This document is a thesis submitted by Adarsha Pattnayak for the partial fulfillment of a diploma in electrical engineering. It proposes a footstep power generation system that uses piezoelectric sensors to convert the mechanical energy from footsteps into electrical energy. When pressure is applied to the piezoelectric sensors, an alternating current voltage is generated. This voltage is then rectified using a diode bridge to convert it to direct current, which is stored in a capacitor. The stored electrical energy can then be used to power small devices or supplement other power sources. The system aims to harness wasted footstep energy in crowded public places to generate electricity.
In this project we are generating electrical energy by means of a non- conventional method just by walking on the footsteps. Non conventional system for energies are very much required at this time. Energy generation using footsteps requires no any fuel input to generate electricity. In this project we are generating electricity just with the help of rack and pinion arrangement along with alternator and chain drive mechanism.
For its proper functioning such that it converts Force into electrical energy, the mechanism consists of rack & pinion, chain drives, alternator and battery. We have discussed its various alternate applications with extension also. The power generation is much worthy but it has little initial cost effective factors.
In this project we are generating electrical energy by means of a non- conventional method just by walking on the footsteps. Non conventional system for energies are very much required at this time. Energy generation using footsteps requires no any fuel input to generate electricity. In this project we are generating electricity just with the help of rack and pinion arrangement along with alternator and chain drive mechanism.
For its proper functioning such that it converts Force into electrical energy, the mechanism consists of rack & pinion, chain drives, alternator and battery. We have discussed its various alternate applications with extension also. The power generation is much worthy but it has little initial cost effective factors.
final year embedded systems projects in chennaiAshok Kumar.k
We provide all types of projects like EEE projects, embedded projects, mechanical projects, labview projects, java project, robotic projects, vlsi projects,ECE projects, software and final year projects for diploma and engineering students in chennai and bangalore.
Energy harvesting (EH), i.e. the process of extracting energy from the environment or from a surrounding system and converting it to useable electrical energy, is a prominent research topic, with many promising applications nowadays in the civil engineering field. Its areas of application currently focus to the powering small autonomous wireless sensors (thus eliminating the need for wires), in structural health monitoring and building automation applications. Regarding the latter, the prospect to implement autonomous sensors inside a building that monitor relevant parameters (temperature, humidity, chemical agent concentration etc.), and transmit intermittently data to a central unit is a recent and rapidly grown business, helped by the standardization of wireless (Wi-Fi) data transmission.
This study focuses on the numerical analysis and testing of a high efficiency Energy Harvesting device, based on piezoelectric materials, with possible applications for the sustainability of smart buildings, structures and infrastructures. The development of the device is supported by ESA (the European Space Agency) under a program for the space technology transfer.
The EH device, harvests the airflow inside Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, using a piezoelectric component and an appropriate customizable aerodynamic appendix or fin that takes advantage of specific air flow effects (principally Vortex Shedding), and can be implemented for optimizing the energy consumption inside buildings.
In the present research, focus is given on different relevant modelling aspects, explored both using numerical methods (by means of FEM and CFD models) and in wind tunnel testing. In particular, different configurations for the piezoelectric bender (including rectangular, cylindrical and T-shaped) are modelled, tested and compared. The calibration of the numerical models, useful for the optimisation of the final design, and the electrical modelling and losses calculation for the EH circuit, are provided, and the effective energy harvesting potential of the working prototype device in laboratory conditions is assessed. Additional aspects relevant to the successful implementation of the research project are shown, including the final design of the device and the possible market impact.
Its a free source of energy we know very well man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for the sustenance and well-being since time immemorial. Due to this a lot of energy resources have been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated countries like India where the railway station, temples etc., are overcrowded all round the clock .When the flooring is engineered with piezo electric technology, the electrical energy produced by the pressure is captured by floor sensors and converted to an electrical charge by piezo transducers, then stored and used as a power source. And this power source has many applications as in agriculture, home application and street lighting and as energy source for sensors in remote locations.
Man has required and used energy at an increasing rate for sustenance and well being since the dawn of time. Many energy resources have been depleted and wasted as a result. Daily power outages in nearly all towns and villages in some emerging and recently industrialized countries last for several hours. Residents in these countries can use a power inverter or a diesel petrol powered electric generator in their homes during a power outage. Industrial and information technology centers frequently use standby generators. As a result, the electricity shortage worsens. There are a variety of alternative methods for producing electricity, one of which is footstep energy generation, which can be a very efficient method. For densely populated countries like India, where railway stations, bus stops, malls, and other tourist attractions are constantly crowded, the proposal for utilizing waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very relevant and important. The most common human activity is walking. As a result of his weight being transferred to the road surface via footfalls on the ground at each step, a person loses energy to the road surface in the form of impact, vibration, sound, and so on when walking. This energy can be captured and converted into something useful, such as electricity. This device can convert foot impact energy into electrical energy if it is placed in a walkway. As a result, whenever a person steps on a tile, mechanical energy or pressure is converted to electrical energy. A piezoelectric sensor is a device that detects a persons vibration and converts an applied pressure into voltage. The electrical energy produced by a persons foot pressure is captured by floor sensors when we design the floor with piezoelectric technology or sensors. The sensors are connected in both series and parallel. The resulting voltage is passed through a ripple filter for modulation and distortion correction. It then passes through a MOSFET converter, which performs pulse width modulation. The total voltage generated is calculated using the voltage sensor. An analog to digital converter is used to convert analog data into digital data. Prof. Smita Wadekar | Prajakta Bhoi | Hemaja Burud | Sanika Bhayade | Sonali Shrivastav "System for Generating Power from Footsteps" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49898.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/49898/system-for-generating-power-from-footsteps/prof-smita-wadekar
final year embedded systems projects in chennaiAshok Kumar.k
We provide all types of projects like EEE projects, embedded projects, mechanical projects, labview projects, java project, robotic projects, vlsi projects,ECE projects, software and final year projects for diploma and engineering students in chennai and bangalore.
