Base Station Tranceiver & Health
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GSMA Radio Signal & health Final Project
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Base Station Tranceiver & Health
- 1. PRESENTED BY ENGR. SAYYADI SANI IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT AS A REQUIREEMNT FOR AN E-LEARNING CERTIFICATE COURSE ON RADIO SIGNAL&HEALTH ORGANISED BY GSMA JULY, 2017 THE BASICS OF BTS RADIATION & HEALTH 7/30/2017 1 ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA
- 2. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION TO EMF RADIATION THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM COMPONENTS OF A TYPICAL BTS BTS & RESIDENTIAL PROXIMITY IONIZING & NON-IONIZING RADIATION THE INTERNATIONAL LIMITS ON RF RADIATION HEALTH CONCERN ABOUT RF RADIATION BASE STATION & HEALTH NCC STRATEGIES FOR MINIMIZING EFFECTS OF RADIATION CONCLUSION 7/30/2017 2 ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA
- 3. INTRODUCTION TO EMF RADIATION An EMF (electromagnetic field) consists of waves of electric and magnetic energy moving together through space. Often the term "electromagnetic field" or EMF is used to indicate the presence of electromagnetic radiation. 7/30/2017 3 ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA
- 4. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM The electromagnetic spectrum simply represents a collective term that referred to the entire spectrum table of electromagnetic radiation . The table signifies the characteristic of each spectrum band and their respective, associated photon wavelengths 7/30/2017 4 ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA
- 5. COMPONENTS OF A TYPICAL BTS A typical BTS consists of the following components: •Antennas that relay radio messages •Transceivers •Duplexers •Amplifiers 7/30/2017 5 ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA
- 6. BTS & RESIDENTIAL PROXIMITY NIGERIA From 2001 – January 2014 5 metre Setback (NCC Regulation) From January 2014 Onwards 10 metre Setback (NESREA Regulation) 5m 10m . 7/30/2017 6 ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA
- 7. IONIZING & NON-IONIZING RADIATION Ionizing radiation (IR) refers to as a radiation having enough energy to cause electrons movement from atoms or molecules. This action result in heating up the electrons Different types of electromagnetic radiation Non-ionizing (or non-IR) on the other hand is simply any type of electromagnetic radiation that would not be able to ionize atoms or molecules. This type of radiation does not have energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule 7/30/2017 7 ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA
- 8. THE INTERNATIONAL LIMITS ON RF RADIATION 7/30/2017 8 ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA
- 9. ICNIRP GUIDELINES • ICNIRP - International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection • ICNIRP issues guidelines on the basis of the current scientific knowledge. Based on established biological and heath effects, it provides estimation for occupational and general public exposure. • Most countries (EU, India, Nigeria, etc.) draw on ICNIRP guideline for their own national standards. 7/30/2017 9 ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA
- 10. HEALTH CONCERNS ON RF RADIATION The World Health Organization (WHO) has been engaged in research into possibility of health effects of exposure to radio frequency radiation. To date there has been no clear evidence that exposures below the ICNIRP (1998) EMF guidelines, covering the full frequency range from 0-300 GHz, produce any known adverse health effect. However, there may be some health effects for a prolong exposure to RF radiation especially using mobile phones for a long period can cause thermal effect to skin in contact 7/30/2017 10 ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA
- 11. BASE STATIONS AND HEALTH With respect to base stations and health, the WHO notes that: “Considering the very low exposure levels and research results collected to date, there is no convincing scientific evidence that the weak RF signals from base stations and wireless networks cause adverse health effects." "Studies to date provide no indication that environmental exposure to RF fields, such as from base stations, increases the risk of cancer or any other disease.“ 7/30/2017 11 ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA
- 12. BASE STATIONS AND HEALTH UK Advisory Group on Non-Ionising Radiation (AGNIR): In summary, although a substantial amount of research has been conducted in this area, there is no convincing evidence that RF field exposure below guideline levels causes health effects in adults or children. http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1317133826368 Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR ) : The results of current scientific research show that there are no evident adverse health effects if [EMF] exposure remains below the levels set by current standards. http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/docs/ scenihr_o_041.pdf 7/30/2017 12 ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA
- 13. NCC STRATEGIES FOR MINIMIZING EFFECTS OF RADIATION Strategies Practical Field Measurement of EMF BTS Site Approvals Equipment Type Approval Results of expert studies by WHO, ICNIRP, GSMA, etc. 7/30/2017 13 ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA
- 14. CONCLUSION In general, the conclusion from the WHO reviews and other relevant studies have confirmed that, EMF exposures below the limits recommended in the ICNIRP international Guidelines do not have any scientifically proven known consequence on health. The non-ionizing radiations from BTSs and mobile handsets do not have enough energy to disrupt the molecular structure of biological material in humans. 7/30/2017 14 ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA
- 15. REFERENCES https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_transceiver_station https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum http://www.icnirp.org/cms/upload/publications/ICNIRPLFgdl.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_determinants/environment/EMF/brochure_en.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation https://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/technology/emf-limits-icnirp-basic-restrictions.html http://www.who.int/peh-emf/research/en/ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs193/en/ International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Statement on the "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagetic fields (up to 300 GHz)", 2009. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz, IEEE Std C95.1, 2005. http://www.telecomdocs.com/content/overview-base-transceiver-station-components https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2927/base-transceiver-station-bts http://www.who.int/peh-emf/meetings/day2Varna_Foster.pdf http://rfsafetysolutions.com/PDF%20Files/ICNIRP_Guidelines.pdf http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/ew-radar-handbook/images/imgC1.gif "Presentation to the House of Representatives Ad-Hoc Committee to Investigate the Health Implication of the Mounting of Telecommunications Mast Close to Buildings“ By Engr. Bako Wakil of Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), 2017 7/30/2017 15 ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA
- 16. END 7/30/2017ENGR. SAYYADI SANI NCC NIGERIA 16 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION SAYYADI SANI NIGERIAN COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Email: sayyadi@ncc.gov.ng Phone: +234 9 461 7290 Mobile: +234 706 227 0749
Editor's Notes
- This slide presented an outline of the presentation, we are to talk on all the items listed and would be ending with a conclusion
- Here we presented a simple time varying EMF (electromagnetic field) as seen in the diagram, the Electric Field (E-Field) has been indicated with a red vertical arrow perpendicular to the direction of the traveling wave while the Magnetic Field represented with a blue horizontal arrow 90 degree out of phase to the direction of the wave.
- This present a general electromagnetic spectrum. The slide showed a presentation of radiation type in wave length (m), the scale, the frequency band and the temperature ranging from radio wave to Gamma ray in order of increased temperature intensity.
- Slide 5 showed a typical BTS arrangement showing the BTS, the Tower (which houses the radio components and antennas). Also part of the systems found at the BTS side includes TRX (transceivers), Duplexers, amplifiers, etc
- This slide gives a concept of the distance allowed from BTS to residential buildings. From 2001 to January, 2014 the setback was 5m while a new harmonised regulation in 2014 put the setback limit at 10m.
- The slides showed and talk about ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. A signage for both categories has also been shown
- This graph showed the ICNIRP Reference level for electromagnetic field radiations, the Electric Field shown in the blue and is measured in Volt per Meter (V/m) while the Magnetic field shown in the green is measured in Ampere per meter (A/m). As can seen in the graph the general public limit is lower than the occupation group limit.
- This slide talked more on the general guideline of the ICNIRP based on scientific facts which provides estimate exposure limit for public and occupational group. Many countries around the world have adopted the ICNIRP guidelines
- We knew that the WHO has conducted many researches in respect of the EMF and the researches are still on going . But still no evidence of any health effect of RF exposure below the ICNIRP limits.
- This slide gave an account of some worldly recognized bodies that have conducted work on EMF exposure. In summary their findings indicate no health effect below the set limits.
- This slide talked on the strategies being adopted by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) towards minimizing the effect of RF radiation from BTS.