Radiation protection procedures are being followed in operating power plants aiming at reduction of exposure to ionising radiation to the occupational workers and keeping the radiation levels “As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)”. The protection against radioactivity is being envisaged in an operating plant depending upon activities that include selection of the material used for the reactor components, decontamination of contaminated equipment, maintenance or replacement of contaminated component, radioactive waste transport etc., During maintenance of reactor or other radioactive components the chances of spread of contamination is high and therefore extensive exposure control measures have to be implemented. Contamination is the presence of radioactive material where its existence is undesired. The radiological protection practices in the nuclear power plants have gained its impetus in the optimization of protection by design of the reactor, ventilation scheme, shielding techniques, mock up for undertaking special jobs, appropriate tooling procedures, proper time management, adequate knowledge on hot spots, training, access control etc., The radiological surveillance is carried out and implemented by the health physics personnel of the operating power plant. The paper brings out the intelligent effort, effectiveness of design, procedures and discipline by plant personnel and role of knowledge management in implementation of ALARA practices and reduction of collective dose.
The document provides an overview of principles of radiation protection including relevant organizations like ICRP, IAEA, and UNSCEAR. It discusses concepts like justification of practices, optimization of protection, and dose limitation. It describes occupational, medical, and public exposures and associated dose limits according to ICRP recommendations. The aims of radiation protection are to prevent deterministic effects and reduce stochastic effects.
radiation regulatory bodies. ( international + indian )akshayonslideshar
Radiation is harmful . right ? but who is looking after that it is being used in correct manner in hospitals .I have tried to write about some international and indian regulatory bodies.
Handout rmn-lecture-application of radiation-in-medicine-and-research-30-12-2013Ramasamy Nehru
The document discusses the application of radiation in medicine and research. It begins with acknowledgements and then provides an outline of topics to be covered, which include the introduction of radiation, its uses in diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy. It also discusses research applications and radiation accidents. The document contains various images and diagrams to illustrate these applications and historical pioneers of radiation discovery and use.
Final introduction-to-radiation-hazards-environemnt-by-rm-nehruRamasamy Nehru
The document is an outline for a talk on radiation hazards and the environment. It introduces the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) as the organization responsible for regulating atomic energy use and ensuring safety. It outlines sources of radiation exposure and both internal and external radiation hazards. The outline also mentions radiation protection, radiation risk, nuclear emergencies, and environmental issues related to radiation.
Regulatory bodies that oversee radiation safety include the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) in the US, and the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) in India. These bodies establish standards and guidelines for safe use of radiation, authorize practices involving radiation sources, inspect facilities, and provide recommendations to ensure radiation protection and safety.
The document discusses the requirements of the International Basic Safety Standards (BSS) regarding medical exposure and the investigation of accidental exposures. It outlines the international organizations involved in regulating radiation protection, and the BSS requirements for justification, optimization of protection, and design of medical exposure equipment to minimize unintended exposure. The responsibilities of facilities and practitioners in ensuring proper medical procedures and oversight are also summarized.
The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) regulates and controls radiation exposure in India. It was formed in 1983 under the Atomic Energy Act and ensures safe use of radiation and nuclear energy. AERB develops safety policies, guidelines and standards. It grants consent for nuclear and radiation facilities, ensures compliance with regulations, and conducts inspections. AERB's functions include safety reviews, licensing, inspections, and enforcement. It aims to allow radiation use without harming people or the environment.
The document provides an overview of principles of radiation protection including relevant organizations like ICRP, IAEA, and UNSCEAR. It discusses concepts like justification of practices, optimization of protection, and dose limitation. It describes occupational, medical, and public exposures and associated dose limits according to ICRP recommendations. The aims of radiation protection are to prevent deterministic effects and reduce stochastic effects.
radiation regulatory bodies. ( international + indian )akshayonslideshar
Radiation is harmful . right ? but who is looking after that it is being used in correct manner in hospitals .I have tried to write about some international and indian regulatory bodies.
Handout rmn-lecture-application of radiation-in-medicine-and-research-30-12-2013Ramasamy Nehru
The document discusses the application of radiation in medicine and research. It begins with acknowledgements and then provides an outline of topics to be covered, which include the introduction of radiation, its uses in diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy. It also discusses research applications and radiation accidents. The document contains various images and diagrams to illustrate these applications and historical pioneers of radiation discovery and use.
Final introduction-to-radiation-hazards-environemnt-by-rm-nehruRamasamy Nehru
The document is an outline for a talk on radiation hazards and the environment. It introduces the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) as the organization responsible for regulating atomic energy use and ensuring safety. It outlines sources of radiation exposure and both internal and external radiation hazards. The outline also mentions radiation protection, radiation risk, nuclear emergencies, and environmental issues related to radiation.
Regulatory bodies that oversee radiation safety include the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) in the US, and the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) in India. These bodies establish standards and guidelines for safe use of radiation, authorize practices involving radiation sources, inspect facilities, and provide recommendations to ensure radiation protection and safety.
The document discusses the requirements of the International Basic Safety Standards (BSS) regarding medical exposure and the investigation of accidental exposures. It outlines the international organizations involved in regulating radiation protection, and the BSS requirements for justification, optimization of protection, and design of medical exposure equipment to minimize unintended exposure. The responsibilities of facilities and practitioners in ensuring proper medical procedures and oversight are also summarized.
The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) regulates and controls radiation exposure in India. It was formed in 1983 under the Atomic Energy Act and ensures safe use of radiation and nuclear energy. AERB develops safety policies, guidelines and standards. It grants consent for nuclear and radiation facilities, ensures compliance with regulations, and conducts inspections. AERB's functions include safety reviews, licensing, inspections, and enforcement. It aims to allow radiation use without harming people or the environment.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a government-owned corporation responsible for nuclear power generation in India. It operates 21 nuclear reactors across 7 locations with a total capacity of 5780 MW as of 2012. The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) was established in 1983 as an independent regulator for nuclear safety and radiation protection in India. AERB reviews and monitors nuclear facilities and issues authorizations at different project stages. It derives its authority from the Atomic Energy Act and advises the government on developing regulatory frameworks for siting, design, and operation of nuclear plants. AERB was created based on a 1981 committee recommendation to establish an independent regulatory body for overseeing nuclear safety in India's nuclear
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) presents this free publication to aid Japan in recovering from the 2011 earthquake, tsunami and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. The publication provides guidance for protecting people living in areas contaminated long-term by a nuclear accident or radiation emergency. It explains how the ICRP's 2007 recommendations apply to existing exposure situations, including justification, optimization of protection strategies using reference levels, and stakeholder involvement in management. The report emphasizes directly involving the affected population and local professionals to effectively implement protection strategies and empower the population. It also describes monitoring, health surveillance, and foodstuff management in contaminated areas.
IRJET- Literature Review on Identification of Malignant Region in Human BodyIRJET Journal
This document discusses using thermal infrared imaging to identify malignant regions in the human body. It begins with an overview of cancer and different imaging techniques used for detection like X-ray, MRI, and optical imaging. The advantages of thermal imaging are discussed, including its ability to detect differences in surface temperature that could indicate abnormal cell growth. The document then focuses on thermal imaging in more detail, outlining the process of preprocessing, feature extraction, and analyzing thermal images to identify potential malignant regions based on changes in temperature. It concludes that thermal infrared imaging shows potential for non-invasive cancer detection but requires further clinical studies to develop standardized protocols.
The document discusses issues with the current process for certifying safe exposure limits for cell phones. Specifically:
- The certification process uses a plastic mannequin called SAM that does not accurately model typical users, especially children, and underestimates radiation absorption (SAR).
- A computer simulation would provide a superior certification process but is not used.
- Studies show children and smaller adults absorb more radiation than SAM, with children's SAR being up to 153% higher and absorption of skull bone marrow being up to 10 times greater.
- New safety standards are needed that incorporate different usage patterns, head sizes, and tissue properties using anatomically accurate models.
Measurement of Electromagnetic Waves Radiated from Base Transceiver Stations...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
08 status of radiation protection in bangladeshMahbubul Hassan
Bangladesh has established laws and regulations for radiation protection based on IAEA standards. The Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission enforces these and oversees individual and workplace monitoring programs. Radiation facilities in Bangladesh use sources for medical, research and industrial purposes. Occupational exposures are generally low. Controls are in place for public exposure through environmental monitoring, foodstuff controls, and regulating consumer products and waste. Emergency response plans have been drafted and hospitals designated to manage radiological accidents.
Voltage Transients and Health - Is There a Connection?Mikko Ahonen
Discussion about voltage transients and harmonic overwaves (aka "dirty electricity"). How 'smart grids" and "smart meters" could be made more healthier and sustainable. What 'Power Factor Correction' really means. Based on my research paper and presentation at The 4th International HYVITE Symposium on Wellbeing Technology, 9th June 2010 in Tampere, Finland.
