1. Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular and exist in nearly every habitat on Earth.
2. They exhibit a wide range of thallus organizations from unicellular to colonial to filamentous to parenchymatous thalli.
3. Algae are found in aquatic environments like oceans, lakes and rivers as well as terrestrial, symbiotic, parasitic and extreme habitats like hot springs or polar regions.
This document describes the genus Volvox, which are colonial green algae found in freshwater. Volvox colonies are spherical or elliptical in shape, made up of 500-50,000 cells embedded in mucilage. Each cell performs functions like nutrition, respiration, and excretion. Sexual reproduction is oogamous and heterothallic or homothallic, involving female oogonia and male antheridia that produce sperm. Fertilization results in a zygote that forms a dormant oospore, which can germinate to form a new Volvox colony.
Algae exhibit a wide range of thallus structures, from single-celled organisms to large seaweeds. Their thalli can be unicellular and motile, unicellular and non-motile, colonial, filamentous, heterotrichous, siphonous, uni-axial, multi-axial, or parenchymatous. Examples include Chlamydomonas as a unicellular motile type, Chlorella as a unicellular non-motile type, Volvox as a motile coenobial type, Spirogyra as a filamentous type, and Ulva as a thalloid type. Algae reproduce both sexually through structures
Peziza is a genus of cup fungi that grows on the ground, rotting wood, or dung. It produces cup or disc-shaped fruiting bodies called apothecia that can be sessile or stalked, and range in size from 0.5-10 cm in diameter. Peziza contains over 100 species and reproduces both sexually through antheridia and ascogonia fusion or asexually by producing conidia or chlamydospores.
Nostoc is a genus of blue-green algae that forms ball-like colonies encased in a gelatinous sheath. The colonies contain many filaments made of cylindrical cells. Some cells called heterocysts are involved in nitrogen fixation. Nostoc can be found in soil, rocks, lakes and springs. It contains pigments and has the ability to fix nitrogen. Certain species of Nostoc are edible and have been used as a food supplement in Asia. Research is being conducted on cultivating edible Nostoc species for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications.
This document summarizes the key characteristics of the cyanobacteria Nostoc. Nostoc occurs in freshwater environments, forming spherical colonies embedded in mucilage. It has filaments made up of spherical, bead-like cells. Some cells are heterocysts that fix atmospheric nitrogen. Nostoc reproduces vegetatively through colony fragmentation, hormogones, and akinetes (resting spores), which form in filaments during unfavorable conditions. Nostoc is important in fertilizing soil in paddy fields through its nitrogen fixation.
Volvox is a genus of green algae that forms spherical colonies called coenobia. Each coenobium contains many cells embedded in a gelatinous sheath. The cells are biflagellate and work together to propel the coenobium through water. Volvox reproduces both asexually through the formation of daughter coenobia inside parent coenobia, and sexually through the development of male antheridia and female oogonia. During sexual reproduction, antherozoids fertilize eggs within oogonia to form zygotes, which overwinter on the bottom of water bodies before germinating into new coenobia.
1. Vaucheria is a yellow-green, filamentous, aquatic or terrestrial alga that grows in dense tufts.
2. It reproduces asexually through the production of multiflagellate zoospores inside club-shaped sporangia or non-motile aplanospores.
3. Under unfavorable conditions, it produces thick-walled akinetes or hypnospores that can directly form new plants when conditions improve.
Lyngbya ppt - cyanobacteria cyanophyceae blue green algaeKeertiGupta19
Lyngbya is a blue green algae or cyanobacteria of family cyanophyceae . Lyngbya ppt or presentation - All about Lyngbya in detail - classification, occurence, reproduction etc.
This document describes the genus Volvox, which are colonial green algae found in freshwater. Volvox colonies are spherical or elliptical in shape, made up of 500-50,000 cells embedded in mucilage. Each cell performs functions like nutrition, respiration, and excretion. Sexual reproduction is oogamous and heterothallic or homothallic, involving female oogonia and male antheridia that produce sperm. Fertilization results in a zygote that forms a dormant oospore, which can germinate to form a new Volvox colony.
Algae exhibit a wide range of thallus structures, from single-celled organisms to large seaweeds. Their thalli can be unicellular and motile, unicellular and non-motile, colonial, filamentous, heterotrichous, siphonous, uni-axial, multi-axial, or parenchymatous. Examples include Chlamydomonas as a unicellular motile type, Chlorella as a unicellular non-motile type, Volvox as a motile coenobial type, Spirogyra as a filamentous type, and Ulva as a thalloid type. Algae reproduce both sexually through structures
Peziza is a genus of cup fungi that grows on the ground, rotting wood, or dung. It produces cup or disc-shaped fruiting bodies called apothecia that can be sessile or stalked, and range in size from 0.5-10 cm in diameter. Peziza contains over 100 species and reproduces both sexually through antheridia and ascogonia fusion or asexually by producing conidia or chlamydospores.
Nostoc is a genus of blue-green algae that forms ball-like colonies encased in a gelatinous sheath. The colonies contain many filaments made of cylindrical cells. Some cells called heterocysts are involved in nitrogen fixation. Nostoc can be found in soil, rocks, lakes and springs. It contains pigments and has the ability to fix nitrogen. Certain species of Nostoc are edible and have been used as a food supplement in Asia. Research is being conducted on cultivating edible Nostoc species for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications.
This document summarizes the key characteristics of the cyanobacteria Nostoc. Nostoc occurs in freshwater environments, forming spherical colonies embedded in mucilage. It has filaments made up of spherical, bead-like cells. Some cells are heterocysts that fix atmospheric nitrogen. Nostoc reproduces vegetatively through colony fragmentation, hormogones, and akinetes (resting spores), which form in filaments during unfavorable conditions. Nostoc is important in fertilizing soil in paddy fields through its nitrogen fixation.
Volvox is a genus of green algae that forms spherical colonies called coenobia. Each coenobium contains many cells embedded in a gelatinous sheath. The cells are biflagellate and work together to propel the coenobium through water. Volvox reproduces both asexually through the formation of daughter coenobia inside parent coenobia, and sexually through the development of male antheridia and female oogonia. During sexual reproduction, antherozoids fertilize eggs within oogonia to form zygotes, which overwinter on the bottom of water bodies before germinating into new coenobia.
1. Vaucheria is a yellow-green, filamentous, aquatic or terrestrial alga that grows in dense tufts.
2. It reproduces asexually through the production of multiflagellate zoospores inside club-shaped sporangia or non-motile aplanospores.
3. Under unfavorable conditions, it produces thick-walled akinetes or hypnospores that can directly form new plants when conditions improve.
Lyngbya ppt - cyanobacteria cyanophyceae blue green algaeKeertiGupta19
Lyngbya is a blue green algae or cyanobacteria of family cyanophyceae . Lyngbya ppt or presentation - All about Lyngbya in detail - classification, occurence, reproduction etc.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
1. Lichens are a symbiotic organism consisting of a fungus and an algae or cyanobacteria. They can grow in a wide range of habitats and environments.
2. Lichens have several types of structures and reproduce both sexually through structures like apothecia, and asexually through fragmentation, soredia, and isidia.
