The document discusses the relationship between human societies and the natural environment. It notes that while nature always posed risks, human societies have now developed the ability to significantly modify their environment quickly. This introduces new risks from uncoordinated human activities that can impact natural systems. The document examines different types of risks from nature, society, and problems of social cooperation/coordination. It also discusses the assessment of environmental risks and different approaches like cost-benefit analysis and risk management. Property rights regimes and common resource issues are evaluated in the context of sustainability and management of exhaustible resources.
Mitigation Of What And By What PresentationfinalLn Perch
This document summarizes and critiques current global efforts to address climate change through mitigation and adaptation policies and financing. It finds that approaches have focused more on large-scale actions and economic transfers between countries than micro-level impacts and social dimensions of climate change. Efforts have also prioritized mitigation over adaptation and favored large projects over small-scale and community-based approaches. As a result, the most vulnerable populations have had limited inclusion in policy frameworks and access to climate financing. The document calls for a more socially inclusive and people-centered conceptual framework to achieve a reasonable balance of equity in the global response to climate change.
The document defines common economic terms related to allocation of resources, markets, efficiency, growth, and the relationship between the economy and the environment. Key terms include throughput, which refers to the flow of resources and energy through the economy and back to the environment, externalities which are unintended costs or benefits to third parties from economic activities, and scale which refers to the size of the economy relative to the environment that supports it.
ASSE - The Sustainability Professional, Taking EHS To The Next LevelHector Rodriguez
The document discusses sustainability and sustainability management. It defines sustainability as managing the impacts of human activity on vital capital stocks to ensure human well-being. Sustainability management involves studying and managing organizational impacts on environmental, economic, and social capital wherever it operates. The document argues that environmental, health, and safety professionals are well-positioned to take responsibility for developing and implementing sustainability strategies due to their experience managing capital impacts, which could enhance their careers and performance.
The document discusses the EPA's systems approach called Triple Value (3V) which provides an integrative framework for systems thinking. The 3V approach addresses sustainability and resilience issues in communities by understanding the interactions between economic, social, and environmental systems. EPA has applied the 3V approach successfully to pilot projects in different regions to identify unintended consequences of decisions and achieve sustainable solutions. The document provides an overview of the 3V framework and examples of its application to issues like nutrient pollution management.
DEVELOPMENT VS ENVIRONMENT IN GEOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORKProf Ashis Sarkar
Development is a big word and is often related to environmental degradation. But how and why? What should be the way out are the issues in which it is based on.
The private sector is a logical player to help coordinate
and calibrate resilience-building actions. In the course of their commercial activities, companies may interact with a wide range of city departments—from law-enforcement agencies to public utilities—and therefore have the potential to act as broker, involving a broad range of government players in urban resilience discussions.
Mitigation Of What And By What PresentationfinalLn Perch
This document summarizes and critiques current global efforts to address climate change through mitigation and adaptation policies and financing. It finds that approaches have focused more on large-scale actions and economic transfers between countries than micro-level impacts and social dimensions of climate change. Efforts have also prioritized mitigation over adaptation and favored large projects over small-scale and community-based approaches. As a result, the most vulnerable populations have had limited inclusion in policy frameworks and access to climate financing. The document calls for a more socially inclusive and people-centered conceptual framework to achieve a reasonable balance of equity in the global response to climate change.
The document defines common economic terms related to allocation of resources, markets, efficiency, growth, and the relationship between the economy and the environment. Key terms include throughput, which refers to the flow of resources and energy through the economy and back to the environment, externalities which are unintended costs or benefits to third parties from economic activities, and scale which refers to the size of the economy relative to the environment that supports it.
ASSE - The Sustainability Professional, Taking EHS To The Next LevelHector Rodriguez
The document discusses sustainability and sustainability management. It defines sustainability as managing the impacts of human activity on vital capital stocks to ensure human well-being. Sustainability management involves studying and managing organizational impacts on environmental, economic, and social capital wherever it operates. The document argues that environmental, health, and safety professionals are well-positioned to take responsibility for developing and implementing sustainability strategies due to their experience managing capital impacts, which could enhance their careers and performance.
The document discusses the EPA's systems approach called Triple Value (3V) which provides an integrative framework for systems thinking. The 3V approach addresses sustainability and resilience issues in communities by understanding the interactions between economic, social, and environmental systems. EPA has applied the 3V approach successfully to pilot projects in different regions to identify unintended consequences of decisions and achieve sustainable solutions. The document provides an overview of the 3V framework and examples of its application to issues like nutrient pollution management.
DEVELOPMENT VS ENVIRONMENT IN GEOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORKProf Ashis Sarkar
Development is a big word and is often related to environmental degradation. But how and why? What should be the way out are the issues in which it is based on.
