thermal power plant is the main source to produce the maximum electricity in India but mean while it is having certain disadvantages the disadvantages can also overcome by certain ash management steps
2. Impact of thermal power plant on environment
and its management
Course Teacher
Dr. Nimichandrappa
Guided By
Dr. B. S. Polisegowdar
Presented By
Sweta ID NO. PG14AEG6117
M. Tech (Soil and Water conservation engineering)
College of agricultural engineering,
University of agricultural sciences Raichur. 22
4. PrefacePreface
India is 10th
economical country in the world and 2nd
populated
country in the world with population of 1.3billion .
To fulfill the basic needs of the growing population there are three
basic resources air ,water & food are playing very important role,
other than this there is another resource electricity which is also
playing important role in the human life.
44
5. Thermal Power generating units are mega project, which require not
only huge capital investment but also various natural resources like,
fossil fuels and water, thus create an immeasurable & everlasting
impacts on the environment and generate tremendous stress in the
local eco-system.
Emission of SPM & RSPM disperse over 25 Kms radius land and
cause respiratory and related aliments to human beings and animal
kingdom.
Pokale et. al (2012)
55
6. Power generation in the world 2014Power generation in the world 2014
Country Generation GW
China 5,649,500
United State 4,297,300
India 1,208,400
World 23,536,500
source: World Development Indicators: Electricity production (2014)
66
8. Power Generation in KarnatakaPower Generation in Karnataka
2015-162015-16
rank station Productio
n MW
1 RTPS 1720.00
2 SGS 1035.00
3 BTPS 1000.00
Source: KPCL Projects (2015)
88
9. Power generation by thermal power plant inPower generation by thermal power plant in
WORLDWORLD
Yao et al .(2015)
99
10. Power Generation By Thermal Power Plants In India JulyPower Generation By Thermal Power Plants In India July
20152015
Rank State Production MW Percentage
1. Maharashtra 28,145.20 14.68%
2. Gujarat 22,816.36 11.90%
3. Chhattisgarh 13,193.49 6.88%
16th
position
Karnataka 6,642.88 3.46
Source: Energy policy of India (2015)
1010
11. Power generation by thermal power plants in Karnataka 2015-16
Rank District Production
MW
1 RTPS 1720
2 BTPS 1040
Source: KPCL Projects (2015)
1111
12. Working principal of thermal power plantWorking principal of thermal power plant
1212
18. CPCB MeasurementsCPCB Measurements
Sl.No. Emission Parameters Measurement Methods
1 Particulates Gravimetric
2 SO2 Barium Perchlorate- Thorin indicator method
3 NOx Non Dispersive Infra Red, Non Dispersive Ultra-violet
(for continuous measurement)
4 CO Non Dispersive Infra Red
5 O2 Paramagnetic, Electrochemical sensor 1818
19. Impact of thermal power plant on
environment
Thermal power plant impacts on air, water,Thermal power plant impacts on air, water,
soil, flora and fauna.soil, flora and fauna.
1919
23. 1. CO2 Emission.
One MJof heat input produces 0.1 kg of co2
Increase in the temperature.
Increase in green house gases and global warming.
2. SO2Emission
During combustion S+ O2 = S O2
Gases + so2 forms = H2SO4 lead to acid rain.
2323
24. Contd…Contd…
3. NOx Emission
N + Ox.= NOx.
This is a hazardous pollutant creating visual and respiratory
problems.
4. SPM Emission
A small quantity still goes out through the stack .
The particles of size less than 2.5 microns
SPM damage the respiratory tract .
2424
25. Impact on LithosphereImpact on Lithosphere
Large area of land is required for coal based thermal power plant
559 ha area is required for dumping the ash of power plant with
capacity of 500MW.
Due to the fly ash natural soil properties changes and becomes more
alkaline.
Sameer et al .(2013)
2525
27. Impact on AgricultureImpact on Agriculture
Fly ash is spread on the leaves of the plants
Sun light ↓↓ photosynthesis ↓
Enlarging of the leaves ↓↓
Choking of the stomata.
No gaseous exchange and respiration.
