This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of human activities on water quality in Kaduna, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 8 groundwater and 4 surface water sources and analyzed for various physicochemical and microbiological parameters. The results showed that many parameters exceeded regulatory limits, including electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, coliform bacteria, and lead levels. Contamination was highest near domestic, industrial, and agricultural areas. Surface water generally contained more trace elements while groundwater sources exceeded limits for more physicochemical parameters. The results indicate that human activities are negatively impacting water quality in Kaduna.
IMPACTS OF SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION ON FOOD SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKSIAEME Publication
The food safety and environmental pollution is interlinked and considered to be important issues in today’s world. Historically, the soil and water pollution has impacted food safety and ultimately an important threat for health. The situation is very challenging in most of the countries where the pollution and risks of increasing food safety have affected large set of population. The scarcity of water, over application of pesticides, chemical application and other pollutants are most important factors which impacts food safety in a drastic manner. The study will cater to the waste and soil pollution and their impacts of human health. In present scenario, there is a shortage of water resources which led to the irrigation of waste for fulfillment of water requirements in the agricultural production. This kind of usage causes serous health impacts due to water and soil pollution.
Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties Rental Value in Ka...iosrjce
One of the natural factors to be considered in determining property rental values is flood. Year 2012
flood was noticeable in many countries due to its severance with Nigeria not left out most especially Kaduna
metropolis. This paper aims at assessing the effect of this year’s flood on residential property values. Data were
sourced through both primary and secondary means. Systematic random sampling was used as the affected
areas list was made available by Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project. Findings revealed low rental
values in both years 2012 and 2013 but rose again due to some militating measures taken by the government
and developers. In addition, the cause was traced to the rivers’ setback encroachment and dumping of refuse
into the rivers. Recommendations made include putting in place permanent measures to check flood’s
reoccurrence in the metropolis, availability of flood plain area map and data on flood occurrence to the public
and enforcement of development control on developers
A Review on the Sedimentation Problem in River Basinsijtsrd
River sedimentation is a global concern evidenced by a number of studies conducted. Now, that climate change is being experienced the rapid changes on the river landscape is manifestly observed. As unveiled, natural evolution of landscape and human activities are the two main factors affecting this phenomenon. Different methods of determination of the volume of sediments transported some are employed. Some studies used classic methods utilizing sophisticated apparatus while others artificial intelligence mode of sediment transport prediction. Celeste A. De Asis "A Review on the Sedimentation Problem in River Basins" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37968.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/37968/a-review-on-the-sedimentation-problem-in-river-basins/celeste-a-de-asis
IMPACTS OF SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION ON FOOD SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKSIAEME Publication
The food safety and environmental pollution is interlinked and considered to be important issues in today’s world. Historically, the soil and water pollution has impacted food safety and ultimately an important threat for health. The situation is very challenging in most of the countries where the pollution and risks of increasing food safety have affected large set of population. The scarcity of water, over application of pesticides, chemical application and other pollutants are most important factors which impacts food safety in a drastic manner. The study will cater to the waste and soil pollution and their impacts of human health. In present scenario, there is a shortage of water resources which led to the irrigation of waste for fulfillment of water requirements in the agricultural production. This kind of usage causes serous health impacts due to water and soil pollution.
Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties Rental Value in Ka...iosrjce
One of the natural factors to be considered in determining property rental values is flood. Year 2012
flood was noticeable in many countries due to its severance with Nigeria not left out most especially Kaduna
metropolis. This paper aims at assessing the effect of this year’s flood on residential property values. Data were
sourced through both primary and secondary means. Systematic random sampling was used as the affected
areas list was made available by Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project. Findings revealed low rental
values in both years 2012 and 2013 but rose again due to some militating measures taken by the government
and developers. In addition, the cause was traced to the rivers’ setback encroachment and dumping of refuse
into the rivers. Recommendations made include putting in place permanent measures to check flood’s
reoccurrence in the metropolis, availability of flood plain area map and data on flood occurrence to the public
and enforcement of development control on developers
A Review on the Sedimentation Problem in River Basinsijtsrd
River sedimentation is a global concern evidenced by a number of studies conducted. Now, that climate change is being experienced the rapid changes on the river landscape is manifestly observed. As unveiled, natural evolution of landscape and human activities are the two main factors affecting this phenomenon. Different methods of determination of the volume of sediments transported some are employed. Some studies used classic methods utilizing sophisticated apparatus while others artificial intelligence mode of sediment transport prediction. Celeste A. De Asis "A Review on the Sedimentation Problem in River Basins" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37968.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/37968/a-review-on-the-sedimentation-problem-in-river-basins/celeste-a-de-asis
Human Adaptation in Socio Hydrological Cycle A Review in Geographical Perspec...ijtsrd
This article discusses the new socio hydrological cycle in geography perspective and issues arising from human intervention in the hydrological cycle. Hydrology is considered as a field of water sciences, whether natural or disturbed by the use of various environmental science techniques. However, its emphasis on the impact of human adaptation and its co evolution to the hydrological cycle are sometimes left unexplored. This article traces the development of multi dimensional and interdisciplinary hydrological geography that ultimately involves the human component as an endogenous factor that alters its natural cycle. Subsequently, its discuss and analysis of importance of the new socio hydrological perspective to geography, especially in Malaysian context. Noorazuan Md Hashim "Human Adaptation in Socio-Hydrological Cycle: A Review in Geographical Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31625.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/31625/human-adaptation-in-sociohydrological-cycle-a-review-in-geographical-perspective/noorazuan-md-hashim
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
On Earth water has too many forms and variety which
are necessary specifically for particular geographical as well as
environmental surroundings. Below 1% of the world's fresh
water (0.007% of all water on earth) is reachable for direct
human uses. Water pollutions now become a part of concern and
disquiet in country like India. Large parts of water which are life
supportive get contaminated because of illegal activities of human
beings. Water effluence is a major problem globally. It is the
leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it
accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. In
addition to the acute problems of different problems in
developing countries, industrialized countries continue to
struggle with water pollution problems as well. There are many
inorganic metals which are contaminating water bodies which
serve life to large part of India, Arsenic (As) is one of the biggest
threats for water bodies. High toxicity of Arsenic poses a serious
risk not only to ecological systems but also for human health.