The private sector is a logical player to help coordinate
and calibrate resilience-building actions. In the course of their commercial activities, companies may interact with a wide range of city departments—from law-enforcement agencies to public utilities—and therefore have the potential to act as broker, involving a broad range of government players in urban resilience discussions.
CONSERVATION X LABS CONCEPT_VERSION 4.11_110514Alex Dehgan
The document discusses the concept of Conservation X Labs, which aims to address the global conservation crisis through technological and financial innovation. It seeks to dramatically increase the efficacy, speed, sustainability and scale of conservation efforts by harnessing advances in science, technology, connectivity, and behavioral change. Specifically, Conservation X Labs focuses on engineering biological resilience against environmental changes, changing conservation incentives and demand structures, and improving understanding of species threats and biology. The goal is to develop breakthrough solutions that can help end human-induced extinction.
This document provides an introduction and literature review for a dissertation assessing the practicality of businesses reducing their negative environmental impact by looking specifically at universities. The introduction outlines the aims and objectives of examining sustainability policies and emissions reduction targets of 5 UK universities over 4 years through interviews with sustainability leaders. The literature review covers definitions of sustainability and sustainable development, the role of businesses in addressing environmental challenges, and how universities may differ from other businesses in promoting sustainability goals.
This document provides an outline of key concepts in ecological economics, including:
1) It compares classical, neoclassical, and ecological economic worldviews and their treatment of natural resources.
2) It discusses concepts like carrying capacity, limits to growth, and natural capital accounting.
3) It examines population issues, scarcity, and tools like cost-benefit analysis and emissions trading to incorporate environmental costs.
The document is an agenda for a presentation on estimating the value of natural resources. It will include an overview of ecological economics, the global ecological footprint, methods for estimating ecosystem value, and an group activity to evaluate estimation methods with an example. It also discusses definitions and perceptions of sustainability, challenges related to population growth and resource use, and objectives of ecological economics around sustainable scale, efficient allocation, and just distribution.
An Economic View of Environmental ProtectioneAmbiente
Robert N. Stavins
Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Conference on Sustainability in Manufacturing
Assoreca and the Green Economy Network
Assolombarda Auditorium, Milano
November 20, 2014
This document discusses resilience and vulnerability in smart urban systems from two perspectives: spatial economics and transport. It provides background on definitions of smart cities and outlines research questions around whether smart cities can evolve in complex and resilient ways. Key points covered include different definitions of resilience from engineering and ecological perspectives, the use of complex network and dynamic models to study resilience, and different interpretations of resilience in spatial economic studies.
GEOGRAPHICAL DIMENSIONS OF ‘DEVELOPMENT – ENVIRONMENT INTERRELATION’Prof Ashis Sarkar
The debate of 'environment vs. development' is seriously global and contemporary. It has its own geographical dimension as development is region-specific and time-specific.
The City Resilience Framework is a unique framework developed by Arup with support from the Rockefeller Foundation, based on extensive research in cities. It provides a lens to understand the complexity of cities and the drivers that contribute to their resilience. Looking at these drivers can help cities to assess the extent of their resilience, to identify critical areas of weakness, and to identify actions and programs to improve the city’s resilience.
Degrowth is a proposal for radical change that advocates for a voluntary shrinking of production and consumption for social and environmental reasons. It is a social movement and interpretive framework rather than an ideology. Degrowth draws from diverse sources like ecology, critiques of development and economic growth, well-being research, democracy, and ecological economics. It aims to address issues like inequality, lack of democracy in economic decisions, environmental degradation, and the multi-dimensional crisis caused by prioritizing endless growth. Degrowth proposes strategies like building alternatives, political reforms, research, and action at various scales to achieve its goals of sustainability and justice.
Man-made environmental problems stem from overuse of natural resources due to open access issues. Environmental problems are complex as they create distortions and inequalities that can lead to conflicts. On Easter Island, overpopulation led to deforestation of palm trees, a crucial resource. The slow growth rate of palm trees meant the population outstripped the environment's ability to recover, leading to soil erosion, agricultural and fishing declines, societal collapse, and a much smaller population by the time Europeans arrived. The Easter Island case illustrates the risks of an institutional failure to effectively respond to environmental pressures from overpopulation and overuse of resources.
Development, Environment and Sustainabilty–the triumvirate on Geographical FrameProf Ashis Sarkar
Development, Environment and Sustainability form the triumvirate of present day World. If human is to survive and development is to remain sustainable, the geographical issues and concerns should be the thrust of analysis.
This thesis analyzes two cases of forest sector innovation in Canada - the Great Bear Rainforest Agreement and the Canadian Boreal Forest Agreement. It uses a multi-paradigm approach to gain insight into how civil society groups can advance transformative social change. The research contributes new understanding of the deliberate agency and cross-scale processes involved in systemic change efforts. It analyzes the cases through multiple theoretical lenses and provides a synthesis of key patterns of agency and cross-scale dynamics in transforming unsustainable systems. The thesis findings have implications for responding to complex sustainability challenges through innovative, multi-level responses that span boundaries.
