American Colonization Period in the Philippines

1. 1901-1935
(The American Period)

2. “The Philippines are ours not to exploit, but to
develop, civilize, educate, and to train in the
science of self-government”
WILLIAM MCKINLEY

3. POLITICAL
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL

4. POLITICAL

5. The American Colonial
Government
A. The Taft Commission
B. Civil Government
C. Philippine Bill of 1902
D. Philippine Assembly
E. Resident Commissioners
F. The Filipinization of the Government
G. The Jones Law of 1916
H. The Wood-Forbes Mission
I. The OSROX Mission

6. A.The Taft Commission
Created on March 16, 1900.
Also known as The Second Philippine Commission.

7. A.The Taft Commission
Headed by Judge William
Howard Taft.
Members:
Luke E. Wright
Henry C. Ide
Dean C. Worcester
Bernard Moses

8. A.The Taft Commission
Luke E. Wright Henry C. Ide Dean C.
Worcester
Bernard C.
Moses

9. A.The Taft Commission

10. A.The Taft Commission
Establish a civil government in the Philippines.
To train the Filipinos in self-government.
 Guided by a set of instructions issued to it on April 7, 1900
by McKinley.

11. A.The Taft Commission
Those instructions were drafted
by Secretary of War, Elihu
Root.

12. A.The Taft Commission
“bear in mind that the government which they
(the Commission) are establishing is designed
not for our selfish satisfaction...but for the
happiness, peace and prosperity of the people
of the Philippine Islands, and the measures
adopted should be made to conform to their
customs, habits...”

13. A.The Taft Commission
 Arrived in Manila on June 3, 1900.
 $1,000,000 for building, and repairing roads and bridges.
 From September 1900 to August 1902, it enacted more than
400 laws.
In September 1901, it was expanded to include three pro-
American Filipino as members. They were:

14. A.The Taft Commission
Trinidad H.
Pardo de Tavera
Benito Legarda Jose
Luzurriaga

15. B.Civil Government
 Inaugurated on July 4, 1901.
 William Howard Taft as the first Civil Governor.
 In 1905: Governor-General.
 Gov. Taft exercised both executive and legislative functions.
 His policy “the Philippines for the Filipinos” made him popular among
the Filipinos.
 Taft served until December 1903.

16. C.Philippine Bill of 1902
 also known as the Cooper Act.
 Sponsored by U.S. Representative Henry A.
Cooper of Wisconsin.
 On July 1, 1902, the Philippine Bill of 1902
was passed by Congress. It created the
Philippine Assembly.

17. C.Philippine Bill of 1902
Among the key provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902 were:
1. A bill of right for the Filipinos;
2. The appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners to represent the
Philippines in the U.S. Congress, but without voting rights;
3. The establishment of a Philippine Assembly to be elected by the Filipinos two
years after the publication of a census and only after peace has been completely
restored in the country. The Philippine Assembly would be the lower house of the
legislature while the Philippine Commission would be the upper house.

18. C.Philippine Bill of 1902
Among the key provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902 were:
4. Executive power would be exercised by the Civil Governor who would have
several executive departments under him such as Interior, Public Information,
Finance and Justice, and Commerce and Police.
5. Conservation of the country’s natural resources for the Filipinos.

19. D.Philippine Assembly
 On July 30, 1907, the first free national elections were held in
the Philippines for members of all the Filipino lawmaking body.
 Hundreds of candidates campaigned under many new political
parties.
 80 delegates won, most of them came from the Nacionalista
Party.

20. D.Philippine Assembly
Inaugurated on October 16, 1907 at the Manila Grand Opera House.

21. D.Philippine Assembly
Sergio Osmeña: Speaker

22. D.Philippine Assembly
Manuel L. Quezon: Majority Floor Leader

23. D.Philippine Assembly

24. E.Resident Commissioners
 The Philippine Bill of 1902 gave the Filipinos the right to be
represented by two Filipino resident commissioners in the
United States Congress.
 They could speak out for or against any bill in Congress affecting
the Philippines.