There is availability of sophisticated techniques for arsenic
removal from contaminated water, development of new
laboratory based techniques along with cost reduction and
enhancement of conventional techniques are essential for the
benefit of common people. This paper is based on the future
aspects, for removal of Arsenic from drinking water or the water
of different rivers like Ganga, Gomti and Yamuna etc which
humans are consuming for domestic purpose. Demograph
estimate that around 52 millions peoples are drinking ground
water with arsenic concentrations above the guidelines of World
Health Organization. WHO proposed a parameter or MIC for
Arsenic i.e. of 10 parts per billion (ppb) or 0.010 Mg/L, it is found
that level of Arsenic has been increased vigorously in many
rivers. Objective is to apply Bioremediation technique with the
help of batch culture that needs Bioremediators to detoxify
contaminated water and helps in maintaining the original quality
of water.
The research was carried out to assess the quality of Umuerim River , Nekede which serves for
domestic uses and fishery activities among the rural inhabitants in October 2016.The anthropogenic activities
identified during reconnaissance visit include discharge of household wastes into its channel across Owerri;
sand miningandAgricultural activities at it’s bank that serve as non-point source. Water samples were collected
from four sampling points (discharge point SP1, midstream SP2, downstream SP3 and upstream), in Nekede,
using standard methods for sampling and analysis. Parameters analyzed include Lead, Zinc, Iron, Copper,
Chromium, Nitrate, Sulphate, Phosphate, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS),
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), 5-day Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Turbidity, pH, Conductivity, and
Temperature. Results showed that Conductivity (range= 5.50 µS/cm), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (range=
4.00 mg/L), Turbidity (range= 3.20 NTU) and Sulphates (SO4) (range= 2.70 mg/L) recorded comparatively
wide variations during the study period. Mean levels of pH (6.24 ± 0.09), DO (1.45 ± 0.08) mg/L, BOD (0.49 ±
0.09) mg/L, and Turbidity (4.93 ± 0.67) NTU were beyond the limits set by the Federal Ministry of
Environment’s recommended standards for surface water. It is therefore, recommended that constant
monitoring by routine water quality checks should be conducted for safe public consumption of the water.
Effects of pH, Dosage, Temperature and Mixing Speed on The Efficiency of Wate...IJAEMSJORNAL
Studies were carried out to determine the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, pH, dosage and mixing speed on the efficiency of watermelon seed in removing the turbidity and colour of Atabong River, which serves the people of Eket and their environs in Akwa-Ibom State. Results obtained showed that at an ideal pH of 7.5, temperature of 25oC, dosage of 0.6g/l and mixing speed of 120rpm the water melon coagulum removed turbidity and colour of the raw river water by 87.9% and 84.3% respectively. At this optimum conditions, water melon coagulum decreased the raw water turbidity from 67.7 to 8.18 NTU and colour, 318 to 50 TCU. The findings have demonstrated the effectiveness of water melon seeds as a possible replacement for chemicals like alum and ferric salts normally used in coagulation-flocculation water treatment.
Pollution under International Environmental LawAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Various activities of humans especially in the industrial world in any given civilized State pose
serious threat to the existence of man by way of emitting various pollutants into the environment (water,
atmosphere, soil etc.) As a result of these emissions of pollutants, sovereign States have made efforts to protect
the environment from pollution internationally. This is owing to the fact that man‟s existence on earth is
constantly being seriously threatened as a result of activities from civilized living. Pollution of the environment
occurs in almost every industrial activity as a result of emissions of pollutants. Notable examples of such acts of
pollution of the environment are air pollution by artificial heating using firewood, coal, gas or oil and the
burning of fossil fuels and forests – increases the atmospheric carbon dioxide and leads to increase in the
warmth of the earth. The research considered the various instruments regulating pollution in the international
plane. The research found that sovereign States should ensure that various industrial activities carried out within
their jurisdictions are so done in line with international standards and agreements so as not to cause damage to a
neighbouring State via pollution. More so, State parties to international agreements on protection of the
environment against pollution should uphold and apply the agreements in their various States.
KEYWORDS: Pollution, Environment
Work done by Professor Raquel Pinderhuges and 40 Sustainability and the Cities class students.
I was a teacher assistant for this class and did the graphic layout of the booklet.
Socio-economic development and availability of water are strongly interrelated.
Advances in water related engineering, technology and management have been central to progress in human development.
Today water remains central to many aspects of socio-economic development – key to energy and food production (nexus) and other areas of human endeavor.