Aspects of Urban resilience.
Presented as part of the Nature Addicts workshop, in the context of Eleusis Cultural Capital of Europe 2021 in Eleusis May 23, 2017
Colloqui di Martina Franca 2014 "Quale Economia per quale Benessere" - Pre-conditions and constraints on the way towards a green industrial revolution.
Urban Climate Change Resilience in Action: Lessons from Projects in 10 ACCCRN...The Rockefeller Foundation
This paper presents key insights emerging from an analysis of the 36 intervention projects,totaling approximately $15.5 million, which have been funded and are beingimplemented under the Rockefeller Foundation Asian Cities Climate Change ResilienceNetwork (ACCCRN) in ten initial cities1. As a pioneering effort to advance on-the-groundactions aimed at building urban climate change resilience (UCCR), this portfolio ofprojects2 provides a ‘first generation’ view of how a set of cities have interpreted UCCRchallenges and translated their understanding into targeted priorities and actions. Oneof the intentions of the ACCCRN initiative was to advance the still young field of UCCRwith practical actions that substantiate the growing number of theoretical frameworks.
This document summarizes a research paper about the complex relationship between local actors, livelihoods, and conservation efforts around the Kivu Lake watershed in Africa. It discusses how the watershed faces many management challenges due to having multiple stakeholders with different interests. It analyzes the socioeconomic and political factors influencing resource use and access, using the HELPAGE program and HIMO (labor-intensive public works) approach as case studies. The HIMO approach aims to reduce poverty through local employment while promoting conservation. However, tensions remain between livelihood needs and conservation goals. The document concludes that balancing these interests requires addressing weaknesses in institutional arrangements and coordination between different actors.
This document discusses building a microeconomic approach based on degrowth principles through analyzing a case study of a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) in Belgium.
It begins with reviewing literature on degrowth and criticisms of the mainstream economic assumption of "Homo Economicus" as solely self-interested. It then presents the case study of a self-harvesting CSA in Belgium that is analyzed to develop a model grounded in holism, trust, cooperation and environmental responsibility rather than profit-seeking.
The paper aims to contribute a microeconomic foundation for degrowth by theorizing from this grassroots initiative, challenging the standard economic view of individualism and competition. It concludes by outlining challenges of implementing such a small-
Presentation defines Sustainability, Sustainability Management, and presents some basic tools the Sustainability Professional can use to design and implement a Sustainability strategy.
TOO4TO Module 5 / Sustainable Resource Management: Part 1TOO4TO
This presentation is part of the Sustainable Management: Tools for Tomorrow (TOO4TO) learning materials. It covers the following topic: Sustainable Resource Management (Module 5). The material consists of 3 parts. This presentation covers Part 1.
You can find all TOO4TO Modules and their presentations here: https://too4to.eu/e-learning-course/
TOO4TO was a 35-month EU-funded Erasmus+ project, running until August 2023 in co-operation with European strategic partner institutions of the Gdańsk University of Technology (Poland), the Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania), Turku University of Applied Sciences (Finland) and Global Impact Grid (Germany).
TOO4TO aims to increase the skills, competencies and awareness of future managers and employees with available tools and methods that can provide sustainable management and, as a result, support sustainable development in the EU and beyond.
Read more about the project here: https://too4to.eu/
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. Its whole content reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. PROJECT NUMBER 2020-1-PL01-KA203-082076
CONSERVATION X LABS CONCEPT_VERSION 4.11_110514Alex Dehgan
The document discusses the concept of Conservation X Labs, which aims to address the global conservation crisis through technological and financial innovation. It seeks to dramatically increase the efficacy, speed, sustainability and scale of conservation efforts by harnessing advances in science, technology, connectivity, and behavioral change. Specifically, Conservation X Labs focuses on engineering biological resilience against environmental changes, changing conservation incentives and demand structures, and improving understanding of species threats and biology. The goal is to develop breakthrough solutions that can help end human-induced extinction.
This document provides an introduction and literature review for a dissertation assessing the practicality of businesses reducing their negative environmental impact by looking specifically at universities. The introduction outlines the aims and objectives of examining sustainability policies and emissions reduction targets of 5 UK universities over 4 years through interviews with sustainability leaders. The literature review covers definitions of sustainability and sustainable development, the role of businesses in addressing environmental challenges, and how universities may differ from other businesses in promoting sustainability goals.
This document provides an outline of key concepts in ecological economics, including:
1) It compares classical, neoclassical, and ecological economic worldviews and their treatment of natural resources.