25. E.Resident Commissioners
Benito Legarda Pablo Ocampo

26. E.Resident Commissioners
 Manuel L. Quezon served from 1909 to
1916.
 Considered one of the greatest Filipino
resident commissioners.
 Spoke out strongly against those they
considered harmful to Filipino interests.

27. F.The Filipinization of the Government
 America made it a policy to appoint qualified Filipinos to
government positions.
 A number of prominent Filipinos were named to high positions.
 In 1903, there were more Americans (2,777) in the government
than Filipinos (2,697).
 In 1904, the number rose to 3,377 compared to 3,228 Americans.

28. F.The Filipinization of the Government
Cayetano Arellano was named Chief Justice of the Philippine Supreme
Court.

29. F.The Filipinization of the Government
Florentino Torres became Attorney General.

30. F.The Filipinization of the Government
By 1908, Gregorio Araneta was named Secretary of Finance and
Justice.

31. G.The Jones Law of 1916
 Signed by President
Woodrow Wilson on August
29, 1916.
 Also known as the Philippine
Autonomy Act.
 Sponsored by U.S.
Representative William
Atkinson Jones of Virginia.
Woodrow
Wilson
William
Atkinson Jones

32. G.The Jones Law of 1916
 It contained American’s promise to give independence to the
Philippines.
 Gave the Filipinos greater participation in the government.
 It defined the structure of the government, the powers and
duties of the officials, and provided for a bill of rights for the
Filipinos.

33. G.The Jones Law of 1916
 Executive Power: Governor-General (an American)
 Appointed by the President of the United States.
 Legislative Power: exclusive to the Filipinos
 Created two houses: the House of Representatives (lower house) and the
Philippine Senate (upper house).
 Judicial Power: Chief Justice (Filipino) and associate justices (Filipino and
American)
 Appointed by the President of the United States.

34. G.The Jones Law of 1916
 On October 3, 1916, elections were held for the new Philippine
Legislature.
 It was formally inaugurated on October 16, 1916.
 Sergio Osmeña was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives.
 Manuel L. Quezon became President of the Senate.

35. G.The Jones Law of 1916

36. H.The Wood-Forbes Mission
Warren G. Harding

37. H.The Wood-Forbes Mission
 Gen. Leonard Wood and Gov. Gen. W. Cameron Forbes stayed in
the Philippines for four months.
 In October 1921, the mission submitted its report to the president
that the Filipinos were not yet prepared for independence and U.S.
should not yet grant independence to the Philippines.

38. H.The Wood-Forbes Mission
Gen. Leonard
Wood
Gov. Gen. W.
Cameron Forbes

39. I.The OSROX Mission
 In November 1931, the Philippine Legislature sent a mission to the
United States to work for the passage of an independence law.
 U.S. Senator Harry B. Hawes filed an independence bill in the U.S.
Congress, with U.S. Congressman Hare and U.S. Senator Cutting
as co-sponsors.
 The bill was approved in December 1932, but President Herbert
Hoover, vetoed the bill.

40. I.The OSROX Mission
Harry B. Hawes

41. I.The OSROX Mission
 The U.S. Congress repassed the bill on January 17, 1933 known as
the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act.
 The Antis were those who sided with Quezon in opposing the law.
 The Pros were those who supported the law and backed Osmeña and
Roxas.

42. I.The OSROX Mission
 The law’s provisions on trade relations were
disadvantageous to the Philippines.
 He objected the provision limiting the
immigration of Filipinos to the U.S.
 He also objected to the retention by the U.S. of
military bases in the Philippines.

43. I.The OSROX Mission
 OSROX claimed that the
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act
was the best independence
law that the Filipinos could
obtain from the U.S.

44. I.The OSROX Mission
On October 17, 1933, the legislature rejected the Hare-Hawes-Cutting
Act.
The U.S. Congress enacted a new independence bill sponsored by
Senator Milliard Tydings and Representative John McDuffie.
 Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 24, 1934.

