The document discusses factors in a firm's remote and industry environment that can impact its operations. The remote environment includes economic, social, political, technological, and ecological factors. The industry environment focuses on competitive forces like rivalry, potential new entrants, suppliers, buyers, and substitute products. It also examines operating factors like a firm's competitive position and ability to attract resources. The resource-based view of the firm and value chain analysis are introduced as frameworks to understand a firm's internal strengths and how it creates value.
Practically Applying Sourcing Grids for Risk Management Thomas Tanel
Purchasing and supply management have never been easy. The past several years have caused many executives and professionals to lose more sleep and gain more gray hair (or lose more hair) than usual; therefore, the next decade requires upgraded skill sets to survive.
Portfolio analysis is one of the most powerful techniques
used by the purchaser, despite its simplicity. It is a simple “grid” tool that charts the amount we spend on products or services and the complexity of its acquisition.
Portfolio analysis helps us define our sourcing strategy and the best sourcing techniques to use dependent upon the position on the sourcing grid. It also defines the relationships (supplier positioning) we need to have with our key suppliers and gives us an insight in how the key suppliers may see us in perception model. It allows you to organize your time and
resources for maximum benefit and it encourages strategic thinking and analysis to reduce cost, add value, and minimize risk.
Strategic Sourcing: Walking the Tightrope in Developing Sourcing StrategyThomas Tanel
This presentation will focus on developing the sourcing strategy as a fundamental and logical process involving the application of tools by skilled, competent, and knowledgeable purchasers. Simply put, our focus will be on the “how to” in developing a sourcing strategy. Are you experienced?
Topics that will be addressed include spend analysis, categorizing the best opportunities for sourcing group profiles, Porter’s Five Force Model and Sourcing Grids, establishing sourcing group portfolios and supplier portfolios, using the proper RFX format for sourcing, and making strategic sourcing the focal point for supplier negotiations. Participants will view “good practice” examples of the above.
If you find yourself “walking the tightrope” with a strategic sourcing initiative or an ongoing effort, you’ll get valuable information in developing your sourcing strategy. With our five phase approach, we will discuss the following “how to”:
1. Develop sourcing strategies differentiated by expenditure category and based on market dynamics.
2. Deeply involve end-users in sourcing for knowledge and buy-in.
3. Apply a rigorous sourcing approach that examines internal needs against supply market options to find the lowest total cost.
4. Challenge specifications and usage patterns to ensure that each expenditure is providing the best value for the company.
5. Identify, analyze, select, and negotiate with strategically advantaged suppliers, not just the ones with the lowest price today.
This presentation will conclude with a presentation review that can refine your understanding of the factors, tools, and guidelines you need to make your sourcing process more effective and more profitable for your organization.
Practically Applying Sourcing Grids for Risk Management Thomas Tanel
Purchasing and supply management have never been easy. The past several years have caused many executives and professionals to lose more sleep and gain more gray hair (or lose more hair) than usual; therefore, the next decade requires upgraded skill sets to survive.
Portfolio analysis is one of the most powerful techniques
used by the purchaser, despite its simplicity. It is a simple “grid” tool that charts the amount we spend on products or services and the complexity of its acquisition.
Portfolio analysis helps us define our sourcing strategy and the best sourcing techniques to use dependent upon the position on the sourcing grid. It also defines the relationships (supplier positioning) we need to have with our key suppliers and gives us an insight in how the key suppliers may see us in perception model. It allows you to organize your time and
resources for maximum benefit and it encourages strategic thinking and analysis to reduce cost, add value, and minimize risk.
Strategic Sourcing: Walking the Tightrope in Developing Sourcing StrategyThomas Tanel
This presentation will focus on developing the sourcing strategy as a fundamental and logical process involving the application of tools by skilled, competent, and knowledgeable purchasers. Simply put, our focus will be on the “how to” in developing a sourcing strategy. Are you experienced?