Characterization of Physicochemical Water Quality Parameters of River Gudar (...IOSRJAC
Due to various natural and anthropogenic activities, quality of water was deteriorated in most towns of the country. These changes make or forced the community to depend on unsafe and poor water consumption. River Gudar is one of the rivers found in towns of the country, and exposed to many anthropogenic activities done around the town. Importance of river Gudar is strongly linked to Domestic consumption, Irrigation, Industrial (HAEF) and other public health. Under the investigation physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals for the quality of river Gudar for drinking purpose were characterized. The laboratory results for both physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals were: Alkalinity (154 ± 15.556 mg/L), pH (8.44), Electrical Conductivity (316.47 ± 72.802 Scm-1 ), TDS (149.37 ± 20.64 mg/L), Ammonia (41.00 ± 1.19 mg/L), Phosphate (3.50 ± 0.32mg/L), Total Hardness (156.87 ± 8.46 mg/L CaCO3), Sodium (17.44 ± 2.87mg/L), Potassium (8.51 ± 0.33 mg/L) and some selected heavy metals such as Cu (0.29 ± 0.04 mg/L ), Pb (2.5 ± 0.25 mg/L), Zn (0.63 ± 0.24 mg/L), Cd (0.79 ± 0.19 mg/L) and Ag (0.35 ± 0.17 mg/L) for water sample.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Human Adaptation in Socio Hydrological Cycle A Review in Geographical Perspec...ijtsrd
This article discusses the new socio hydrological cycle in geography perspective and issues arising from human intervention in the hydrological cycle. Hydrology is considered as a field of water sciences, whether natural or disturbed by the use of various environmental science techniques. However, its emphasis on the impact of human adaptation and its co evolution to the hydrological cycle are sometimes left unexplored. This article traces the development of multi dimensional and interdisciplinary hydrological geography that ultimately involves the human component as an endogenous factor that alters its natural cycle. Subsequently, its discuss and analysis of importance of the new socio hydrological perspective to geography, especially in Malaysian context. Noorazuan Md Hashim "Human Adaptation in Socio-Hydrological Cycle: A Review in Geographical Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31625.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/31625/human-adaptation-in-sociohydrological-cycle-a-review-in-geographical-perspective/noorazuan-md-hashim
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
On Earth water has too many forms and variety which
are necessary specifically for particular geographical as well as
environmental surroundings. Below 1% of the world's fresh
water (0.007% of all water on earth) is reachable for direct
human uses. Water pollutions now become a part of concern and
disquiet in country like India. Large parts of water which are life
supportive get contaminated because of illegal activities of human
beings. Water effluence is a major problem globally. It is the
leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it
accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. In
addition to the acute problems of different problems in
developing countries, industrialized countries continue to
struggle with water pollution problems as well. There are many
inorganic metals which are contaminating water bodies which
serve life to large part of India, Arsenic (As) is one of the biggest
threats for water bodies. High toxicity of Arsenic poses a serious
risk not only to ecological systems but also for human health.
There is availability of sophisticated techniques for arsenic
removal from contaminated water, development of new
laboratory based techniques along with cost reduction and
enhancement of conventional techniques are essential for the
benefit of common people. This paper is based on the future
aspects, for removal of Arsenic from drinking water or the water
of different rivers like Ganga, Gomti and Yamuna etc which
humans are consuming for domestic purpose. Demograph
estimate that around 52 millions peoples are drinking ground
water with arsenic concentrations above the guidelines of World
Health Organization. WHO proposed a parameter or MIC for
Arsenic i.e. of 10 parts per billion (ppb) or 0.010 Mg/L, it is found
that level of Arsenic has been increased vigorously in many
rivers. Objective is to apply Bioremediation technique with the
help of batch culture that needs Bioremediators to detoxify
contaminated water and helps in maintaining the original quality
of water.
The research was carried out to assess the quality of Umuerim River , Nekede which serves for
domestic uses and fishery activities among the rural inhabitants in October 2016.The anthropogenic activities
identified during reconnaissance visit include discharge of household wastes into its channel across Owerri;
sand miningandAgricultural activities at it’s bank that serve as non-point source. Water samples were collected
from four sampling points (discharge point SP1, midstream SP2, downstream SP3 and upstream), in Nekede,
using standard methods for sampling and analysis. Parameters analyzed include Lead, Zinc, Iron, Copper,
Chromium, Nitrate, Sulphate, Phosphate, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS),
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), 5-day Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Turbidity, pH, Conductivity, and
Temperature. Results showed that Conductivity (range= 5.50 µS/cm), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (range=
4.00 mg/L), Turbidity (range= 3.20 NTU) and Sulphates (SO4) (range= 2.70 mg/L) recorded comparatively
wide variations during the study period. Mean levels of pH (6.24 ± 0.09), DO (1.45 ± 0.08) mg/L, BOD (0.49 ±
0.09) mg/L, and Turbidity (4.93 ± 0.67) NTU were beyond the limits set by the Federal Ministry of
Environment’s recommended standards for surface water. It is therefore, recommended that constant
monitoring by routine water quality checks should be conducted for safe public consumption of the water.
Effects of pH, Dosage, Temperature and Mixing Speed on The Efficiency of Wate...IJAEMSJORNAL
Studies were carried out to determine the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, pH, dosage and mixing speed on the efficiency of watermelon seed in removing the turbidity and colour of Atabong River, which serves the people of Eket and their environs in Akwa-Ibom State. Results obtained showed that at an ideal pH of 7.5, temperature of 25oC, dosage of 0.6g/l and mixing speed of 120rpm the water melon coagulum removed turbidity and colour of the raw river water by 87.9% and 84.3% respectively. At this optimum conditions, water melon coagulum decreased the raw water turbidity from 67.7 to 8.18 NTU and colour, 318 to 50 TCU. The findings have demonstrated the effectiveness of water melon seeds as a possible replacement for chemicals like alum and ferric salts normally used in coagulation-flocculation water treatment.
