Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
Genomic library and shotgun sequencing. It includes the topics about genomic library,construction method, its uses and applications, shotgun sequencing, difference between random and whole genome sequencing, its advantages and disadvantages etc.
Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
Genomic library and shotgun sequencing. It includes the topics about genomic library,construction method, its uses and applications, shotgun sequencing, difference between random and whole genome sequencing, its advantages and disadvantages etc.
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
M13 phage
Genome of m13 phage
Life cycle and dna replication of m13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
M13 MP 2 vector
M13MP7 VECTOR
Selection of recombinants
Lambda replacement vectors
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
P1 phage vector system
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
M13 phage
Genome of m13 phage
Life cycle and dna replication of m13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
M13 MP 2 vector
M13MP7 VECTOR
Selection of recombinants
Lambda replacement vectors
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
P1 phage vector system
Diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an extremely powerful, rapid method for diagnosis of microbial infections and genetic diseases, as well as for detecting microorganisms in environmental and food samples.
However, the usefulness of diagnostic PCR is limited, in part, by the presence of inhibitory substances in complex biological samples, which reduce or even block the amplification capacity of PCR in comparison with pure solutions of nucleic acids .
In general, diagnostic PCR may be divided into four steps: (1) sampling, (2) sample preparation, (3) nucleic acid amplification, and (4) detection of PCR products
Diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an extremely powerful, rapid method for diagnosis of microbial infections and genetic diseases, as well as for detecting microorganisms in environmental and food samples.
However, the usefulness of diagnostic PCR is limited, in part, by the presence of inhibitory substances in complex biological samples, which reduce or even block the amplification capacity of PCR in comparison with pure solutions of nucleic acids .
In general, diagnostic PCR may be divided into four steps: (1) sampling, (2) sample preparation, (3) nucleic acid amplification, and (4) detection of PCR products
PCR- Steps;Applications and types of PCR (Exam point of view)Sijo A
The term PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction.
It is an invitro amplification technique that allows synthesizing millions of copies of the DNA or gene of interest from a single copy.
It is called “Polymerase” because the only enzyme used in this reaction is DNA polymerase.
The PCR is invented by Kary Mullis in 1985.He received Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993.
Polymerase chain reaction is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a relatively simple technique that amplifies a DNA template to produce specific DNA fragments in vitro. Traditional methods of cloning a DNA sequence into a vector and replicating it in a living cell often require days or weeks of work, but amplification of DNA sequences by PCR requires only hours. While most biochemical analyses, including nucleic acid detection with radioisotopes, require the input of significant amounts of biological material, the PCR process requires very little. Thus, PCR can achieve more sensitive detection and higher levels of amplification of specific sequences in less time than previously used methods. These features make the technique extremely useful, not only in basic research, but also in commercial uses, including genetic identity testing, forensics, industrial quality control and in vitro diagnostics. Basic PCR is commonplace in many molecular biology labs where it is used to amplify DNA fragments and detect DNA or RNA sequences within a cell or environment. However, PCR has evolved far beyond simple amplification and detection, and many extensions of the original PCR method have been described. This chapter provides an overview of different types of PCR methods, applications and optimization.
Peptide vaccine containing only epitopes capable of inducing positive, desirable T cell and B cell mediated immune response.
Peptides‖ used in these vaccines are 20–30 amino acid sequences that are synthesized to form an immunogenic peptide molecule representing the specific epitope of an antigen.
sufficient for activation of the appropriate cellular and humoral responses
Eliminating allergenic and/or reactogenic responses.
The different types of external stresses that influence the plant growth and development.
These stresses are grouped based on their characters
Biotic
Abiotic
Almost all the stresses, either directly or indirectly, lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that create oxidative stress in plants.
This damages the cellular constituents of plants which are associated with a reduction in plant yield.
Bioreactors are devices in which biological or biochemical processes develop under a closely monitored and tightly controlled environment. Bioreactors have been used in animal cell culture since the 1980s in order to produce vaccines and other drugs and to culture large cell populations. Bioreactors for use in tissue engineering have progressed from such devices.
A tissue engineering bioreactor can be defined as a device that uses mechanical means to influence biological processes. In tissue engineering, this generally means that bioreactors are used to stimulate cells and encourage them to produce extracellular matrix (ECM). There are numerous types of bioreactor which can be classified by the means they use to stimulate cells.
Microgravity is the condition in which people or objects appear to be weightless (In space). Astronauts and cosmonauts returning from long-term space missions exhibited various health problems, among them changes of the immune system, bone loss, muscle atrophy, ocular problems, and cardiovascular changes. Space biologists investigated various cell types in space to find the molecular mechanisms responsible for the observed immune disorders. Experimental cell research studying three-dimensional (3D) tissues in space and on Earth using new techniques to simulate microgravity is currently a hot topic in Gravitational Biology and Biomedicine.