3. Lichens serve important ecological roles as pioneer colonizers and environmental pollution indicators. They also have economic uses including as food, medicines, dyes, and in brewing. However, some lichens can be harmful by spreading fires or accumulating radioactive materials.
The document discusses key aspects of brown algae (Phaeophyceae):
- It contains over 1500 species across 240 genera, with golden-brown pigments like fucoxanthin. Most are marine but some are freshwater.
- Plant bodies are multicellular and differentiated, ranging in size from centimeters to the largest kelp at 100 meters. They have structures like a holdfast, stipe, and flattened frond.
- Cells walls are differentiated, containing substances like alginic acid and mannitol for storage. Reproduction occurs through vegetative, sexual, and asexual means like fragmentation or motile zoospores and gametes.
- Economically important species like
Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Riccia is a genus of thallose liverworts commonly found growing terrestrially or aquatically. It has a flat, lobed gametophyte thallus with dichotomous branching and a midrib furrow containing its sexual organs. Riccia reproduces both vegetatively through thallus fragmentation and sexually through the fertilization of archegonia by antheridia-derived sperm. This results in a sporophyte embedded in the gametophyte that produces haploid spores through meiosis. The spores germinate to form new gametophyte plants,
This document summarizes the nomenclature used for naming fossil plants. It discusses the history of naming conventions for plant fossils and how the current Vienna Code provides flexible taxonomic concepts for paleobotanists. Individual plant parts discovered as fossils are often named as form genera to represent detached organs like leaves, stems, or cones. When plant parts can be reconstructed into a whole organism, a binomial name may be assigned. Common plant fossil genera discussed include Lepidodendron and Calamites along with the form genera used to represent their individual parts.
This document discusses the morphology, anatomy, and reproduction of Marchantia, a genus of liverwort. It belongs to the division Bryophyta, class Hepaticopsida. Marchantia has a dorsiventral gametophyte generation that reproduces sexually or asexually. Sexual reproduction involves antheridiophores bearing antheridia that produce sperm, and archegoniophores bearing archegonia containing eggs. Fertilization forms a sporophyte generation consisting of a foot, seta, and capsule containing spores. The spores germinate to form a new gametophyte generation.
1. The document discusses the classification, characteristics, and life cycle of the red algae Gelidium. It belongs to the division Rhodophycophyta, class Rhodophyceae, sub-class Florideae, and order Gelidiales.
2. Gelidium has a stiff, cartilaginous thallus that is often pinnately branched. It reproduces both sexually, through non-motile gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation and non-motile spores.
3. Red algae like Gelidium are used for medicines, food, and industrial products like agar and carrageenan. Some can also cause harmful algal blo
Hydrodictyon is a genus of green algae that forms large floating colonies composed of elongate, coenocytic cells linked together in a reticulated net-like pattern. Each cell is connected to two other cells, forming meshes of 5-6 cells. The colonies reproduce vegetatively through fragmentation, and asexually through the formation of daughter colonies inside parent cells. Sexual reproduction involves the production of biflagellate gametes that fuse to form quadriflagellate zygotes, which develop into thick-walled zygospores. Zygospores remain dormant over winter and germinate in spring, undergoing meiosis to produce zoospores that develop into new daughter colonies.
1. Chara is a genus of macroscopic, multicellular, branched green algae that grows in freshwater. The plants have a main axis with nodes, internodes, and branches of either limited or unlimited growth.
2. Vegetative reproduction occurs through structures like amylum stars, bulbils, and secondary protenemas that form on the rhizoids. Sexual reproduction is oogamous, with male antheridia and female oogonia occurring either on the same plant or different plants.
3. Fertilization involves the release of biflagellate antherozoids from the antheridia that swim and penetrate the receptive egg cell within the oogonium,
Morchella is a saprobic discomycete fungus that produces aerial fruiting bodies called morels or ascocarps. The ascocarps have a pitted pileus and reproduce sexually through the production and release of ascospores in the hymenium. The lifecycle involves a dikaryophase where two nuclei fuse without nuclear fusion, followed by a transitory diploid phase in the young ascus where meiosis occurs, producing ascospores. Morchella lacks asexual reproduction and hook formation.
Nostoc is a genus of cyanobacteria that is commonly found in alkaline soils, moist rocks, water ponds, streams, and lakes. The body, or thallus, of Nostoc consists of many filaments made up of rounded cells arranged in a chain. The filaments are embedded in a jelly-like mass and covered by a gelatinous sheath. Cells contain a centroplasm and chromoplasm but not a true nucleus. Nostoc reproduces asexually through fragmentation of filaments, formation of hormogonia, or production of thick-walled resting cells called akinetes. It can fix atmospheric nitrogen and plays an important ecological role through photosynthesis.
This document provides information about Cyanophyta (cyanobacteria) presented by Dr. Sangeeta Das. It discusses the characteristics, distribution, ecology, thallus organization, cell structure, reproduction of cyanobacteria. It specifically focuses on Nostoc, providing details about its systematic position, morphology, and life cycle. Key points include that cyanobacteria are a primitive group of algae found all over the world, they can have unicellular or colonial thalli, reproduce both vegetatively and asexually, and Nostoc forms filaments within a gelatinous sheath and reproduces through fragmentation and akinete formation.
Vaucheria is a genus of green algae in the order Heterosiphonales. It is a coenocytic, filamentous alga that can live in aquatic or terrestrial environments. It reproduces asexually through the formation of sporangia containing zoospores or aplanospores, and sexually through an oogamous process involving antheridia and oogonia. Fragmentation of the filament is also a form of vegetative reproduction in Vaucheria.
This document provides an overview of algae, including their structure, classification, reproduction, importance, and issues like algal blooms. It discusses that algae come in various forms from single-celled to multicellular and lack true roots/leaves. Algae are broadly divided into unicellular and multicellular categories. It also summarizes Fritsch's 11 class system of algae classification based on pigments, flagella, and food storage. The document outlines that algae reproduce through asexual/vegetative and sexual means and discusses their importance in oxygen production and carbon storage, as well as issues like toxic algal blooms fueled by excess nutrients.
Bryophytes and pteridophytes are small, non-vascular land plants and the earliest seedless vascular plants, respectively. They have the following key characteristics:
1. They reproduce via spores and have alternation of generations, where the haploid gametophyte generates gametes and the diploid sporophyte produces spores.
2. Bryophytes lack true stems and vascular tissue. Pteridophytes are the first to develop true stems, leaves, and vascular tissue.
3. Both groups require water for fertilization but pteridophytes can grow larger due to their vascular tissue. They bridge the characteristics between early land plants and modern seed plants.
General Characters of Rhodophyceae & Life Cycle of Polysiphonia SMGsajigeorge64
1. Polysiphonia is a genus of red algae that has a complex life cycle involving alternating haploid and diploid generations.
2. It reproduces both sexually, with separate male and female gametophytes, and asexually through carpospores and tetraspores.
3. Sexually, fertilization of an egg by a non-motile sperm produces a diploid zygote, which develops into a carposporophyte producing carpospores or a tetrasporophyte producing tetraspores.