Pollution under International Environmental LawAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Various activities of humans especially in the industrial world in any given civilized State pose
serious threat to the existence of man by way of emitting various pollutants into the environment (water,
atmosphere, soil etc.) As a result of these emissions of pollutants, sovereign States have made efforts to protect
the environment from pollution internationally. This is owing to the fact that man‟s existence on earth is
constantly being seriously threatened as a result of activities from civilized living. Pollution of the environment
occurs in almost every industrial activity as a result of emissions of pollutants. Notable examples of such acts of
pollution of the environment are air pollution by artificial heating using firewood, coal, gas or oil and the
burning of fossil fuels and forests – increases the atmospheric carbon dioxide and leads to increase in the
warmth of the earth. The research considered the various instruments regulating pollution in the international
plane. The research found that sovereign States should ensure that various industrial activities carried out within
their jurisdictions are so done in line with international standards and agreements so as not to cause damage to a
neighbouring State via pollution. More so, State parties to international agreements on protection of the
environment against pollution should uphold and apply the agreements in their various States.
KEYWORDS: Pollution, Environment
Work done by Professor Raquel Pinderhuges and 40 Sustainability and the Cities class students.
I was a teacher assistant for this class and did the graphic layout of the booklet.
Socio-economic development and availability of water are strongly interrelated.
Advances in water related engineering, technology and management have been central to progress in human development.
Today water remains central to many aspects of socio-economic development – key to energy and food production (nexus) and other areas of human endeavor.
Characterization of Physicochemical Water Quality Parameters of River Gudar (...IOSRJAC
Due to various natural and anthropogenic activities, quality of water was deteriorated in most towns of the country. These changes make or forced the community to depend on unsafe and poor water consumption. River Gudar is one of the rivers found in towns of the country, and exposed to many anthropogenic activities done around the town. Importance of river Gudar is strongly linked to Domestic consumption, Irrigation, Industrial (HAEF) and other public health. Under the investigation physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals for the quality of river Gudar for drinking purpose were characterized. The laboratory results for both physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals were: Alkalinity (154 ± 15.556 mg/L), pH (8.44), Electrical Conductivity (316.47 ± 72.802 Scm-1 ), TDS (149.37 ± 20.64 mg/L), Ammonia (41.00 ± 1.19 mg/L), Phosphate (3.50 ± 0.32mg/L), Total Hardness (156.87 ± 8.46 mg/L CaCO3), Sodium (17.44 ± 2.87mg/L), Potassium (8.51 ± 0.33 mg/L) and some selected heavy metals such as Cu (0.29 ± 0.04 mg/L ), Pb (2.5 ± 0.25 mg/L), Zn (0.63 ± 0.24 mg/L), Cd (0.79 ± 0.19 mg/L) and Ag (0.35 ± 0.17 mg/L) for water sample.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
12 ground water pollution in india a review 12 ijtas-92-2018-richa guptaBIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Groundwater is the foremost source of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes in several countries. Due to human and industrial activities the ground water is contaminated. This is the serious problem now a day. Due to industrial, municipal and agricultural waste containing pesticides, insecticides, fertilizer residues and heavy metals with water groundwater has been polluted by leaching process. The effects of groundwater pollution are wide. In this paper the overview of ground water pollution due to industrial as well as anthropogenic activities. Water quality is affected by both point and non-point sources of pollution. These include sewage discharge, discharge from industries, run-off from agricultural fields and urban run-off. Analysis of the water quality is very important to preserve and prefect the natural eco system. The assessment of the ground water various technologies has been developed and management practices should be carried out periodically to protect the water resources.
Keywords: Ground water, Water pollution, Heavy Metals, Water Quality Index.
Effluent pollution is the degradation of the physical, chemical or biological properties of sewage, altered as a result of the introduction of certain substances which renders it unsafe and therefore, regarded as wastewater. This paper aims to examine the effects of effluent pollution on the socio-economic ,environment, and health status of people around (9) custodial centres in Nigeria. The study locations are Medium Security Custodial Centres Kuje (Abuja ), Kirikiri (Lagos), Suleja (Abuja ), Badagry (Lagos), Ikoyi (Lagos), Female Kirikiri (Lagos), Maximum Security Custodial centres (Kirikiri-Lagos and Port-harcourt Rivers) and Correctional Farm Centre Dukpa (Abuja) In the study, descriptive survey method was used after familiarity with the environment and selection of 372 respondents through purposive sampling technique. The process of questionnaire administration, interviews and Focused Group Discussions (FGD), was systematically applied in collection of data which were analyzed using frequency /percentage modules. Consequently, inferential statistics was adapted to test the hypothesis postulated using SPSS 20.0.
Effluent pollution is the degradation of the physical, chemical or biological properties of sewage, altered as a result of the introduction of certain substances which renders it unsafe and therefore, regarded as wastewater. This paper aims to examine the effects of effluent pollution on the socio-economic ,environment, and health status of people around (9) custodial centres in Nigeria. The study locations are Medium Security Custodial Centres Kuje (Abuja ), Kirikiri (Lagos), Suleja (Abuja ), Badagry (Lagos), Ikoyi (Lagos), Female Kirikiri (Lagos), Maximum Security Custodial centres (Kirikiri-Lagos and Port-harcourt Rivers) and Correctional Farm Centre Dukpa (Abuja) In the study, descriptive survey method was used after familiarity with the environment and selection of 372 respondents through purposive sampling technique.
