait
Working capital shortage of contractor
Selection of improper project delivery system (Design-build/turnkey…)
Shortage of utilities at site
Conflict between Contractor and subcontractors
Joint ownership problems of project
Improper scheduling/sequencing of project
Legal disputes between project participants
Social and cultural problems
Accidents during construction
Inappropriate organizational structure to link project participants
Inadequate design team experience
Periodic regulatory changes
Delay in Government approvals/permits related to project
Decreased labor productivity due to extreme climatic conditions
Inadequate contractor experience
Change in standards and specifications
Third party delays
50