Personality is determined by a combination of biological, psychological, and social/cultural factors. The document discusses several theories of personality: 1. Allport defined personality as the dynamic organization within an individual that determines their unique adjustment to the environment. 2. Freud proposed that personality is composed of the id, ego, and superego which aim to satisfy instincts while dealing with reality and morality. 3. Jung emphasized creativity and problem solving and proposed concepts like the collective unconscious and archetypes. 4. Behavioral approaches view personality as responses to the environment, while humanistic approaches see self-actualization and fulfillment as driving personality development. The document provides an overview of several theories

1. Personality
BY
Dr. LALIT SHARMA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
INDIRA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
&
SPORTS SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

2. Personality
Allport : Personality is a dynamic organization within the individual of
those psycho physical system that determine his unique adjustment to his
environment.
Psychological
core
Typical Response
Role related
Behavior
Structure of personality
Note:
 Self and Personality refer to the characteristic ways in which we define
our existence.
The structure of self is modifiable in the light of our own experiences.

3. Personal Identity refers to those attributes of a person that make him/her
different from others.
A person may differentiate himself/ herself by telling
 His name.
 His/ her qualities or characteristics( I’m honest).
 His/her potentialities or capabilities ( I’m hardworking).
 His/her beliefs. (Believer of god)
Social Identity refers to those aspects of a person that link him/her to a social
or cultural group or are derived from it.
Self refers to the totality of an individual’s conscious experiences, ideas,
thoughts and feeling with regard to herself or himself.

4. Cognitive & Behavioral Aspects of Self
Individuals describe themselves
 Either as an entity that does something.
E.g. I am a dancer. -Subject
OR
As an entity on which something is done.
E.g. I am one entity who easily gets hurt. -Object
Self as Subject and Self as Object
Self concept – The way we perceive ourselves and the ideas we hold about our
competencies & attributes is called self concept.
Self Esteem - This value judgment of a person about himself is called self
esteem.
Self Efficacy – People differ in the extent to which they believe they
themselves control their life outcomes or the outcomes are controlled by luck or
fate or other situational factors.
Self Regulations - Refers to our ability to organize and monitor our own
behavior.
Learning to delay or defer the gratification of needs is called self-control.

5. Techniques for Self Control
 Observation of own behavior.
 Self Instruction.
 Self Reinforcement.
Characteristics of Personality
 It has both physical and psychological components.
 Its expression in terms of behavior is fairly unique in a given individual.
 Its main feature do not change with time.
 It is dynamic in the sense that some of its features may change due to internal
or external situational demands. (Personality is adaptive to situations)

6. Determinants of personality
1. Biological
2. Physical Environment
3. Psychological Factors
1. Familiar Determinants
2. Social Class
3. Cultural Factors
Genetics
Hormones- Thyroid
Climate
Identification
Child Leaving Practice
Values
Names
Self concept, Self Esteem, Self
Efficacy & Self Regulation.
IQ

7. Different Approaches To Study Personality
A number of approaches and theories have been developed to understand and
explain behavioral differences among individual.
Type approaches – Attempts to comprehend human personality by examining certain
broad patterns in the observed behavioral characteristics of individual.
Individuals are placed in terms of the similarity of their behavioral characteristics
with that person.
Trait Approach- Focuses on the specific psychological attributes along which
individuals tend to differ in consistent and stable ways.
International approach- Holds that situational characteristics play an important role
in determining our behavior.

8. Type Approaches
Personality types are used to represent & communicate a set of
expected behaviors based on similarities.
In India - Charak Samhita- Ayurveda classify
(Based on Tridosha)
Vata Pitta Kapha

9. Typology of personality based on the Trigunas
Sattva Rajas Tamas
Sheldon
Endomorphic Mesomorphic Ectomorphic
(include –
Cleanliness,
Truthfulness,
dutifulness,
Discipline)
(include –
Intensive Activity,
Desire for sense
gratification,
Envy for others
and materialistic
mentality)
(include –
Anger,
Arrogance,
Depression,
Laziness,
feeling of
helplessness)

10. Jung
Introvert Extrovert Ambiverts
Friedman & Rosenman
Type A Type
B
Type C Type
D
Seems to possess
•High motivation
•Lack patience
•Feel short of time
•In great hurry
•Feel like always burdened
with work.
Prone to – Hypertension,
CHS ( Coronary Heart
Disease)
Absence of
Type A
traits.
•Cooperative
•Unassertive
•Patient
•Suppress their negative
emotion(e.g. Anger).
•Show compliance to
authority.
Prone to- Cancer
Prone to –
Depression

11. Trait Approaches
 Descriptions are characteristics of basic components of personality.
 They try to discover the building blocks of personality.
 Trait approach try to identify primary characteristics of people.
“A Trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality
on which one individual differs from another.”
To summarize
A. Traits are relatively stable over time.
B. They are generally consistent across situation.
C. Their strengths and combinations vary across individual leading to
individual differences in personality.

12. Allport Categorized Traits into
Cardinal traits: are highly generalized dispositions. They indicate the goal
around which a person’s entire life seems to revolve. (E.g. Gandhi’s Non
Violence)
Central traits: less pervasive but still quite generalized dispositions are called
central traits. (warm, sincere, etc)
Secondary Traits : the least generalized characteristics of a person are called
secondary traits.
(e.g. like mangoes or prefer ethnic clothes)
Cattell Personality Factors
Source Traits: are stable and are considered as building blocks of
personality.
Interface Traits: Results out of interaction of source traits.