2) It discusses concepts like carrying capacity, limits to growth, and natural capital accounting.
3) It examines population issues, scarcity, and tools like cost-benefit analysis and emissions trading to incorporate environmental costs.
The document is an agenda for a presentation on estimating the value of natural resources. It will include an overview of ecological economics, the global ecological footprint, methods for estimating ecosystem value, and an group activity to evaluate estimation methods with an example. It also discusses definitions and perceptions of sustainability, challenges related to population growth and resource use, and objectives of ecological economics around sustainable scale, efficient allocation, and just distribution.
An Economic View of Environmental ProtectioneAmbiente
Robert N. Stavins
Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Conference on Sustainability in Manufacturing
Assoreca and the Green Economy Network
Assolombarda Auditorium, Milano
November 20, 2014
This document discusses resilience and vulnerability in smart urban systems from two perspectives: spatial economics and transport. It provides background on definitions of smart cities and outlines research questions around whether smart cities can evolve in complex and resilient ways. Key points covered include different definitions of resilience from engineering and ecological perspectives, the use of complex network and dynamic models to study resilience, and different interpretations of resilience in spatial economic studies.
GEOGRAPHICAL DIMENSIONS OF ‘DEVELOPMENT – ENVIRONMENT INTERRELATION’Prof Ashis Sarkar
The debate of 'environment vs. development' is seriously global and contemporary. It has its own geographical dimension as development is region-specific and time-specific.
The City Resilience Framework is a unique framework developed by Arup with support from the Rockefeller Foundation, based on extensive research in cities. It provides a lens to understand the complexity of cities and the drivers that contribute to their resilience. Looking at these drivers can help cities to assess the extent of their resilience, to identify critical areas of weakness, and to identify actions and programs to improve the city’s resilience.
Degrowth is a proposal for radical change that advocates for a voluntary shrinking of production and consumption for social and environmental reasons. It is a social movement and interpretive framework rather than an ideology. Degrowth draws from diverse sources like ecology, critiques of development and economic growth, well-being research, democracy, and ecological economics. It aims to address issues like inequality, lack of democracy in economic decisions, environmental degradation, and the multi-dimensional crisis caused by prioritizing endless growth. Degrowth proposes strategies like building alternatives, political reforms, research, and action at various scales to achieve its goals of sustainability and justice.
Man-made environmental problems stem from overuse of natural resources due to open access issues. Environmental problems are complex as they create distortions and inequalities that can lead to conflicts. On Easter Island, overpopulation led to deforestation of palm trees, a crucial resource. The slow growth rate of palm trees meant the population outstripped the environment's ability to recover, leading to soil erosion, agricultural and fishing declines, societal collapse, and a much smaller population by the time Europeans arrived. The Easter Island case illustrates the risks of an institutional failure to effectively respond to environmental pressures from overpopulation and overuse of resources.
Development, Environment and Sustainabilty–the triumvirate on Geographical FrameProf Ashis Sarkar
Development, Environment and Sustainability form the triumvirate of present day World. If human is to survive and development is to remain sustainable, the geographical issues and concerns should be the thrust of analysis.
This thesis analyzes two cases of forest sector innovation in Canada - the Great Bear Rainforest Agreement and the Canadian Boreal Forest Agreement. It uses a multi-paradigm approach to gain insight into how civil society groups can advance transformative social change. The research contributes new understanding of the deliberate agency and cross-scale processes involved in systemic change efforts. It analyzes the cases through multiple theoretical lenses and provides a synthesis of key patterns of agency and cross-scale dynamics in transforming unsustainable systems. The thesis findings have implications for responding to complex sustainability challenges through innovative, multi-level responses that span boundaries.
Aspects of Urban resilience.
Presented as part of the Nature Addicts workshop, in the context of Eleusis Cultural Capital of Europe 2021 in Eleusis May 23, 2017
Colloqui di Martina Franca 2014 "Quale Economia per quale Benessere" - Pre-conditions and constraints on the way towards a green industrial revolution.
Urban Climate Change Resilience in Action: Lessons from Projects in 10 ACCCRN...The Rockefeller Foundation
This paper presents key insights emerging from an analysis of the 36 intervention projects,totaling approximately $15.5 million, which have been funded and are beingimplemented under the Rockefeller Foundation Asian Cities Climate Change ResilienceNetwork (ACCCRN) in ten initial cities1. As a pioneering effort to advance on-the-groundactions aimed at building urban climate change resilience (UCCR), this portfolio ofprojects2 provides a ‘first generation’ view of how a set of cities have interpreted UCCRchallenges and translated their understanding into targeted priorities and actions. Oneof the intentions of the ACCCRN initiative was to advance the still young field of UCCRwith practical actions that substantiate the growing number of theoretical frameworks.