The document describes the plant Psilotum, which is classified as a vascular plant in the division Psilophyta. It has an underground rhizome that produces aerial branches bearing sporangia in clusters of three called synangia. The plant reproduces asexually through spores produced in the synangia and sexually through an underground gametophyte that produces eggs and sperm. The rhizome and stem have anatomical features including epidermis, cortex, endodermis and a central stele of xylem and phloem. Psilotum is considered to have characteristics transitional between non-vascular bryophytes and modern vascular plants.
Ulothrix is a genus of filamentous green algae that can reproduce asexually through fragmentation, akinetes, hypnospores, and different types of zoospores. Sexual reproduction occurs through isogamy where gametes fuse to form a zygote. Under unfavorable conditions, it can form thick-walled structures like akinetes or aplanospores to survive. Ulothrix species are found in freshwater and saline environments around the world.
Bryophytes are a division of nonvascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They were some of the earliest land plants, emerging around 485 million years ago. Bryophytes grow in habitats where water is periodically available, such as forest floors, tree trunks, and damp soil. They reproduce through an alternation of generations, where the dominant gametophyte generation produces sex organs and a dependent sporophyte generation that produces spores and fertilizes the eggs to form diploid zygotes. Bryophytes play important ecological roles in soil formation, moisture retention, and nutrient recycling in forests.
This document provides information on the structure and composition of algae. It begins by defining algae as chlorophyll-containing plants that lack true roots, stems, and leaves. It then discusses the different types of algal habitats, including aquatic, terrestrial, and unusual habitats. Various examples of algae from each habitat are provided, such as Cladophora and Chara from freshwater and Ectocarpus and Saragassum from marine environments. The document concludes by describing the different thallus structures found in algae, ranging from unicellular to colonial to filamentous and parenchymatous forms. Examples highlighting each structure type are cited.
The term "algae" covers many different organisms capable of producing oxygen through photosynthesis (the process of harvesting light energy from the sun to generate carbohydrates).
Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis. Certain algae are familiar to most people; for instance, seaweeds (such as kelp or phytoplankton), pond scum or the algal blooms in lakes. However, there exists a vast and varied world of algae that are not only helpful to us, but are critical to our existence.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
1. Lichens are a symbiotic organism consisting of a fungus and an algae or cyanobacteria. They can grow in a wide range of habitats and environments.
2. Lichens have several types of structures and reproduce both sexually through structures like apothecia, and asexually through fragmentation, soredia, and isidia.
3. Lichens serve important ecological roles as pioneer colonizers and environmental pollution indicators. They also have economic uses including as food, medicines, dyes, and in brewing. However, some lichens can be harmful by spreading fires or accumulating radioactive materials.
The document discusses key aspects of brown algae (Phaeophyceae):
- It contains over 1500 species across 240 genera, with golden-brown pigments like fucoxanthin. Most are marine but some are freshwater.
- Plant bodies are multicellular and differentiated, ranging in size from centimeters to the largest kelp at 100 meters. They have structures like a holdfast, stipe, and flattened frond.
- Cells walls are differentiated, containing substances like alginic acid and mannitol for storage. Reproduction occurs through vegetative, sexual, and asexual means like fragmentation or motile zoospores and gametes.
- Economically important species like
Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Riccia is a genus of thallose liverworts commonly found growing terrestrially or aquatically. It has a flat, lobed gametophyte thallus with dichotomous branching and a midrib furrow containing its sexual organs. Riccia reproduces both vegetatively through thallus fragmentation and sexually through the fertilization of archegonia by antheridia-derived sperm. This results in a sporophyte embedded in the gametophyte that produces haploid spores through meiosis. The spores germinate to form new gametophyte plants,
This document summarizes the nomenclature used for naming fossil plants. It discusses the history of naming conventions for plant fossils and how the current Vienna Code provides flexible taxonomic concepts for paleobotanists. Individual plant parts discovered as fossils are often named as form genera to represent detached organs like leaves, stems, or cones. When plant parts can be reconstructed into a whole organism, a binomial name may be assigned. Common plant fossil genera discussed include Lepidodendron and Calamites along with the form genera used to represent their individual parts.
This document discusses the morphology, anatomy, and reproduction of Marchantia, a genus of liverwort. It belongs to the division Bryophyta, class Hepaticopsida. Marchantia has a dorsiventral gametophyte generation that reproduces sexually or asexually. Sexual reproduction involves antheridiophores bearing antheridia that produce sperm, and archegoniophores bearing archegonia containing eggs. Fertilization forms a sporophyte generation consisting of a foot, seta, and capsule containing spores. The spores germinate to form a new gametophyte generation.
1. The document discusses the classification, characteristics, and life cycle of the red algae Gelidium. It belongs to the division Rhodophycophyta, class Rhodophyceae, sub-class Florideae, and order Gelidiales.
2. Gelidium has a stiff, cartilaginous thallus that is often pinnately branched. It reproduces both sexually, through non-motile gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation and non-motile spores.
3. Red algae like Gelidium are used for medicines, food, and industrial products like agar and carrageenan. Some can also cause harmful algal blo
Hydrodictyon is a genus of green algae that forms large floating colonies composed of elongate, coenocytic cells linked together in a reticulated net-like pattern. Each cell is connected to two other cells, forming meshes of 5-6 cells. The colonies reproduce vegetatively through fragmentation, and asexually through the formation of daughter colonies inside parent cells. Sexual reproduction involves the production of biflagellate gametes that fuse to form quadriflagellate zygotes, which develop into thick-walled zygospores. Zygospores remain dormant over winter and germinate in spring, undergoing meiosis to produce zoospores that develop into new daughter colonies.
1. Chara is a genus of macroscopic, multicellular, branched green algae that grows in freshwater. The plants have a main axis with nodes, internodes, and branches of either limited or unlimited growth.
2. Vegetative reproduction occurs through structures like amylum stars, bulbils, and secondary protenemas that form on the rhizoids. Sexual reproduction is oogamous, with male antheridia and female oogonia occurring either on the same plant or different plants.
3. Fertilization involves the release of biflagellate antherozoids from the antheridia that swim and penetrate the receptive egg cell within the oogonium,
Morchella is a saprobic discomycete fungus that produces aerial fruiting bodies called morels or ascocarps. The ascocarps have a pitted pileus and reproduce sexually through the production and release of ascospores in the hymenium. The lifecycle involves a dikaryophase where two nuclei fuse without nuclear fusion, followed by a transitory diploid phase in the young ascus where meiosis occurs, producing ascospores. Morchella lacks asexual reproduction and hook formation.
Nostoc is a genus of cyanobacteria that is commonly found in alkaline soils, moist rocks, water ponds, streams, and lakes. The body, or thallus, of Nostoc consists of many filaments made up of rounded cells arranged in a chain. The filaments are embedded in a jelly-like mass and covered by a gelatinous sheath. Cells contain a centroplasm and chromoplasm but not a true nucleus. Nostoc reproduces asexually through fragmentation of filaments, formation of hormogonia, or production of thick-walled resting cells called akinetes. It can fix atmospheric nitrogen and plays an important ecological role through photosynthesis.
