This document discusses water resources on Earth and water pollution. It notes that water is essential for life but only a small fraction is available for human use. Water pollution occurs when the quality of water is impaired by natural or human activities. The key causes and types of water pollution are described. Interventions for combating water pollution include primary preventive measures and secondary punitive actions. The major laws governing water pollution in India are outlined, including the Water Act of 1974 and Environment Protection Act of 1986. Violations can result in imprisonment or fines. Individual actions for water conservation are recommended to help address the problem.

2. 1. Water on Earth
2. Importance of water
3. Quality of Water
4. Water pollution
5. Combating the Problem of Water pollution
5.1 Interventions
5.1.1 Primary (preventive and curative) interventions
5.1.2 Curative (primary) interventions
5.1.3 Punitive intervention
6. Pollution Control laws in India
7. Application and implementation of Environmental Laws and
Rules
8. Punishment on violation of Water Act-1974 and Environment
(Protection) Act-1986
9. What one can do?
10. Individuals: Practice saving/conservation of Water

3. Total Volume of Water on Earth
1.386 billion km³
Salt Water
in Oceans
2.5 %
Remaining
water
Frozen ice at Poles,
0.3 % is in liquid form
Small
Fraction in liquid
form
Lakes, Rivers,
And underground
Fresh water for
drinking purpose
is < 0.35%

4. Water is the most essential commodity to support the life system on
planet earth.
 A human being may survive for about 40 days without food but
without water only 7 days.
Water i.e. H2O
Changes in physical, chemical, biological constituents
and the temperature of water beyond certain
limits render it unfit for intended use .
H2O +
Impaired/unfit quality of Water

5.  Pollutants in water may be present in any state of the matter
viz. solid, liquid and in the form of heat energy
Natural Man-Made Man-induced-natural
Primary Secondary

6.  Complex natural system does correct the pollution problems, but its
pace is very slow, may be thousands of years.
 It simply indicates that once the quality of water resources get
deteriorated beyond natural means, it becomes a burden on the
society in particular.
Primary
(preventive and curative)
interventions
Secondary
(Punitive)
interventions

7. The need of the time is to develop primary interventions on the
Concept of 5 R's viz.
Reduce
Reclaim
Repair
Recycle
Reuse of resources
REDUCE
 Requirements
 Resource consumption
 Waste Generation
 Race against time

8. REPAIR
 All repairable.
RECYCLE
 All resources reclaimed and/or repaired.
REUSE
 Maximum of the recycled resources.
 Waste Water Collection and Conveyance
 Providing drains to be connected to a defined
waste water outlet from the house.
RECLAIM
 All resources put out of use but not wasted.

9.  The waste water is to be given appropriate treatment depending
upon the pollutants being in solution or suspension.
Screen and
pumping
Raw waste
water
Grit
Chamber
Primary
Settling
Biological aeration
basin or Fixed-
media filters
Sludge drying bed
or vacuum filtration
Final
Settling
Disinfection by
chlorination/UV
rays/Ozone
Treated waste water for disposal
on land/in a water body/ Recycle
for gainful reuse
Fig. Waste water treatment plant

10. Prior to the year 1974, following acts were considered to control
over the problem of pollution in India:
 The Indian Penal Code, 1860
 The Civil Procedure Code
 The Factories Act, 1948
 The Criminal Procedure Code, 1973
Also at regional levels many acts were introduced to prevent the
fouling of water and these acts were:
 Calcutta Municipal Act, 1951
 The Orissa River Pollution Prevention Act, 1953
 Maharashtra State’s most comprehensive Act called Maharashtra Water
Pollution Control Act 1970
However, water pollution as a subject matter of legislation found place in law books of
India as late as 1973.

11. In India, the following Acts and rules are in force for the prevention
and control of water pollution, implemented by the concerned
SPCB:
 Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974(amended till date)
 Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977(amended till date)
 Public (Liability) Insurance Act, 1991(amended till date)
 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986(amended till date)
 Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986(amended till date)

12. These laws are applicable to entire Rajasthan.
Act Purpose Regulated by
Water (Prevention &
Control of Pollution) Act,
1974 (amended till date)
Consent to Establish and Consent to
operate under sections 25/26 for
the discharge of effluents as per
standards
Central/State
Pollution
Control Board
Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986
(amended till date)
Prior Environmental Clearance(EC)
under EIA notification number S.O.
1533 (E) dated 14.09.2006 under
which designated 39
projects/activities grouped in 8
broad categories (amended to
date)
SEIAA,
constituted by
the Government
of India

13. Violation of various provisions of Water Act-1974 and Environment (Protection)
Act-1986 attract criminal action against the organization and responsible
management persons.
Act
Action and concerned
authority
Regulated
by
Penalty
Water
(Prevention &
Control of
Pollution) Act,
1974 (amended
till date)
Prosecution for violation of the
act.
CPCB/SPCB
through
the Courts
of law
Imprisonment (1.5 to 7 yrs.) or
financial penalty (Rupees Ten
thousand, additional fine of Rs ten
thousand per day) or both.
Issuing directions u/s 33A for
closer/ regulating the
process/activity/ industry;
disconnection of supply of
electricity, water and any other
services.
CPCB/SPCB None

14. Act
Action and
concerned authority
Regulated by Penalty
Environment
(Protection) Act,
1986 (amended
till date).
Prosecution for
violation of the act.
1. CPCB/SPCB
through the Courts
of law
2. Any person after
serving a notice of
60 days, through
courts of law
Imprisonment (5 yrs.
extendable to 7 yrs.) with
financial penalty (Rs.1.00 lakh,
additional fine Rs 5.00 thousand
per day) or both.
Issuing directions u/s 5
for closer/regulating
the process/activity/
industry; disconnection
of supply of electricity,
water and any other
services.
Central Government or
State Government or
any officer authorized
by the Central
Government, through
the courts of law.
None

15. Each and every man-managed activity exerts some positive or
negative impact on the environment.
Impact of Man-managed
activity on Environment
Positive Negative
The term “No Impact” is misnomer. Any impact, which is ignored,
generally the negative impact, could at most be considered as no-
impact. Precisely, no-impact cannot be achieved.

16. MAXIMUM DAILY WATER REQUIREMENT OF AN URBAN ADULT
S. No. Purpose Volume of Water
1. Teeth cleaning (three times a day) 02.0 liters
2. Drinking 04.0 liters
3. Cooking and washing utensils 09.0 liters
4. Bathing + washing basic cloths 15.0 liters
5. Water-based sanitation (Flush
type latrines used twice a day) 20.0 liters
50.0 liters
Per day

18.  Discard the use of bathtub.
 Discard the use of fully
automatic washing machines.
 Discard detergents for the
washing of cloths and utensils.
 Never continue teeth cleaning
and/or shaving activities with
running tap wasting water.
 Use three to four mug-full (2
liters) water while cleaning your
vehicles etc.
 Collect and use cloth and
utensil wash/rinse water for
flushing toilets and water
closets.
Plenty of water is and will remain available in hydrological cycle; however, it may not be
available to meet your requirements at desired place and at particular time. Hence,
conservation is the only key to ensure availability of water on sustained basis. Water alone
is necessary to meet food requirements of any biota be it plant or animal.

19. Population of Jaipur is
around 30 Lac Souls
saving of only 1.0 liter of
water everyday
saving of 30.00 Lac liters
of water per day
Fulfill needs of 60,000
persons every day@50
litres/person/day
Meets water
requirements of an
individual for about
164.4 years @ 50.00 lpd