The document is a presentation on the basics of BTS (base transceiver station) radiation and health. It discusses electromagnetic radiation, the components of a typical BTS, international limits on RF radiation, and studies showing no clear evidence that radiation below limits causes adverse health effects. It concludes that non-ionizing radiation from BTSs and mobile devices does not have enough energy to disrupt human biological material.
Barrow_Quarterly_1997_Physical_Aspects_of_Stx_RadiosurgeryJeffrey A. Fiedler
This document discusses the role of medical physicists in stereotactic radiosurgery. It describes how medical physicists ensure safe and accurate radiation treatment through equipment testing, treatment planning, and monitoring treatment delivery. A medical physicist's duties include licensing and regulatory compliance for the radiosurgery equipment and treatment facility. The document provides an example of the licensing process for a Gamma Knife facility and outlines some of the acceptance testing and commissioning activities performed on new Gamma Knife equipment.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), based on limited evidence that heavy use of wireless phones can increase the risk of glioma, a type of brain cancer. A recent review by a working group of 31 scientists found limited evidence of increased cancer risk among long-term heavy users of mobile phones. They recommended further research on long-term, heavy use of mobile phones and measures to reduce exposure such as hands-free devices or texting.
Radiofrequency Radiation and Children’s Health – Sustainability Challenges fo...Mikko Ahonen
Presented in the 14 Scandinavian Workshop on E-Goverment. By post-doc researcher, PhD Mikko Ahonen and researcher, PhD student Tarmo Koppel.
Includes discussion about outdated RF Guidelines and risk-management from schools' perspective.
This document discusses and debunks some common myths about cell tower radiation. It presents some outlandish claims people make about health effects of cell towers, such as that cell tower radiation causes sweat glands in ears or can transmit STDs. It then provides facts from scientific organizations like WHO and ICNIRP that no health effects have been proven from cell tower radiation levels and that anti-radiation products are unproven. The document encourages verifying information from credible sources rather than social media.
The document summarizes the responsibilities of various parties in regards to the safe use of sealed radioactive sources in borehole logging. It outlines requirements for suppliers, users, radiation safety officers, and employees. Suppliers must provide equipment meeting standards and share information on sources and equipment. Users must obtain licensing, examine equipment regularly, develop safety procedures, train staff, and appoint a radiation safety officer if required. The radiation safety officer's duties include record keeping, reporting, and ensuring regulatory compliance.
Do static magnetic or electric fields used for instance in medical imaging pose health risks?
Medical imaging devices (such as MRI scanners), trains, and television sets are examples of man-made equipment that can generate static magnetic or electric fields.
In some areas of research and medical imaging, stronger and stronger static magnetic fields are being used.
What is known so far about potential health consequences?
Reporte de seguridad no 39 (aplicación de estandares de seguridad en diagnos...Alejandra Cork
This document provides guidance on applying radiation safety standards in diagnostic radiology and interventional procedures using x-rays. It summarizes key requirements from the International Basic Safety Standards for protecting workers and patients from radiation. The guidance covers administrative, radiation protection and quality assurance requirements. It also provides recommendations on safety of x-ray equipment and facilities, occupational exposure, medical exposure of patients, and public exposure. The appendices offer examples of items to include in a radiation safety program and training.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of overexposure to infrared radiation from a lamp on blood parameters in rats. The study found that overexposure to infrared radiation for 1-5 hours resulted in decreases in packed cell volume, white blood cells, and lymphocytes in rats, averaging 17.4%, 17.5%, and 11.3% decreases respectively. Meanwhile, neutrophil levels increased by an average of 19.0% after infrared exposure. The study establishes that overexposure to radiation from infrared lamps can impact hematological parameters in rats.
This document discusses the safety of cellphone radiation based on photon energy levels. It makes three key points:
1) Cellphones operate in the classical wave limit of high photon densities, not the single photon limit, so the energy of individual photons is irrelevant to safety.
2) The photon flux from cellphones is many orders of magnitude greater than levels that have produced biological effects in studies. Effects could result from coherent photon energies combining to do work inside cells.
3) Estimates suggest exposure levels above 30pW/m^2 could produce biological damage, whereas cellphones typically emit hundreds of V/m, exceeding considered "safe" levels for large neurons. Many studies have found health effects from
1. Communication is important when discussing pediatric nuclear medicine procedures, as perceptions of risk vary. Radiology professionals must provide education to pediatricians and the public about realistic radiation risks.
2. The nuclear medicine procedure will involve small amounts of internal radiation similar to an x-ray, posing a very slight increased lifetime cancer risk. Risk-benefit discussions should focus patients on relative risks.
3. Examples comparing the lifetime cancer risk from common nuclear medicine exams to other risks, like accidents or natural causes, can help provide perspective on the minimal risks involved.
This document discusses the problem of low student response rates to online student surveys of teaching (SSoTs) and describes an attempt to address this issue through the creation of short promotional videos. Two videos were produced - the first with a "Hobbit" theme and the second mimicking "Saturday Night Live" - but both failed to significantly improve response rates. The authors hypothesize that rolling out the videos only on social media, rather than directly engaging students in class, limited their effectiveness. Future efforts will involve marketing the surveys to lecturers to encourage in-class promotion and completion.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a government-owned corporation responsible for nuclear power generation in India. It operates 21 nuclear reactors across 7 locations with a total capacity of 5780 MW as of 2012. The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) was established in 1983 as an independent regulator for nuclear safety and radiation protection in India. AERB reviews and monitors nuclear facilities and issues authorizations at different project stages. It derives its authority from the Atomic Energy Act and advises the government on developing regulatory frameworks for siting, design, and operation of nuclear plants. AERB was created based on a 1981 committee recommendation to establish an independent regulatory body for overseeing nuclear safety in India's nuclear
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) presents this free publication to aid Japan in recovering from the 2011 earthquake, tsunami and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. The publication provides guidance for protecting people living in areas contaminated long-term by a nuclear accident or radiation emergency. It explains how the ICRP's 2007 recommendations apply to existing exposure situations, including justification, optimization of protection strategies using reference levels, and stakeholder involvement in management. The report emphasizes directly involving the affected population and local professionals to effectively implement protection strategies and empower the population. It also describes monitoring, health surveillance, and foodstuff management in contaminated areas.
IRJET- Literature Review on Identification of Malignant Region in Human BodyIRJET Journal
This document discusses using thermal infrared imaging to identify malignant regions in the human body. It begins with an overview of cancer and different imaging techniques used for detection like X-ray, MRI, and optical imaging. The advantages of thermal imaging are discussed, including its ability to detect differences in surface temperature that could indicate abnormal cell growth. The document then focuses on thermal imaging in more detail, outlining the process of preprocessing, feature extraction, and analyzing thermal images to identify potential malignant regions based on changes in temperature. It concludes that thermal infrared imaging shows potential for non-invasive cancer detection but requires further clinical studies to develop standardized protocols.
The document discusses issues with the current process for certifying safe exposure limits for cell phones. Specifically:
- The certification process uses a plastic mannequin called SAM that does not accurately model typical users, especially children, and underestimates radiation absorption (SAR).
- A computer simulation would provide a superior certification process but is not used.
- Studies show children and smaller adults absorb more radiation than SAM, with children's SAR being up to 153% higher and absorption of skull bone marrow being up to 10 times greater.
- New safety standards are needed that incorporate different usage patterns, head sizes, and tissue properties using anatomically accurate models.
Measurement of Electromagnetic Waves Radiated from Base Transceiver Stations...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
08 status of radiation protection in bangladeshMahbubul Hassan
Bangladesh has established laws and regulations for radiation protection based on IAEA standards. The Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission enforces these and oversees individual and workplace monitoring programs. Radiation facilities in Bangladesh use sources for medical, research and industrial purposes. Occupational exposures are generally low. Controls are in place for public exposure through environmental monitoring, foodstuff controls, and regulating consumer products and waste. Emergency response plans have been drafted and hospitals designated to manage radiological accidents.
Voltage Transients and Health - Is There a Connection?Mikko Ahonen
Discussion about voltage transients and harmonic overwaves (aka "dirty electricity"). How 'smart grids" and "smart meters" could be made more healthier and sustainable. What 'Power Factor Correction' really means. Based on my research paper and presentation at The 4th International HYVITE Symposium on Wellbeing Technology, 9th June 2010 in Tampere, Finland.
The document is a presentation on the basics of BTS (base transceiver station) radiation and health. It discusses electromagnetic radiation, the components of a typical BTS, international limits on RF radiation, and studies showing no clear evidence that radiation below limits causes adverse health effects. It concludes that non-ionizing radiation from BTSs and mobile devices does not have enough energy to disrupt human biological material.