Topics that will be addressed include spend analysis, categorizing the best opportunities for sourcing group profiles, Porter’s Five Force Model and Sourcing Grids, establishing sourcing group portfolios and supplier portfolios, using the proper RFX format for sourcing, and making strategic sourcing the focal point for supplier negotiations. Participants will view “good practice” examples of the above.
If you find yourself “walking the tightrope” with a strategic sourcing initiative or an ongoing effort, you’ll get valuable information in developing your sourcing strategy. With our five phase approach, we will discuss the following “how to”:
1. Develop sourcing strategies differentiated by expenditure category and based on market dynamics.
2. Deeply involve end-users in sourcing for knowledge and buy-in.
3. Apply a rigorous sourcing approach that examines internal needs against supply market options to find the lowest total cost.
4. Challenge specifications and usage patterns to ensure that each expenditure is providing the best value for the company.
5. Identify, analyze, select, and negotiate with strategically advantaged suppliers, not just the ones with the lowest price today.
This presentation will conclude with a presentation review that can refine your understanding of the factors, tools, and guidelines you need to make your sourcing process more effective and more profitable for your organization.
In this presentation, we will discuss the value chain and all the primary activities involved. Strategy and decision making procedure, indicators of market potentials, types of strategies is discussed here. We will talk about strategic alliances, managing cooperative strategies, material management in global business, production system model, locating manufacturing facilities, and various other decision making processes.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
The development of COVID-19 and its impact on global business has highlighted the vulnerability of supply chains to rapid disruptions. Many companies are struggling with both changed demand patterns and disrupted supply situations, as the effects of the virus outbreak extend further than anticipated.
We don’t know the full impact of COVID-19 on our businesses, and we can’t predict what is in store for the future. But we can reflect on previous supply chain disruptions and apply past learnings to the current situation.
PURCHASING PROCEDURES, E-PROCUREMENT, AND SYSTEM CONTRACTING pter 007 instru...Zamri Yahya
• Purchasing Procedure
• System Contracting
• E-Procurement
• Reverse Auctions
• Electric Data Interchange (EDI) and Purchasing
Radio Frequency Identifications (RFID)
• Make Versus Buy
• Benefit of Outsourcing
• Source of Supplier Information
• Strategis Selection
• Supplier Relationship Management (SRM)
• Industry Example
Global Sourcing Trends, Challenges, and Solutions For 2015Bill Kohnen
Global Sourcing is viewed as a common business practice but is surprisingly not well defined in practice and can mean different things depending on where one is that. However, western CEOs and CPOs view it as a basic practice to be competitive despite feeling the process is not well measured or managed. Solutions for better performance come down to developing people and evolving process.
Strategic Sourcing and B2B E Commerce Solutions For ASEAN Purchasing Professi...Bill Kohnen
As ASEAN regional demand grows the skill of Purchasing professionals in the region will need to change from the current focus on export industries and tactical BPO industries. Specifically developing core Strategic Sourcing skills and utilizing B2B E Commerce Solutions in ways optimized ASEAN demand will be important. 2015 PASIA Conference discussion presentation.
In this presentation, we will discuss the value chain and all the primary activities involved. Strategy and decision making procedure, indicators of market potentials, types of strategies is discussed here. We will talk about strategic alliances, managing cooperative strategies, material management in global business, production system model, locating manufacturing facilities, and various other decision making processes.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
The development of COVID-19 and its impact on global business has highlighted the vulnerability of supply chains to rapid disruptions. Many companies are struggling with both changed demand patterns and disrupted supply situations, as the effects of the virus outbreak extend further than anticipated.
We don’t know the full impact of COVID-19 on our businesses, and we can’t predict what is in store for the future. But we can reflect on previous supply chain disruptions and apply past learnings to the current situation.