This document summarizes a research paper about the complex relationship between local actors, livelihoods, and conservation efforts around the Kivu Lake watershed in Africa. It discusses how the watershed faces many management challenges due to having multiple stakeholders with different interests. It analyzes the socioeconomic and political factors influencing resource use and access, using the HELPAGE program and HIMO (labor-intensive public works) approach as case studies. The HIMO approach aims to reduce poverty through local employment while promoting conservation. However, tensions remain between livelihood needs and conservation goals. The document concludes that balancing these interests requires addressing weaknesses in institutional arrangements and coordination between different actors.
This document discusses building a microeconomic approach based on degrowth principles through analyzing a case study of a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) in Belgium.
It begins with reviewing literature on degrowth and criticisms of the mainstream economic assumption of "Homo Economicus" as solely self-interested. It then presents the case study of a self-harvesting CSA in Belgium that is analyzed to develop a model grounded in holism, trust, cooperation and environmental responsibility rather than profit-seeking.
The paper aims to contribute a microeconomic foundation for degrowth by theorizing from this grassroots initiative, challenging the standard economic view of individualism and competition. It concludes by outlining challenges of implementing such a small-
Presentation defines Sustainability, Sustainability Management, and presents some basic tools the Sustainability Professional can use to design and implement a Sustainability strategy.
TOO4TO Module 5 / Sustainable Resource Management: Part 1TOO4TO
This presentation is part of the Sustainable Management: Tools for Tomorrow (TOO4TO) learning materials. It covers the following topic: Sustainable Resource Management (Module 5). The material consists of 3 parts. This presentation covers Part 1.
You can find all TOO4TO Modules and their presentations here: https://too4to.eu/e-learning-course/
TOO4TO was a 35-month EU-funded Erasmus+ project, running until August 2023 in co-operation with European strategic partner institutions of the Gdańsk University of Technology (Poland), the Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania), Turku University of Applied Sciences (Finland) and Global Impact Grid (Germany).
TOO4TO aims to increase the skills, competencies and awareness of future managers and employees with available tools and methods that can provide sustainable management and, as a result, support sustainable development in the EU and beyond.
Read more about the project here: https://too4to.eu/
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. Its whole content reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. PROJECT NUMBER 2020-1-PL01-KA203-082076
The document discusses environmental problems caused by human activities and how to achieve environmental sustainability. It covers topics like our growing ecological footprints; causes of environmental problems like population growth, poverty, and failure to include environmental costs; different views on sustainability; and scientific principles like reliance on solar energy, biodiversity, population control, and nutrient cycling.
the delicate topic of Sustainable Development through a
book which I have co-authored and give to the audience also a perspective on
how Education can sensitively provide support for this framework.
I will participate in my role of affiliate professor of management and behavior
for Grenoble Graduate School of Business, France ( www.ggsb.com)
by mark esposito (m.esposito@ht.umass.edu)
This document summarizes a presentation by René Kemp on environment and sustainable development. It discusses Kemp's background and research interests, which include environmental policy, clean technology, societal transformations, and governance for sustainable development. It also summarizes some of the projects Kemp is involved in, including sustainable mobility, reflexive governance, environmental technology assessment, and transition management. Finally, it provides overviews of some of the key topics and frameworks in Kemp's research, such as the economy-environment relationship, three economic truths about the environment, debates around sustainable development, environment and poverty, and new thinking about how the environment is conceptualized.
This document provides an overview of environmental science as an interdisciplinary field that studies human interactions with other organisms and the abiotic environment. It discusses key concepts like ecosystems, population dynamics, pollution, and resource management. It introduces the scientific method as an approach using experiments, hypotheses, and peer review. It also briefly outlines topics that will be covered in the course, including major ecosystems, natural succession, carrying capacity, and conservation. The document emphasizes that environmental science draws on many disciplines and seeks to understand complex natural systems and solve environmental problems.
Modelling the role of neighbourhood support in regional climate change adapta...GIScRG
The document describes a multi-agent model for simulating neighborhood support networks that help vulnerable people during heat waves. The model represents individuals as agents that contribute to a public good (neighborhood support capacity) based on social preferences and imitation. Initial simulations vary social preference parameters and examine how the support network capacity and contribution inequality change over time.
This document outlines the course structure and content for a Business, Society & Environment course. It includes:
- An introduction to the topics of global warming, skepticism about climate change, and businesses' role in society through video clips.
- A definition of sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
- An overview of the course objectives to study the impacts of business on resources and describe systems to influence these impacts.
- A course map listing topics like corporate social responsibility, the environment, renewable energy, and waste management that will be covered.
- Details on group and individual assignments, midterm and final exams, and grading criteria.
