The document discusses the Loyalist migration to British North America after the American Revolutionary War. Over 100,000 Loyalists fled the newly independent United States, with 45,000 settling in Nova Scotia and Quebec. Their arrival increased tensions as they sought more British laws and customs, threatening the rights of the Canadiens under the Quebec Act. It also changed Britain's approach to negotiating land treaties with First Nations, who questioned if their land rights were being respected. The Loyalists petitioned the British government with demands, leading to the 1791 Constitutional Act that divided the colony along the Ottawa River into Upper and Lower Canada.

1. AMERICA
BREAKS AWAY
FROM THE
BRITISH

2. FOCUS QUESTIONS
 1. How did the emergence of the United States
shape Canada?
 2. What challenges of coexistence arose from the
Loyalist migration?
 3. How did people meet those challenges?

3. What Was the American War of Independence?
After 1763, Britain was deeply indebt because of the Seven Years’ War. It
was looking for ways to save money. It wanted to keep troops stationed
in the Thirteen Colonies, but decided to make the Thirteen Colonies pay
for the troops. To do this, Britain raised taxes in the colonies. The
colonists, however, refused to pay. They said that Britain had no
authority to tax them, because Britain didn’t allow colonists to elect
representatives to the British parliament. They came up with a slogan:
“No taxation without representation.”
KING GEORGE III

6. PATRIOT: people who supported the
rebellion
UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS: people
who opposed the rebellion - who
wanted to remain united to the British
Empire and loyal to Britain

7. TAR AND FEATHERING

8. SUGAR ACT 1764
British Parliament:
1.enacted the Sugar Act making the colonists
angry. All sugar was taxed.
Think:
1.Where does sugar come from?
2.What was sugar used for during this time
3.How important was sugar?
Colonist Reaction:
1.Anger
2. Boycott of sugar (so not to pay taxes on it
and let the British government they were not
happy)

10. British Parliament brought in the Stamp Act
which included tax on:
1.all newspapers
2. almanacs (books)
3. Pamphlets
4. official documents
5. deck of playing cards
Colonist Reaction:
1.All 13 colonies protested
2. "Sons of Liberty" threatened violence to
those who sold stamps
3. Burned government records and looted the
elegant homes of the rich.
4. Found tax unjust so British repealed it in
1766.

11. TOWNSHEND ACT 1767
British Parliament now taxed:
1.Paper
2. Glass
3. Tea
4. Metals
5. paint
Colonist Reaction:
1.Angered at tax increases and started
boycott of all British goods
2.Mobs with snowballs fired upon by British
(Boston Massacre)
3. Bad relationship between British and
colonists grew rapidly

12. THE TEA ACT 1773

13. British Parliament
1. Tax on tea (British made a deal with the East
India Tea company)
Colonist Reaction:
1.Boston Harbour: group of men boarder the
ships in the harbour and dumped it all in the
water.
2. Event known as the "Boston Tea Party”
3. British government brought in Intolerable
Act following year

16. SONS OF LIBERTY SLOGAN

17. INTOLERABLE ACT 1774

19. LEAVING THE COLONIES
LOYALISTS HEAD NORTH TO BRITISH
NORTH AMERICA

20. WHAT WAS THE LOYALIST
MIGRATION
Refugee: a person who seeks protection in another
country to escape danger in their own country
The American war of independence pressured people in
the Thirteen Colonies to choose sides. Did they support
breaking away from British rule, or did they support
remaining under British rule? During and after the war,
many people who supported British rule left the Thirteen
Colonies for the British colonies of Québec and Nova
Scotia. They were refugees, escaping to territories that
remained under British rule in North America.

21. WHAT WAS THE LOYALIST
MIGRATION
Most of these people called themselves Loyalists and
most had British ancestors. This wave of people,
however, included three thousand black Loyalists. It also
included two thousand Haudenosaunee people, who had
become allies of Britain during the war, and three
thousand German Mennonites, who had not taken sides
in the war.
What impact do you think these settlers had on people
already living in these colonies?

23. Populations:
British North America
NS: 20 000 people
Quebec:
French habitants had approx
98 000
English had 15 000
Loyalists leaving the colony:
Approx 100 000 left the 13
colonies,
45 000 to BNA
(34 000 to NS and 7 000 to
Quebec) approx.

24. IMPACTS ON THE CANADIENS
The arrival of the Loyalists greatly increased the number
of British people in Québec. Before the arrival of the
Loyalists, Québec had very few British settlers. By 1790,
however, British people made up about ten percent of
Québec’s population. The Loyalists began to ask Britain
for British laws and customs in Québec, because “they
were British born subjects and have always lived under
the government and laws of England.” This concerned
many Canadiens. What about their rights under the
Québec Act of 1774 — rights that protected French laws
and customs? Would the arrival of the Loyalists endanger
these rights?

25. IMPACTS ON FIRST NATIONS
The Loyalists were mostly farmers, and their arrival
marked a shift in the reason that Britain negotiated
treaties —or agreements — with First Nations.
Before the Loyalists, Britain negotiated treaties of
“peace and friendship.” For example, in 1779,
Britain concluded a treaty with the Mi’kmaq people
to secure their support during the American war of
independence. After the Loyalists arrived, however,
Britain negotiated treaties as a way to take over
land for settlement.

26. WHO’S LAND IS IT?
Between 1781 and 1792, Britain concluded “land
treaties” with the First Nations of the Niagara Peninsula.
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 required this. In territory
it had declared “Indian Territory,” the proclamation
recognized First Nations’ rights to land. The proclamation
said First Nations had to agree to give up their land
before settlers could move in, but this did not always
happen.
Did negotiators really understand each other, or did
differences of language and culture get in the way?

27. Settlers were assigned
lots by drawing "location
tickets" out of a hat.
(Today's lotteries and the
term "drawing lots"
comes from this
practice.) Each family
head was given 40 ha,
with another 20 ha for
each family member.
The best and largest
tracts went to members
of the military. Lower
ranking officers received
200 ha, while senior
officers received twice as
much.
LOYALISTS DRAWING LOTS

28. Governor Haldimand
Between 1776 and 1783 7000
Loyalists came to Quebec.
Of those who came, 6000 were
Placed in temporary refugee
Camps.
British government was Governor
Haldimand to encourage the Loyalists
To go back home to the 13 colonies.
1. Why would the government want
that?
2. Why could the Loyalists NOT go
back to the 13 colonies?
Expectations:
The Loyalists had given up everything
and expected the British government
to make up for their loses.

29. THE LOYALIST PETITION
Petition: is a document containing a
request directed to the government. It
contains statements describing what the
petitioners want changed and has space
or the petitioners to sign their names.

30. 1791 CONSTITUTIONAL ACT
1791 Constitutional Act
 The British recognized the fact that the status quo was not viable.
The Loyalists wanted an elected assembly and their own colony.
Thus, in 1791 the British passed the Constitutional Act, that divided
the colony at the Ottawa River into Upper Canada (present-day
Ontario) and Lower Canada (present-day Quebec).
 In addition, the Act created a parallel oligarchic political structure
that did contain an elected assembly. So under a policy of "divide
and conquer," the British hoped to lessen the chance for conflict
between the two races as well as acquiescing to the demand of
an elected political body. One-seventh of all the land was set
aside, in the form of Clergy Reserves, for the maintenance of the
Anglican Church, as opposed to other Protestant sects like the
Methodists.