PURCHASING PROCEDURES, E-PROCUREMENT, AND SYSTEM CONTRACTING pter 007 instru...Zamri Yahya
• Purchasing Procedure
• System Contracting
• E-Procurement
• Reverse Auctions
• Electric Data Interchange (EDI) and Purchasing
Radio Frequency Identifications (RFID)
• Make Versus Buy
• Benefit of Outsourcing
• Source of Supplier Information
• Strategis Selection
• Supplier Relationship Management (SRM)
• Industry Example
Global Sourcing Trends, Challenges, and Solutions For 2015Bill Kohnen
Global Sourcing is viewed as a common business practice but is surprisingly not well defined in practice and can mean different things depending on where one is that. However, western CEOs and CPOs view it as a basic practice to be competitive despite feeling the process is not well measured or managed. Solutions for better performance come down to developing people and evolving process.
Strategic Sourcing and B2B E Commerce Solutions For ASEAN Purchasing Professi...Bill Kohnen
As ASEAN regional demand grows the skill of Purchasing professionals in the region will need to change from the current focus on export industries and tactical BPO industries. Specifically developing core Strategic Sourcing skills and utilizing B2B E Commerce Solutions in ways optimized ASEAN demand will be important. 2015 PASIA Conference discussion presentation.
* 생각정리의 기술 세미나 - 액션스쿨
* 세션4 - 김경수 (생각정리 전문가)
* 주제 : 하이브리드 메모법, 컨셉맵 실전 활용!
* 내용
- Personal-Home-Work 메모 활용술
- 컨셉맵 Concept Map - 마인드맵의 진화
- 아날로그 + 디지털 하이브리드 메모술, 스마트펜 사용법
* 라이프디자이너 김경수 - 생각정리 디자이너, 메모 전문가, 저자, 영어 강사로 활동하고 있습니다. 복잡한문제연구소를 운영하며, 기업의 관리자들과 직원들에게 하이브리드 워크와 스마트 워크를 알려드려 다양한 업무를 돕는 활동을 합니다. 또한 학습자들의 여러 복잡한 문제 - 학습법, 영어, 생각정리, 아이디어 발상, 메모 - 를 쉽게 접근하고 해결할 수 있도록 도와 드립니다. 라이프디자이너 김경수는 여러분의 라이프에서 벌어지는 여러 문제들을 다양한 시각으로 접근하고 이에 맞는 정보를 수집, 정리, 활용하여 빠른 시대에 어울리는 사람으로 만들어 드립니다. 디지털만 강조하는 것이 아닌 아날로그와 디지털의 융합을 통한 하이브리드를 추구하고 여러분을 능력자로 만들어 드립니다. Get Things Done!
* 라이프디자이너 김경수
*연락처: 010-9572-0582
*이메일: kimkyeongsoo@gmail.com
1 p 03-0214-competitive-intelligence-blue-paper4imprint
When you hear the phrase “competitive intelligence” do you think of spies, covert activities and espionage? Do you think of expensive gadgetry and employees dressed like Tom Cruise from Mission Impossible®? While these
popular images might come to mind, in truth, this is far from reality. Contrary to common perceptions, competitive intelligence is a defined business strategy.
Facebook style notifications using hbase and event streamsRegunath B
This talk is about building a low-latency, near real-time Notifications platform for serving user intent using Event based architecture, Complex Event Processing and a data store like HBase. Will also cover how millisecond response times are achieved when accessing data from 100 million rows by interpreting change from immutable events and organizing data as LSM trees.
What is Internal Analysis?