Collective action in natural resource managementkollasravanthi
This document provides an overview of natural resource management and collective action. It begins with defining natural resources and listing common types. It then discusses ownership regimes and approaches to natural resource management. Next, it defines collective action and describes types, structures, benefits, and barriers. It classifies collective action problems and lists solution mechanisms. The document presents factors that promote cooperation and factors to consider in analyzing performance. It provides a case study on collective irrigation action in India and an example of joint forest management in India.
1. Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field that studies how humans interact with their environment, including both living and nonliving components.
2. The goals of environmental science are to understand life on Earth, how humans interact with and impact the environment, and find ways to address environmental problems and live more sustainably.
3. Ecology, the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment, is a key component of environmental science. Ecosystems, which are sets of interacting organisms and their nonliving environment, are also a major focus.
Waste management is important from both technical and social perspectives. Effective waste management programs can provide many socio-economic benefits like cheaper products, economic gains from salvaging waste materials, job creation, and a cleaner environment. From a systems viewpoint, waste minimization is complementary to resource management. The paper discusses the key elements of waste management like generation, reduction, collection, recycling and disposal. It emphasizes that professionals should adopt a broader systems approach to waste management to minimize waste and maximize utilization of resources for sustainable development.
Opening essa silico workshop on Resilence and ABMKrijn Poppe
This document discusses using agent-based modeling (ABM) to study resilience in agrifood systems. It notes that ABM is well-suited to represent the dynamics of complex social systems by modeling individual actors and their interactions. ABM can simulate how macro patterns emerge from micro behaviors and feedback between individual and system levels. The document argues ABM is an attractive tool for resilience research because it focuses on understanding systems through interactions with practitioners rather than optimization. It can integrate diverse data and theories to study interactions and interdependencies in agrifood systems and identify early warnings of instability.
This document provides an introduction to environmental economics. It begins by defining economics as the science of managing scarce resources and the environment broadly as natural surroundings. Environmental economics is then defined as applying economic principles to study how the environment is developed and managed as it relates to human welfare and economic activity.
The document outlines three main themes of the course: efficiency, optimality, and sustainability. Efficiency is discussed in terms of eliminating waste and squandered opportunities. Optimality considers maximizing social welfare for a given society. Sustainability involves considering future generations.
Finally, the document presents a figure illustrating the interlinkages between the economy and environment, showing the environment supplies resources and acts as a waste sink for
Why and how do we evaluate ecosystems, Nature is the source of much value to us every day, and yet it mostly bypasses markets, escapes pricing and defies valuation. This lack of valuation is an underlying cause for ecological degradation and loss of biodiversity. Globally, efforts are being made to assess impact of conservation or degradation of ecological resources and a new term Green Gross Domestic Product (GGDP) has also been coined to reflect the same.
Environmental Economics - This is a multi disciplinary fieldChrispin11
This document provides an introduction to environmental economics. It discusses key concepts like sustainable development, externalities, and the tragedy of the commons. Environmental economics examines how to efficiently allocate natural resources while accounting for environmental costs like pollution. It also considers different views on economic growth and the relationship between the economy and environment. The goal is to understand trade-offs and weigh costs and benefits to inform effective public policies around resource use and environmental protection.
Ecological economics differs from mainstream economics in several key ways:
1) It views the economy as a subsystem of larger ecological systems, not separate from the environment.
2) It focuses on the throughput of resources and adheres to the laws of thermodynamics, concerned with resource depletion and waste assimilation.
3) It considers the scale of the economy relative to ecosystems and believes uneconomic growth can occur when scale becomes too large.
The document discusses the economics of environmental sustainability and sustainable development. It defines economics and the linkages between the economy and the environment. It discusses how production and consumption use resources and generate residuals, affecting the environment. The goal of environmental sustainability is to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
The document discusses sustainable development and provides examples of how a lack of sustainable practices has negatively impacted communities. Specifically, it notes that estimates project the world's population will reach 15-36 billion by 2200. To support this large population, sustainable development is needed to ensure resources are available for future generations. The document then gives two examples: in Chile, deforestation led to flash floods that caused property damage and loss of life; in Madagascar, similar deforestation practices hurt communities.
The document discusses environmental policy in India and developed vs developing countries. It outlines different policy instruments for environmental protection like emissions charges and tradable permits. It provides an introduction to environmental policy milestones in India, including the Water Act of 1974 and Air Act of 1981, as well as international conferences that have addressed these issues.
Environmental health is the study of how the environment affects human health. It considers factors like air, water, food, and other environmental exposures that can impact people's health. The document provides information on what environmental health is, how people can be exposed to hazards, and how susceptibility and dose impact health effects. It also discusses environmental justice and the idea that all people have a right to equal protection from environmental hazards.
