The document provides an overview of key events in Philippine history from the Spanish colonial period through World War II. It discusses the Spanish-American War and Battle of Manila Bay in 1898 which led to U.S. occupation. It also covers the Philippine Declaration of Independence, Philippine-American War, capture of Aguinaldo, and establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth. During World War II, it summarizes the Japanese invasion and occupation from 1941-1944, including the Bataan Death March and formation of resistance groups like the Hukbalahap.

1. AGUINALDO ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY
AMERICAN
AND
INVASION
JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
PHILIPPINES
TREATY OF
PARIS
REBELLION
BATTLE IN MANILA BAY
INDEPENDENCE
Gov. TAFT
ALLIED FORCES
WORLD WAR II
COMMON
WEALTH
TUTELAGE
ALLEGIANCE
TERRITORY
MOCK BATTLE
BASE
HUKBO NG BAYAN LABAN SA HAPON
CLARK AIR
YAMASHITA
MACARTHUR
DEATH MARCH
BATAAN
INSURGENCY
FILIPINO RESISTANCE
LIBERATION
RETALIATION
CORREGIDOR PEARL HARBOR BOMBING
IMPERIAL JAPANESE GOVERNMENT
PRESIDENT JOSE P. LAUREL ACQUISITION
LINGAYEN GULF
LUIS TARUC
PUPPET GOVERNMENT

2. American Occupation
• Before the Battle in Manila
• Aguinaldo’s Return
• Philippine Independence
• US Infantry Arrives in Manila
• Mock Battle in Manila
• Americans Occupy Manila
• Malolos Congress
• Treaty of Paris
• Philippine-American War
• The Capture of Aguinaldo
• Philippines as U.S Territory
• Commonwealth Period

3. Japanese Occupation
• Japanese Invasion
• The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
• Bataan Death March
• Japanese Occupation
• Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon
• End of Japanese Occupation

4. BEFORE THE BATTLE IN MANILA (1898)
• April 22 – U.S Asiatic Fleet under Admiral Dewey
anchored in the British Port of Hong-Kong.
• April 23 – U.S Consul-Gen Pratt of Singapore was
informed by the arrival of Aguinaldo. Telegraph a letter
of affirmation of Aguinaldo’s allegiance.
• April 24 – Received the response of Dewey notifying
Aguinaldo to come join him.
• April 25 – Dewey was notified that war had begun and
ordered to go to the Philippines and capture or destroy
the Spanish vessels. Same day, left HK due to British
neutrality regulation and anchored at Mirs Bay, China.

5. BEFORE THE BATTLE IN MANILA (1898)
• April 26 – Aguinaldo sailed off going to Hong-Kong with
30,000 insurgent as land troops for the U.S forces.
• April 27 – American squadron raised anchor and left
Mirs Bay going to Manila without any Filipinos on board.
• May 1 – American squadron destroyed the antiquated
Spanish Fleet commanded by Admiral Patricio Montojo
in Manila Bay.
• May 2 – Dewey notified Spanish Governor-General that
Manila-Hong-Kong cable should remain neutral but later
refuse thus, Dewey dredge up and cut the cable, ending
the direct flow of information out of the Philippines.

6. AGUINALDO’S RETURN (1898)
Since Dewey had no force with which to occupy Manila nor attack
the city, Dewey blocked the harbor and cabled Washington and
asked for reinforcement.
• May 16 – Consul-Gen. Wildman of Hong-Kong,
succeeded in getting Aguinaldo and his staff off for
Manila on board the USS McCulloch.
• May 19 – Aguinaldo arrived in Manila and met Dewey.
• May 24 – Aguinaldo proclaimed his revolutionary
government and summoned the people for his purpose
of driving the Spaniards out forever.

7. AGUINALDO’S RETURN (1898)
• May 29 – Aguinaldo visited Dewey on board stating his
expectation to make general attack by May 31st.
• May 31 – Aguinaldo launched the attack and did not
succeed entirely but was able draw a cordon to
Spaniard troops trapping them inside Manila.
• Early June – Aguinaldo’s forces had overwhelmed
Spanish garrisons in Cavite and around Manila,
surrounded the capital and kept the Spaniards inside
Manila until American troop reinforcement could
arrive.

8. PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE (1898)
• June 12 – Aguinaldo declared the independence of the
Filipinos and the birth of Philippine Republic under the
protection of the mighty and humane North American
Union.

9. U.S INFANTRY ARRIVED in MANILA (1898)
• June 30 – 1st American Infantry troops under Brig. Gen
Anderson arrived in Manila. Started positioning the
troops around Manila and secure the line of advance
pending the arrival of General Merritt.
• July 17 and 31 – 2nd and 3rd expedition under Brig. Gen.
Greene and MacArthur respectively arrived in Cavite
harbor.
• July 25 – Major General Merritt arrived and take over
the command of American troops and together with
Filipino insurgent battled against Spanish troops.
Purposefully, Merritt and Dewey left Aguinaldo out of any plans
and preparations regarding the capture of Manila.

10. MOCK BATTLE IN MANILA (1898)
• August 4 - Gov. Gen Jaudenes replaced the former gov.
gen. and devised a way to salvage the honor of his
country.
Negotiations were carried out and a secret agreement was made
between the governor and American military commanders
concerning the capture of Manila.
The Spaniards would put up only a show of resistance and, on a
prearranged signal, would surrender..
The Spanish feared that the Filipinos were plotting to massacre
them all. There was great fear that if the city fell to Aguinaldo
and his revolutionary forces, there would be hell to pay.

11. MOCK BATTLE IN MANILA (1898)
• August 12 – signing of peace protocols between
American government and Spanish government.
• August 13 – mock battle in Manila was staged, with
American Spanish commanders unaware that peace
protocols had been signed few hours earlier before the
battle commenced.
As the battle continue between America and Spain, Filipinos came
to join in aid with the American forces unaware of the scripted
battle.
The staged battle ended after the Gen. Merritt answered upon the
request of 600-700 American troops inside Intramuros to protect
Spanish troops from the Filipinos.

12. AMERICANS OCCUPY MANILA (1898)
• August 13 – Gen. Merritt cabled US Army Adjutant-
General according to the increasing demand of a joint
occupation in Manila.
• August 17 – Merritt received the following reply:
"The President directs that there must be no joint occupation with the
insurgents. The United States in the possession of Manila City, Manila Bay,
and harbor must preserve the peace and protect persons and property within
the territory occupied by their military and naval forces. The insurgents and
all others must recognize the military occupation and authority of the United
States and the cessation of hostilities proclaimed by the President. Use
whatever means in your judgment are necessary to this end. All law-abiding
people must be treated alike."

13. MALOLOS CONGRESS (1898)
• September 15 – A congress was opened in Malolos,
Bulacan to draw up a constitution for the First
Philippine Constitution.
The Congress proceeded to elect its officers, namely, Pedro A.
Paterno, President; Benito Legarda, Vice-President; Gregorio
Araneta, First Secretary; and Pablo Ocampo, Second Secretary.
• September 29 – The congress ratified the
independence proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite on June 12,
1898.

14. TREATY of PARIS (1898)
• October 1– American and Spanish delegates opened
discussions in Paris to end the Spanish-American War.
On the same day, at Washington, D.C., Philippine ambassador
Felipe Agoncillo and his secretary, Sixto Lopez, met with
President William McKinley but his request that Filipinos be
represented at the Paris peace talks was rejected.
• December 10 – The Treaty of Paris was signed, thus
ending the Spanish-American War. Spain ceded the
Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico and Cuba was
granted its independence; in return, the US paid Spain
the sum of US $20 million for the Philippines.

15. PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR (1899)
• February 4 – Hostilities broke after two American
private on patrol killed three Filipino soldiers in San
Juan, Manila.
This incident sparked the Philippine-American War, which would
cost far more money and took far more lives than the Spanish–
American War.
• March 31 – Revolutionary capital, Malolos was
captured but Aguinaldo and his government escaped to
San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.
• June 5 – Antonio Luna was killed by Aguinaldo’s guard
in apparent assassination.

16. PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR (1899)
• November 12 – Aguinaldo ordered a shift to guerilla
warfare which brought out frustrations to the
Americans to capture the said leader.
• December 2 – Gregorio del Pilar was killed in the Battle
of Tirad Pass.
With his best commanders dead and his troops suffering continued
defeats, Aguinaldo and his force was pushed further into
Northern Luzon.

17. The CAPTURE of AGUINALDO (1901)
• February 8 – Six tired and famished guerillas
surrendered at Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija including
Cecilio Segismundo, Aguinaldo’s messenger.
Segismundo pinpointed the village of Palanan, in mountainous Isabela
Province, as Aguinaldo’s headquarters and told Funston that there was
no more than fifty guards at Palanan in defense for Aguinaldo.
• March 23 – Aguinaldo was captured and brought to
Manila.
Convinced of the futility of further resistance, he swore allegiance to the
United States and issued a proclamation calling on his compatriots to
lay down their arms, officially bringing an end to the war.

18. PHILIPPINES as U.S TERRITORY (1901-1930’s)
• 1901 – Civil government was established in the
Philippines proclaiming William Howard Taft as the 1st
American Gov. Gen. replacing the military governor
Arthur MacArthur Jr.
Philippine Constabulary was organized to deal with the remnants of
the insurgent movement and gradually assume the
responsibilities from the U.S Army.
• 1907 – Elected Philippine Assembly was inaugurated
becoming the lower house of the bicameral legislature,
with appointed Philippine Commission as the upper
house.

19. PHILIPPINES as U.S TERRITORY (1901-1930’s)
• 1916 – Passage of Jones Act in which promised eventual
independence and instituted an elected Philippine Senate.
Under the U.S Government, the Philippines gradually developed.
English language became the official language of the land and
industrialization flourished.
• 1920’s – Alternating periods of cooperation and
confrontation with American governors-general, depending
on how intent the incumbent was on exercising his powers
vis-à-vis the Philippine legislature. Members to the elected
legislature lobbied for immediate and complete
independence from the United States. Several
independence missions were sent to Washington, D.C.

20. COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1930’s-1940’s)
• 1933 – The United States Congress passed the Hare-
Hawes-Cutting Act as a Philippine Independence Act.
Though the bill had been drafted with the aid of a commission from
the Philippines, it was opposed by Philippine Senate President
Manuel L. Quezon, partially because of provisions leaving the
United States in control of naval bases. Under his influence, the
Philippine legislature rejected the bill.
• 1934 – A revised act known Tydings-McDuffie Act was
finally passed.

21. COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1930’s-1940’s)
The Tydings-McDuffie Act provided for the establishment of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year period of
transition to full independence.
The commonwealth would have its own constitution and be self-governing,
though foreign policy would be the responsibility of
the United States, and certain legislation required approval of
the United States president.

22. COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1930’s-1940’s)
• March 1935 – A constitution was framed and approved
by Franklin Roosevelt.
• May 14 1935 - a Filipino government was formed on
the basis of principles similar to the U.S. Constitution.
• 1935 – The commonwealth was established, electing
Manuel L. Quezon as the president.

23. JAPANESE INVATION (1941)
• December 8 – Japan launched a surprise attack on the
Philippines hours after the attack of Pearl Harbor.
Japanese troops attacked the islands in many places and launched
a pincer drive on Manila. Aerial bombardment was followed by
landings of ground troops in Luzon.
MacArthur's indecision, combined with his poor military judgment
and slackness in his command structure, led to the destruction
of half of his air force on the ground and his troops being denied
adequate supplies to withstand a lengthy siege.

24. JAPANESE INVASION (1942)
Under the pressure of superior numbers, MacArthur and the
defending forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the
island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay where they
entrenched and tried to hold until the arrival of reinforcements,
meanwhile guarding the entrance to Manila Bay and denying
that important harbor to the Japanese. But no reinforcements
were forthcoming. Meanwhile the Commonwealth government
seek refuge in the Corregidor Island.
• January 2 – Manila was declared an open city and was
occupied by the Japanese Arm Forces.