The process of identifying and evaluating an organization’s specific characteristics
Resources, capabilities, and core competencies
Looks at organization’s
Current vision
Mission(s)
Strategic & financial objectives
Strategies
Corporate Strategy or Strategic Management
Concepts and Cases by Fred R. David,
Francis Marion University, Florence, South Carolina, &
Forest R. David,
Strategic Planning Consultant
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
different modes of interaction between insects and plants including mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, Pairwise and diffuse coevolution, Plant defenses, how coevolution started
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Akashdeepsinghjandu9
1. 1. Remote Environment
Economic Factors
• Concern the nature and direction of economy in
which a firm operates
• Types of factors
• General availability of credit
• Level of disposable income
• Propensity of people to spend
• Prime interest rates
• Inflation rates
• Trends in growth of gross national product
2. Social Factors
• Beliefs, values, opinions, and lifestyles
of people
• Recent social trends
• Entry of large numbers of women into labor
market
• Accelerating interest of consumers and
employees in quality-of-life issues
• Shift in age distribution of population
3. Political Factors
• Define legal and regulatory parameters
within which firms must operate
• Types of factors
– Free-trade agreements
– Antitrust laws
– Tax programs
– Minimum wage legislation
– Pollution and pricing policies
– Administrative jawboning
4. Technological Factors
• Focus on technological changes affecting
industry
• Types of changes
• New products
• Improvements in existing products
• Manufacturing and marketing techniques
• Role of technological forecasting
• Foresees advancements and estimating their impact
on organization’s operations
• Alerts managers to impending challenges and
promising opportunities
5. Ecological Factors
• Ecology refers to the relationships among
human beings and other living things and air,
soil, and water
• Current concerns
• Global warming
• Loss of habitat and biodiversity
• Air, water, and land pollution
• Responsibilities of firms
• Eliminating toxic by-products of current manufacturing
processes
• Cleaning up prior environmental damage
7. Competitive Force: Threat of Entry
• Seriousness of threat depends on
• Barriers to entry
• Reaction of existing firms
• Barriers to entry
• Product differentiation
• Capital requirements
• Cost advantages
• Access to distribution channels
• Government policy
8. Competitive Force: Suppliers
• A supplier group is powerful if:
• It is dominated by a few companies and is more
concentrated than industry it sells to
• Its product is unique, or differentiated, or has built
up switching costs
• It is not obliged to contend with other products for
sale to industry
• It poses a threat of integrating forward into
industry’s business
• Industry is not an important customer of supplier
group
9. Competitive Force: Buyers
• A buyer group is powerful if:
• It is concentrated or purchases in large volume
• Products purchased from industry are standard or
undifferentiated
• Products purchased from industry form a component
of its product, representing a significant fraction of its
cost
• It earns low profits, creating incentives to lower its
costs
• Industry’s product is unimportant to quality of buyers’
products or services
• Industry’s product does not save buyer money
• Buyer poses credible threat of integrating backward
10. Competitive Force: Substitute Products
• Relevance of substitutes
• By placing a ceiling on prices charged, they limit profit
potential of an industry
• Substitutes deserving the most attention are
those
• Subject to trends improving their price-performance
trade-off with the industry’s product
• Produced by industries earning high profit
11. What Causes Rivalry to be Intense?
競爭力越高 , 利潤被瓜分的越多
• Numerous competitors or they are roughly
equal in size and power
• Slow growth in industry
• Product lacks differentiation or switching costs
• High fixed costs or perishable product
• Capacity normally augmented in large
increments
• High exit barriers
• Rivals are diverse in strategies, origins, and
“personalities”
12. 3. Operating Environment
The operating environment comprises factors in the
competitive situation that affect a firm’s success in
acquiring needed resources or in profitably
marketing its goods and services
13. Factors in the Operating Environment
• Firm’s competitive position
• The composition of its customers
• Its reputation among suppliers and creditors
• Its ability to attract capable employees
14. Constructing competitor profiles
• Market share
• Breadth of product line
• Effectiveness of sales
distribution
• Proprietary and key-account
advantages
• Price competitiveness
• Advertising and promotion
effectiveness
• Location and age of facility
• Capacity and productivity
• Experience
• Raw material costs
• Financial position
• Relative product quality
• R&D advantages position
• Caliber of personnel
• General images
• Customer profile
• Patents and copyrights
• Union relations
• Technological position
• Community reputation
15. III. Internal Analysis
• Resource-based View of the Firm
• Value Chain Analysis
• SWOT Analysis
• Internal Analysis: Making Meaningful
Comparisons
16. What is the Resource-based View of the Firm?
Firms differ in fundamental ways because
each firm possesses a unique “bundle” of
resources – tangible and intangible assets
and organizational capabilities to make use
of those assets.