Energy harvesting (EH), i.e. the process of extracting energy from the environment or from a surrounding system and converting it to useable electrical energy, is a prominent research topic, with many promising applications nowadays in the civil engineering field. Its areas of application currently focus to the powering small autonomous wireless sensors (thus eliminating the need for wires), in structural health monitoring and building automation applications. Regarding the latter, the prospect to implement autonomous sensors inside a building that monitor relevant parameters (temperature, humidity, chemical agent concentration etc.), and transmit intermittently data to a central unit is a recent and rapidly grown business, helped by the standardization of wireless (Wi-Fi) data transmission.
This study focuses on the numerical analysis and testing of a high efficiency Energy Harvesting device, based on piezoelectric materials, with possible applications for the sustainability of smart buildings, structures and infrastructures. The development of the device is supported by ESA (the European Space Agency) under a program for the space technology transfer.
The EH device, harvests the airflow inside Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, using a piezoelectric component and an appropriate customizable aerodynamic appendix or fin that takes advantage of specific air flow effects (principally Vortex Shedding), and can be implemented for optimizing the energy consumption inside buildings.
In the present research, focus is given on different relevant modelling aspects, explored both using numerical methods (by means of FEM and CFD models) and in wind tunnel testing. In particular, different configurations for the piezoelectric bender (including rectangular, cylindrical and T-shaped) are modelled, tested and compared. The calibration of the numerical models, useful for the optimisation of the final design, and the electrical modelling and losses calculation for the EH circuit, are provided, and the effective energy harvesting potential of the working prototype device in laboratory conditions is assessed. Additional aspects relevant to the successful implementation of the research project are shown, including the final design of the device and the possible market impact.
Its a free source of energy we know very well man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for the sustenance and well-being since time immemorial. Due to this a lot of energy resources have been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated countries like India where the railway station, temples etc., are overcrowded all round the clock .When the flooring is engineered with piezo electric technology, the electrical energy produced by the pressure is captured by floor sensors and converted to an electrical charge by piezo transducers, then stored and used as a power source. And this power source has many applications as in agriculture, home application and street lighting and as energy source for sensors in remote locations.
Man has required and used energy at an increasing rate for sustenance and well being since the dawn of time. Many energy resources have been depleted and wasted as a result. Daily power outages in nearly all towns and villages in some emerging and recently industrialized countries last for several hours. Residents in these countries can use a power inverter or a diesel petrol powered electric generator in their homes during a power outage. Industrial and information technology centers frequently use standby generators. As a result, the electricity shortage worsens. There are a variety of alternative methods for producing electricity, one of which is footstep energy generation, which can be a very efficient method. For densely populated countries like India, where railway stations, bus stops, malls, and other tourist attractions are constantly crowded, the proposal for utilizing waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very relevant and important. The most common human activity is walking. As a result of his weight being transferred to the road surface via footfalls on the ground at each step, a person loses energy to the road surface in the form of impact, vibration, sound, and so on when walking. This energy can be captured and converted into something useful, such as electricity. This device can convert foot impact energy into electrical energy if it is placed in a walkway. As a result, whenever a person steps on a tile, mechanical energy or pressure is converted to electrical energy. A piezoelectric sensor is a device that detects a persons vibration and converts an applied pressure into voltage. The electrical energy produced by a persons foot pressure is captured by floor sensors when we design the floor with piezoelectric technology or sensors. The sensors are connected in both series and parallel. The resulting voltage is passed through a ripple filter for modulation and distortion correction. It then passes through a MOSFET converter, which performs pulse width modulation. The total voltage generated is calculated using the voltage sensor. An analog to digital converter is used to convert analog data into digital data. Prof. Smita Wadekar | Prajakta Bhoi | Hemaja Burud | Sanika Bhayade | Sonali Shrivastav "System for Generating Power from Footsteps" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49898.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/49898/system-for-generating-power-from-footsteps/prof-smita-wadekar
In this presentation, basics of solar cells, what is piezoelectricity and its application, followed by basics of thermoelectricity and its application would be discussed.
Project Power Shoe: Piezoelectric Wireless Power Transfer - A Mobile Chargin...Shayan Pervez
When a person walks, pressure is exerted on the
ground and this pressure can be converted into electrical energy
and it can be used to power electronic devices. In this paper a
Mobile charging system is designed. A piezo electric generator is
placed in the shoe. The power that is generated by piezo electric
generator when a person walks is transferred to the device by
using a mid-range wireless power transfer (WPT) which is a
Resonance coupling technique.