Release of Radon can damage the
cells and genetic analysis of the plant
Ahmad et al. (2014)
2727
32. Impact on the Human beingsImpact on the Human beings
Pollutant Effect
Carbon
monoxide
Brain, vision, blood
Mercury, lead Nervous system
Nitrous oxide Respiration, visibility, immune system
Sulfur oxides Visibility, natural waterways, respiration
Radon Respiration
80000 to 115000 deaths in 2011-12 due to thermal emission. 3232
39. (16,000 – 28,000) lit/ hr of water is required power plant with
capacity of 500 Mw.
Ash pond decant contains harmful heavy metals like As, Be,
Hg.
Due to this the ground water gets polluted and becomes
unsuitable for domestic use
Choi et al.(2012)
3939
40. If hot water is releases in to the water source
Difference in temperature between the feed channel and
return channel Should be 5ºC. If > 5ºC then causes
THERMAL SHOCK.
Decrease in oxygen level.
Ecological impact.
Increase in metabolic rate.
Mortality rate.
Affects the reproduction.
Migration.
Kane et al. (2012)
4040
45. Study of Environmental Impacts of the Barapukuria Thermal
Power Plant of Bangladesh
By
Mahadi Hasan Masud, MD. Nazmus Shakib & Md. Rokonuzzaman
Global Journal of Researches in EngineeringGlobal Journal of Researches in Engineering
Volume 14 Issue 1 Version Year 2014
Case study -I
4545
46. Introduction
Barapukuria power plant is a power station which follows the
Rankine cycle. Total electricity generation is 250MW.
Fly ash is one of the common residues produced from combustion
of coal. Due to continuous & long lasting emission of SOx ,
NOx, SPM & CO2 which are the principal pollutants of coal
based plants.
pollutants are very largely distributed around radius of 25km.
cause respiratory and other health problems.
4646
50. Analysis of the drained water
Water
parameters
concentration
Mn 0.26 mg/l
pH 7.4
SO4 3.1 mg/l
NO3 1.6 mg/l
Fe3+
0.6 mg/l
All parameters are under limit except NO3
Analysis
Analysis of the coalAnalysis of the coal
Coal consumptionCoal consumption
Total for 2 units per day: 2400 M.tonTotal for 2 units per day: 2400 M.ton
Cooling water consumption/h: 800-1200Cooling water consumption/h: 800-1200
mm33
5050
51. Summarization of Impacts on EnvironmentSummarization of Impacts on Environment
Impact on health and atmosphere
population living within a 2-5 km radius of the plant suffers from
respiratory disorders.
The high amount of carbon dioxide emission from thermal power plants
contribute to global warming .
Impact on water
The water requirement for Barapukuria thermal power plant is 60 m3
/hr for
each unit. Among these water 30 m3
/hr is drained and rest of water is
recycling.
Ash pond decant contains harmful heavy metals like B, As, Hg cause
ground water pollution.
5151
54. Conclusion
Emission of SOx, Nox and particulates matter cause adverse effect
on surrounding region.
Effect on the ground water , agriculture due to the lack of water
source.
Upper surface of land become more alkaline due to components of
fly ash.
Human health (14%) , agriculture and atmosphere (47.3% ) is
effected by Barapukuria thermal power plant.
5454
55. Impact of Coal Based Thermal Power Plant on Environment and its
Mitigation Measure
BY
Ahmad Shamshad, Fulekar M.H., and Pathak Bhawana
International Research Journal of Environment Sciences
Vol. 1(4), 60-64, November (2012)
Case study -II
5555
56. Introduction
Coal is the only natural resource and fossil fuel available in
abundance in India. In India more than 70% of the power produced
by the coal- based thermal power plants. Combustion of coal at
thermal power plants emits mainly CO2, SOx, Nox, CFCs ,SPM.
and GHGs.
Study area
School Of Environment And Sustainable Development,
Central University Of Gujarat Sector -30 Gandhinagar,
Gujarat, India.
5656
57. Problem associated due to fly ash
Due to the fly ash water source is effected.
Heavy metals can adversely affect the growth rate of major crops.
In India, presently coal based thermal power plants are releasing 105MT
of CCRs which possess major environmental problems.
In India most of the thermal power plants do not have the facility for
automatic dry ash collection system. .
5757
59. Problems Associated With Radon
Radon is a colorless, odorless but noble gas, which is
radioactive released during the combustion of the coal will
effects health ,soil, water, vegetation.
It poses great health hazards not only to uranium miners but
also people living in normal houses and buildings and at work
place like coal mines, cement industry, thermal power plants
etc.