Barrow_Quarterly_1997_Physical_Aspects_of_Stx_RadiosurgeryJeffrey A. Fiedler
This document discusses the role of medical physicists in stereotactic radiosurgery. It describes how medical physicists ensure safe and accurate radiation treatment through equipment testing, treatment planning, and monitoring treatment delivery. A medical physicist's duties include licensing and regulatory compliance for the radiosurgery equipment and treatment facility. The document provides an example of the licensing process for a Gamma Knife facility and outlines some of the acceptance testing and commissioning activities performed on new Gamma Knife equipment.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), based on limited evidence that heavy use of wireless phones can increase the risk of glioma, a type of brain cancer. A recent review by a working group of 31 scientists found limited evidence of increased cancer risk among long-term heavy users of mobile phones. They recommended further research on long-term, heavy use of mobile phones and measures to reduce exposure such as hands-free devices or texting.
Radiofrequency Radiation and Children’s Health – Sustainability Challenges fo...Mikko Ahonen
Presented in the 14 Scandinavian Workshop on E-Goverment. By post-doc researcher, PhD Mikko Ahonen and researcher, PhD student Tarmo Koppel.
Includes discussion about outdated RF Guidelines and risk-management from schools' perspective.
This document discusses and debunks some common myths about cell tower radiation. It presents some outlandish claims people make about health effects of cell towers, such as that cell tower radiation causes sweat glands in ears or can transmit STDs. It then provides facts from scientific organizations like WHO and ICNIRP that no health effects have been proven from cell tower radiation levels and that anti-radiation products are unproven. The document encourages verifying information from credible sources rather than social media.
The document summarizes the responsibilities of various parties in regards to the safe use of sealed radioactive sources in borehole logging. It outlines requirements for suppliers, users, radiation safety officers, and employees. Suppliers must provide equipment meeting standards and share information on sources and equipment. Users must obtain licensing, examine equipment regularly, develop safety procedures, train staff, and appoint a radiation safety officer if required. The radiation safety officer's duties include record keeping, reporting, and ensuring regulatory compliance.
Do static magnetic or electric fields used for instance in medical imaging pose health risks?
Medical imaging devices (such as MRI scanners), trains, and television sets are examples of man-made equipment that can generate static magnetic or electric fields.
In some areas of research and medical imaging, stronger and stronger static magnetic fields are being used.
What is known so far about potential health consequences?
Reporte de seguridad no 39 (aplicación de estandares de seguridad en diagnos...Alejandra Cork
This document provides guidance on applying radiation safety standards in diagnostic radiology and interventional procedures using x-rays. It summarizes key requirements from the International Basic Safety Standards for protecting workers and patients from radiation. The guidance covers administrative, radiation protection and quality assurance requirements. It also provides recommendations on safety of x-ray equipment and facilities, occupational exposure, medical exposure of patients, and public exposure. The appendices offer examples of items to include in a radiation safety program and training.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of overexposure to infrared radiation from a lamp on blood parameters in rats. The study found that overexposure to infrared radiation for 1-5 hours resulted in decreases in packed cell volume, white blood cells, and lymphocytes in rats, averaging 17.4%, 17.5%, and 11.3% decreases respectively. Meanwhile, neutrophil levels increased by an average of 19.0% after infrared exposure. The study establishes that overexposure to radiation from infrared lamps can impact hematological parameters in rats.
This document discusses the safety of cellphone radiation based on photon energy levels. It makes three key points:
1) Cellphones operate in the classical wave limit of high photon densities, not the single photon limit, so the energy of individual photons is irrelevant to safety.
2) The photon flux from cellphones is many orders of magnitude greater than levels that have produced biological effects in studies. Effects could result from coherent photon energies combining to do work inside cells.
3) Estimates suggest exposure levels above 30pW/m^2 could produce biological damage, whereas cellphones typically emit hundreds of V/m, exceeding considered "safe" levels for large neurons. Many studies have found health effects from
1. Communication is important when discussing pediatric nuclear medicine procedures, as perceptions of risk vary. Radiology professionals must provide education to pediatricians and the public about realistic radiation risks.
2. The nuclear medicine procedure will involve small amounts of internal radiation similar to an x-ray, posing a very slight increased lifetime cancer risk. Risk-benefit discussions should focus patients on relative risks.
3. Examples comparing the lifetime cancer risk from common nuclear medicine exams to other risks, like accidents or natural causes, can help provide perspective on the minimal risks involved.
This document discusses the problem of low student response rates to online student surveys of teaching (SSoTs) and describes an attempt to address this issue through the creation of short promotional videos. Two videos were produced - the first with a "Hobbit" theme and the second mimicking "Saturday Night Live" - but both failed to significantly improve response rates. The authors hypothesize that rolling out the videos only on social media, rather than directly engaging students in class, limited their effectiveness. Future efforts will involve marketing the surveys to lecturers to encourage in-class promotion and completion.
Should the alara concept and the image gently campaign be terminated?Mohan Doss
Abstract: Concerns have been raised about the cancer risk from pediatric CT scans based on the linear no-threshold (LNT) model assumption for radiation-induced cancers, and the assumed increased radiosensitivity of children. The pediatric radiology community has responded by initiating the Image Gently campaign and recommendations to keep imaging radiation doses as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). One of the main evidences quoted for the low-dose radiation cancer concerns are the atomic bomb survivor data. However, with the recent update, these data are not compatible with the LNT model but are more consistent with the concept that low levels of radiation reduce cancers, a phenomenon known as radiation hormesis. In addition, more evidences have validated radiation hormesis hypothesis and major flaws have been identified in the data claimed to support the LNT model. Thus, dose reduction due to the ALARA principle and Image Gently campaigns would not benefit pediatric patients by reducing cancer risk. The false perception that CT scans cause cancer has led to parents refusing indicated scans for children and physicians not ordering the needed scans, potentially jeopardizing patient health. Also, misguided dose reduction efforts have resulted in nondiagnostic images being performed, again potentially harming pediatric patients. Since there are no benefits from the low-dose radiation dose concerns and dose reduction efforts but only potential harm to pediatric patients, the radiological community should firmly disavow the ALARA concept and discontinue the Image Gently campaign.
This document summarizes radiation protection in the cath lab. It discusses sources of radiation for staff, including scattered radiation from the patient that can range from 0.5-10 mSv/h depending on the patient size and projection. It recommends protecting staff by increasing distance from radiation, minimizing time in the lab, and using lead shielding such as lead aprons and thyroid covers. Monitoring radiation exposure with TLD badges is also advised.
Radio protectors are compounds that reduce damage to normal tissues caused by radiation. They work by scavenging free radicals produced during radiation exposure and protecting proteins, DNA and cells from damage. The only FDA-approved radio protector is amifostine, which protects salivary glands during radiation therapy, though it has side effects. More research is still needed to develop non-toxic and effective radio protectors to better protect normal tissues during cancer treatment with radiation.
This document discusses various methods for overcoming tumor hypoxia and increasing the radiosensitivity of cancer cells, including:
I. Increasing tumor oxygenation through hyperbaric oxygen therapy or carbogen breathing. Clinical trials showed improvements in control and survival for some cancers.
II. Preferential sensitization of hypoxic cells with oxygen mimetics or cytotoxic agents that target hypoxic cells, such as misonidazole.
III. Pharmacologic targeting of hypoxic cells with drugs like mitomycin C, porfiromycin, and tirapazamine that are preferentially cytotoxic to hypoxic cells. Clinical trials demonstrated improved outcomes when combined with radiation.
The document also reviews attempts to modify radiation response
The document provides information about radiation safety at Wayne State University. It introduces the Office of Environmental Health and Safety (OEHS) and its roles in protecting health and safety regarding hazardous materials use. It also provides contact information for the radiation safety and hazardous waste staff. Basic radiation safety training requirements and rights of radiation workers are outlined.
Occupational radiation safety in Radiological imaging, Dr. Roshan S Livingstoneohscmcvellore
Occupational radiation safety in Radiological imaging
1) There is increased use of radiation-based medical imaging globally, but many staff lack proper training in radiation safety techniques.
2) Workers in cardiology cath labs receive the highest radiation doses, followed by radiology cath labs and other interventional procedures. Prolonged fluoroscopic screening can lead to hair loss and cataracts in interventionalists.
3) Basic principles of radiation safety include minimizing time, maximizing distance, and using shielding. Monitoring staff doses with dosimeters and following safety protocols helps ensure doses are as low as reasonably achievable.
Ionizing Radiation -How is Gray different from Sievert -Deterministic & Stochastic Radiation Risks -Air Kerma-Time, Distance and Shielding Principles -Dosimetry
The document summarizes the history, evolution, procedures, facilities, equipment, staffing, and quality assurance of cardiac catheterization labs. It traces the development of the technology from early diagnostic procedures in the 1940s-50s to modern interventional cardiology. Key aspects include the types of facilities from hospital-based to freestanding mobile labs, necessary rooms and equipment, recommended staff including physicians, technicians and nurses, and the importance of quality assurance programs.