Approach To Power Harvesting With Piezoelectric MaterialIJERA Editor
Nowadays, most of the research in the energy field is to develop sources of energy for the future, With oil resources being over, tapped and eventually bound to end, it is time to find renewable Piezoelectric materials are being more and more studied as they turn out to be very unusual materials with very specific and interesting properties. In fact, these materials have the ability to produce electrical energy from mechanical energy, for example, they can convert mechanical behavior like vibrations into electricity. Recent work has shown that these materials could be used as power generators, the amount of energy produced is still very low, hence the necessity to optimize them. The objective of this work is to study the all of the piezoelectric material systems and calculated the possible power generated from it, and a special case to design and build a fully functional floor tile device that when stepped on will generate enough energy to light an LED, The system will be charge a temporary energy storage device, a capacitor bank, and then use this stored energy to power an LED.
Power generation in footsteps by Piezoelectric materialsMelwin Dmello
Power generation in footsteps by piezo electric transducers - A project work by students of Alva's institute of engineering and technology, Moodbidre, Mangalore....
Slides created by Melwin Dmello... (ph; 8147814891)
ISSN(Online): 2319 - 8753
ISSN (Print) :2347 - 6710
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 4, Issue 2, February 2015
Copyright to IJIRSET DOI: 10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0402049 225
Real Time Battery Charging System by
Human Walking
Phagna Esha Singh1, Siddhakar Bhumi2, Rami Monika3
U.G. Student, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India1
U.G. Student, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India2
U.G. Student, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India3
ABSTRACT: With the extend use of technology, it has been the vital function to develop something new in both
software and hardware. A worn out battery or a lost charges are the two difficulties every electronic device user
undergoes through. To overcome this we, the biomedical engineering students, have proposed a new technology to
adopt charging of these portable electronic devices with the help of human walking. Walking is the best and common
activity in day to day life. As per the study of biomechanics, we came to realize that ground reaction force (GRF)
exerted from the foot, when converted into voltage gives enough power supply to run a device. While walking the
person loses some energy from foot in the form of vibrations which are sensed and converted into electric form.
Piezoelectric crystal does the work of generating output out of foot moment. Piezoelectric materials have the capability
of absorbing mechanical energy from surroundings, especially vibrations and transform it into electric energy that can
be used as power supply in real time to other appliances like mobile phones, power banks, various small handy
biomedical instruments etc. This project can be implemented while jogging in the morning, gym, walking on trade-mill,
in dense populated areas like railways, bus stands, etc
KEYWORDS: battery, bio energy, biomechanics, generation, ground reaction force , GRF, Piezo electric crystal,
power supply, portable units, walking,.
I. INTRODUCTION
The world’s energy consumption is at an all the time high with the demand continuously increasing. With the advent
use of portable machines in this technological world; it has become a major issue of power source. The situation brings
up several challenges that need to be addressed.
1.) Power supply.
2.) Battery discharging.
3.) Availability of power source.
End with turning off the machine without battery
In Biomechanics, the ground reaction force, GRF is the force exerted by the ground on the body in contact with it. For
example ,a person standing moti ...
Power Generation Using Piezoelectric TransducerIJERA Editor
The most basic need of today’s world is energy which is non-renewable source of energy available on earth. The
need is increasing day by day, to overcome this there is requirement of energy harvesting. This paper attempts
to show how man has been utilizing and optimizing kinetic energy. Current work also illustrates the working
principle of piezoelectric crystal and various sources of vibration for the crystal. “The idea of energy harvesting
is applicable to sensors as well as transducers that are placed and operated on some entities for a long time to
replace the sensor module batteries. Such sensors are commonly called self-powered sensors.” Embarked
piezoelectric transducer, which is an electromechanical converter, undergoes mechanical vibrations therefore
produce electricity. This power source has many applications as in agriculture, home application and street
lighting and as energy source for sensors in remote locations
Footstep Power Generator Using PiezoelectricAnkitRazz3
Developed a Footstep Power Generation System to capture wasted energy and transform it into electrical
energy using piezoelectric sensors. Utilized the piezoelectric effect to convert deformations into
electrical charge.
This paper presents about power generation by using piezoelectric transducer with bending mechanism support. In this study, bending mechanism is developed by employing 3D printer technology. This 3D model is used as a support for a piezoelectric transducer during deflection or bending process. During deflection condition, stress that applied on the piezoelectric transducer will generate electrical energy. The 3D model helps the piezoelectric transducer to produce more voltage output. A finger press test used as evaluation method for the voltage output of the piezoelectric transducer. The experiment is tested by varying three different 3D model with the different diameter for the middle hole for each of the model. A round shape of the piezoelectric transducer with size of 50 mm in diameter is used to conduct the experiment. Thus, when the piezoelectric transducer placed on the 3D model with 0 mm in diameter of middle hole will producing 5.4 V voltage output. However, 3D model with 30 mm diameter of middle hole, the output increases up to 19.0 V. The output voltage for piezoelectric transducer reached its highest voltage when placed on the 3D model with middle hole of 40 mm which is 34.4 V. This bending mechanism can be used to increase the output of piezoelectric transducer as it applied underneath footstep tile at crowded area to harvest the energy produced from walking activities. The power generated can be used to power up various electronic devices.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
1. Footstep Power Generation System
A THESIS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BY:
ADARSHA PATTNAYAK
(F17017002002)
Under the guidance of
Er. SUSHANT KU MALLIK
Head of electrical engineering department
Utkal gourav Madhusudan institute of Technology
Rayagada,765001
Odisha
JULY,2020
2. CERTIFICATE
Thisisto certify that the Project Report entitled “Footstep power generation system” submitted
by adarsha pattnayak (F17017002002) towards the partial fulfillment of the requirements for
thediplomain6th
semester inElectrical Engineering of theUtkal gourav Madhusudan institute
of technology isa bonafide record of theproject work carried out at during the academic year
2019-20 is the record of work carried out by him her under our supervision and guidance. The
work submitted has in our opinion reached a level required for being accepted for examination.