This document provides information about Cyanophyta (cyanobacteria) presented by Dr. Sangeeta Das. It discusses the characteristics, distribution, ecology, thallus organization, cell structure, reproduction of cyanobacteria. It specifically focuses on Nostoc, providing details about its systematic position, morphology, and life cycle. Key points include that cyanobacteria are a primitive group of algae found all over the world, they can have unicellular or colonial thalli, reproduce both vegetatively and asexually, and Nostoc forms filaments within a gelatinous sheath and reproduces through fragmentation and akinete formation.
Vaucheria is a genus of green algae in the order Heterosiphonales. It is a coenocytic, filamentous alga that can live in aquatic or terrestrial environments. It reproduces asexually through the formation of sporangia containing zoospores or aplanospores, and sexually through an oogamous process involving antheridia and oogonia. Fragmentation of the filament is also a form of vegetative reproduction in Vaucheria.
This document provides an overview of algae, including their structure, classification, reproduction, importance, and issues like algal blooms. It discusses that algae come in various forms from single-celled to multicellular and lack true roots/leaves. Algae are broadly divided into unicellular and multicellular categories. It also summarizes Fritsch's 11 class system of algae classification based on pigments, flagella, and food storage. The document outlines that algae reproduce through asexual/vegetative and sexual means and discusses their importance in oxygen production and carbon storage, as well as issues like toxic algal blooms fueled by excess nutrients.
Bryophytes and pteridophytes are small, non-vascular land plants and the earliest seedless vascular plants, respectively. They have the following key characteristics:
1. They reproduce via spores and have alternation of generations, where the haploid gametophyte generates gametes and the diploid sporophyte produces spores.
2. Bryophytes lack true stems and vascular tissue. Pteridophytes are the first to develop true stems, leaves, and vascular tissue.
3. Both groups require water for fertilization but pteridophytes can grow larger due to their vascular tissue. They bridge the characteristics between early land plants and modern seed plants.
General Characters of Rhodophyceae & Life Cycle of Polysiphonia SMGsajigeorge64
1. Polysiphonia is a genus of red algae that has a complex life cycle involving alternating haploid and diploid generations.
2. It reproduces both sexually, with separate male and female gametophytes, and asexually through carpospores and tetraspores.
3. Sexually, fertilization of an egg by a non-motile sperm produces a diploid zygote, which develops into a carposporophyte producing carpospores or a tetrasporophyte producing tetraspores.
The document describes the plant Psilotum, which is classified as a vascular plant in the division Psilophyta. It has an underground rhizome that produces aerial branches bearing sporangia in clusters of three called synangia. The plant reproduces asexually through spores produced in the synangia and sexually through an underground gametophyte that produces eggs and sperm. The rhizome and stem have anatomical features including epidermis, cortex, endodermis and a central stele of xylem and phloem. Psilotum is considered to have characteristics transitional between non-vascular bryophytes and modern vascular plants.
Ulothrix is a genus of filamentous green algae that can reproduce asexually through fragmentation, akinetes, hypnospores, and different types of zoospores. Sexual reproduction occurs through isogamy where gametes fuse to form a zygote. Under unfavorable conditions, it can form thick-walled structures like akinetes or aplanospores to survive. Ulothrix species are found in freshwater and saline environments around the world.
Bryophytes are a division of nonvascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They were some of the earliest land plants, emerging around 485 million years ago. Bryophytes grow in habitats where water is periodically available, such as forest floors, tree trunks, and damp soil. They reproduce through an alternation of generations, where the dominant gametophyte generation produces sex organs and a dependent sporophyte generation that produces spores and fertilizes the eggs to form diploid zygotes. Bryophytes play important ecological roles in soil formation, moisture retention, and nutrient recycling in forests.
This document provides information on the structure and composition of algae. It begins by defining algae as chlorophyll-containing plants that lack true roots, stems, and leaves. It then discusses the different types of algal habitats, including aquatic, terrestrial, and unusual habitats. Various examples of algae from each habitat are provided, such as Cladophora and Chara from freshwater and Ectocarpus and Saragassum from marine environments. The document concludes by describing the different thallus structures found in algae, ranging from unicellular to colonial to filamentous and parenchymatous forms. Examples highlighting each structure type are cited.
The term "algae" covers many different organisms capable of producing oxygen through photosynthesis (the process of harvesting light energy from the sun to generate carbohydrates).
Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis. Certain algae are familiar to most people; for instance, seaweeds (such as kelp or phytoplankton), pond scum or the algal blooms in lakes. However, there exists a vast and varied world of algae that are not only helpful to us, but are critical to our existence.
The algae comprise of a large heterogeneous assemblage of plants which are diverse in habitat, size, organisation, physiology, biochemistry, and reproduction. The algae are ubiquitous (present every¬where) in distribution, i.e., they are found in fresh water as well as marine water, on soil, on rock, as epiphytes or parasites on plants and animals, in hot springs, in desert, on permanent snow-fields etc. But they mainly dwell in aquatic environments
This document provides an overview of the course "Phycology" which is the study of algae. It discusses key topics that will be covered in the course including:
- Definitions of important terms like phycology, algae, and their characteristics.
- The different types of algal ecology such as planktonic, benthic, thermal, soil, symbiotic, etc. algae and examples of each.
- The various algal thallus organizations including unicellular, colonial, filamentous, and parenchymatous forms.
- Methods of algal reproduction including vegetative reproduction through fragmentation or budding, and sexual and asexual reproduction involving spores or game
1. Algae are simple, autotrophic plants that lack differentiation into tissues. They can be unicellular or multicellular and are found in aquatic, terrestrial, and unusual habitats.
2. Algae thalli are either unicellular or form colonies, filaments, or pseudoparenchymatous structures. Unicellular algae can be flagellated, amoeboid, or non-motile coccoidal forms. Multicellular thalli include colonies, branched and unbranched filaments, and pseudoparenchymatous forms.
3. Algae differ from plants, fungi, bacteria, and other organisms in their habitat, autotrophic
This document provides an overview of algae. It describes that algae are thallophytes that contain chlorophyll as their primary photosynthetic pigment and lack a sterile cell covering around their reproductive cells. It classifies algae based on their habitat as aquatic, terrestrial, aerophytic, cryophytic, thermophytic, or of unusual habit. The document further discusses the structure of algal cells, types of algal thallus organization (unicellular, colonial, filamentous, dendroid), pigments, nutrition, reproduction (vegetative and sexual), examples of beneficial and harmful aspects, and references key characteristics of algae.
1) Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that live in a variety of habitats including aquatic, terrestrial, and symbiotic environments. They range in size from microscopic to macroscopic.
2) Aquatic algae are found in freshwater and marine environments, either floating freely as plankton or attached to surfaces as benthic algae. Some freshwater genera include Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra while marine genera include Ulva, Fucus, and Porphyra.
3) Terrestrial algae live in moist soil and include Vaucheria, Botrydium, and Nostoc. Parasitic algae such as Ceph
1. The document provides information on the study of algae being conducted by Apeksha Shrikant Kurane for her Cryptogamic Botany course.