An idea was considered as to producing an entire organ in vivo by bypassing many of the steps like cell isolation and expansion, culturing in bioreactors, scaffolds and growth factor delivery ect. involved in traditional tissue engineering. This concept was called the in vivo bioreactor (IVB).
Biomaterials were defined as “any substance, other than a drug, or a combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system, which treats, augments or replaces any tissue, organ or function of the body”
Hematopoiesis is the process through which the body manufactures blood cells. It begins early in the development of an embryo, well before birth, and continues for the life of an individual. Hematopoiesis begins during the first weeks of embryonic development. All blood cells and plasma develop from a stem cell that can develop into any other cell.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. Amplification of gene using PCR
Introduction:
Polymerasechain reaction (PCR) is a technique used in molecular biology to
amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA into thousands to
millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. The polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) was originally developed in 1983 by the American biochemist
Kary Mullis. PCR is very simple, inexpensive technique for characterization,
analysis and synthesis of specific fragments of DNA or RNA from virtually
any living organisms.
Principles:
PCR amplifies a specific region of a DNA strand (the DNA target).
PCR amplify DNA fragments of between 0.1 and 40 kilo base pairs (kbp).
A basic PCR set-up requires the following components and reagents:
DNA template
Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs)
PCR buffer
Primers (forward and reverse)
Bivalent Cations:
Taq polymerase
DNA Template:
DNA template that contains the DNA target region (target gene) to
amplify
Primers:
Two DNA primers that are complementary to the 3' (three prime) ends of
each of the sense and anti-sense strands of the DNA target. Without primers
there is no double-stranded initiation. Specific primers that are
complementary to the DNA target region are designed (custom-made)
2. beforehand in a laboratory or purchased from commercial biochemical
suppliers.
Deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs):
Deoxynucleoside triphosphates, or dNTPs are the building blocks from
which the DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand
Buffer Solution:
Buffer solution providing a suitable chemical environment for optimum
activity and stability of the DNA polymerase.
Bivalent Cations:
Magnesium (Mg) or Manganese (Mn) ions; Mg2+ is the most common, but
Mn2+ can be used for PCR-mediated DNA mutagenesis, as a higher Mn2+
concentration increases the error rate during DNA synthesis
Taq Polymerase:
A thermally stable DNA polymerase originally isolated from the
thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus, which resistinactivation during
denaturation temperatures and allows primer extension at high temperature.
Steps of polymerase chain reaction-PCR
The reaction is commonly carried out in a volume of 10–200 μl in
small reaction tubes (0.2–0.5 ml volumes) in a thermal cycler.
To perform PCR, extracted sample (which contains target DNA
template) is added to a reaction tube containing primers, free
nucleotides (dNTPs), and Taq polymerase.
The PCR mixture is placed in a PCR machine.
PCR machine increases and decreases the temperature of the PCR
mixture in automatic, programmed steps which generates copies of the
target sequence exponentially.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has three major steps.
3. 1. Denaturation
2. Annealing
3. Extension
Denaturation (strand separation):
Conversion of the double strand DNA molecule to single strand DNA. This
reaction is usually performed at 94o
C
Annealing (primer binding):
4. The base pairing of a single stranded primer to its complementary region of
the ss DNA molecule is known as annealing. The common choice of
temperature range for this reaction is 55-60o
C.
Extension (synthesis of new
DNA): The annealing of a
primer provides a free 3’-OH
group for synthesis of ds DNA
by thermostable DNA
polymerase using ss DNA as a
template. Extension is the
synthesis of DNA by a
thermostable DNA
polymerase using 3’-OH end
of a primer. It is done at 72o
C,
the optimal working
temperature for thermostable
DNA polymerase.
Once the first round is
completed, the process is
repeated by cycling backto the
first reaction temperature and
next round of denaturation,
annealing and extension is
started(an automatic process
in thermo cycler). This 3 steps
temperature cycle is repeated
approximately 30 times which
results exponential amplification of target gene sequence.
5. After PCR reaction is completed, the agarose gel electrophoresis is
performed to determine the following:
(i)Whether or Not a Product is formed
(ii)Whether or Not the Product Formed is Right Size
(iii)Whether or Not a Single Band of Right size is formed.
Applications of PCR
Identification and characterization of infectious agents
Direct detection of microorganisms in patient specimens
Identification of microorganisms grown in culture
Detection of antimicrobial resistance
Investigation of strain relatedness of pathogen of interest
Genetic fingerprinting (forensic application/paternity testing)
Detection of mutation ( investigation of genetic diseases)
Cloning genes
PCR sequencing