This document discusses the basics of oral radiology, including different types of intraoral and extraoral radiographs. It describes bite-wing, periapical, and occlusal intraoral radiographs and panoramic, cephalometric, and sialography extraoral radiographs. It also covers the interpretation of radiographs, including the normal radiographic appearance of periapical tissues, healthy periodontium, and limitations of radiographs. Pathologies like periapical radiolucencies are also discussed.
Radiation protection involves protecting people from harmful effects of ionized radiation. Sources of radiation exposure include occupational, non-occupational natural sources like radon and cosmic radiation, and man-made sources like medical radiation. The biological effects of radiation include prompt personal effects from high doses occurring within days, delayed personal effects from chronic low doses like cancer, and racial effects from hereditary changes. Permissible radiation doses are regulated and the quantities used to measure radiation include activity, exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent. Effective dose equivalent considers tissue sensitivity and radiation type to measure biological damage risk from radiation exposure.
This document provides an overview of a dental radiology course for postgraduate students taught by Dr. Ossama El-Shall. The course covers topics such as radiation physics, x-ray machines, biological effects of radiation, safety and protection in dentistry, dental radiographic films and techniques, and specialized imaging techniques. The document also lists the contents that will be discussed in part I of the course, including terminology, radiation physics, properties of x-rays, and dental x-ray apparatus and production.
This document discusses dental radiography and x-rays. It defines key terms like radiograph and radiology. It describes the components of a dental x-ray unit and different types of radiographs like bitewings and panoramic x-rays. It discusses techniques like paralleling, bisecting angle technique and SLOB technique. It also covers topics like indications for radiographs, radiation safety, and advantages and disadvantages of digital radiography compared to conventional film.
Rp004 r.p. principles & regulatory infrastructure3lanka007
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is an international organization established in 1928 to provide recommendations on radiation protection. The ICRP recommends three fundamental principles of radiation protection: justification of practices, optimization of protection, and dose limitation for individuals. The ICRP does not have regulatory power but its recommendations strongly influence radiation regulations in most countries. National regulatory bodies are responsible for implementing specific codes and regulations based on ICRP guidance.
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE, RADIATIONBIOLOGY& RADIATION HAZARD...Ganesan Yogananthem
Dear B.Sc MIT Students,
Attached is an essential document featuring comprehensive Questions & Answers for Quality Assurance, Radiation Biology, and Radiation Hazards. We encourage you to utilize this resource to deepen your understanding and excel in your studies. Wishing you all the success in your academic endeavors and future careers.
Best regards,
Study of Health and Safety at Nuclear InstallationsYogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes a study on health and safety at nuclear installations. It discusses both man-made and natural radiation sources and the associated health risks. It outlines key radiological parameters such as radiation dose rates that are monitored. It also summarizes relevant UK regulations regarding nuclear safety, including the Nuclear Installations Act, Health and Safety at Work Act, and Ionizing Radiations Regulations. The main goal of these regulations is to ensure radiation exposures are kept within safe limits to protect workers and the public.
The document discusses the international system of radiation protection. It describes the key organizations that establish standards and recommendations, including the ICRP, IAEA, and UNSCEAR. The system is based on principles of justification, optimization and dose limitation. The ICRP provides recommendations, the IAEA establishes safety standards, and UNSCEAR studies radiation effects. Dose limits are established for occupational, medical and public exposures to restrict radiation doses.
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SHIELDING MECHANISM IN ROOMS HOUSING X-RAY DIAGNOSTIC EQ...AM Publications
The effectiveness of the shielding against ionizing radiation in controlled and supervised areas of four (4) selected imaging rooms of Mulago hospital was determined. Scattered radiation transmitted to the operator’s console, leakage through the walls and doors to the patient waiting areas was also determined. The effective doses to occupational workers were also determined. The availability and effectiveness of the lead aprons and other protective gears was also investigated. Thermoluminiscent Dosimeters (TLDs) were installed at selected points for a period of four (4) weeks. Radiation leakages to the members of the public were measured using a survey meter, scattered X-ray radiation to staff was measured using TLD badges. The mean scattered radiation in the imaging rooms varied from 1.19 mSv/month in the Computed Tomography (CT) room to 0.38 mSv/month from the Casualty Center (CC). The effective doses to occupational staff were highest in Room 4 (R4) (plain radiography) of 6.8 mSv/yr and lowest in CC at 1.4 mSv/yr. Radiation leakages through selected doors were found to be 18.1 mSv/hr at the Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI). Though there was some leakage, the available shielding was found to be generally effective.
Radiation Protection Course For Orthopedic Specialists: Lecture 3 of 4: Basic...Amin Amin
The document discusses the basics of radiation protection for orthopedic specialists, including the principles of justification, optimization and dose limitation for patients, staff and the public. It covers natural and artificial sources of radiation, dose limits, and the importance of controlling areas where radiation is used through procedures, signage and monitoring to restrict exposure.
Current literature on dental radiology was reviewed in order to seek justification for radiological protection of patients in dental radiography, to explore the different factors affecting patient dose and to derive practical guidance on how to achieve radiological protection of patients in dentistry. Individual doses incurred in dental radiology are in general relatively low, however it is generally accepted that there is no safe level of radiation dose and that no matter how low the doses received are, there is a mathematical probability of an effect. Hence appropriate patient protection measures must be instituted to keep the exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). The literature review demonstrated that there is considerable scope for significant dose reductions in dental radiology using the techniques of optimization of protection.
Most dental professionals are not convinced of the need for regulatory control of dental radiography practice. They believe doses are too low to warrant regulatory control and consequently patient protective measures. This study shows that individual doses in dental radiology are relatively low. However, there is no safe level of radiation dose and that no
matter how low the doses received are, there is a
mathematical probability of an effect. Consequently, appropriate patient protection measures must be instituted to keep exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).
The document discusses guidelines for orthodontic radiographs, including the damaging effects of radiation on human tissue and legislation regarding medical radiation exposure in the UK. It covers justifying the need for exposures, optimizing techniques to minimize radiation dose, and estimating effective radiation doses received from common orthodontic radiographs. Guidelines are provided on indication for taking radiographs at different treatment stages and ages based on clinical need. Techniques to reduce patient radiation dose include using faster film/receptors, appropriate collimation and filtration, and digital radiography.
This document provides an overview of radiation protection principles in nuclear medicine based on a chapter from an IAEA publication. It discusses key topics including:
- The ICRP system of radiation protection including principles of justification, optimization and dose limitation.
- Radiation protection quantities such as equivalent dose, effective dose and committed dose quantities.
- Operational quantities used for radiation monitoring like ambient dose equivalent and personal dose equivalent.
- International safety standards established by organizations like the IAEA, ICRP and UNSCEAR which are based on balancing radiation risks and benefits.
The document outlines the radiation protection framework and considerations for ensuring safe use of radiation in nuclear medicine facilities.
Overview of occupational radiation safety in hospital, Dr. Avinash u. Sonawareohscmcvellore
This document summarizes occupational radiation safety in hospitals. It covers typical medical uses of radiation like radiotherapy, diagnostic imaging, and nuclear medicine. It discusses the regulatory framework in India, categories of radiation exposures, and issues related to excessive exposures. The conclusion emphasizes that while occupational doses are usually low, there are concerns about reported excessive exposures in diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine. Improving safety culture and proper use of dosimeters is important to ensure doses remain below limits.
This document provides information on medical radiation safety. It discusses natural and man-made sources of radiation exposure, units used to measure radiation doses, and key principles of radiation protection including minimizing time, distance, and shielding. The document also covers radiation risks and perceptions, dose limits for occupational exposure, and requirements for radioactive waste management programs.
This document provides an overview of radiation protection principles for scientists, regulators, and physicians. It covers the history of radiation discovery and the need for protection. It introduces the unifying concept of energy in radiation and describes the principles of protection against ionizing particles, including characteristics of beta and gamma radiation. Protection methods like time, distance, shielding are discussed.
The document discusses radiation protection and its principles. It defines radiation protection as protecting people from harmful effects of ionizing radiation exposure. The objectives are to minimize health effects and avoid deterministic effects. The principles proposed by ICRP are justification, optimization, and individual dose limitation. Justification requires any new radiation source do more good than harm. Optimization means keeping doses as low as reasonably achievable. Dose limitation sets limits on individual accumulation of radiation doses.
Radiation is an energy emitted by a source. There are two types of radiation. One is Ionising radiation and other one is non ionising radiation X rays and gamma rays are used in medical and industrial radiography mainly to find the defects.