2. It discusses the general characteristics of algae including being chlorophyll-bearing, aquatic or forming symbiotic relationships, and reproducing both asexually through spores and sexually.
3. The document covers various topics related to algae including their thallus organization from unicellular to multicellular forms, different habitats from aquatic to terrestrial, and various modes of reproduction including vegetative, asexual through spores or akinetes, and sexual reproduction.
Introduction of algae and general characteristics
Fossil history of algae
Endosymbiosis Theory
Where are algae abound? Ecology
Algal Blooms
Eutrophication
How are algae similar to higher plants?
How are algae different from higher plants?
Variations in the pigment constitution
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic algae...............
Presentation
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Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
This document discusses the classification and characteristics of different algal groups, including:
- Fritsch classified algae into 11 classes including Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, and Cyanophyceae.
- Algae exhibit diverse morphologies and habitats, from single-celled to complex thalli. They are found in various aquatic and terrestrial environments.
- Algae reproduce both sexually, through processes like isogamy and oogamy, and asexually, through fragmentation, spores, and cell division. Different algal groups display diverse reproductive strategies.
Kingdom Plantae is further classified on the basis of characteristics like absence or presence of seeds, vascular tissues, differentiation of plant body, etc.
Algae have a thalloid plant body without differentiation into true roots, stems, and leaves. They are classified in the division Thallophyta along with fungi and lichens. Algae range from unicellular to multicellular forms and are found in a variety of aquatic and terrestrial habitats. They reproduce through vegetative, asexual, and sexual means and typically exhibit an alternation of generations life cycle with haploid and diploid phases. Major groups of algae include cyanophyta, euglenophyta, chrysophyta, pyrrophyta, chlorophyta, rhodophyta, and phaeophyta.
Robert Harding Whittaker was an American plant ecologist active from the 1950s to the 1970s. He obtained his B.A. from Washburn University and Ph.D. from the University of Illinois. Whittaker held teaching and research positions at several universities, including Washington State College, Hanford National Laboratories, Brooklyn College, University of California Irvine, and Cornell University. He is known for proposing the five kingdom classification system in 1969 that divided organisms into the kingdoms of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
1. Algae are a diverse group of primitive chlorophyll-containing plants that can be unicellular or multicellular and range in size from microscopic to large seaweeds.
2. They are defined as simple photoautotrophic organisms that primarily inhabit aquatic environments and have plant bodies that lack differentiation into tissues.
3. Algae show a variety of thallus organizations from single-celled to coenocytic to filamentous to parenchymatous and can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
The document discusses the organization and morphological variations of algal thalli. It describes how algal thalli range from unicellular to multicellular forms and can be motile or non-motile. Various types of thalli are discussed including filamentous, parenchymatous, uniaxial, and siphonous forms. The ecology of algae is also covered, noting their habitats can include aquatic, terrestrial, aerophytic, cryophytic, thermophytic, and other unusual environments. The document concludes with a brief discussion of evolutionary trends in algae.
This document provides information on the plant kingdom classification system. It discusses the historical and modern systems of classification for plants. The key types of classification systems discussed are artificial, natural, phylogenetic, and phenetic. The document also covers the main divisions of plants - cryptogams (non-flowering plants) and phanerogams (seed plants). It provides details on algae, bryophytes, and the characteristics and examples of major algal groups.
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3. Volvox reproduces asexually through the formation of gonidia - reproductive cells that divide to form daughter colonies inside the parent colony. The daughter colonies eventually invert and are released into the water.
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Algae (1).pdf
1. CHAPTER -3
ALGAE: AN INTRODUCTION
General Characters, Range of Thallus
Organization, Reproduction, Classification,
Morphology and Life Cycle of some Genera &
Economic Importance
2. INTRODUCTION (father of algology :F.E. Fritsch)
The general term "algae" includes prokaryotic organisms — cyanobacteria, also
known as blue-green algae — as well as eukaryotic organisms (all other algal
species).
Algae are diverse group of relatively simple, chlorophyll containing, photo-
autotrophic and oxygen evolving aquatic thalloid (without differentiation into
true roots, stems, leaves or leaf like organs) organisms.
The word algae has its origin from Latin, where alga means seaweed.
The term algae was first used by Carolous Linnaeus in 1753.
Most of them are photo-autotrophic but few are mixotrophic and myzotrophic
( sucking through special feeding structure)
Study of algae is known as phycology (GK. Phykos- seaweed; logos= discourse
or study) or algology.
Professor M.O.P. Iyenger, (Mandayam Osuri Parthasarthy Iyengar) is regarded
as the father of Indian Algology of Phycology.
He discovered the terrestrial alga Fritschiella tuberosa.
3. ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION
Algae are mostly aquatic but they are present almost every available ecological
habitat on this earth.
They are thus ubiquitous in their distribution.
On the basis of their habitat they are:
1. Aquatic Algae
2. Terrestrial Algae
3. Parasitic algae
4. Symbiotic Algae
5. Algae with some special habitats
AQUATIC ALGAE: most of algae are aquatic found in fresh water ( lakes, ponds,
rivers, ditches, tanks, streams, etc.) or sea (marine environment).
Bottom dwelling organism are called benthophytes (benthic algae or benthos) or
may be present on the surface of water bodies are called Phytoplanktons.
4. Phytoplanktonic algae are called euplankton ( Chlamydomonas,
Cosmarium, Scenedesmus) if they are free floating from the beginning or
as tychoplankton (Cladophora, Oedogonium, Zygnema) if attached in the
beginning but later got detached and became free floating.
Sometimes planktonic algae show extensive growth in the water bodies
and impart greenish colour to water. This is known as water bloom or
algal bloom e.g. Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Microcystis etc.
Fresh water forms such as Volvox, Hydrodictyon, Chlamydomonas etc
grow in stagnant water while Cladophora, Oedogonium, Ulothrix etc.
prefer to grow in slow running water. Algae grow in running water is called
lotic algae while in stagnant water is known as lentic alage.
Some of marine algae are known as Kelps, may reach up to more than
70m (Macrocystis pyrifera) in length.
5. FRESH WATER PLANKTONIC ALGAE: Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Scenedemus, Volvox,
Eudorina, Microcystis, Oscillatoria.
FRESH WATER BENTHIC ALGAE: Chara, Cladophora ( Chlorophyceae) Bodanella,
Pleurocladia (Phaeophyceae) Batrachspermum (Rhodophyceae).
MARINE PLANKTONIC: Chlamydomonas, Cyclotella, Trichodesmium,
MARINE BENTHIC ALGAE :Acetabularia, Caulerpa, Ulva (Chlorophyceae) Ectocarpus,
Fucus, Laminaria, Sargassum (Phaeophyceae) Chondrus, Gelidium , Polysiphonia
Porphyra ( Rhodophyceae).
TERRESTRIAL ALGAE OR EDAPHOPHYTES
Algae which grow on or inside the moist soik are known as terrestrial algae, e.g.