25. The FALL of BATAAN and CORREGIDOR (1942)
• March 1942 – Quezon and Osmeña fled the country
and went to Washington D.C. carrying the
Commonwealth government in exile. While MacArthur
fled for Australia and promised to return.
• April 9, 1942 – The fall of United States-Philippine
Forces on the Bataan Peninsula.
• May 6, 1942 – The final surrender of United States-
Philippine Forces on Corregidor.

26. BATAAN DEATH MARCH (1942)
• April 9, 1942 – The Bataan Death March
Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the
Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the
infamous "Bataan Death March" to a prison camp 105
kilometers to the north. It is estimated that as many as
10,000 men, weakened by disease and malnutrition
and treated harshly by their captors, died before
reaching their destination.

27. BATAAN DEATH MARCH (1942)

28. JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1944)
The Japanese military authorities immediately began
organizing a new government structure in the
Philippines.
They initially organized a Council of State through which
they directed civil affairs
• October 14, 1943 – Japanese declared the Philippines
an independent republic, headed by the President Jose
Laurel.

29. JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1944)
Most of the Philippine elite, with a few notable exceptions, served
under the Japanese.
Philippine collaboration in Japanese-sponsored political institutions
- which later became a major domestic political issue-was
motivated by several considerations.
Among them was the effort to protect the people from the
harshness of Japanese rule (an effort that Quezon himself had
advocated), protection of family and personal interests, and a
belief that Philippine nationalism would be advanced by
solidarity with fellow Asians.

30. JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1944)
Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by
increasingly effective underground and guerrilla
activity that ultimately reached large-scale proportions.
Postwar investigations showed that about 260,000
people were in guerrilla organizations and that
members of the anti-Japanese underground were even
more numerous.

31. Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon
(HUKBALAHAP)
One major resistance group in the Central Luzon area was
furnished by the Huks, Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan
Laban sa Hapon), or the People's Anti-Japanese Army
organized in early 1942 under the leadership of Luis
Taruc, a communist party member since 1939.
• February 1942 – In Cabiao, Nueva Ecija, Luis Taruc,
Juan Feleo, Castro Alejandrino, and other leaders
of organized farmers held a meeting and agreed upon
to fight the Japanese as a unified guerrilla army.

32. Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon
(HUKBALAHAP)
One major resistance group in the Central Luzon area was
furnished by the Huks, Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa
Hapon), or the People's Anti-Japanese Army organized in early
1942 under the leadership of Luis Taruc, a communist party
member since 1939.
• February 1942 – In Cabiao, Nueva Ecija, Luis Taruc,
Juan Feleo, Castro Alejandrino, and other leaders
of organized farmers held a meeting and agreed upon
to fight the Japanese as a unified guerrilla army.
The Huks armed some 30,000 people and extended their control
over much of Luzon.

33. End of Japanese Occupation(1944)
• October 20, 1944 – MacArthur's Allied Forces landed
on the island of Leyte accompanied by Osmeña, who
had succeeded to the commonwealth presidency upon
the death of Quezon on August 1, 1944.
Landings in other parts of the country followed, and the Associates
pushed toward Manila. The landing was followed (Oct. 23–26)
by the greatest naval engagement in history, called variously the
battle of Leyte Gulf and the second battle of the Philippine Sea.

34. End of Japanese Occupation(1945)
A great U.S. victory, it effectively destroyed the Japanese navy and
opened the way for the recovery of all the islands.
• January 1945 – Luzon was invaded by MacArthur’s
Forces and Manila was taken in February.
• July 5, 1945 – MacArthur announced “All the Philippines
are now liberated.”
September 2, 1945 – Japan’s formal surrender to the U.S
Forces.
The Japanese had suffered over 425,000 dead in the Philippines. The
Philippines suffered great loss of life and monstrous physical
destruction by the time the war was over. An estimated 1 million
Filipinos had been killed, and Manila was extensively damaged.