45. SOCIAL

46. SOCIAL PROGRESS
A. Education
B. Religious Developments
C. Rise of the Aglipayan Church

47. A. Education
Spain
1. Christianizing the pagan natives was more
important than giving them an education.
2. It was only in the closing of decades of Spanish
rule that some system of public school education
was introduced by Spain in the Philippines.
United States
1. “to educate, to train in the science of self-
government”
2. Americans made it a policy to teach English to the
Filipinos.
SOCIAL PROGRESS

48. A.Education

49. A.Education

50.  In January 1901, the Taft Commission enacted Act No. 74 which
established the Philippine public school system.
 It provided free primary education and the establishment of a school to
train Filipino teachers.
 On August 23, 1901, the first group of 600 teachers from the United
States arrived in Manila on board the transport ship Thomas.
 These teachers came to be known as the Thomasites.
A.Education

51.  Elementary schools: 7-year course
 High school: 4-year course
 Those who finished high school could take up higher education in a public
junior college or at the University of the Philippines which was created
in 1908 by Act No. 1870 enacted by the Philippine Assembly and the
Philippine Commission.
 Filipino pensionados – bright young Filipino students
A.Education

52. A.Education
Philippine Normal School (1901)

53. A.Education
Philippine Normal School (1901)

54. A.Education
Philippine Normal School (1901)

55. A.Education
Silliman University (1901)

56. A.Education
Silliman University (1901)

57. A.Education
Centro Escolar University (1907)
Founded by Librada Avelino and Carmen de Luna

58. A.Education
Philippine Women’s University (1919)
Established by Francisca T. Benitez

59. “no people ever accepted the blessings of education with
more enthusiasm than the Filipinos”
Governor-General Frank Murphy, 1935
 By 1935, there were 1,229,242 students enrolled in 7,330 public schools
throughout the country.
 The private schools, which numbered about 400, had a total student population of
97,500.
A.Education

60.  Introduction of Protestantism
 The Protestants sought to win the Filipinos through friendly persuasion.
 Presbyterians (1899)
 Baptists (1900)
 The Disciples of Christ (1905)
 Methodist Episcopalians (1908)
B.Religion

61.  On August 3, 1902, Philippine Independent Church was
established in Manila.
 Founder: Isabelo de los Reyes
 He founded the Democratic Labor Union in July 1901.
 Iglesia Filipina Independiente.
 De los Reyes proclaimed Father Gregorio Aglipay as the
new church’s Supreme Bishop.
C.Rise of the Aglipayan Church

62. Philippine Independent Church
C.Rise of the Aglipayan Church

63. C.Rise of the Aglipayan Church
 On October 17, 1902, Aglipay agreed to head
the new church.
 On January 18, 1903, he was formally
consecrated as the Supreme Bishop.
 The new church known as Aglipayan Church.
 In 1939 census, 9.8% of the population, or
1,573,608 claimed to be Aglipayans.

64. ECONOMIC

65. Economic Progress
A. American Economic Policy
B. New Prosperity
C. Population Explosion
D. New Land Policy
E. Agricultural Increase
F. Free Trade
G. Business Boom
H. New Industries
I. Improvement in Transportation and Communications
J. Better Budget
K. New Banks
L. International Exhibitions and Meetings
M. Economic Problems

66. Economic Progress
 The Filipinos enjoyed a better life under America than as the
colony of Spain.
 Spain could not do for the Philippines in over 300 years, the
United States did in less than 50 years.
However, some problems with our economic life started during
this era.

67. A.American Economic Policy
 The Philippine Bill of 1902 declared that all public lands and
natural resources of the Philippines are for “the benefit of the
inhabitants.”
 The Jones Law of 1916 and Tydings-Duffie Law of 1934.
 William H. Taft, the first American Governor-General, said that
the Philippines was for the Filipinos.

68. A.American Economic Policy
 We had to serve the national interests of the United States.
 We could not make our own policy.

69. B.New Prosperity
 The new prosperity of the Philippines as a colony of America was
shown in the following ways:
1. Population explosion 6. New Industries
2. New Land Policy 7. Improvement in transportation
3. Agricultural increase and communications
4. Free trade with America 8. Better government budget
5. Business Boom 9. New banks
10. Participation in international exhibitions

70. C.Population Explosion
These statistics show the population explosion then:
1898 1903 1918 1939
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
16,000,000
18,000,000
6,000,000
7,635,426
10,314,310
16,000,303
Population

71. D.New Land Policy
Three ways on how Americans improved land policy in the Philippines:
 Friar lands were resold to Filipino farmers.
 Homestead Act in 1924 allowed any Filipino to own up 24 hectares of public
land.
 All lands had to be registered, and their owners got Torrens titles.