The results embodied in this project work to the best of our knowledge have not been submitted
to any other University or Institution for award of any degree.
Internal Guide Head of Department
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wouldliketo express or gratitudeand appreciation to all those whogaveus thepossibility to complete
thisreport. A special thanks to our final year project coordinator, Mr. SUSHANT KU MALLIK, who’s
help,stimulating suggestions and encouragement, helped us to coordinate ourproject especially inwriting
this project.
A special thanks goes to our team mate, who help us to assemble the parts and gave suggestions about
theproject
Last but not least, many thanks goes to the head of the department Mr. SUSHANT KU MALLIK who
have given his full effort in guiding the team in achieving the goal as well as his encouragement to
maintain our progress in track.We would love to appreciate the guidance given by sir especially in our
project presentation that has improved our presentation skill by their comments andtips.
4. ABSTRACT
Everywhere a person goes, some amount of energy is used by them. Since time is immemor ia l energy
is needed for the well-being and sustenance of our lives. The utilization of waste energy used in the
foot power is very much useful and important for place where there will be a huge crowd each day.
When the flooring is engineered with piezoelectric technology, the electrical energy produced by the
pressure is captured by floor sensor and converted to an electrical by piezo transducer, then stored and
used as a power source. This power source is used in home applicatio n, crowded areas like railway
station, street light,school and colleges.
5. INDEX
1. Introduction……………………………………06
2. Initiative………………………………………..07
3. Essential blockdiagram & methodology……….09
4. Hardware specifications……………………….12
5. Detailed explanation ofcomponents…………...13
➢ Piezoelectric sensor……………………..13
➢ Multimeter………………………………14
➢ Breadboard or PVC……………………..16
➢ LED’s…………………………………...17
➢ Capacitor………………………………..17
➢ Diode……………………………………18
➢ Rechargeable battery……………………19
➢ Working of lead acid battery……………20
6. Actual progressive work till the date…………..23
7. Expected result & discussion output power…...24
8. Scope of theproject……………………………26
9. Conclusion……………………………………26
10. Reference……………………………………..27
6. I. INTRODUCTION
The demands of electricity are increasing day by day and its use has become so advanced and
applicable in the present lifeline of a human being. The arising value of new technology each day
demands more power of electricity.as the population of human beings is increasing day by day and
hence the energy demand is increasing linearly. This technology is on simply based on a principle
called the piezoelectric effect, in which certain materials have the ability to build up and electric charge
from having pressure and strain applied to them. Now, piezoelectricity isgenerally referred to as having
the abilityof some materials to generate an electric potential in responds to the applied pressure on them.
So, the piezoelectric material can converts the exerted pressure into and electric current. The main
component of this project is piezoelectricity, where the piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear
electromechanically interaction between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials
with no inversion symmetry.
Thesystem generates voltageusingfootstep force. Thesystem serves as a mediumto generate electricity
using non-conventional sources (force) and /store/use it. The project is designed to be useful at public
places like railway stations where a lot of people keep walking through all day. At such places
these systems are to be placed at any entry points where people travel through entrance or exits and
they have to step on this device to get through. These devices may then generate a voltage on every
footstep and when mounted in series they will produce a sizeable amount of electricity. For this
purpose, we here use piezoelectric sensors that use piezoelectric effect in order to measure
acceleration, force, pressure by its conversion into electric signals. We here attach a voltmeter inorder
to measure its output and small led lights for demonstration. We also use a battery and weight
measurement unitfor better demonstration of the system.
7. II. INITIATIVE
Our project is all about saving human energy and converting it to electrical energy. Day by day, the
population of the country is increasing and the requirement of the power is also increasing at the
same timethe wastage of energy is also increased in many ways. So reforming this energy back to
usable form is the major solution. This project is used to generate voltage using footstep force. This
project is useful in public places like theatres, railways station, shopping malls, temples, school, college,
hospital, etc. so, these systems are placed in public places where people walk and they have to travel
on this system to get through the entrance or exist. Then this system may generate voltage on each
and every step of a foot and for this purpose, piezoelectric sensor is used in order to measure force,
pressure and acceleration by its change into electric signals. This system uses voltmeter for measuring
output, led light,weight measurement system and a battery for better demonstration of the system.