5959
60. Fly ash mitigation measures
Fly ash bricks:
Fly ash bricks have a number of advantages over the conventional burnt
clay bricks.
Six mechanized fly ash brick manufacturing units at Korba are producing
about 60000 bricks per day.
To give importance to ash brick manufacturing, Orissa Government in
India has banned the use of soil for the manufacture of bricks up to 20 km.
of a thermal power station.
Approximately 20-30% energy can be reduced by adding 25-40% fly ash.
6060
62. Fly ash in cement manufacture :
A cement technologist observed that the reactive elements present in fly ash
convert the problematic free lime into durable concrete.
Fly ash can substitute up to 66% of cement in the construction of dams.
Fly ash in R.C.C. is used not only for saving cement cost but also for
enhancing strength and durability.
6262
63. Fly ash-based ceramics:Fly ash-based ceramics:
Ceramic products with up to 50 % of mullite and 16 % of feldsparsCeramic products with up to 50 % of mullite and 16 % of feldspars
were obtained from binary mixtures of fly ash. ceramic properties such aswere obtained from binary mixtures of fly ash. ceramic properties such as
colour, bulk density, water absorption and firing shrinkage were testedcolour, bulk density, water absorption and firing shrinkage were tested
and good result is obtained.and good result is obtained.
(a) Mosaic tile (b) interlocking paver
a)
b)
6363
64. Fly ash as fertilizer:
Fly ash provides vital nutrients/minerals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mo, S and Se) to
crops ,vegetation.
It can be a soil modifier and enhance its moisture retaining capacity and
fertility.
The improvement in yield has been recorded with fly ash doses varying from
20 tone/ hectare to 100 tone / hectare .
On an average 20-30% yield increase has been observed.
(b)Reclamation of saline soils using
fly ash (75% savings in Gypsum)
(a) Cabbage at Dodhar, fly ash amended
soils 6464
65. Fly ash in road construction:
Dadri (U.P.) and Raichur (Karnataka) have been successfully completed the use
of fly ash in road /fly over embankment construction.
Construction of 1.9 km long, road embankment in New Delhi.
Guidelines have been prepared and approved by Indian Roads Congress (IRC)
as national standard.
Average Rs. 50 to 75 of earth work cost can be saved for 1m. by using fly ash.
6565
67. Conclusion
Coal in India is of poor quality, with very high ash content and low
calorific value.
Utilization of huge amount of coal in thermal power plant has created
several adverse effects on environment leading to global climate change
and fly ash management problem.
It is advisable to explore all possible application for fly ash utilization.
Several efforts are needed to utilize fly ash for making bricks,
manufacturing of cement, ceramics etc.
The utilization of fly ash gives good result in almost every aspects
including good strength, economically feasible and environmental friendly.
6767
68. conclusion
Large amount of SOx, NOx & SPM are generated which damage the
environment and are highly responsible for deterioration of health of
human beings, animal kingdom as well as plants.
Emission of SPM & RSPM disperse over 25 Kms radius land and cause
respiratory and related aliments to human beings and animal kingdom.
Proper care and maintenance is taken to overcome the impact .
Utilization of fly for manufacturing works (bricks, cement, concrete, road
construction and for agricultural use)
Try for alternative method.
6868
70. ReferencesReferences
Ahmad, A., Shahnawaz, M., Siddiqui, F., and Khan, H, Z., 2014, A statistical review on the
current scenario of generation and utilization of fly-ash in India. Int. J. of current
Engg. Tech., (4)4: 2434-2438.
Ahmad, S., Fulekar, M. H., and Bhawana, P., 2012, Impact of coal based thermal power plant
on environment and its mitigation measure. Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., 1(4): 60-64.
Choi, H. K., Kim, O. Y., and Lee, B. J., 2012, Thermal impacts of a coal power plant on the
plankton in an open coastal water environment. J. of Marine Sci. and Technology.,
20(2): 187-194.
Kane, A., Diagne., Diene., Tamba., Niang., and Sissoko., 2012, The thermal and mechanical
effects due to discharges of water from the steam thermal power plant on small fish and
mussels: the case of site of power génération at Cap Des Biches. Research J.of Envt.
and Earth Sci ., 4(7): 711-714.
Masud, H. M., Shakib, N., and Rokonuzzaman., 2014., Study of environmental impacts of
the Barapukuria thermal power plant of Bangladesh. Global J. of Researches in Engg.,
4(1): 47-52.