13. Eysenck’s Theory
H.J.Eysenck’s proposed personality could be reduced to two broad
categories.
Biologically and genetically Based
1. Neuroticism v/s Emotional stability
(Neurotic, anxious, moody, touchy, restless and quickly lose control.)
2. Extroversion v/s Introversion
3. Psychoticism v/s Sociability
(Psychoticism hostile, egocentric, antisocial)

14. Psychodynamic Approach
 Popular approach to study personality.
 Freud considered the sources and consequences of emotional conflicts and
the way people deal with these.
 In doing so it visualizes the human mind in terms of three levels of
consciousness.
Conscious : which includes the thoughts, feelings and actions of which
people are aware.
Preconscious : which involves mental activity of which people may
become aware only if they attend to it.
Unconscious: involves mental activity that people are unaware of.

15. According to Freud unconscious is reservoir of instinctive or animal drives.
It also stores all ideas and wishes that are concealed from conscious
awareness.
Freud developed therapeutic procedure called Psychoanalysis.
Basic goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to bring the repressed
unconsciousness materials to consciousness.

16. Structure of Personality
 Id, ego and superego are concepts and not real physical structures.
 Id : It is source of a person’s instinctual energy. Deals with the immediate
gratification of primitive needs, sexual desires and aggressive impulses. It
works on pleasure principle.
 Ego : It grows out of id and seeks to satisfy an individual’s instinctual
needs in accordance with reality. It works by reality principle.
 Superego: moral branch of mental functioning.
 Relative strength of the Id, ego and superego determines each person’s
stability.
# Human behavior reflects an attempt to deal with or escape from anxiety.
# How ego deals with anxiety largely determines how people behave.
Note –Defense mechanism is a way of reducing anxiety by distorting
reality.

17.  Repression: Anxiety provoking behavior or thoughts are totally dismissed
by the unconscious.
 Projection: People attributes their own traits to others.
 Denial :A person totally refuses to accept reality.
 Reaction formation: A person defends against anxiety by adopting behavior
opposite to his/her true feelings.
 Rationalization: A person tries to make unreasonable feelings or behavior
seem reasonable and acceptable.

18. Post Freudian Approaches
 The theorists are characterized by less prominent roles to several and
aggressive tendencies of the id and expansion of the concept of ego.
 The human qualities of creativity, competence and problem solving
abilities are emphasized.
 Carl Jung : Jung saw human beings guided as much by aims and
aspirations as by sex and aggression.
 He developed his theory of personality.

19. Analystical Psychology
 Basic assumption is that Personality consists of competing forces and
structures within the individual.(That must be balanced)
 Jung claimed that there was a collective unconscious consisting of
Archetypes. These are not acquired but are inherited. (e.g. God, Mother
Earth)
Karen Horney :Optimism
 Another disciple of Freud. She adopted a more optimistic view of human
life with emphasis on human growth and self actualization.
 She argued that psychological disorders were caused by Disturbed
Interpersonal Relationships during childhood.
 When parent’s behavior is indifferent, discouraging and erratic, the child
feels insecure and the feeling is called basic anxiety.

20. Alfred Adler : lifestyle and Social Interest
 Adler theory is known as Individual Psychology.
 Basic assumption is human behavior is purposeful and goal oriented.
 Our Personal Goals are source of motivation.
 Goals which provide us with security and help us in overcoming the
feeling of inadequacy are important in our personality development.
 In Adler’s view every individual suffers from the feelings of inadequacy
and guilt i.e. Inferiority Complex.

21. Behavioral Approach
 Behaviorists believe in data, which they feel are definable, observable and
measurable.
 Personality can be best understood as the response of an individual to the
environment.
 For most behaviorists, the structural unit of personality is the response.
Cultural Approach
 Attempt to understand personality in relation to the features of ecological
and cultural environment.
 Group’s “Economic Maintenance System” plays a vital role in the origin
of cultural and behavioral variations.

22. Humanistic approach
 Carl Rogers & Abrahm Maslow contributed.
 Most important idea proposed by Rogers is that of a “fully functioning
person”.
 He believes that fulfillment is the motivating force for personality
development.
 People try to express their capabilities, potential and talents to the fullest
extent possible.
Rogers’Two Assumptions
 One is that behavior is goal directed and worthwhile.
 Second is that people (who are innately good) will almost always choose
adaptive self actualizing behavior.
 His theory is structured around the concept of self.
 Atmosphere of Unconditional Positive Regard must be create in order to
ensure enhancement of people’s self concept.

23. Maslow proposed detailed account of Psychologically Healthy people.
Shows following characteristics
1. Aware of themselves, their feelings & their limits. Accept themselves.
2. Experience here and now.
3. They do not live in the past or dwell in the future through anxious
expectations.
4. Independence.
5. Democratic Attitude.
6. Strongly held values.

24. Social Learning Theory
(Bandera & Walters)
 Individual presents to the world at large as his personality is acquired
through a continuous process of structuring and restructuring of
experiences gathered by means of social learning.
 Individual acquires numerous traits and modes of behavior from many
forces, and all these together contribute to the formation and development
of his unique, distinctive personality.

25. Big Five
 Agreeableness –Good natured, cooperative, trusting, helpful at one end
to irritable , suspicious, uncooperative at other.
 Extroversion- Energetic, enthusiastic, socialable & talkative to retiring,
sober, reversed silent.
 Consciousness- Organized, careful, self disciplined, responsible &
precise to impulsive, careless & undependable.
 Emotional Stability- Poised, Calm, composed to nervous & anxious.
 Openness to Experience- Imaginative, having broad interest at one end
to down to simple and having narrow interest at the other.

26. Traits of a Sportsperson
1. Sociability
2. Extraversion
3. Conventionality
4. Mental Toughness
5. Emotional Stability
6. Self Concept
7. Dominance

27. THANK YOU