Tourism can negatively impact the environment through construction of infrastructure and facilities, resource depletion, and pollution. Construction for tourism development can damage habitats and ecosystems through activities like deforestation. Tourism increases pressure on local resources like water and energy. It also produces air and water pollution from transportation and waste. However, tourism can also benefit the environment when it raises environmental awareness and funds conservation efforts. Overall, the relationship between tourism and the environment is complex, as uncontrolled tourism poses threats but sustainable practices could help protect natural areas.
This document provides instructions for setting up OpenGL and JOGL programming environments on different platforms like Windows, Mac OS, and SGI/Sun workstations. It discusses downloading and installing required libraries like GLUT, JOGL and sample code. It also provides code snippets and explanations for simple OpenGL programs to draw points, lines and polygons. References for OpenGL textbooks and tutorials are listed at the end.
The document discusses factors in a firm's remote and industry environment that can impact its operations. The remote environment includes economic, social, political, technological, and ecological factors. The industry environment focuses on competitive forces like rivalry, potential new entrants, suppliers, buyers, and substitute products. It also examines operating factors like a firm's competitive position and ability to attract resources. The resource-based view of the firm and value chain analysis are introduced as frameworks to understand a firm's internal strengths and how it creates value.
The document summarizes the key findings of the fourth assessment of the state of the pan-European environment conducted by the European Environment Agency. It discusses environmental challenges in areas like air quality, water, climate change, biodiversity, marine and coastal environments, sustainable consumption and production, and sectoral drivers of change. The assessment covers 53 countries in Europe and presents the current environmental state and trends since the previous assessment in Kiev in 2003. It also provides options for future action to address ongoing problems.
Radiation occurs naturally in many materials found in everyday life. Uranium and thorium are naturally occurring radioactive elements found in the earth's crust. Traces of uranium and thorium are present in glazed ceramics, glass objects, welding rods, camera lenses, and other materials. Other naturally occurring radionuclides like potassium-40, radium-226, and americium-241 are found in bananas, brazil nuts, smoke detectors, and other common items. While radiation is present in many objects and foods, the levels are typically very low and do not pose health risks.
This document provides an overview of environments and life on Earth. It discusses factors that determine the ecological niches and distributions of species, including temperature, moisture, nutrients, and climate. It describes different terrestrial environments like tropical rainforests, deserts, savannahs, and tundra. It also covers the marine realm, including ocean currents, the photic zone, and marine biogeography. Key concepts discussed are ecological niches, limiting factors, and how vegetation zones correspond to climatic regions on land and in the oceans.
The document summarizes new and updated resources from the National Library of Medicine on environmental health topics. It describes enhancements to databases like TOXNET, which added over 20 radioisotopes to HSDB and unified TOXLINE. TOXMAP and Haz-Map were also updated with additional data. WISER will soon include information on 20 radioisotopes. Other resources highlighted include REMM, ToxMystery, LactMed and Tox Town. Users are encouraged to contact the Specialized Information Services for more information on environmental health and toxicology resources.
This document provides an overview of GMP manufacturing environments. It discusses that the manufacturing environment is critical for product quality and outlines factors that must be controlled, such as temperature, humidity, air cleanliness, and room pressure. It defines contamination and cross-contamination, and explains how cleanrooms are classified based on particle and bacterial limits. The document also discusses how air handling systems, clothing, and procedures influence the level of protection required in different zones of a pharmaceutical facility.
This document discusses Walmart's environmental impacts globally, nationally, and locally. Internationally, Walmart imports a large amount of goods from China, contributing significantly to air pollution from shipping. Walmart also faces opposition to store developments in locations like Mexico and Vancouver due to increased traffic and impacts on historical sites. Nationally, Walmart has faced numerous fines for violations of clean water laws through stormwater runoff. The document questions whether Walmart's green initiatives are effective and argues more can be done to reduce their environmental footprint through improved practices and store design.
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In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
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The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
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Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
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Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
2. Nature always presented risks to
mankind and to all life
Living beings have adapted to those by
developing survival strategies
These are not conscious but have been acquired
in an evolutionary way
Human beings have done the same over the ages
except that conscious strategies have replaced
unconscious ones
What is new is that humans can modify
significantly and quickly their environment
This is not new
3. Focus on Society-Environment
Interactions
What behavioral and institutional factors
mediate relations with natural system?
What features create vulnerability or
resistance to certain natural events or
processes?
What mechanisms are available to different
types of society to adapt or mitigate
change.
4. Environment-Society Issues
Level of resource use
Population size
Even with constant level of use, attain limits
as population increases
Could these be related?
5. Environment-society issues
What behavioral and institutional factors
mediate relations with natural system?
What features create vulnerability or
resistance to certain natural events or
processes?
What mechanisms are available to different
types of society to adapt or mitigate
change?
6. Environment and Society. A
Critical Issue for our Future?
At issue is relation between natural
processes and human populations
To what extent does human agency matter?