7070
71. Nawaz., 2013, Disposal and utilization of fly ash to protect the environment. Int. J. of
Innovative Research in Sci. Engg. and Tech., 2(10): 259-5266.
Pokale, W. K., 2012., Effects of thermal power plant on environment. Sci. Revs. Chem.
Commun., 2(3): 212-215.
Sameer Kumar., Dhruv Katoria and Dhruv Sehgal., 2013, Environment impact assessment
of thermal power plant for sustainable development. Int. J of Envt. Engg. and Mang., 4
(6): 567-572.
Yao, Z. T., Ji, X. S., and Sarker, P. K., Tang, J. H., Ge, L. Q., Xia, M. S., Xi, Y. Q., 2015, A
comprehensive review on the applications of coal fly ash. Earth-Sci. Reviews., 141:
105–121.
Energy policy in India (2015).
IndiaStat (2014).
KPCL projects (2015).
Ultra tech India (2013).
World development indicators: Electricity production .
7171
Power generating units are mega project, which require not only huge capital investment but also various natural resources like, fossil fuels and water, thus create an immeasurable & everlasting impacts on the environment and generate tremendous stress in the local eco-system in spite of stringent government norms to control and mitigate the damages to the environment by the power plants. Environmental Impacts and cost-benefit analysis of Power stations like STPS, (EFFECTS OF THERMAL POWER PLANT ON ENVIRONMENT W. K. POKALE* )
1gw= 1000mw
103=kilowat
106=mega= million watt
109=giga
1012=terawat
Out of 209 countries india stands 3rd
reference - World Development Indicators: Electricity production, sources, and Wiki
India
275,911.62mw
India is having the 29 states out of which the highest producing one is mh and ka is at the 7 th position
REFERENCES
1. Electricity sector in India (Main article: Energy policy of India)WIKI
2. The Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 (WIKI)
TOTAL
6498.905mw
KPCL Projects 2015
RTPS- RAICHUR THERMAL POWER STATION
SGS- SHARAVATHY GENERATING STATION(SHIMOGGA)
BTPS-BELLARY THERMAL POWER STATION
OUT OF 27 POWER STATIONS OF KARNATKA RAICHUR THERMAL POWER PLANT RANKS FIRST IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE ELECTRICITY
References-Karnataka Power Corporation Limited Energy Generation ( Gross) in MU by KPCL Projects Financial Year : 2015-16
total- 179653.9 mw
world is having the 209 countries
REFERENCES – ZT YOU
Electricity sector in India
Total -191,663.56
29 states
Energy policy of India
Total -6498.905
References
1.Karnataka Power Corporation Limited Energy Generation ( Gross) in MU by KPCL Projects Financial Year : 2015-16
2.wiki
References- Indian power sector.com
references -
Md Aquil AhmadȦ*, Mohammad ShahnawazȦ, Mohd. Faiz SiddiquiȦ and Zainul Hasan KhanȦ (aug 2014)
World production
Ak jain ultra tech india 2013
India production
References-
ANNEXURE REFERRED TO IN REPLY TO PART (a) OF THE LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1273 FOR ANSWER ON 18.7.2014.
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND PROMOTION
LOK SABHA
Some of the different systems, or spheres, of the Earth are the:
Atmosphere—the thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth.
Hydrosphere—the part of Earth's surface that consists of water.
Biosphere—the part of the Earth that supports life. The biosphere includes all the areas where life is found.
Lithosphere—the solid part of the Earth. The lithosphere consists of mountains, valleys, continents and all of the land beneath the oceans. Only one-fourth of Earth's surface is land, but solid rock makes up more than 99% of Earth's total mass.
different systems, or spheres, of the Earth are the
Atmosphere : The thin layer of air, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, that surrounds the Earth.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Burning Coal in a power plant produces a number of pollutants. Some of these pollutants are specific to the type of fuel or is part of the combustion process or related to the design and configuration of the plant. This article highlights the major pollutants discharged from the power plant.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
CO2 was thought of as a product of combustion and not as a pollutant. Kyoto protocol, effects of Green House gases and global warming issues have changed the way we look at CO2. CO2 has turned to be the major greenhouse gas. A fossil fuel power plant is the major contributor of CO2.