Instrumentation Writing Assignment
Word Limit: 2000
Unit Learning Outcomes assessed:
1. Explain and assess the basic design and practical working conditions of alternate imaging instruments employing radiation for appropriate use in regard to maximising clinical utilisation and minimising radiation and electromechanical risks
2. Critically assess the safe working conditions of specialised instruments in regard to radiation protection, electromechanical safety, appropriate regulations or standards
3. Implement and evaluate a basic quality assurance program on specialised x-ray imaging equipment to ensure accurate and safe outcomes
The purpose of this writing assignment is to encourage students to apply the knowledge of safe operation of specialised X-ray imaging equipment learnt from the unit into the clinical workplace. The safe operation of equipment encompasses the aspects of radiation protection, electromechanical safety and clinical utilisation in compliance with appropriate regulations and standards. Awareness and practice of safe operation are crucial in imaging practice. Infringement may lead to serious issues such as injury and even death. Quality Assurance (Q A) program is one way to minimize the likelihood of occurrence of such issues (Option 1). Another preventive measure is education to increase practitioners’ awareness and knowledge (Option 2).
Some students may have difficulties to get access to specialised X-ray imaging equipment during clinical placement / semester. In this situation, you can select Option 2. In this option, students are required to identify a particular X-ray imaging system (e.g. manufacturer A – model YYY mobile X-ray machine) through different manufacturers’ websites (some examples are given below) and develop a safe operation guide for it. The identified system must be within the ranges of systems for portable / mobile radiography, tomography, fluoroscopy, mammography and angiography. The main purpose of this guide is to educate practitioners the safe operation principles of a particular system. The following is the list of required contents for Option 2.
1. Introduction
• Provide relevant details (e.g. manufacturer, model, type, etc.) of the chosen system (only one is required)
• Suggest necessity of a safe operation guide for the chosen system
• N.B.: You can obtain relevant details of an imaging system from its manufacturer’s website, for example:
Carestream Health (http://www.carestreamhealth.com)
Fujifilm Corporation (http://www.fujifilm.com/products/medical/)
GE Healthcare (http://www.gehealthcare.com)
Gendex Dental Systems (http://www.gendex.com)
Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (http://medical.philips.com)
Siemens AG. (http://www.medical.siemens.com)
Toshiba Corporation (http://www.medical.toshiba.com)
2. Safe Operation Details
• Provide necessary radiation protection measures in relation to the features of the chosen system
• Provide necessary measures for safeguarding elect.
A Review Paper On Nuclear S Power Plants SafetyDaphne Smith
The document discusses security measures at nuclear power plants in India, outlining how plants are designed, constructed, and operated according to strict quality and security standards set by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board. It also examines radiological protection of workers, radioactive waste control, safety evaluations, and aging infrastructure issues to ensure nuclear power generation remains safe. While nuclear power poses some risks, the document argues that with proper regulation and precautions, it can be a safe and important source of electricity for India.
This document discusses radiation protection for patients and operators during dental x-ray procedures. It covers key concepts like total filtration, collimation, protective equipment like lead aprons and thyroid collars, proper techniques to minimize exposure, and guidelines for radiation safety. The document emphasizes that while dental x-rays provide benefits, it is important to use all available methods to minimize the amount of radiation received by patients and operators, in accordance with legislation and the ALARA principle of keeping exposures as low as reasonably achievable.
The document discusses international standards for radiation protection set by organizations like ICRP, IAEA, and ILO. It summarizes ICRP recommendations for occupational exposure limits, public exposure limits, and medical exposure principles. For occupational exposures, ICRP-26 recommended an annual dose limit of 0.5 Sv to all tissues except the lens of the eye and 0.15 Sv to the lens of eye. ICRP-60 introduced the concepts of effective dose and dose constraints and recommended an occupational effective dose limit of 20 mSv per year averaged over 5 years.
Similar to ALARA IMPLEMENTATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
2. Vidhya Sivasailanathan, Prabhat Kumar, Dr. N. Manoharan and K. Lingeswaran
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 70 editor@iaeme.com
undertaking special jobs, appropriate tooling procedures, proper time
management, adequate knowledge on hot spots, training, access control etc.,
The radiological surveillance is carried out and implemented by the health
physics personnel of the operating power plant. The paper brings out the
intelligent effort, effectiveness of design, procedures and discipline by plant
personnel and role of knowledge management in implementation of ALARA
practices and reduction of collective dose.
Key words: Ionising radiation, ALARA, radioactive waste transport,
contamination, de-contamination, radiation measuring equipment, procedures,
mock up, training.
Cite this Article: Vidhya Sivasailanathan, Prabhat Kumar, Dr. N. Manoharan
and K. Lingeswaran, Alara Implementation and Knowledge Management In
Nuclear Power Plants. International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering and Technology, 6(8), 2015, pp. 69-82.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=6&IType=8
Background
Mankind though has been exposed to natural radiation for past several million years,
the invention of X-ray, radioactive isotopes and their effects of human body and the
environment had immensely demanded the protection against radiation generated by
human activity to avoid the ill effects of radiation. Apart from natural radioactivity
arising from cosmic rays and terrestrial radiation, the radiation exposure is due to the
consequence of the fallout from weapon tests, exposure of radiation from nuclear
facilities and nuclear reactor operation and accidents, radioactive waste management,
transport, disposal of the radioactive waste arising from the use of radioactive
materials for different uses in agriculture, medical etc., The global experiences of
radiation handling and its effects are quite well combined and shared internationally
leading to a study analyzing the causes and effects of the ionizing radiation.
International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP) and Atomic
Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)
The investigators on radiation handling and its effects has received inputs from the
following groups to make a better analysis of what is acceptable dose to human body
which has no harmful effect.
Survivors of Atom bomb – the casualties arised during Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Radiologists – The group of doctors who have been unknowingly getting exposure
Radium dial painters
Personnel working in uranium mines
Dwellers in high natural background radiation areas (Canada, Brazil, China, Kerala in
India)
The outcomes of the studies revealed the importance of the awareness to be
brought in handling of ionising radiation. The experts in radiation protection from all
over the countries of the world joined and the International Commission of Radiation
Protection (ICRP) was formed in the year 1920.
ICRP formulates the guidelines to make the radiation protection safety standards
wherever radiation has found its applications. Based on the biological effects of the
ionizing radiation, ICRP has recommended the threshold limit value for the
3. Alara Implementation and Knowledge Management In Nuclear Power Plants
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 71 editor@iaeme.com
occupational radiation workers and such safety standards are subject to review from
time to time. Better radiological protection methodologies, innovations in handling of
radiation, developing new technologies in radiation detection instruments etc., were
discussed by the ICRP and shared to the global community of the nuclear industry.
The ICRP, in its publication Number 60, discusses the basic requirements of the
radiation protection:
Justification of Practice, Optimisation of protection and Dose limits.
Justification of Practice
The justification of practice states that the use of radioactivity in any field in
which it is applied must have the justification of its use.
Optimization of Protection
The use of radioactive sources shall be optimized considering the radiation type
{(alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) radiations, neutron)}, energies, activity range and
their isotopic and biological half lives*
, the physical or chemical form of the source
which would enable the protection practices in normal and abnormal conditions etc.,
Dose Limits
The radiation protection practices concentrate on four major areas of concern, which
include:
Radiation safety of work place
Radiation safety of the occupational workers
Radiation safety of general public
Impact on environment of radioactivity release
Rendering due consideration on the above factors, the ICRP has recommended the
dose limits to the occupational workers in any industry must be kept below 20mSv
(milli Sievert)**
per year or 100 mSv in any consecutive five years. The limit is
arrived at considering the maximum life time occupational dose as 1Sv (Sievert) for a
span of 50 working years. ICRP has also recommended the prescribed annual limit
for the public as 1mSv/ year. The female employees working in a nuclear industry,
while they are pregnant are not allowed to consume the threshold dose as an
occupational worker as the foetus is considered as the general public and the dose
limit permitted to the abdomen is 1mSv only.
Radiation Protection in India
The Constitution Order (1983) of AERB vide clause 2 (vii) entrusted the function of
prescribing acceptable limits of radiation exposure to occupational workers and
members of the public and approve the acceptable limits of environmental release of
radioactive substances to Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB). The Atomic
Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), the regulators of our country, has adopted the
guidelines of the ICRP. Currently, AERB has the stipulation of threshold dose limit
as 20mSv per year for occupational radiation workers.
4. Vidhya Sivasailanathan, Prabhat Kumar, Dr. N. Manoharan and K. Lingeswaran
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 72 editor@iaeme.com
ALARA
The discipline of the radiation protection practices of any operating nuclear power
station is reckoned by the collective dose of the station. The collective dose is the
summation of the dose of the occupational radiation workers for a particular year. The
scenarios of the events occurred during the year, number of personnel involved in hot
spot jobs etc., are some of the factors which act as the scale of the best adoption of
radiation protection measures of the operating power plant. The purpose of the
collective dose is to compare the radiation protection efficiencies in various plants,
the technologies followed and protection options. Collective dose is not supposed to
be used as data for epidemiological risk assessment or for risk projections based on
epidemiology and for the prediction of cancer deaths due to trivial exposures to large
populations. The International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP) has not
recommended any threshold or limit value for the collective dose as the compliance of
collective dose limit would require reduction of radiation levels, working times etc.,
that are plant specific. Further to this, the radiological conditions of different plants
will show larger variation. Moreover, the basic level of protection is recommended
by ICRP which is accepted internationally, the responsibility of optimisation of dose
and dose management rests with the plant management and the respective national
regulatory authority.