Working on the idea to harness human locomotion power, MIT (USA) architecture students
James Graham and Thaddeus Jusczyk recently unveiled what they're calling the "Crowd Farm," a
setup that would derive energy from pounding feet in crowded places. This technology is a
proposal to harness human power as a source of sustainable energy. Population of India and
mobility of its masses wil turn into boon in generating electricity from its (population’s)
footsteps. Human locomotion inover crowded subway stations, railway stations, bus stands,
airports, temples or rock concerts thus can be converted to electrical energy with the use of this
promising technology. The technology would turn the mechanical energy of people walking or
jumping into a source of electricity. The students' test case, displayed at the Venice Biennale and
ina train station inTorino, Italy, was a prototype stool that exploits the passive act of sitting to
generate power. The weight of the body on the seat causes a flywheel to spin, which powers a
dynamo that, inturn, lights four LEDs. In each case, there would be a sub-flooring system
consisting of independent blocks. When people walk across this surface, the forces they impart
willcause the blocks to slip slightly, and a dynamo would convert the energy inthose
movements into electric current. Students say that moving from this Proof-ofconcept device to a
large-scale Crowd Farm would be expensive, but it certainly sounds a great option.
PIEZOELECTRICITY: A MEANS OF ENERGY HARVESTING METHOD
Piezoelectricity has arose as a way to harvest energy. The array of piezoelectric crystals is laidunder
thepavements.Thevoltageproduced can be utilized to charge batteries. It is to be noted that scientist
at the Hull University worked on converting motion in to electrical energy. Japan has installed
piezoelectric tiles in Tokyo’s busiest stations. They noted that the footsteps of an average person
whose weight is 60 kg is able to yield0.1 watt/sec.
It has also been reported that there is a 3×5 feet panel a product of Digital Safari
8. Greenbiz Company which is capable of producing 17.5 watts/step.
PIEZOELECTRIC PRINCIPLE
When stress is applied to a piezoelectric crystal an electrical energy is produced across the material.
There are two kindsof piezoelectric effect, namely direct effect and indirect piezoelectric effect. When
mechanical stress isapplied and electric potential is developed it is termed as the direct piezoelectric
effect on the other hand when due to the application of electrical field there is deformation in the
material itistermed as the indirect piezoelectric effect. when an electric field is applied. The examples of
some piezo materials are Quartz, PZT, PbTiO3, PLZT, PVDF, BaTiO3, PbZrO3, etc.
9. III. BLOCK DIAGRAM &METHODOLOGY
Pressure Piezoelectric transducers
Rectifier
10. EXPLANATION
According to the literature survey, piezoelectric materials produce ac voltage. When the pressure
is applied on the face of the piezoelectric element then it generates the ac voltage and is sent to
the rectifier. Then the function of the rectifier is to achieve full wave rectification. Thus
transforming the ac voltage to dc voltage. The rectifier is a bridge circuit made by diodes. The dc
voltage is stored in a capacitor in the subsequent stages. The stored energy can be effectively
used for various applications. Sometimes a controller is also attached after the rectifier as it
optimizes the power ininput to the capacitor. Super capacitors can also be used in place of
conventional capacitors. The power can be directly applied to the electrical devices or can be a
supplement of main power supply. One can determine the effectiveness of a system by
comparing the input energy to the output results. However, when the amount of output energy
produced versus input energy is highthen the level of efficiency is also high.
AMOUNT OF POWER GENERATION DETAILS
It is reported inliterature, that when a piezoelectric tileis used for the flooring purposes then
each slab is capable of producing 2.1 watts/hour in a football area ifthe stepping rate is 4-10
seconds. Based on testing it is found that walking 5 hours willgenerate enough electricity to
lighting a bus stops continuously for over 12 hours. The energy produced is stored in Lithium
Polymer Batteries. To lighta low energy LED, 5% of the energy produced by a footstep is
sufficient. The energy produced by piezoelectric elements is extremely low. Theelectrical
energy produced by a piezoelectric crystal is about 2-3 volts. To increase the voltage, we can use
a boost converter circuit which enhances it to 12 volts. To feed it further to any device we can
use an inverter circuit. A boost converter or a step-up-converter is a is capable of converting high
DC voltage from low DC voltage ininput. It has two modes of operation, namely continuous and
discontinuous mode
CONNECTIONS OF THE PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENT
The piezoelectric elements can be connected with each other by two ways. These are by series or
parallel connection. Three piezoelectric elements are connected in series and parallel
combination. The current versus voltage graphs can be drawn for each case and analysed.
According to the literature study, it is observed that the in a series connection the voltage is
good, but the current is poor whileit was exactly the opposite in the case of the parallel
connection i.e. the current was good and the voltage is poor. Thus, we can use both the series
connection as well the parallel connection according to our application. . But in the series
connection, the voltage does not increase in linear fashion may be owing to the non-linearity of
the system’s total internal impedance.
When connected in series, then equivalent capacitance of 3 piezoelectric discs is as follows,
1∕Ceq= 1∕C1+1∕C2+1∕C3
Again,
Q= C×V
Veq/Q= V1/Q+V2/Q+V3/Q
Therefore,
11. Veq= V1+V2+V3
Also,
the following formulais used to calculate the voltage of a piezoelectric material
V= Sv ×P×D
Where V isthepiezoelectric generated voltage(inVolts), Sv stands forvoltagesensitivity of thematerial
(Volt ×meters / Newton), P is the pressure (N/m2) and D is the thickness of material (in meters).