73. E.Agricultural Increase
 The Filipinos and the Americans cooperated to revive agriculture.
 The Bureau of Agriculture (1902)
 In 1903, the American Congress sent a $3 million emergency fund to
import rice and carabaos from other Asian countries.
 Modern farm tools from the United States were also introduced.

74. E.Agricultural Increase
 The statistics are summed up as follows:
Type Growth
Total area of farms 3x
Farm animals 3x
Abaca and tobacco 3x
Corn 4x
Rice 5x
Forest logs 6x
Sugar 6x
Copra 9x Total area
of farms
Farm
Animals
Abaca and
Tobaco
Corn Rice Forest
Logs
Sugar Copra
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Total area of farms,
3x increase
Farm Animals,
3x increase
Abaca and Tobaco,
3x increase
Corn,
4x increase Rice,
5x increase
Forest Logs,
6x increase
Sugar,
6x increase
Copra,
9x increase

75. F.Free Trade with America
 Most important economic change
 A country has to trade with other countries abroad in order to develop.
 We were introduced to the big American market and American products
were bought by Filipinos.
 The Americans were the richest people in the mid-20th
century.
 American products could enter the Philippines without paying customs
tariffs.

76. G.Business Boom
 Retail trade inside the Philippines also doubled from, 1907-1935. Filipinos had
more money to buy different things, however, they liked to buy imported
goods.

77. H.New Industries
 The Philippines entered the Industrial Age.
 The Americans invented mass production in big factories.

78. H.New Industries

79. H.New Industries

80. H.New Industries

81. H.New Industries
MANILA

82. H.New Industries
MARIKINA

83. H.New Industries
ILOCOS

84. H.New Industries
BULACAN, LAGUNA,
TAYABAS, BOHOL, AND
PANGASINAN

85. H.New Industries
PAMPANGA, RIZAL, BULACAN

86. H.New Industries
ALBAY, RIZAL, AND LAGUNA

87. H.New Industries
 Manila: coconut oil, cigars and cigarettes, sugar, rope, and textiles.
 Marikina: shoes
 Ilocos: blankets and towels.
 Bulacan, Laguna, Tayabas, Bohol, and Pangasinan: hats and mats
 Pampanga, Rizal, and Bulacan: rattan and wood furniture.
 Albay, Rizal and Laguna: pottery and bricks.

88. I.Improvement in Transportation and
Communication
 The Filipinos enjoyed the automobile, electric street car (tranvia),
airplane, telephone, wireless telegraph, radio, and movies.

89. I.Improvement in Transportation and
Communication

90. I.Improvement in Transportation and
Communication
 Americans developed our railroads in Luzon, Cebu, and Panay.
 Pier 7 in Manila became the largest port in Asia.
 Manila became the center of air travel in Asia.
 The telephone and telegraph system in our country was the best in Asia.
 The best newspapers, radio stations, and postal services in Asia.

91. I.Improvement in Transportation and
Communication

92. J.Better Budget
 The Philippine budget was balanced even during the Great World
Depression in the 1930s.
 In the 1930s, other government had huge deficits and problems.
 But the Philippines colonial budget had a surplus.

93. K.New Banks
 In 1906, the Postal Savings Bank was introduced.
 Philippine National Bank was established in 1906.
 Rural credit groups for farmers helped to reduce usury in the provinces.

94. K.New Banks

95. L.International Exhibitions and Meetings
 The Philippines was projected into the world’s limelight because of its
participation in international exhibitions, conferences, and meetings.
 The Philippine Army Band became the world-famous at the Golden
Gate Exposition, held at San Francisco, California in 1939.
 Filipino athletes were also able to join the Olympic Games.

96. M.Economic Problems
 We sold our raw materials cheap and bought expensive manufactured
goods from America.
Colonial mentality became worse.
 Labor and peasant unrest spread in the 1920s and 1930s.
 American capitalists and businessmen controlled the new companies.

97. Thank you for listening!