Effluent pollution is the degradation of the physical, chemical or biological properties of sewage, altered as a result of the introduction of certain substances which renders it unsafe and therefore, regarded as wastewater. This paper aims to examine the effects of effluent pollution on the socio-economic ,environment, and health status of people around (9) custodial centres in Nigeria. The study locations are Medium Security Custodial Centres Kuje (Abuja ), Kirikiri (Lagos), Suleja (Abuja ), Badagry (Lagos), Ikoyi (Lagos), Female Kirikiri (Lagos), Maximum Security Custodial centres (Kirikiri-Lagos and Port-harcourt Rivers) and Correctional Farm Centre Dukpa (Abuja) In the study, descriptive survey method was used after familiarity with the environment and selection of 372 respondents through purposive sampling technique. The process of questionnaire administration, interviews and Focused Group Discussions (FGD), was systematically applied in collection of data which were analyzed using frequency /percentage modules. Consequently, inferential statistics was adapted to test the hypothesis postulated using SPSS 20.0. The findings revealed that nature of generating wastewater from hygiene and sanitation procedure among inmates using restroom and flushing toilet at the rate of about 41-50 litres of water per inmate per day causes significant flooding, as well as generate chemical compounds which catalyses air and soil pollution. Inappropriate discharge of wastewater result to of outbreak of diseases in the custodial environment resulting in high rate of cholera, typhoid, malaria and dysentery. These health challenges constitute serious socio’- economic burden for the management of the custodian centres. The study also shows significant effects of effluent pollution in the area of study at a level of 0.05% significance. Thus, recommendations were made to proffer solution to the menace of effluent discharge on pollution crises around the environment correctional centres.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
assessing heterogeneous influences on partial deposition of virus in lateriticIJCMESJOURNAL
This paper monitored the rate of partial deposition of virus on heterogeneous formation, the study were able to monitor the behaviour of virus in heterogeneous deposition influencing partial concentration of virus in Lateritic and silty formation. The study was able to observe the rate of partial deposition base on its rate of fluctuation through variation observed from deposited void ratio and permeability, such formation developed fluctuation on these parameters thus generated partial deposition of virus in the study area. Linear deposition were also experienced in graphical representation, the result obtained ranged from [1.97E-12-2.35E-11],[3-30M], [1.97E-12-2.36E-11[10-100] Predictive 1.97E-12, Experimental 1.87E-12 [3-36m], predictive, [1,97E-12], Experimental [2.26E-11] [10-120 Days] predictive 2.36E-12, Experimental 2.24E-11,[10-120Days] [1.31E-12-2.36E11], Predictive1.31E-12, Experimental, 2.36E-11 [2-30m], predictive,[2.36E-11-2.2E-11]; [2-30m] ,for Time 1.31E-12-2.36E-11[4-60days] while predictive and Experimental,[2,36E-11] [1.37E-12-2,22E-11] [2-30m] The prediction rate of partial deposition of virus was possible through mathematical modeling techniques, the system were developed base on the parameters from predominant formation characteristics in study location, these parameters generated the derived model through the developed governing equation, simulation generated theoretical values that were compared with experimental results, both parameters developed best fits validating the model, experts will definitely applied this approach in monitoring and evaluation of virus deposits in the study area.
assessing heterogeneous influences on partial deposition of virus in lateriticIJCMESJOURNAL
This paper monitored the rate of partial deposition of virus on heterogeneous formation, the study were able to monitor the behaviour of virus in heterogeneous deposition influencing partial concentration of virus in Lateritic and silty formation. The study was able to observe the rate of partial deposition base on its rate of fluctuation through variation observed from deposited void ratio and permeability, such formation developed fluctuation on these parameters thus generated partial deposition of virus in the study area. Linear deposition were also experienced in graphical representation, the result obtained ranged from [1.97E-12-2.35E-11],[3-30M], [1.97E-12-2.36E-11[10-100] Predictive 1.97E-12, Experimental 1.87E-12 [3-36m], predictive, [1,97E-12], Experimental [2.26E-11] [10-120 Days] predictive 2.36E-12, Experimental 2.24E-11,[10-120Days] [1.31E-12-2.36E11], Predictive1.31E-12, Experimental, 2.36E-11 [2-30m], predictive,[2.36E-11-2.2E-11]; [2-30m] ,for Time 1.31E-12-2.36E-11[4-60days] while predictive and Experimental,[2,36E-11] [1.37E-12-2,22E-11] [2-30m] The prediction rate of partial deposition of virus was possible through mathematical modeling techniques, the system were developed base on the parameters from predominant formation characteristics in study location, these parameters generated the derived model through the developed governing equation, simulation generated theoretical values that were compared with experimental results, both parameters developed best fits validating the model, experts will definitely applied this approach in monitoring and evaluation of virus deposits in the study area.
,
environmental degradation and-development_in_bangl
,
poverty
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ecosystem
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environmental degradation
,
causes of environmental degradation
,
urbanization
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transport activities
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major environmental problems in bangladesh
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role of iucn and greenpeace
these slides describes the impacts on environment by human, human activities which caused impacts on biodiversity and the steps to prevent the ozone layer, pollution caused by human
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 3 || Issue || 4 || Pages || 16 - 21 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 16
Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on the Quality of Water
Resources in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Aliyu Dadan Garba
Centre for Environmental Health Engineering
University of Surrvey, UK.
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------------
This work investigated the impact of anthropologic activities on the quality of water resources in Kaduna
metropolis. The city has a population of 1.6 million people and has various landuses around both the main
surface water body of river Kaduna and the groundwater sources. These landuses include residential,
commercial, industrial, agricultural and civic. Water samples were collected at 12 sampling points (eight
ground water and four surface water). Analysis of acidity (PH), temperature, electrical conducting, total
dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, lead, oil and grease and coliforms were done.
Results showed that values of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, coliforms and Lead were generally
above the limits of regulatory bodies. The results also revealed very low level of dissolved oxygen. It also
showed that domestic and industrial areas as well as irrigation sites were found to be most contaminated.
Surface water has more trace elements, while ground water sources have more physico-chemical values in all
the study.
KEYWORDS: contamination, Kaduna, Landuse, Parameters, Anthropogenic
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 27 February 2014 Date of Publication: 05 April 2014
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Water pollution is an important aspect of environmental pollution considering the necessity of water for existence.