Proposed Circuit To Generate Power From Piezoelectric Transducer Using Rectifier Diodes, Capacitor.
12. IV. HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
➢ Piezo Electric sensors
➢ Multimeter
➢ Breadboard or PCB
➢ LED’s
➢ Jumper wires
➢ Footstep body
➢ Capacitors
➢ Diodes
➢ Chargeable battery
13. V. DETAILED EXPLAINATION OF COMPONENTS
• PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR:
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect, to measure changes in pressure,
acceleration, temperature, strain, on force by converting them to an electrical charge. The prefix
piezo- is Greek for “press” or “squeeze”. Piezoelectric sensors are versatile tools for the
measurement of various processes. Pierre curie discovered the piezoelectric effect in 1880.
They are used for quality assurance, process control and for research and development in many
different industries it was only in the 1950sthat the piezoelectric effect started to be used for
industrial sensingapplications. Since then, this measuring principle has been increasingly used and
can be regarded as a mature technology with an outstanding inherent reliability. It has been
successfully used in various applications, such as in medical, aerospace, nuclear instrumentation,
andas a pressure sensor inthetouch pads of mobilephones. In theautomotiveindustry,piezoelectric
elements are used to monitor combustion when developing internal combustion engines. The
sensors are either directly mounted into additional holes intothe cylinderhead or the spark/glow
plug is equipped with a built in miniature piezoelectric sensor.
Piezoelectric sensor and voltage measuring, generated through the pressuring on sensor.
The rise of piezoelectric technology is directly related to a set of inherent advantages. The high modulus
of elasticity of many piezoelectric materials is comparable to that of many metals and goes up to
10e6 N/m²[Even though piezoelectric sensors are electromechanical systems that react
to compression, the sensing elements show almost zero deflection. This is the reason why piezoelectric
sensors are so rugged, have an extremely highnatural frequency and an excellent linearity over a wide
amplitude range. Additionally, piezoelectric technology is insensitive to electromagnetic fields and
radiation, enabling measurements under harsh conditions. Some materials used (especially gallium
phosphate or tourmaline) have an extreme stability even at high temperature, enabling sensors to have a
working range of up to 1000°C. Tourmaline shows pyro electricity inaddition to the piezoelectric effect;
this is the ability to generate an electrical signal when the temperature of the crystal changes. This
14. effect is also common to piezo ceramic materials. One disadvantage of piezoelectric sensors is that
they cannot be used for truly static measurements. A static force will result in a fixed amount of charges
on the piezoelectric material. While working with conventional readout electronics, imperfect
insulating materials, andreductionininternalsensor resistancewillresultina constant loss of electrons,
and yield a decreasing signal.
Piezo Sensor:
A sensor that utilizes the piezoelectric effect, to measure changes in acceleration, strain, pressure, and
force by converting them into electrical charge is called as a piezoelectric sensor. Piezo is a Greek word
which means ‘press’ or ‘squeeze’. Piezoelectric effect causes the occurrence of electric dipole moments
in solids due to the pressure applied to certain solid materials such as piezoelectric crystals, ceramics,
bone, DNA, and some proteins that generates electric charge. This generated piezoelectricity is
proportional to the pressure applied to the solid piezoelectric crystal materials. In this article, we will
discuss about one of the most frequently used piezoelectric sensor applications, that is, piezo sensor
switch.
Working of Piezo electric Sensor:
The commonly measured physical quantities by a piezoelectric sensor are Acceleration and Pressure. Both
pressure and acceleration sensors work on the same principle of piezoelectricity but the main difference
between them is the way force is applied to their sensing element.
In the pressure sensor, a thin membrane is placed on a massive base to transfer the applied force to the
piezoelectric element. Upon application of pressure on this thin membrane, the piezoelectric material gets
loaded and starts generating electrical voltages. The produced voltage is proportional to the amount of
pressure applied.
In accelerometers, seismic mass is attached to the crystal element to transfer the applied force to
piezoelectric materials. When motion is applied, seismic mass load’s the piezoelectric material according
to Newton’s second law of motion. The piezoelectric material generates charge used for calibration of
motion.
• MULTIMETER:
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter), is an electronic
measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter
can measure voltage, current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use a microamme ter with a moving
pointer to display readings. Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) have a numeric display, and may also
show a graphical bar representing the measured value. Digital multimeters are now far more common
due to their cost and precision, but analog multimeters are still preferable insome cases, for example
when monitoring a rapidly varying value.
A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work, or a bench
instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to troubleshoot
electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as electronic equipment,
motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.
16. • BREADBOARD OR PCB:
A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally it was literally a bread
board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solderless breadboard (AKA
plugboard, a terminal array board) became available and nowadays the term "breadboard" is
commonly used to refer tothese.
Because the solderless breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy to use
for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design. For this reason, solderless
breadboards are also extremely popular with students and in technological education. Older
breadboard types did not havethisproperty. A stripboard (Veroboard) and similar prototyping printed
circuit boards, whichare used to buildsemi-permanent soldered prototypes or one-offs, cannot easily be
reused. A variety of electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards, from smallanalog and
digital circuits to complete central processing units (CPUs).