One MJ of heat input produces 0.1 kg of CO2. The only way to eliminate CO2 is to capture it before leaving to atmosphere. After capturing it has to be stored permanently or sequestered. Commercially viable capture and sequestration systems are yet to be in place. Till such time the only way is to
Improve the power plant efficiency so that the reduced coal consumption reduces CO2 per kwhr.
Switch over from Fossil based energy sources to renewable sources like wind, solar or hydro power.
Reduce Deforestation and increase Afforestation to absorb the excess CO2 produced.
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
This is a product of Combustion and depends on the amount of Sulfur in Coal.This is also referred to as SOx.
Sulphur in Coal ranges for 0.1 % to 3.5% depending on type and rank. During combustion Sulfur combines with Oxygen to form SO2.
Power plants are the largest emitters of SO2. In the presence of other gases SO2 forms Sulphuric acid and can precipitate down as acid rain leading to destruction of eco systems.
Use of low Sulfur coals is the best ways to reduce the SO2 emissions. Desulphurisation plants downstream of the boilers also reduce emissions. Fluidized bed combustion of coal is another effective method to reduce SO2 emissions..
Ash
Ash is the residue after the combustion. A 500 MW coal fired power plant burning Coal with around 20 % Ash, collects ash to the tune of Two Million Tons in Five years. Cement plants may utilize a small portion of the ash. Disposing bulk of it on a long term basis can raise major environmental issues.
Ash contains toxic elements that can percolate into the drinking water system.
The wind, breach of dykes or ash spills can carry away the ash particles to surrounding areas causing harm to humans and vegetation.
Considering the life of a power plant is 20 years, great foresight , planning and commitment is required to dispose the ash in an eco friendly way.
Particulate Matter
Power plants have elaborate arrangements to collect the ash. A small quantity still goes out through the stack and is categorized as Particulate Matter emission.
The very tall stacks in power plants disperse this ash over a very wide area reducing the concentration levels to human acceptable levels at ground levels.
The particles of size less than 2.5 microns called PM 2.5 is of great concern since these are responsible for respiratory illness in humans.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Nitrogen in fuel and in the air reacts with Oxygen at high temperatures to form various oxides of Nitrogen collectively called NOX. Fossil fuel power plants are the second largest emitter of NOX.
This is a hazardous pollutant creating visual and respiratory problems. Also NOX combines with water to form acid rain, smog, and ground ozone.
Design changes in combustion technology have helped in reducing the NOX emissions. Methods like Selective Catalytic Reactors are used in power plants to meet the emission regulations.(Bright Hub Engineering)
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Burning Coal in a power plant produces a number of pollutants. Some of these pollutants are specific to the type of fuel or is part of the combustion process or related to the design and configuration of the plant. This article highlights the major pollutants discharged from the power plant.
526.26 CELCIOUS
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 42.8% increase.(skeptical science)
CO2 was thought of as a product of combustion and not as a pollutant. Kyoto protocol, effects of Green House gases and global warming issues have changed the way we look at CO2. CO2 has turned to be the major greenhouse gas. A fossil fuel power plant is the major contributor of CO2.
One MJ of heat input produces 0.1 kg of CO2. The only way to eliminate CO2 is to capture it before leaving to atmosphere. After capturing it has to be stored permanently or sequestered. Commercially viable capture and sequestration systems are yet to be in place. Till such time the only way is to
Improve the power plant efficiency so that the reduced coal consumption reduces CO2 per kwhr.
Switch over from Fossil based energy sources to renewable sources like wind, solar or hydro power.
Reduce Deforestation and increase Afforestation to absorb the excess CO2 produced.
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
This is a product of Combustion and depends on the amount of Sulfur in Coal.This is also referred to as SOx.
Sulphur in Coal ranges for 0.1 % to 3.5% depending on type and rank. During combustion Sulfur combines with Oxygen to form SO2.
Power plants are the largest emitters of SO2. In the presence of other gases SO2 forms Sulphuric acid and can precipitate down as acid rain leading to destruction of eco systems.
Use of low Sulfur coals is the best ways to reduce the SO2 emissions. Desulphurisation plants downstream of the boilers also reduce emissions. Fluidized bed combustion of coal is another effective method to reduce SO2 emissions..
Ash
Ash is the residue after the combustion. A 500 MW coal fired power plant burning Coal with around 20 % Ash, collects ash to the tune of Two Million Tons in Five years. Cement plants may utilize a small portion of the ash. Disposing bulk of it on a long term basis can raise major environmental issues.