Water pollution has impacts on not only humans but also animals, micro-organisms and plants through the intake of water by
the living organisms. The importance of water notwithstanding, it has long been recognised as a vehicle for the spread of
many diseases ( Wijk-Sijbesma, 2002 and Sawyer et al., 2003). These diseases include the worst outbreak of Escherichia
coli in Canada (Kondro, 2000) and Cryptosporidium in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA in 1993 (Hoxie et al., 1997).Water
sources both surface and groundwater are often contaminated by anthropogenic activities. These include discharges of
agricultural, industrial and municipal wastewaters into water courses which ultimately reach the aquifers. Among the
pollutants are nitrates from domestic sewage and fertilisers and pesticides in agriculture (Salvato et al., 20003). Others are
livestock farming that transmits pathogens from animal manure and fish farming that exacerbate eutrophication by adding
biochemical oxygen demand and nutrients to the local environment (Kirby et al., 2003). Water pollution usually refers to
natural processes and events that cause the contamination and impairment of water for its intended use. These natural events
such as torrential rainfall and hurricane cause excessive erosions, flooding, tsunamis and landslides, which in turn increase
the content of suspended materials in affected rivers and lakes leading to little or no dissolved oxygen among other
consequences (Meybeck et al., 1996). Groundwater quality problems may arise from natural phenomena or due to human
activities. The principal groundwater quality issues relate to excess hardness and the presence of iron, manganese, chloride,
nitrate and coliforms (Purcell, 2003, Kiely, 1996).
Surface waters are affected by among others microbiological pollution through such human activities that generate
human wastes and municipal wastewaters, industrial wastewaters as in food, beverage, abattoir and meat packaging. These
activities invariably contain faecal materials that may include pathogens (Taylor, 2003).The impairment of water is usually
referred to as pollution, contamination, nuisance or water (air, soil) degradation (Novotny, 2003). Regardless of the
terminology or cause water pollution can be categorised as either point or non- point (Masters and Ela, 2000). Point sources
are based on the activities that produce the pollutants such as from a specific, identifiable source, usually a facility and is
released at a known discharge point or outfall, usually a pipe or ditch, a ship, municipal sewer system, industry and power
plants. Non-point source pollution on the other hand arises from the way the pollutants are discharged into the environments
which are non-specific. Amongst these are agricultural practices such as the applications of pesticides that are carried far
away as runoff which ultimately contaminate groundwater through the soil profile particularly the unsaturated soil zone
(Estevez et al. 2008).Mander and Forsberg (2000) reviewed works that showed that the most significant impacts of
diffused or non-point pollution as being caused by agriculture (nutrients and pesticides); transport (roads, rail
and shipping); atmospheric deposition (on lakes and seas); storm water from urban and industrial sites.
2. Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on the Quality …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 17
It should, however, be noted that except in few cases such as storm water due to rainfall most non-
point source pollution began as point source and spread over time and space from specific points of origin to
where they are domiciled.Regarding water quality there is no any source of water that is wholesome, free from
contamination. Rainwater mixes with acids and organic compounds as it falls; surface water also comes into
contact with pollutant discharges which ultimately infiltrates into the groundwater (Zeliger, 2008). Water
pollution is a global problem which affects rich, developed and poor, developing countries; rural and urban
environments. It is expected that pollution in rural areas would come more from agricultural and mining
activities while sources such as manufacturing and power production would account for pollution in urban areas
especially in developed countries. Younger (2001) stated that coal and other abandoned mines are second to
sewage as sources of freshwater pollution in Scotland. In many coal field catchments it is the preeminent source.
On the other hand in poor, developing countries pathogens associated with disposal of human wastes have been
major sources of water pollution leading to water borne diseases such as amoebic dysentery, bacillary dysentery,
cholera, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio (Sullivan et al., 2005). And whereas in developed countries there are
regulations regarding the release of effluents into water courses those regulations are non- existent or largely
ignored in developing countries. In this regard Yassi et al., (2001) reported the release of untreated liquid wastes
into surface water courses in Alexandria, Egypt; Bogota, Columbia; Karachi, Pakistan and Shanghai, China.
Regarding the problems caused by water pollution, the World Health Organization in its 2009 report
estimated that 80% of all infectious diseases in the world are associated with insufficient and unsafe water.
UNICEF (2009) reported that 39% of world population (over 2.6 billion people) live without access to improved
sanitation while 884 million are without improved water supplies. Consequently, more than 3.8 million, mostly
children under five years of age die annually from pneumonia and diarrheal diseases (WHO, 2009).Nigeria as a
developing country suffers from water contamination from anthropogenic activities. Studies have shown that the
country’s water resources have been contaminated from human activities such as industrial, agricultural and
domestic activities in both urban and rural areas. The major contaminations affect chemical and microbiological
parameters with contaminants ranging from trace elements, nutrients to coliforms.This work investigates the
impact of anthropogenic activities on the quality of water resources in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. This is due
to the association of infectious diseases with unsafe and insufficient water (WHO, 2009). The contamination of
water is largely caused by negative impacts of human activities on environmental parameters.
II. THE STUDY AREA
Kaduna metropolis is the capital of Kaduna State. The state is one of the 36 states that comprise the
Federal Republic of Nigeria. The study area is composed of Kaduna North Local Government Area.The GPS
co-ordinates of the study area range from latitudes 10 24.447N to 10 35.004N and longitudes 007 24.245E and
007 28.886E. According to 2006 national population census Kaduna State has a population of 6.066 million
people. About 1.45 million people reside in the study area, representing about 24% of the population of the
state.The study area is roughly located in the centre of the Kaduna River Basin. The area is underlain by
Basement complex comprising high grade metamorphic and igneous rocks such as migmatite, mica, quartz
mica, schist, granite gneiss, biotite, granite, coarse- porphyritic, biotite and diorite (Akujieze et al., 2003).The
study area experiences the tropical continental climate (savannah) type of climate with two distinct yearly
seasons. The dry season starts from middle of October to late April. The wet season begins from May to early
October. The mean annual temperature stands at about 250
C and annual rainfall at about 1200 mm (Mallo,
2000).