Breadboard & PCB
17. • LED’s:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode
that emits light when activated.[]When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are
able to recombine with electron holes withinthe device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy
of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically
small (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation
pattern.
• CAPACITOR:
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores electrical energy in an
electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While capacitance exists
between any two electrical conductors of a circuit in sufficiently close proximity, a capacitor is
specifically designed to provide and enhance this effect for a variety of practical applications by
consideration of size, shape, and positioning of closely spaced conductors, and the intervening
dielectric material. A capacitor was therefore historically first known as an electric condenser.
The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and many capacitor types
are incommon use. Most capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors often in the form
18. of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a foil, thin
film,sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The no conducting dielectric acts to increase the
capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic,
plastic film, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical
circuits inmany common electrical devices. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for
blocking direct current whileallowing alternating current to pass. In analog filternetworks, they
smooth the output of power supplies. In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular
frequencies. In electric power transmission systems, they stabilize voltage and power flow. The
property of energy storage in capacitors was exploited as dynamic memory in early digital
computers.esistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Capacitance values of typical
capacitors for use ingeneral electronics range from about 1 pF (10−12 F) to about 1 mF (10−3
F).
A 100 micro-farad 25v capacitor which is used
in circuit.
• DIODE:
In electronics, a diodeisa two-terminal electronic component that conducts primarilyinone direction
(asymmetric conductance); ithas low(ideally zero) resistance to the current inone direction, and high
(ideally infinite) resistance inthe other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a
crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals.[5]
A vacuum tube diodehas two electrodes, a plate (anode) and a heated cathode. Semiconductor diodes
were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of crystals' rectifying abilities was made
by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in1874. The first semiconductor diodes, called cat'swhisker
diodes, developed around 1906, were made of mineral crystals such as galena. Today, most diodes are
The most common function of a diodeisto allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the
diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus,
the diodecan be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior iscalled
19. rectification, and isused to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), includingextraction of
modulationfrom radio signals inradio receivers—these diodes are forms of rectifiers.made of silicon, but
other semiconductors such as selenium and germanium are sometimesused.
A Rectifier Diodes IN4007 which
are used in circuit.
• RECHARGABLE BATTERY:
A rechargeable battery, Storage battery, secondary cell, or accumulator is a type of electrical
battery which can be charged with the help of small circuit. This battery is very helpful when the
AC power is not there. This battery is used to store the charge which is generated through the
circuit.it stores the voltage in DC forms, which can be used later to charge any low voltage
device.
20. A 9v Rechargable battery.
Working of Lead Acid Battery
The storage battery or secondary battery is such battery where electrical energy can be stored as chemical
energy and this chemical energy is then converted to electrical energy as when required. The conversion
of electrical energy into chemical energy by applying external electrical source is known as charging of
battery . Whereas conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy for supplying the external load is
known as discharging of secondary battery . During charging of battery , current is passed through it which
causes some chemical changes inside the battery . This chemical changes absorb energy during their
formation. When the battery is connected to the external load, the chemical changes take place in reverse
direction, during which the absorbed energy is released as electrical energy and supplied to the load. Now
we will try to understand principle working of lead acid battery and for that we will first discuss about
lead acid battery which is very commonly used as storage battery or secondary battery .
Materials used for Lead Acid Storage Battery Cells
The main active materials required to construct a lead-acid battery are
1. Lead peroxide (PbO2).
2. Sponge lead (Pb) and
3. Dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
21. Lead Peroxide (PbO2)
The positive plate is made of lead peroxide. This is dark brown, hard and brittle substance.
Sponge Lead (Pb)
The negative plate is made of pure lead in soft sponge condition.
Dilute Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)
Dilute sulphuric acid used for lead acid battery has ration of water : acid = 3:1. The lead
acid storage battery is formed by dipping lead peroxide plate and sponge lead plate in
dilute
sulphuric acid. A load is connected externally between these plates. In diluted sulphuric acid the molecules
of the acid split into positive hydrogen ions (H+
) and negative sulphate ions (SO4
− −
). The hydrogen ions
when reach at PbO2 plate, they receive electrons from it and become hydrogen atom which again attack
PbO2 and form PbO and H2O (water). This PbO reacts with H2 SO4 and forms PbSO4 and H2O (water).
SO4
− −
ions are moving freely in the solution so some of them will reach to pure Pb plate where they give
their extra electrons and become radical SO4. As the radical SO4 cannot exist alone it will attack Pb and
will form PbSO4. As H+
ions take electrons from PbO2 plate and SO4
− −
ions give electrons to Pb plate,
there would be an inequality of electrons between these two plates. Hence there would be a flow of current
through the external load between these plates for balancing this inequality of electrons. This process is
called discharging of lead acid battery . The lead sulphate (PbSO4) is whitish in color. During discharging,
1. Both of the plates are covered with PbSO4.
2. Specific gravity of sulphuric acid solution falls due to formation of water during reaction at PbO2
plate.
3. As a result, the rate of reaction falls which implies the potential difference between the plates
decreases during discharging process.