Vaucheria, Botrydium, Oedogonium, Fritschiella etc. grows on the soil surface are
known as saphophytes
A few spp. Anabaena and Nostoc (BGA) grow inside the soil surface and are known as
cryptophytes.
PARASITIC ALGAE: Algae which grow on some plants and cause plant diseases. E.g.
Cephaleuros virescence parasite on tea leaves and causes red rust disease in them.
6. Harveyella mirabilis are obligate parasite and lack pigmentation.
Rhodochytrium, Phyllosiphon, etc are other examples of parasitic algae.
Polysiophonia lanosa is a semi parasite on brown alga Ascophyllum.
SYMBIOTIC ALGAE
Show association with different groups
ALGAE: Rhizosolenia forms association with green algae Calothrix sp.
FUNGI: Many green algae and BGA live in symbiotic with fungi and form new group lichens.
Green algae Trebouxia is the most common photobiont ( previously known as phycobiont) in
lichen. Other green algae are Cocomyxa, Trentipohlia etc.
BGA are Nostoc, Scytonema, Stigonema, Gloecapsa etc.
BRYOPHYTES: Nostoc lives in the mucilage filled chambers of Anthoceros and Notothyllus
(Hornworts) thalli.
PTERIDOPHYTES: Anabaena inhabits leaves of water fern Azolla. The latter is used as a bio
fertilizer in paddy fields
GYMNOSPERMS: Nostoc and Anabaena live in symbiotic association in the coralloid roots of
Cycas.
ANGIOSPERMS: Nostoc inhabits papillose outgrowth of Gunnera near the base of their leaves.
7. SPECIAL HABITATS
1)THERMAL ALGAE (THERMOPHYTES): They grow in hot water springs at a temperature range of 65-850C,
where ordinary plant life is not possible. Only BGA like Mastigocladus ,Phormidium and Oscillatoria brevis etc.
2)CRYOPHYTES : such algae grow in polar regions on ice and snow. E.g. Chalamydomonas sp. and Scottiella sp.
among green algae and Nostoc among BGA algae. Haematococcus nivalis causes red snow ball in alpine region.
Anclyclonema nordenskioldii impart brown colour.
3)EPIPHYTES: Algae growing on the surface of other plant parts are called epiphytes e.g. species of
Oedogonium, Ulothrix etc., other examples are Coleochaete nitellarum grows on Nitella and Chara. Some algae
, such as Trentepohlia, Rhodochytrium, grows on the surface of angiosperms leaves, called epiphyllophytes.
Some algae such as Pleurococcus sp. grow on barks called epiphloeophytes.
4)ENDOPHYTIC ALGAE: Some algae grows within the tissue of other plants, e.g. Nostoc grows inside thalli of
Anthoceros.
5)EPIZOIC ALGAE OR EPIZOOPHYTES :which grown on the surface of other animals, e.g. Cladophora on snails,
Cyanoderma (red algae) and Trichophilus (Green algae) on the scales or outer hairs of Sloth.
6)ENDOZOIC ALAGE OR ENDOZOOPHYTE: Algae growing inside animals, e.g. Chlorella within the tissue of
Hydra and sponges
7)LITHOPHILIC ALGAE: Which grows on rocks e.g. Polysiphonia, Ectocarpus etc.
8) OTHER ALGAE some algae like Dunaliella, Chlamydomonas chrenbergii grows in water with high salt
concentration (Halophilic algae). Fritchiella grows on acidic soil while Oscillatoria sp , Nostoc etc. grow on
alkaline soil.
8.
9.
10.
11. RANGE OF THALLUS ORGANIZATION
Algae exhibits variety in their thallus organization and can be divided into the following broad
categories
1. Unicelllular Thallus
2. Colonial thallus
3. Siphonaceous thallus
4. Filamentous thallus
5. Parenchymatous thallus
UNICELLULAR FORMS
The plant body is made up of single cell. Which may be motile or non motile.
Unicellular form are absent in Charophyta and Phaeophyta)
i)MOTILE FORMS : show presence of flagella or due to presence of periplastic
nature.
a) FLAGELLATED MOTILE FORMS:
e.g. Chlamydomonas, Phacotus, Chlorochromonas.
12. b) PERIPLASTIC FORMS: etc.
They have soft cell wall and possesses fine
protoplasmic projections known as rhizopodia, which
helps in amoeboid movement e.g. Rhizochloris,
Chrysamoeba
ii) NON-MOTILE FORMS: Lack flagella,e.g. Diatoms,
Chlorella, Chlorococcum, Porphyridium and BGA (
Gloeocapsa, Anacystis, Spirullina ).
2. COLONIAL THALLUS: In this form daughter cells
which arise as a result of cell division, remain loosely
held together in common gelatinous mass. These
forms are of two types
i) COENOBIAL FORMS: colonial form with definite
number of cells arranged in definite manner.
Coenobium are of two types
13. a) MOTILE: They have flagella on their body
and are able to move e.g. Volvox, Eudorina,
Pandorina etc.
a) NON-MOTILE: They lack flagella e.g.
Hydrodictyon, Pediastrum, Scenedemus, etc.
14. II) CELL AGGREGATION: The daughter cells are not
aggregated in a definite manner in the colony thus the
colonies are not of constant size and shape. They are of
following types
a) PALMELLOID FORMS: Cells remain irregularly
arranged in a common gelatinous matrix. They
function as independent entities.
These forms may be temporary (Chlamydomonas) or
permanent (Tetraspora) other e.g. Asterococcus,
Aphanocapsa.
b) RHIZOPODIAL FORMS: In these colonial forms, cells
are aggregated with each other through rhizopdia
e.g. Chrysidiastrum.
c) DENDROID FORMS: Cells are aggregated with each
other in a branching pattern through mucilagenous
strands arising from the base of each cell. Such
colonies look like a microscopic tree. E.g
Ecballocystis, Chrysodendron etc.
15. 3. SIPHONACEOUS COENOCYTIC
FORMS:
Plant body is unicellular and
elongated tubular structure (e.g.
Charium) or umbrella shaped uni-
nucleate body e.g. Acetabularia.
In more advanced siphonaceous
algae, thallus is aseptate and
multinucleate structure known as
coenocyte.
Septa develop only to delimit the
reproductive organs to seal off the
damaged parts e.g. Protosiphon
Botrydium, Vaucheria, Caulerpa.
16. 4. FILAMENTOUS THALLUS: A thread like multi-cellular
thallus is known as filamentous thallus. These are of
following types:
i) SIMPLE UNBRANCHED THALLUS: The thallus is simple is
simple and unbranced and may be free floating as in
Spirogyra or may be attached to substratum with the
help of rhizodial cells, e.g. Ulothrix, Oedogonium,
Zygnema, Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria etc.
ii) BRANCHED FILAMENTOUS THALLUS : Thallus give rise
to lateral outgrowth or branches which may be true or
false branches.
a) TRUE BRANCHES: True branches arise as a result of
occasional cell division in a second plane e.g.