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS.
The objective of sampling was to determine the points from which water would be collected for
laboratory analysis. To achieve this systematic sampling technique was chosen. This was to ensure that all
sampling points were in locations that are representative of the land use activities. In addition to that, only
activities that are sited within a close range of streams or those in whose vicinity hand dug wells are found were
sampled. Consequently, sampling points were selected in 11 locations in the study area.Samples were collected
in duplicates in all sampling points. . In the study water samples were collected from eight groundwater and
seven surface water sampling points. Samples were analysed for physico-chemical, microbiological parameters,
lead, oil and grease
(a) Groundwater sampling- in this method a container was tied to a rope and lowered into a well. Water was
fetched at the water table and some depth below. The water was poured into sampling bottles filled to the
brim, capped and tightened.
(b) Surface water sampling- to be able to collect samples from surface water particularly, perennial rivers,
research assistants got into a canoe. Inside the canoe a container was lowered into the river against
direction of flow. Content was then poured into sampling bottles, filled to the brim, capped and tightened.
3. Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on the Quality …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 18
pH- was measured using HANNA HI 991300. Prior to measurement the meter was calibrated. The mode
button was pressed and held until ‘CAL’ was displayed on the lower LCD. This was followed by the
display ‘‘pH 7.1 USE’’. To measure the pH, the probe was soaked in pH 7 solution at least one hour to
reactivate the instrument. The pH mode was then selected with set/ hold button and submerged in the
sample while stirring gently. This continued until the stability indicator on the top left of the LCD
disappeared. The pH value was shown on the primary LCD while the second LCD displayed the sample
temperature.
(b) Temperature- this was displayed on the second LCD when either the pH, EC or TDS was shown in the
primary LCD.
(c) Electrical conductivity (EC)/ Total dissolved solids (TDS) - the probe was put in the sample and the EC
mode was selected with the SET/ HOLD button. The probe was lightly tapped at the bottom of the
container to remove air bubbles trapped inside the tip. After some minutes the stability indicator on the
top left of the LCD disappeared. The meter showed the EC or TDS values on the primary LCD while the
temperature was displayed on the second LCD.
(d) Dissolved oxygen (DO) - the analysis of dissolved oxygen is a key test in water pollution and waste
treatment process control. The levels of DO depend on physical, chemical and biochemical activities in
the water body.
Samples were collected in clean 300 ml glass BOD bottles. 1 ml MnSO4 solution and 1 ml of alkaline
iodide- azide reagent were then added, glass stoppered and inverted several times until floc has settled. 1
ml of H2SO4 concentrated was also added. The sample was then poured into a 250 ml graduated cylinder
to the 200 ml mark, and then poured into a 250 ml conical flask. A 25 ml burette was used to fill 0.025N
Sodium thiosulphate solution to the zero mark which was used to titrate the sample to a pale yellow
colour. Two dropperfuls of starch indicator solution was then added and swirled to mix.
Titration was continued until solution changed to dark-blue to colourless. The amount of titrant used in
ml was equal to DO mg/l in the sample.
(e) Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) – this represents the amount of oxygen required by bacteria to
decompose aerobically the organic matter. This decomposition happens under standard conditions of time
and temperature. In order to minimise sample degradation in the determination of BOD the samples were
stored in ice packs with temperature around 40
C between sampling and analysis.
(f) Total and thermotolerant coliforms- appropriate dilutions of sample water with distilled water (1- 3 ml)
were inoculated in duplicates by spread platting on eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar for the enumeration
of coliforms. 1ml of the diluted sample was introduced into each of the petri- dish plates and 15 ml of
EMB agar was poured into the plate. The plate was gently rotated to facilitate even distribution of
isolated colonies.
(g) Lead (Pb) - the method used was Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS), Model BUCK
210VGP.
(h) Oil and grease- Partition gravimetric method. In this method the determination was made by extracting a
measured water sample with 1,1,2- trichloro, 1,2,2- trifluoro- ethane (Freon 113), evaporating the Freon
113 layer and weighing the residue to determine the specific concentration in mg/l.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
In the study, water samples were collected from a total of twelve sampling points (eight groundwater
and four surface water). The results of laboratory analysis were subjected to statistical analysis with the aim of
having a more meaningful data for discussion. The statistical techniques used were summary statistics which
produced mean and standard deviation of all the parameters’
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Table 3.1 Mean and range of parameters, Pilot study 1 sampling programme, June &July, 2009
Key- GW- groundwater; SW- surface water; WHO- World Health Organization Guidelines on Drinking Water
Quality; US EPA- United States Environmental Protection Agency-National Drinking Water Regulations;
NIG. GOVT- Nigerian Government Standards on Drinking Water Quality
(a) pH. The results showed mean pH values slightly below the limits of World Health Organization (WHO)
Guidelines and the Nigerian Standards in groundwater samples. The values were 6.44 and 5.93
(Table.3.1). The pH values in surface water sampling points were, however, within the range of limits.
They were 6.8 and 7 (Table 3.1). The results of Pilot study 2 showed similar trend. Groundwater
sampling points have mean pH values ranging from 5.5 to 5.75 (Table 3.2) showing high degree of
acidity in some sampling points to values in moderate range in others. The mean values of pH in surface
water sampling points range from 6.44 to 6.7 which were within the range of limits (Table 3.3). All the
sampling points recorded high temperatures which were the ambient temperatures. In the Pilot study 1 the
values were 26.76 0
C and 27.43 0
C in groundwater sampling points and 27.250
C and 26.55 0
C (Table 3.1)
in surface water sampling points. In the Pilot 2 study the temperatures ranged from 250
C to 27.08 0
C
(Table 3.2) in groundwater and 26.71 0
C to 29.81 0
C (Table.3.3) in surface water sampling points.