As a general practice, the operating plant will prepare the dose budget for the year,
allocating the dose limits that can be permissible for planned activities during
operation and shut down phases of the reactor.
*
half life: The time taken by the radioactive nuclide to reduce its activity by half
of its total activity.
**Sievert: Unit of dose (a measure of the radiation received or absorbed by a
target) equivalent to energy of 1 J/Kg or 104
erg/gm that attempts to quantitatively
evaluate the effects of ionising radiation.
The maximum value of the apportioned dose value will be contributed by the
maintenance jobs carried out in the plant. The replacement of in core components,
replacement / maintenance of valves, the spillage of heavy water (in pressurized
heavy water reactors), the leakage of primary sodium circuit (in fast breeder reactors),
replacement of insulation wool etc., are some of the possible scenarios considered
during the preparation of dose budget.
Factors causing exposure in Nuclear Power Plants with special reference
to PFBR
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is located in the place where the multi units
of Department of Atomic Energy are already operational. Sodium is used as the
coolant and Argon is used as the cover gas in the prototype fast breeder reactor.
Being situated amidst multi operational units, it becomes mandatory, that the dose
release is apportioned among the plants in such a way that the permissible limit of the
dose value to the public shall not be exceeding the limits recommended by the
Regulators. The apportioned dose value of PFBR is 100 micro Sievert including both
air and water routes of dose release during normal operation of the reactor. There are
certain areas which are prone to create contamination and contribute to increase of
radioactivity levels exceeding normal limits.
5. Alara Implementation and Knowledge Management In Nuclear Power Plants
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 73 editor@iaeme.com
Sources of radioactivity in Primary Coolant (Sodium) Activity in PFBR
Sodium-24 (Na-24) produced by the reaction {Na-23 (n,γ) Na-24} in the core
region.
Na-22 produced by the reaction Na-23 produced by the reaction {Na-23 (n,2n)
Na-22 }
Active Corrosion particles and fission products.
Activity of Sodium-24
The saturation activity of the Sodium-24 in primary sodium is estimated to be
592MBq/ml. This activity is reached within two days of reactor operation and decays
with a half life of 15 hours. Bulk shielding is provided against Sodium-24 activity as
it is a gamma emitter. Due to its shorter half-life, Sodium-24 portion of the coolant
ceases to be of high radioactive concern within a few days after removal from the
reactor.
Activity of Sodium-22
The saturation activity of Na-22 in primary sodium is attained in ten years of reactor
operation and is estimated to be 28 kBq/cm3. This activity builds slowly with reactor
operation since its half-life is 2.6 years, but poses problem for maintenance on the
primary sodium circuit. Sodium-22 is a positron emitter.
Corrosion and Fission Products
The radioactive corrosion products formed in the primary sodium are: Chromium-51,
Manganese-54, (Iron) Fe-59, Cobalt-58 and Cobalt-60. The specific activity in the
coolant for important corrosion products are estimated based on the design values.
About 90% of Mn-54 is deposited on Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX) and this
poses an exposure problem during handling and also requires elaborate shielding
arrangement.
Sources of activity in Cover Gas Circuit
Argon is used as the cover gas in the fast breeder reactor. The reactor is operated with
limited gas leakers. Four fuel pin failure operation is considered for design. The
cover gas during normal operation may contain fission gas activities due to four fuel
pin failures. Hence, even during normal operation, activity in cover gas is mainly due
to release of fission gases from the pins. The Argon-41 activity in cover gas is due to
the activation of potassium present as impurity in sodium. During normal operation,
the following gaseous activities are released to the cover gas from sodium.
Potassium 41 undergoes n,p reaction; produces Argon 41. (half life of is
1.8hours) K41(n,p)Ar41
Sodium 23 undergoes n,p reaction; produces Sodium 24 (half life is 37 sec) Na23
(n,p) Na24
Calcium 40 undergoes n,α reaction; produces Argon 37 (half life is 35 days) Ca40
(n,α) Ar37
Decontamination of surface of floor or equipment
The presence of radioactive material where its existence is not desired is known as
contamination. The process of elimination of contamination is decontamination. The
equipment which are used in the primary sodium circuit or directly used or present
6. Vidhya Sivasailanathan, Prabhat Kumar, Dr. N. Manoharan and K. Lingeswaran
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 74 editor@iaeme.com
inside the core component, the tools that are used in handling such active equipment
etc., will have higher probability of getting contaminated. If the loose contamination
is present on the surface, it can be washed off with any decontaminating agents. If the
fixed contamination is present on the surface of the equipment or on the floor, then
the method of decontamination will vary. Sometimes decontamination is carried out
by chipping off the particular portion of the equipment and repaint it. If there is a
possibility to keep the floors also be painted and maintained in the same way, the
painted portion can be chipped off to clear the contamination and the surface can be
repainted.
Maintenance Jobs
The radioactive equipment which require replacement or repairing jobs will attract the
radiation protection measures to achieve the radioactive limits As Low As Reasonably
Achievable (ALARA). The components that are used inside the core involved in the
fission reaction have the higher probability of getting contaminated with the
radioactive isotopes of Cobalt-60, Sodium-24 etc., Inclined Fuel Transfer Machine
(IFTM), Flasks, Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX), Pumps, Fuel sub assembly
replacement, failed fuel assembly detection etc., are some of the equipment that are
contaminated during reactor operation. While taking up the maintenance of these
equipment, care need to be taken for permissible limit of radioactivity release and
avoidance of contamination spread to the surrounding place. The shielding
arrangements, design of entry and exit for men and equipment, washing facility for
decontamination, drainage for active liquid effluent to the tanks etc., will help
bringing down the activity levels to a great extent. The preservation of such a large in-
core components even after decontamination of its surface will continue to act as the
radioactive source emitting ionising radiation. Adequate shielding techniques,
restricted men and equipment entry need to be followed for exposure reduction.
In Service Inspection
In operating plants, it is required to carry out the inspection of working mechanism of
the equipment while the reactor is in operation. This is important for health physicists
to control radiation exposure to plant personnel during such inspection campaigns and
exercise adequate radiation protection measures.
During shutdown, extensive inservice inspection is carried out wherever field is
high and approach for manual measurement / supervision is difficult. Robotic vehicle
is an alternative tool to be used for in service inspection. Based on the data acquired
by in service inspection, the healthiness of the equipment is ensured. The space
between safety vessel and main vessel is filled with Nitrogen gas. This space is used
for ISI vehicle to be taken to various zone. The vehicle has also maintained pressure /
grip on the walls of Main Vessel and Safety Vessel and may bring out certain
contamination when it is withdrawn out of the annulus.
Routine walk through
The walk through survey to monitor the radioactivity levels in various zones is also a
cause for radiation exposure. Spending of minimum time in noting down the reading
and proper idea of location to be surveyed help in reduction of exposure. This is a part
of good practice of reducing the exposure to ionising radiation.
7. Alara Implementation and Knowledge Management In Nuclear Power Plants
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 75 editor@iaeme.com
House Keeping
House keeping is another activity which helps to keep the area contamination free and
reduces exposure. But while carrying out house keeping, the usage of cleaning liquid,
mop sticks, the disposal of used liquid, clothing etc., are the factors which may
contribute for exposure and spread of contamination. The proper disposal of such
cleaning materials is required to be done with due care or otherwise this will carry
contamination and spread. The frequent and perfect housekeeping are observed as a
good practice contributing for dose reduction in nuclear power plants.
Calibration of radiation monitoring equipment
Calibration of radiation monitoring equipment is a periodic event to check the
healthiness of the radioactive instruments. The instrument is calibrated using a known
radioactive source of desired strength as per the requirement. While handling the
source, the precautionary measures like using the source with tongs, keeping the
source in its earmarked container, usage of dosimeters, log of readings of background
and during use of source etc., need to be ritually maintained as it is the direct cause of
exposure to the user. It is important to note that if the calibration takes the exposure
time limit of the order of several minutes, then it is advisable to quarantine the source
i.e., to keep the radioactive source open for enabling the calibration and leave the
place till the earmarked time gets over. This is one of the best possible ways to reduce
exposure while handling a known radioactive source.
Health Physics survey
Survey of radioactivity levels in and around the plant area will be done by Health
Physics officials shiftwise. There are possibilities of exposure to dose during such
surveillance activities. It is advised to make the survey quicker and leave the high
active area in shortest possible time to reduce the exposure.
Stack measurements
Stack is the place where the ventilation system ends to release the gaseous effluents to
the environment from the plant having passed through various filters. The sample line
will be provided to take the swipe sample of the gaseous effluent or the airborne
activity. While taking sample the active effluent line will be handled by the person
who is taking the sample. Though the activity is supposed to be at minimum value, it
contributes to some extent in dose count. Knowledge on the sampling point and
sampling procedures would help in spending lesser time while taking swipe sample at
the stack room.