Cladophora.
b) FALSE BRANCHES: False branches arise in blue-green
algae e.g. Scytonema due to breakage and resumption
of growth by trichomes in mucilagenous sheath of
filaments
iii) HETEROTRICHOUS THALLUS: Highly evolved filamentous
habit where thallus is differentiated into creeping
prostrate and upright erect systems, e.g. Ectocapus,
Fritscheilla, Stigoclonium, Coleochaete.
17. 5. PARENCHYMATOUS THALLUS:
It is multicellular where cell
division take s place in two or
more planes.
If cell division occur in one plane
only, flat foliaceous structure are
formed as in Ulva.
If cell division takes place in
more than two plane, tubular (in
Codium, Scytosiphon etc.) or
complex structure (as in
Sargassum)may be formed.
20. REPRODUCTION
•Reproduction is the biological process by which new
individual organisms "offspring" are produced from
their "parents".
•Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known
life; each individual organism exists as the result of
reproduction.
•There are three forms of reproduction.
21. TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
There are three common methods of reproduction found in algae.
1. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
2. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
3. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
22. 1. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
• The vegetative reproduction in algae includes those methods of propagation
in which portion of the plant body become separated off to give rise to
individuals.
• Process does not involve the meiosis, fusion of nuclei and production of
spores.
• Very common mode of multiplication.
• Vegetative reproduction take place by different methods.
23. i) BY CELL DIVISION:
• The mother cells divide
and the daughter cells are
produced, which become
new plants.
• It is sometime known as
Binary Fission.
• This type of reproduction
is found in Diatoms ,
Euglena.
24. ii) FRAGMENTATION:
The plant body breaks into
several parts or fragments
and each such fragment
develops into an individual.
This type of vegetative
reproduction is commonly
met within filamentous
forms, e.g., Ulothrix,
Spirogyra etc.
The fragmentation of
colonies also takes place in
several blue green algae, e.g.
Aphanothece, Nostoc etc.
25. iii) BUDDING:
Bud like structure has been reported to
develop on the thalli of Protosiphon.
iv) AMYLUM STARS: They are starch filled,
star shaped, cell aggregates present on the
lower node of member of Charophyceae.
They germinate into new plant bodies.
v) TUBERS: Tuber like structure develop on
the rhizoids of Cladophora and Chara.
They accumulate food materials. When
detached, germinate into new plants.
26.
27. VI) ADVENTITIOUS BRANCHES
Adventitious Branches
are formed in some
large thalloid forms of
algae.
These branch when
get detached from the
parent thallus
develops into new
plant .
Adventitious branch
like protonema formed
on the internodes of
Chara .
E.g Dictyota , Fucus .
Adventitious Branches
28. vii) Hormogone formation:
• When the trichome's
break in small pieces of
two or more cells, such
pieces are called
‘hormogones’
• In some Blue green algae
the fragments undergoes
a gliding movement which
are called ‘Hormogones’.
• Each hormogone
develops into a new
plant, e.g., Oscillatoria,
Nostoc etc.
29. 2. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which offspring arise
from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only.
it is reproduction which almost never involves ploidy or reduction.
The offspring will be exact genetic copies of the parent, except in the
specific case of automixis .
It involves the rejuvenation of the protoplasts.
Asexual reproduction occur through following methods.
30. i) BY ZOOSPORES:
These are motile and naked reproductive bodies
developed inside special structures known as
zoosporangia.
They possess two, four or many flagella and are able to
swim in water.
Each zoosporangium may produce only one
(Oedogonium), in multiple of four (Ulothrix) or many
(Cladophora) zoospores inside them.
Flagella may be present at he interior end (green algae)
or on the lateral side (brown algae).
They are always formed in favourable conditions.
The zoospores are always motile.
31. On the basis of number of
flagella present on their bodies
they are of following types
i) Biflagellate: Having two
flagella, e.g.
Chlamydomonas, Ectocarpus.
ii) Quardiflagellate : Having
four flagella e.g.
Macrozoospores of Ulothrix
iii) Octaflaellate: Having eight
flagella, e.g. Polyblepharis.
iv) Multiflagellate: having many
flagella e.g. Oedogonium,
Synzoospore of Vaucheria.
32. 2. APLANOSPORES :
These are non motile spores produced inside sporangia.
Mostly these are produced by terrestrial algae (e.g.
Vaucheria) but also by Microspora and Ulothrix (aquatic
forms)
For their formation, protoplast of the cell rounds off and
develop its own wall to become aplanospore, also
considered as arrested zoospore.
Sometimes aplanospores are similar to their parents
(Chlorella, Scenedesmus) in all aspect except size and are
known as autospore.
Vaucheria produces minute size spore in large numbers
inside sporangium, known as microaplanospores.
3. HYPNOSPORES: These are thick walled, non-motile
aplanospores produced by some algae to tide over the
unfavourable conditions, e.g. Chlamydomonas nivalis,
Pediastrum, etc. on return of favourable conditions,
hypnospore germinate into new plant bodies.
Chlamydomonas nivalis walls become red due to deposition
of haematochrome, responsible for Red Snow
phenomenon.
34. 4) AKINETES OR CYST:
• It is the types of reproduction very
common in the blue green as well
as green algae.
• These akinetes are a type
vegetative cell which is thick
walled and will overcome the
unfavourable condition.
• Sometimes they are formed in
chain.
• In Protosiphon, akinetes are
formed multinucleate protoplast
to form coenocysts. They are
known as statospore in diatoms.
35. 5.MONOSPORES: These are haploid, naked, non-motile and uninucleate
spores produced singly inside the monosporangia during chantrantia stage
in member of class Rhodophyceae. They are liberated after the rupturing of
cell wall.
6.TETRASPORE: These are non-motile spores produced in groups of four,
inside specialized cells known as tetrasporangia.
Tetraspores are sexual spores known as gonospores and meiospores
produced after meiotic division in diploid nucleus of tetrasporangium.
found in Phaeophyceae and some member of Rhodophyceae
7.NEUTRAL SPORES: prouduced by direct transformation of the protoplast
of a vegetative cell into a single spore, e.g. Ectocarpus.
8.CARPOSPORES: (Karpos= fruit +Sporo= seed) are non- motile spores
produced on short filament arising from carpogonium following fertilization.
They are feature of red algae, e.g. Polysiphonia, Batrachospermum etc.
39. Conditions for sexual reproduction:
(a) The sexual reproduction takes place
after considerable accumulation of food
material and the climax of vegetative
activity is over.
(b) The bright light is the major factor for
the production of the gametes.
(c) A suitable pH value is required.
(d) The optimum temperature is
necessary.
40. Sexual reproduction is of following types:
i)Autogamy
ii) isogamy
iii) Heterogamy
a)Anisogamy
b) Physiological Anisogamy
iv) Aplanogamy or conjugation
v) Parasexuality
41. AUTOGAMY: Is the
fusion of two sister
gametes produced
inside the same
mother cell.
In this process, only
karyogamy takes
place.
It is important
feature of diatoms.
42. (i) Isogamy:
Isos=equal, alike, +gamos=marriage)is
the fusion of two morphologically and
physiologically similar gametes.
Fusing gametes are known as
isogametes.
The fusion of similar motile gametes is
found in many species.