(b) Temperature ⁰ C. The relationship between temperature and pH showed that with increase in the former
the value of the latter decreased slightly. High temperatures were due to the rainy season with intermittent
high intensity of solar radiation (Kemdirim, 2005).
(c) Electrical conductivity (EC, µS/cm). Mean electrical conductivity (EC) values showed values higher than
the limits of World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines but lower than those of Nigerian Standards
(524.29 and 542.36 µS/cm, Table 3.1) in groundwater sampling points. These high values may be due to
the dissolution of rock minerals and the presence of salts. The values in surface water sampling points
hovered around WHO Guidelines. They were 307.13 and 224.38 µS/cm (Table 3.1.). The low levels of
EC in surface water may be due to continuous flow of water which constantly carries away ions and salts.
The high EC values in groundwater sampling points may be attributed to the acidic nature since they also
have low pH values. It may also be due to the presence of salts.
(d) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS, mg/l). The total dissolved solids (TDS) mean values were 379.14 and
361.86 mg/l groundwater sampling points and 243.75 and 123.32 mg/l in surface water sampling points
(Table 3.1). These were all below the limits of WHO Guidelines, U.S. EPA maximum contaminant levels
and Nigerian Standards.
(e) Dissolved Oxygen (DO, mg/l). The levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) were below the limits of WHO
Guidelines in all sampling points. In groundwater sampling points the mean values were 2.82 and 2.87
mg/l and 2.47 and 2.78 mg/l (Table 3.1). Dissolved oxygen depletion was caused by the combination of
factors such as flooding and effluent discharges from domestic and industrial areas. These values are
significantly lower than those reported by Kemdirim, (2005) in some parts of the study area. They,
however, agree with the work of Xu et al., 2009. The levels also agree with work in SW Nigeria
(Adekunle et al., 2007).
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(f) Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD, mg/l). The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels somewhat
mitigated the dissolved oxygen low levels. BOD levels were found to be below the WHO Guidelines in
some groundwater sampling points. The values were 29.21 and 18.28 mg/l which hovered around WHO
limit. The levels were, however, high in surface water with mean values of 173.68 and 156.48
mg/l,(Table 3.1) well above the limits. The levels of BOD are similar to those reported by Omo- Irabor et
al., 2008) caused principally by industrial, domestic and agricultural effluents.
(g) Total coliforms (cfu/ml) and thermotolerant coliforms (cfu/100 ml). The results showed serious
microbiological contamination in all the sampling points. The levels of total and thermotolerant coliforms
were above the limits of WHO Guidelines, U.S. EPA and Nigerian Standards. The mean values of total
coliforms were 48.57and 65.57 cfu/ml (Table.3.1) in groundwater and 77.75 and 86.75 cfu/ml (Table.3.1)
in surface water sampling points. The values of thermotolerant coliforms were 14.57 and 33.57 cfu/100ml
(Table.3.1) in groundwater and 11.25 and 21.25 cfu/100ml in surface water (Table 3.1). High levels of
coliforms above the limits agree with findings on in rural settlement in SW Nigeria (Adekunle et al.,
2007) and from oil producing community in Nigeria (Ejechi et al., 2007).
The probable sources of coliforms in groundwater would be the improper handling of wastes from
domestic and agricultural areas which ultimately affected surface water through dumping into water
courses through the groundwater/ surface water interactions (Masamba & Mazvimavi, 2008); poor
sanitary condition of wells (Machiwa, 1992 and Bordalo and Savva- Bordalo, 2007).
(h) Lead (Pb, mg/l). Pb was detected in all sampling points above the limits of the regulatory bodies. The
mean values were 0.54 and 0.19 mg/l (Table.3.1) in groundwater and 1 and 0.08 mg/l (Table.3.1) in
surface water sampling points. The probable causes of Pb in groundwater would be the dissolution of
rock minerals. In surface water it may be due to the use of leaded petrol particularly in refinery and
industrial areas. To corroborate this work, high levels of Pb were reported in ‘contiguous host’
communities of Warri Refinery, Niger Delta, Nigeria (Nduka and Orisakwe, 2009).
(j) Oil and Grease (O&G, mg/l). This was detected in all sampling points. The levels were, however, below
WHO Guidelines limit. The mean values were 0.43 and 0.53 in groundwater and 1.08 and 1.03 mg/l
(Table.3.1) in surface water sampling points. These levels are significantly lower than those reported
from the effluents from Bodija abattoir, Ibadan, (Osibanjo and Adie, 2007) and at Afa canal, Lagos,
Nigeria, (Olowu et al., 2010). The inability to record significant quantities of oil and grease in surface
water even in refinery and industrial areas may be attributed to adsorption onto sediments since the water
bodies appeared oily and were also seen adhering onto the walls of the dug wells.
V. CONCLUSION
In the study, the results showed that the values of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids,
coliforms and lead to be generally above the limits of the regulatory bodies. The results also revealed very low
levels of dissolved oxygen. Overall the results showed water contamination regarding dissolved oxygen and
microbiological parameters in all sampling points. In the follow-up study the results showed the levels of trace
elements to be generally below the limits in all sampling points. Also, the results show that domestic and
industrial areas and areas devoted to irrigation activities were found to be most contaminated. In addition to the
above refinery area was also found to have contaminated water sources. Surface water sources have more trace
elements while groundwater sources have more physico-chemical parameters in all the study. Tap water sources
were found to be the least affected in the study.
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