Now we will disconnect the load and connect PbSO4 covered PbO2 plate with positive terminal of an
external DC source and PbO2 covered Pb plate with negative terminal of that DC source. During
discharging, the density of sulphuric acid falls but there still sulphuric acid exists in the solution. This
sulphuric acid also remains as H+
and SO4
− −
ions in the solution. Hydrogen ions (cation) being positively
charged, move to the electrode (cathode) connected with negative terminal of the DC source. Here each
22. H+
ion takes one electron from that and becomes hydrogen atom. These hydrogen atoms then attack PbSO4
and form lead and sulphuric acid. SO4
− −
ions (anions) move towards
the electrode (anode) connected with positive terminal of DC source where they will give up their extra
electrons and become radical SO4. This radical SO4 cannot exist alone hence reacts with PbSO4 of anode
and forms lead peroxide (PbO2) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
Hence by charging the lead acid storage battery cell,
1. Lead sulphate anode gets converted into lead peroxide.
2. Lead sulphate of cathode is converted to pure lead.
3. Terminal; potential of the cell increases.
4. Specific gravity of sulphuric acid increases.
Functional Diagram:
23. VI. ACTUAL PROGRESSIVE WORK TILL THE DATE
As our project is in progress we have done the testing of the below circuit as shown in the
picture. We have used breadboard, a 100uf capacitor, LED, piezoelectric material (piezoelectric
transducer), jumper wires, four IN4007 diode to make a bridge rectifier and digital multimeter to
measure the voltage which is generated by pressing the piezo material through the circuit.
As shown in the circuit, connections on the breadboard are as,
Four IN4007 diodes are connected as a bridge rectifier.
From the left to the right in clockwise direction there are four junctions at the bridge rectifier
Junction1(J1), junction2(J2), junction3(J3) and junction4(J4).
Then capacitor is placed to the right of the bridge rectifier and the positive terminal of the capacitor is
connected to the J2 with the help of the blue jumper wire, and the negative terminal of the capacitor is
connected through the green jumper wire to the J4.
The LED is connected parallel to the capacitor.
Now the positive terminal of the piezoelectric transducer to J1 and the negative terminal of the
transducer to J2.
The principle of the piezo electric transducer is that, when the force is applied on piezoelectr ic
material, the output is generated.
Hence, the LED glows….
24. Generated voltage can be measured with the help of multimeter,
VII. Expected Result & Discussion Output power
if we install this model into the sole of the shoes then expected power output may be as
below Let,
Mass of pedestrian = 65 kg,
Distance travelled by plate = 10
cm So,
work done on plate by impact
= weight of body * distance
= 65*9.81*0.1 Nm
= 63.765 J
So,
power output =work done/sec
= 63.765/60 Watts
=1.06275 Watts
It is Like we have used only 3 piezo plate in parallel connected at the installed shoe sole and we
are getting likely 1v power output at only 10 cm distance travelled.
So, if we install this system in shoe sole with the chargeable battery, we can get more output power
only through walking.
As we know that our cell phone need 3-5v to charge the
battery Hence,
We can use the charged battery as a power bank to charge the cell phone by simply walking.
As many steps we walks as the battery charges.
26. VIII. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
India per capita electricity consumption has been continuously increasing over the years. From
734 kWh in2008-09, the per capita consumption has reached 1075 kWh in 2015-16, an increase
of 46% in 8 years. The per capita consumption has been increasing at an average of 6% every
year. The per capita consumption crossed 1000 kWh in 2014-15 for the first time. The highest
increase inthe per capita consumption during these 8 years has been in2011-12 where it grew by
almost 8%.
Compared to some of the developed countries of the world, the per capita electricity
consumption in India is very low. India’s per capita consumption is 1/3rd of the world average
and is just 10% of that of Australia. It is just 7.5% that of USA and 6.6% of Canada. The per
capita consumption inUK also is more than 5 times that of India.
The utilization of energy is an indication of the growth of a nation. For example, World average
per capita electricity consumption is 2730 kWh compared to India’s per capita electricity
consumption of 1000 kWh. indiahas an installed electricity generation capacity of 30,000MW.
One mightconclude that to be materially rich and prosperous, a human being needs to consume
more and more energy. India is facing serious energy crisis at this time .India as one of the most
fastest growing or developing country is lot affected by this energy crisis in the world .The major
issue is electric crisis which is known as load shedding India’s small manufacturing markets are
lot affected by the rise of energy prices. By just placing a unitlike the “PowerGeneration
through the footstep”, so much of energy can be tapped. This energy can be used for the lights on
the either sides of the Roads at schools, colleges, temples and at many other busy places like
railway stations and bus stations.
IX. CONCLUSION
This paper discusses about the importance of the energy wasted and converted it to renewable
energy.It mainlydealswiththevoltage produced by the force applied through the piezo transducer.
demands of electricity are increasingday by day and its use has become so advanced and applicable
in the present lifeline of a human being. This method produces electricity with the help of piezoelectric
elements that make use of the energy of human footsteps. The capacitor used inthe circuit stores the charge
for future applications. In order to increase the efficiency of the whole system if super capacitors are used in
place of the conventional ones then more charge can be stored than the conventional ones. The super
capacitors store and discharge energy without consuming much energy. Thus, the requirement of constant
increase of power can be met by installing these systems in heavily packed places. This will undoubtedly not
onlyovercome the energy crises but also buildup a healthy surrounding