Usually the gametes taking part in
fusion come from two different
individuals or filaments, sometimes
these gametes come from two different
cells of the same filament.
they cannot be classified as "male" or
"female." Instead, organisms undergoing
isogamy are said to have different
mating types, most commonly noted as
"+" and "-" strains, e.g. many spp. of
Chlamydomonas spp., Ulothix etc.
43. (ii) HETEROGAMY:
The fusion of dissimilar gametes is called
heterogamy.
There are two main types :
(a) Anisogamy:
(b) Physiological Anisogamy
a) ANISOGAMY: (Gr.
Aniso=unequal+gamos= marriage) is the
fusion of two morphologically and
physiologically dissimilar gametes.
Fusion gametes are known as
anisogametes.
Male gametes are smaller and more
active, while the female gametes are larger
and less active, e.g. Chlamydomonas
braunii, Pandorina etc.
44. (b) PHYSIOLOGICAL ANISOGAMY: when
the fusing gametes are morphologically
similar but exhibit different
physiological behaviour, the sexual
reproduction is known as phisiological
anisogamy.
In this case one gamete is more
active and other is sluggish e.g.
Chlamydomonas monoica, Spirogyra,
Ectocarpus.
In E. siliculosus, the sluggish (female)
gamete is surrounded by a large
number of more active (male) gametes
this type of fusion is known as clump
formation.
45. iii)Oogamy: (Gr. Oion= egg + gamos =
marriage) is the fertilization of a large,
non-motile female gamete by small,
motile male gamete.
It is most advanced and highly evolved
mode of sexual fusion and occur in
highly evolved algae, e.g.
Chlamydomonas coccifera, C. ooganum,
Volvox, Oedogonium, Chara, Fucus etc.
In red algae Polysiphonia and
Batrachospermum where male gametes
are also non- motile, oogamy is more
specialized.
Here male gametes are known as
spermatia and female as carpogonia.
46. IV) CONJUGATION OR
APLANOGAMY: is the fusion of
two similar, non-motile gametes
or cells which facilitate the
transfer of genetic material from
one cell to another.
The fusing gametes are known as
aplanogametes.
e.g. Spirogyra, Zygnema etc.
V) PARASEXUALITY: The genetic
recombination without the
involvement of sexual
reproduction is known as
parasexuality
e.g. Anacytis, Anabaena and
Cylindrospermum.
47. LIFE CYCLES IN ALGAE
The growth and development of algae passes through a number of distinct
morphological and cytological stages in definite orderly manner. This
sequence of orderly changes is called as life cycle or life history.
It comprises the sequence of events from zygote of one generation to the
zygote of next generation.
There are five distinct types of life cycle as found in algae.
48. HAPLONTIC LIFE CYCLE
Most common type.
Life cycle is diphasic.
Prominent phase is haploid gametophytic
phase.
Sporophytic diploid phase is represented by zygote
only.
Zygote is formed by the fusion of haploid gametes.
Zygote immediately undergoes meiosis to form
haploid zoospores.
Zoospore on germination form haploid
gametophytic generation
Gametophytic plant produce male and female
gametes by mitosis.
This is the most simple and primitive type of life
cycles found in Chlamydomonas, Ulothrix,
Spirogyra, oedogonium, Chara Bangia etc.
49. DIPLONTIC LIFE CYCLE
This type of life cycle is the just reversal of
haplontic type of life cycle.
Life cycle is diphasic, but the prominent phase is
sporophytic.
Haploid gametophytic phase is represented only
by gametes.
Gametes are produced in the gametangia by
meiosis.
Zygote donot undergo meiosis rather develop
into the sporophytic phase by mitosis.
E.g. Sargassum, Fucus, Codium
50. DIPLO-HAPLONTIC LIFE CYLCE:
Haploid and diploid phases are equally prominent
Gametophyte concerned with production of gametes,
which fuse to form diploid zygote
Zygote germinate to form diploid sporophytic plant
body, which is concerned with the production of haploid
spores.
The haploid spores are known as meiospores and
geminate again to form gametophyte.
In this type sporophytic (2n) phase alternates with
gametophytic phase equally.
On the basis of morphological characters of
gametophytic and sporophytic plants, this life cycle is of
two types:
i)Isomorphic type: When both gametophytic and
sporophytic plant bodies are morphologically similar but
genetically different, this type of diplo-haplontic life
cycle is known as isomorphic or homologous life cylce,
51. ii) HETEROMORPHIC TYPE:
when gametophytic and sporophytic
plant bodies differ morphologically as
well as genetically.
Genetically sporophytic plant body is
macroscopic and gametophytic plant
body is comparatively smaller, e.g.
Laminaria, Desmaresita
In few cases this process is vice- versa,
e.g. Cutlaria, Urospora
52. DIPHASIC HAPLO-BIONTIC LIFE CYCLE:
Two haploid gametophytic plant bodies
alternate with sporophytic phase of short
duration represented by zygote.
Main plant body is free living gametophyte
concerned with production of gametes
Gamete fuses to form zygote
Zygote undergoes meiotic division and form
small parasitic haploid carposporophyte.
Terminal cell of carposporophyte behave as
carposporangia, which produce haploid
carpospores
Carpospores germinates into haploid
gametophytic plant body, e.g. primitive red
algae such as Nemalion.
53. TRIPHASIC HAPLO-BIONTIC LIFE CYCLE:
Three prominent haploid gametophytic
plant bodies alternates with sporophytic
phase of short duration
Represented by zygote.
Similar to diphasic haplo-biontic life cycle,
except one additonal haploid “Chatrantia
stage” after haploid carposporophyte.
Carpospore geminate to produce haploid
independent chatrantia stage, which give
rise to independent main gametophytic
plant body as lateral growth.
e.g. Batrachospermum
54. DIPLOBIONTIC LIFE CYCLE:
Most complex and advance type of life cycle.
Triphasic life cycle:
Among three phase two will be diploid and one will be
haploid.
Diplobiontic life cycle is found in Rhodophycean members
exept Nemalionales.
Polysiphonia is showing such Haplodiplontic life cycle:
1) Carposporophyte ; diploid
2)Gametophyte; haploid
3)Tetrasporophyte; diploid
Diploid zygote develop mitotically into diploid
Carposporophyte
Carposporophyte produce diploid carpospore.
Carpospore germinate into diploid tetrasporophyte which
in turn produces haploid tetrsapore by meoisis.
Tetraspore germinate into haploid gametophytic plant
body which produces haploid gametes.
These gametes later on get fused to form zygote
55. Also known as Diplo-
diplohaplontic.
It is further of two type:
i)Isomorphic type: free living
independent generations are
morphologically similar, e.g .
Polysiphonia.
Heteromorphic :When two free
living generations are
morphologically dissimilar, also
known as heteromorphic or
heterologous.e.g order
Nemalionales.
57. CLASSIFICATION
•Fritsch’s Classification of Algae:
• F.E. Fritsch (1935, 1945) in his book “The Structure
and Reproduction of the Algae” proposed a system of
classification of algae. He divided it into 11 classes.
His classification of algae is mainly based upon
characters of pigments, flagella and reserve food
material.