Transportation of radioactive material
Transportation of radioactive material is an important activity in every nuclear
facility. If any component that has been used inside the reactor core which is certainly
contaminated to an appreciable extent, the radiological levels at the surface of the
material and at 1metre distance are measured before taking up transportation. Further,
it has to be ensured that the component does not have any loose contamination on its
surface that could dislodge and contaminate the environment, ground, air, water
during transit. If the values fall within the permissible limits as recommended by the
regulatory authority, then only the material will be allowed to be transported from the
plant to the waste management facility. However, the removal of the component,
decontamination of surface of the equipment and floor, continuous monitoring of the
8. Vidhya Sivasailanathan, Prabhat Kumar, Dr. N. Manoharan and K. Lingeswaran
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 76 editor@iaeme.com
radioactive levels, packing etc., contribute widely to exposure to radiation and
radioactive dose.
Repair activities and on power entry to shut down accessible areas
The repair of the core components and associated smaller activities also contribute as
a prime factor of causing exposure. Some of the repair activities are required to be
done when the reactor is in operation. There are certain areas that could become
accessible only during shut down phase of the reactor. Whenever, there requires a
monitoring / maintenance job in such shut down accessible areas, the reactor ‘on
power’ entry needs to be done by the operations or maintenance crew by seeking
special permits. Such maintenance activities need special training, adequate
knowledge about the system and mock up to contain the dose / exposure to the
working crew.
Sodium Sampling and maintenance of cold trap
The sodium that is used as coolant in PFBR reactor will be analysed for its purity and
presence of isotopic sodium. The sodium in the primary circuit is thoroughly
contaminated and the sample of sodium taken for analysis is a source of radioactivity.
The spillage of contaminated or the radioactive sodium is considered as the source of
radioactivity. The cold trap catches the impurities of sodium and contains the sodium
in aerosol form and associated radioisotopes. The maintenance of the cold trap
requires special arrangement and waste management yard to dispose it properly to the
environment. The sodium aerosol is the mixture of sodium oxide and sodium
hydroxide. Sodium aerosol is treated with acid in the presence of a medium to split it
into sodium chloride and water. The treated products are then suitably disposed off to
the environment. The process will be done at the isolated location where there will be
a less access of people. Handling of sodium requires special training and precautions
need to be taken to avoid sodium catching fire and extinguishing the same in case of
any incident.
Waste disposal
The waste disposal is an important contributor of exposure. The uncared throwing off
of used cotton, gloves etc., will form the source of contamination spread and
radioactive source. This may happen because of the wrong habitual acts of the
personnel. The discipline of disposal of used items in the earmarked bins would help
reduce such kind of exposure and contamination spread. The Waste in a nuclear
power plant does not only mean the spent subassembly waste; it denotes the
accessories that are contaminated and has no further use. The waste in solid, liquid
and gaseous forms are properly collected, treated and disposed off as per the
recommendations of the regulatory authority.
Cover gas sampling & analysis
As in the case of sodium discussed above, Argon which is used as the cover gas in the
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) also needs to be analysed for checking of
activity levels and purity of Argon gas. The cover gas sample will be collected using
a sampling point and analysed in the chemical lab.
9. Alara Implementation and Knowledge Management In Nuclear Power Plants
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 77 editor@iaeme.com
Good Practices by PFBR team in bringing down the exposure rates
Though there are various factors which contribute for contamination as well as cause
exposure to ionising radiation, there are good practices that can help us avoid spread
of contamination and reduce the levels of radioactivity. Some of the best and time
tested practices which are being adopted in PFBR are discussed below:
Mock up
The work in radiation field is stressful and occasionally in non-conducive working
environment; in difficult postures in humid and warm surroundings. Unless, the
entire activity to be done for conduct of work in radiation is rehearsed on a mock up,
the possibility of excess radiation dose consumption is unavoidable. Mock up should
be the actual simulation of working environment, physical restriction, space, objects,
heights etc., for actual job and the conditions like heat, humidity, light etc., The tools,
methods, procedures of every individual involved with the job, sequence of activity
and time need to be computed on mock up and review done whether the time /
exposure could be reduced by improving tools, sequence methods etc.,
We have in PFBR critical jobs like
Replacement of Control and Safety Rod Drive Mechanism (CSRDM) /Diverse
Safety Rod Drive Mechanism (DSRDM)
Repair and maintenance of Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX)
Replacement of Pumps, transfer arm, inclined fuel transfer machine functional
checks
In Service Inspection(ISI) of piping, supports, vessels etc.,
These jobs are in different areas requiring different techniques that need to be
rehearsed or mock-up.
The mock-up of creation of same scenario in a safe environment will help
understand the real situation and the precautions which need to be taken in the actual
case. The use of radiation protection equipment, the demand for using respirator,
shielding techniques, the time limit permissible for carrying out the job, the
requirement of tool and proper use of them, the exact requirement of man power to
accomplish the task etc., shall be worked out for better performance in the real
scenario.
Training procedures
Training is an unbeatable tool to the successful accomplishment of any kind of job;
jobs in radioactive areas are also of no exception. The training simulates and creates
awareness of the time, distance and shielding concept and helps in exposure
reduction; it suggests the importance of the quality of work need to be done. Training
gives the full fledged information about the job to be undertaken, associated risk
involved, the protection measures etc., The training once given to the occupational
workers need to be refreshed at periodic intervals of time, for better implementation
of radiation protection practices.
Qualification of tools and gadgets
Tools constitute the important role in repair and maintenance jobs. The selection of
best quality tool reduces the burden of job into half. The combination of radiological
survey instrument and contamination check instrument into a same device would
enable the surveillance easier and reduces the manpower to carry the instrument to the
10. Vidhya Sivasailanathan, Prabhat Kumar, Dr. N. Manoharan and K. Lingeswaran
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 78 editor@iaeme.com
survey location. The lengthy probed instrument for measuring radiation levels at high
active areas (teletector has 4 metre length probe) helps reducing the dose exposure to
the individual to a considerable extent. The instrument like portable radionuclide
identifier can be useful in the detection of presence of radionuclide in the high active
area without taking a sample and bringing to lab for analysis. This saves the time of
the analysis, manpower to take sampling and to avoid associated spread of
contamination if any.
Good House keeping
The house keeping at regular intervals would help ensure the absence of
contamination on the floor. The regular practice of house keeping also helps identify
the presence of any unwanted source of material on the floor or in the accessible
areas. The clear area is always a healthy sign and avoidance of contamination spread.
Access control
The limited entry of manpower in the high active areas helps reduce the exposure
level to a group of individuals to a maximum extent. It is a good practice that no
onlookers are permitted while carrying out the high active jobs. This would avoid
unnecessary dose exposure. Optimised man power for any kind of job will contribute
to the lesser magnitude of the collective dose of the station.
Rubber station
Rubber station is useful in avoiding contamination spread while moving from high
active zone to low active zone. The personnel would change his shoes, gloves, head
cap, protective suits etc., in the high active zones before crossing to low active zones.
The rubber stations will be made available at the interzonal points, preferably from
zone -3 to zone -2 areas. The rubber stations are created at places wherever the job is
prone to create contamination as a preventive measure. This will be placed as a
temporary arrangement also at places where the high active components are being
brought and kept for maintenance jobs.
Physical monitoring
The physical monitoring of the radiation instruments while checking up of the
readings and its calibration status etc., would help in the maintenance of the
instruments in a healthy state. The healthiness of the instruments help in identifying
the correct radiological levels in and around the plant area. The installed radiation
monitors at different access points to help monitor the radiological data at the main
control room; whereas the healthiness of all such installed monitor need to be
calibrated periodically. The monitors shall be calibrated with a known radioactive
source.
Online surveymetry
The connectivity of the area monitoring as signals in the system would be the best
practice to know the radiological levels. One need not go to the radioactive area for
noting down the radiological levels whereas the signals that are connected from the
area monitor to the control room will indicate the signals through the mimics installed
in the main control room as per the requirement. This engineered feature enables to
reduced dose exposure to considerable extent to the monitoring personnel.
11. Alara Implementation and Knowledge Management In Nuclear Power Plants
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 79 editor@iaeme.com
Camera
Fixing of cameras in high active areas, where personnel cannot make an entry when
the reactor power is on, serve the purpose of monitoring the radiological events
happening at the particular location. The output signals that can be viewed at the
control room enhances a better feedback on the operation /actions. Thus cameras are
helpful in reducing the exposure. Extending the cable from the active / work area /
component or from the detector and keeping the monitor which displays the data in
the low radioactive zone is another good practice to bring down the exposure levels.