17. The Three Basic Resources
• Tangible assets
• Easiest to identify and often found on a firm’s balance sheet
• Include physical and financial assets
• Examples: production facilities, raw materials, financial resources
• Intangible assets
• Cannot be seen or touched
• Often very critical in creating competitive advantage
• Examples: brand names, company reputation, company morale
• Organizational capabilities
• Involve skills – ability to combine assets, people, and processes –
used to transform inputs into outputs
18. What Makes a Resource Valuable?
• Competitive superiority:
Does the resource help
fulfill a customer’s need
better than those of the
firm’s competitors?
• Resource scarcity: Is
the resource in short
supply?
• Inimitability: Is the
resource easily copied or
acquired?
• Appropriability: Who
actually gets the profit
created by a resource?
• Durability: How rapidly
will the resource
depreciate?
• Substitutability? Are
other alternatives
available?
19. Isolating Mechanisms
• Physically unique resources
• Resources virtually impossible to imitate
• E.g., one-of-a-kind real estate location, mineral rights,
patents
• Path-dependent resources
– Resources that must be created over time in a manner that
is often expensive and difficult to accelerate
– E.g., Dell Computer’s system of direct sales of customized
PCs via the Internet, Coca-Cola’s brand name, Gerber
Baby Food’s reputation for quality
20. Isolating Mechanisms
• Causal ambiguity
• Situations where it is difficult for competitors to
understand how a firm has created its advantage
• E.g., Southwest Airlines’ approach
• Same plane, routes, gate procedures, number of
attendants
• Culture of fun, family, and frugal yet focused service
• Economic deterrence
• Involves large capital investments in capacity to
produce products or services in a given market that are
scale sensitive
21. Resource Inimitability
(Adapted)
• Easy to imitate
• Cash, commodities
• Can be imitated (but may not be)
• Capacity preemption, economies of scale
• Difficult to imitate
• Brand loyalty, employee satisfaction, reputation for
fairness
• Cannot be imitated
• Patents, unique locations, unique assets
22. Key Resources Across Functional Areas
(Selected)
Marketing
• Firm’s products/services
• Concentration of sales in a few
products or a few customers
• Ability to gather needed
information about markets
• Market share
• Product-service mix and
expansion potential
• Channels of distribution
• Effective sales organization
Financial and Accounting
• Ability to raise short-term
and long-term capital; debt-
equity
• Corporate-level resources
• Cost of capital relative to
competitors
• Tax considerations
• Relations with owners,
investors, and stockholders
• Leverage position
• Cost of entry and barriers to
entry
23. (contd.)
Production, Operations,
Technical
• Raw materials cost and
availability, supplier
relationships
• Inventory control systems
• Location, layout, and use of
facilities
• Economies of scale
• Technical efficiency of facilities
• Effectiveness of subcontracting
use
• Degree of vertical integration
Personnel
• Management personnel
• Employees’ skills and morale
• Labor relations costs
compared to competitors
• Efficiency and effectiveness of
personnel policies
• Effectiveness of incentives
used to motivate performance
• Ability to level peaks and
valleys of employment
24. (contd.)
Quality Management
• Relationships with suppliers,
customers
• Internal practices to enhance
quality of products and
services
• Procedures for monitoring
quality
Information Systems
• Timeliness and accuracy of
information about sales,
operations, cash, and
suppliers
• Relevance of information for
tactical decisions
• Information to manage quality
issues, customer service
• Ability of people to use
information provided
25. (contd.)
Organization and General Management
• Organizational structure
• Firm’s image and prestige
• Firm’s record in achieving objectives
• Organization of communication system
• Organizational climate and culture
• Use of systematic procedures in decision making
• Top management skills, capabilities, and interest
• Strategic planning system
• Intra-organizational synergy
26. What is a Value Chain?
The term value chain describes
a way of looking at a business
as a chain of activities that
transform inputs into outputs
that customers value