Ash contains toxic elements that can percolate into the drinking water system.
The wind, breach of dykes or ash spills can carry away the ash particles to surrounding areas causing harm to humans and vegetation.
Considering the life of a power plant is 20 years, great foresight , planning and commitment is required to dispose the ash in an eco friendly way.
Particulate Matter
Power plants have elaborate arrangements to collect the ash. A small quantity still goes out through the stack and is categorized as Particulate Matter emission.
The very tall stacks in power plants disperse this ash over a very wide area reducing the concentration levels to human acceptable levels at ground levels.
The particles of size less than 2.5 microns called PM 2.5 is of great concern since these are responsible for respiratory illness in humans.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Nitrogen in fuel and in the air reacts with Oxygen at high temperatures to form various oxides of Nitrogen collectively called NOX. Fossil fuel power plants are the second largest emitter of NOX.
This is a hazardous pollutant creating visual and respiratory problems. Also NOX combines with water to form acid rain, smog, and ground ozone.
Design changes in combustion technology have helped in reducing the NOX emissions. Methods like Selective Catalytic Reactors are used in power plants to meet the emission regulations.(Bright Hub Engineering)
Geosphere/Lithosphere : The solid rock part of Earth, including mountains, valleys, continents, and all of the rock beneath the oceans.
Geosphere/LithospherThis includes the ground beneath our feet and all of its non-living land features.
Tamil Nadu80,356.21Tertiary
Sameer Kumar1, Dhruv Katoria2 and Dhruv Sehgal3
biosphere is composed of all of the living organisms on the planet. This includes all of the plants, animals, bacteria, fungi and single-celled organisms found on Earth. Most of this life exists no deeper than about 10 feet into the ground or about 600 feet above it.
Ahmad et al (2014)
Arun et al (2015)
A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air
The water requirement for a coal-based power plant is about 0.005-0.18 m3/kwh. At STPS, the water
requirement has been marginally reduced from about 0.18 m3/kWh to 0.15 m3/kwh after the installation of a
treatment facility for the ash pond decant. Still the water requirement of 0.15 m3/kwh = 150 Liters per Unit
of electricity is very high compared to the domestic requirement of water of a big city.
Ash pond decant contains harmful heavy metals like B, As, Hg which have a tendency to leach out
over a period of time. Due to this the ground water gets polluted and becomes unsuitable for domestic use.
At Ramagundam STPS leakage of the ash pond decants was noticed into a small natural channel. This is
harmful to the fisheries and other aquatic biota in the water body. Similar findings were noted for
Chandrapur.
The exposure of employees to high noise levels is very high in the coal based thermal power plant.
Moreover, the increased transportation activities due to the operation of the power plant leads to an increase
in noise levels in the adjacent localities (W. K. POKALE*2012)
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post-absorptive state (meaning that the digestive system is inactive, which requires about
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimal rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. (McNab, B. K. 1997). On the Utility of Uniformity in the Definition of Basal Rate of Metabolism. Physiol. Zool. Vol.70; Metabolism refers to the processes that the body needs to function.
Thermal shock occurs when a thermal gradient causes different parts of an object to expand by different amounts. This differential expansion can be understood in terms of stress or of strain, equivalently. At some point, this stress can exceed the strength of the material, causing a crack to form.
Fish mortality is a parameter used in fisheries population dynamics to account for the loss of fish in a fish stock through death
Nawz (2013)
Thermal Power Plant affects environmental segments of the surrounding region very badly. Large amount of SOx, NOx & SPM are generated which damage the environment and are highly responsible for deterioration of health of human beings, animal kingdom as well as plants. Emission of SPM & RSPM disperse over 25 Kms radius land and cause respiratory and related aliments to human beings and animal kingdom
SPM gets deposited on the plants which affect photosynthesis. Due to penetration of pollutants inside the plants through leaves & branches, imbalance of minerals, micro and major nutrients in the plants take place which affect the plant growth severely. Spreading & deposition of SPM on soil, disturb the soil strata thereby the fertile and forest land becomes less productive. Because of continuous & long lasting emission of SOx & NOx, which are the principal pollutants emitted from a coal based power plant, structures & buildings get affected due to corrosive reactions. (EFFECTS OF THERMAL POWER PLANT ON ENVIRONMENT W. K. POKALE* )