Administrative Control
Maintenance of log of events, record keeping, calibration status of the equipment,
statistics of the personnel entry and exit, the radiological levels in the plant shift wise,
sharing of past experiences, conducting workshops, seminars, refresher training, full
fledged training centre, models of equipment, issue of work permit, dose management
system etc., are some of the practices that can establish a good discipline in adoption
of knowledge management in bringing the radiation exposure levels to an important
tool ALARA.
Clarity in communication
Communication is considered as the most appropriate tool in carrying out the specific
activities at all times. When it is correctly used would bring enormous benefit to the
plant management. In nuclear industry, communication is felt most important during
pre job briefing itself. Whenever job is allotted to a person by the system engineer,
while explaining the job to the worker, it needs to be ensured that the worker has
understood the job hazards and precautions need to be taken about the job. He is not
supposed to be simply a listener of what he has been told. Rather he has to respond to
the instructions. He is supposed to repeat the proceedings of job and it should be
confirmed back by the system engineer. Thus communication is the best tool for
proper understanding and correct execution of the job. Clarity in communication helps
avoid confusion in the workspot. While working in field they must know what has to
be done. For example, if the system engineer is giving an instruction to the
maintenance person to close the valve C16 in the A8 row; he has to get it confirmed
back by the worker for the correct understanding of the location that he should not do
mistake with A8 valve in C16 row.
Documentation
Documentation is the process of recording and compilation of events that have
occurred in every stage of activity in an organization. In a nuclear power plant, the
first experience of equipment erection is vital and documentation comprising of these
have to be recorded. The replacement / maintenance experience before the reactor is
made operational is also essential part of documentation. The base line inspection
also forms part of documentation. The component manufacturing history, Design
Change Note (DCN), Design Construction Request (DCR) and important instructions
constitute part of documents. Before taking up any job in high active area, this
documentation needs to be referred and then only personnel need to be permitted to
take up the job at such high active areas. Recording of events for every job will
constitute a part of documentation. The record will not only ensure the day to day
happenings but it serves as the supporting document of justification of various
practices of dose computation. It acts as the tool to avoid similar mistakes in future in
12. Vidhya Sivasailanathan, Prabhat Kumar, Dr. N. Manoharan and K. Lingeswaran
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 80 editor@iaeme.com
related jobs. The documentation gives the clear idea of what has happened and how it
can be improved. It stands as the evidence of better practices to be followed next
time. It serves as the system indicator whether there is a need of improvement in the
practices and procedures. Documentation needs complete vigil on the system and
requires periodic updation of its contents. The improvement made because of the
experience gained or lessons learnt add weightage to the effective maintenance of
documentation. It should be the centralized information provider of all activities of a
nuclear power plant.
Trend analysis
The comparison of the nature of the job expected to be arisen, methods to handle the
emergency situations, maintenance of log of events, record keeping, documentation of
the procedures and practices, sharing of experiences, application of lessons learnt
from previous experiences, training, repeated mock ups, perfect tooling methods,
ensuring clarity in communication prior, during and after execution of jobs, forcing
the occupational workers to follow the rules, best administrative procedures like
access control, motivation of workers for proper understanding of the work nature,
issue of work permit, inspection of equipment and records, periodic audit of work
procedures etc., are some of the performance indicators to decide the level of better
ALARA practice. The comparison of the resultant dose from previous year to the
current year is the best gauge to analyse the trend. The ‘cumulative dose’ which is
diminishing slowly from previous years will reflect the trend in maintaining the best
radiation protection measures. The dose record data experienced in the past years to
the current year helps derive the trend analysis of ALARA effectiveness of the
operating nuclear power plant.
Corrective measures
The knowledge gained from the past experiences of handling radioactive jobs will act
as the guide on further measures in bringing down the exposure. This occurs during
both the operation phase and shut down phase of the nuclear reactor. The
maintenance jobs would be carried out in a reactor when it is in operation and in shut
down condition. The reactor ‘on power’ entry in areas that are normally accessible
only during shut down, prompt identification and replacement of failed fuel are some
of the challenging jobs that require the proper feedback from previous experiences.
The maintenance jobs when the reactor is in operation requires the specific conditions
of the practices to be adopted as the chances of exposure is high. Though the high
radioactive components are adequately shielded, the distance from the active source
and completion of jobs in lesser time would be the best means of reduction of
exposure. The corrective measures that are experienced in every high active jobs
need to be noted down for future reference and guidance. The techniques of remote
tooling, long probed equipment, surveillance using cameras, in service inspection by
robotics, fixing permanent approach platforms to work in higher elevation
maintenance jobs, pre job planning, post job critique etc., provide the corrective
measures to be adopted wherever high exposure jobs is expected to be handled.
Role of HP in implementing ALARA
As a general notion, ALARA is the joint responsibility of everyone working in the
radioactive industry. People need to be practiced to be disciplined in adhering to the
procedures to avoid exposure, as radiation is non-sensory and impartial to people who
get exposed. The procedures should be followed in normal walk through as much as
13. Alara Implementation and Knowledge Management In Nuclear Power Plants
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 81 editor@iaeme.com
during maintenance activities. It is the part of Health Physicist to keep a strict vigil
on jobs and enforce where the job can be done with remote tools / procedures. The
camera can be fixed by extending the cable in the low radioactive zone and the
activities can be monitored. The high active areas which require the continuous
monitoring and maintenance jobs can be provided with lead curtains; as a part of
shielding requirement. As a health physicist, I feel that continuous, good and
frequent house keeping measures, remote monitoring of high active jobs, use of
personal protective equipment like gloves, provision of rubber stations, use of
ventilated plastic suits etc., to avoid the dose exposure to extremities and the air borne
contaminants, documentation of jobs, improving the existing documentation based on
the experience and the lessons learnt in execution of jobs with less dose exposure
would help achieve the exposure levels As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)
to a large extent.
Concluding remarks
ALARA is the widely accepted practice among the best tools in the nuclear industry
to bring down occupational exposure to a considerable extent. The past observations
and the methods of handling with hot spot areas in an operating power plant widely
help in deriving the best ALARA practices to avoid over exposure in the future plant
life. ALARA demands the technical expertise, adequate knowledge on the event to be
managed, the importance of mock-up, training, and documentation. Apart from the
design features of the reactor, ventilation scheme of the reactor, material selection,
usage of high quality filters, isolation of reactor containment building, online
monitoring of the radioactivity levels, dose records and management system, issue of
work permit, adoption of corrective measures that are learnt from previous
experiences etc., the administrative procedures like access control, training and mock-
up also play an important role in ALARA besides knowledge management.
All jobs narrated in the paper require definite exposure reduction practices
through knowledge management. Effective ALARA programs must include the
participation of all facility workgroups, management support, teamwork and strong
leadership. The development and sustainability of effective ALARA programs require
the establishment and monitoring of goals, rewarding the successful achievement of
those goals and incorporating lessons learned from tasks that fail to meet their goals.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author sincerely acknowledges the efforts and the guidance rendered by her
supervisor which has helped in analysing the dose reduction techniques during
construction stage and the design of the reactor, construction features, management
tools and administrative controls that shall reflect in the form of dose reduction
measures.
REFERENCES
[1] International Commission on Radiation Protection-ICRP 60, Pergamon Press,
Oxford (1990).
[2] International Basic Safety Standards for Radiation protection against ionizing
radiation and for the safety radioactive sources, IAEA SS No.115, 1996
[3] Activities of AERB, Report No.9 of 2012-2013
[4] The Preliminary Safety Analysis Report of Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor
14. Vidhya Sivasailanathan, Prabhat Kumar, Dr. N. Manoharan and K. Lingeswaran
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 82 editor@iaeme.com
[5] Radiation exposure controls, reports & exposures during the radiographic
examination of equipment and piping during construction stage of PFBR
[6] Radiometric methods, mock ups and controls exercised during radiometric
examination of concrete cells, Roof slab block and Lead Flasks in PFBR.
[7] Done J.Tashevski, Risto V. Filkoski and Igor K. Shesho. Optimisation of
Binary Cogenerative Thermal Power Plants with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells on
Natural Gas, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering &
Technology, 3(2), 2012, pp. 633 – 642.
[8] S. Paliwala, H.Chandra and A. Tripathi. Investigation And Analysis Of Air
Pollution Emitted From Thermal Power Plants: A Critical Review,
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, 4(4), 2013,
pp. 32-37.
[9] Done Tashevski, Risto Filkoski, Dame Dimitrovski and Igor Shesho.
Analysis of Parameters Affecting The Efficiency Optimization of Binary
SOFC Co-Generation Power Plants, International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering & Technology, 4(4), 2013, pp. 32-37.
[10] Wani Ahmad, MSK Prasad, Bhat Javed, V Thangapandian. Coal Accident
Analysis, Risk Quantification and Suggestive Scheme Improvements In Coal
Bunkers of Abstract Thermal Power Plants, International Journal of
Industrial Engineering Research & Development 3(2), 2012, pp. 18-25.