If human choices affect natural processes,
can we identify some problems crucial
enough to address now?
How can cooperation about environmental
issues be organized?
7. General Issue: Environmental
Influences and Human Control
Immediate environmental influences high in past:
very high risks for humans, examples of collapse
Less important with technological progress:
cushioning and spreading of risks
Some troubling aspects remain: mastering
Climate change
8. The Assessment of
Environmental Risks
The studies of society collapse show the importance
of knowing the environment in order to assess the
risks it presents: knowledge of two aspects are
important: 1) The evolutionary dynamics of the
crucial resource 2) The initial resource stock (ex.
climate change)
It also shows the importance of social responses to
the problems involved in terms of a) control of
access b) charging for use in proportion
3 Types of risk management have therefore to be
considered:
9. Risk management types
1. Risks due to nature
2. Risks due to the consequences of
uncoordinated and non-cooperative human
activities, present and future
3. Risks due to problems of coordination
and cooperation of social institutions
present and future
10. Risks due to nature can be assessed
in terms of expected utility
2 elements: uncertainty measure p (probability) of
an outcome and its subjective value or utility U:
P(o)U(o)
This formulation suggests a cost benefit analysis.
Suppose there are only 2 outcomes, o1 and o2:
Total value is:
P(o1) U(o1) + (1 –P) U(o2)
Present value: [P(o1) U(o1) + (1 –P) U(o2)]/r
where r is a discount rate (interest rate)
11. Risk analysis
Suppose we have several other outcomes
resulting from different plans of action
Possibil
ities
Actions Do Nothing Build small
levee
Build big
dike
Minor flooding:
P
U1 U3 U5
High flooding: 1-
P
U2 U4 U6
12. Risk analysis
States of Nature a1 a2 a3
r1
Extreme bad weather
7000 4000 2000
r2
Nice weather
1000 4000 5000
14. Solution of the minimization of
expected losses: Min L(a) =
Min (aij p + aij (1 –p))
Expected losses of a1 are inferior to all
others: 3400 instead of 4000 and 3800
This conclusion holds only if one cannot
update informations
15. Cost Benefit Analysis
Previously take the ΣPiUj which is largest
(or smallest if the U’s represent costs)
Climate change: Choose where Marginal
Damage of CC = Marginal Cost of
Abatement
16. Risks from Nature, Risks from
Society
As seen from the Stephens text in Cashdan,
risk analysis can help us understand animal
behavior and thus raise our knowledge about
nature
This is necessary for estimating stocks of
natural resources and their evolution
Risks from Society involve the positive or
negative influences (externalities) people can
exert on each other
17. Complexity of Human Behavior
Human behavior is obviously complex.
One can analyze it with the help of general
concept such as the one of collective good.
A collective good characterized by two
aspects: Non excludability and some times
non-rivalry. Collective goods that are rival,
so called commons, thus 2 types of
collective goods: welfare generating and
welfare preserving
18. Welfare preserving collective
goods
In welfare preserving (rival) collective goods,
users represent a negative externality with respect
to each other. The risk comes from others! The
purpose of institutions is to limit use. This is
difficult to achieve because there is a first mover
advantage of non cooperation with the institution
which then often leads to conflict and coercion
This model cannot easily be followed at the inter-
institutional level
19.
20. Welfare Preserving Collective Goods:
Dasgupta and Heal Economic Theory and Exhaustible
Resources (1979)
Graciela Chichilnisky’s Trade Theory between Regions
with Different Property rights Regimes (1994)
The choice is not really only between different types of
rights but between different types of hierarchies of
collective goods: Even private property rights have to be
protected!
21. Problem: 2 strategies
•Adhere or not to a strategy depending on what others are
doing.
•This problem can have a stable (Nash ) equilibrium
•The equilibrium is only efficient if a sufficient number
participate.
•Non- Efficient Accord Efficient Accord
Coop. Strat
a(t)
Non Coop.
Strat b(t)
Stable
Nash Equ.
Min fraction of total to
sustain accord
0 t 1
Stable
Nash Equ.
Min fraction of total to
sustain accord
Non Coop.
Strat b(t)
Coop. Strat
a(t)
0 t 1
U(t)
U(t)
22. Theory of Collective Goods and
Theory of the Open Access
The importance of jointness: Behavior
driven by average product: F(Nx)/N(x)
Open access as opposed to private
marginal product dF(Nx)/dN(x)
As emphasized by Dasgupta and Heal open
access problems are not PD problems
23. Open access resource use
Open access situations are characterized by
an overuse of Resources at any price. This
is due to the fact that one can show that the
open access marginal product is always
superior to the “restricted access” marginal
product
26. Role of a Market for Externalities
Mechanisms developed by society
To set limits on resource use before
diminishing returns set in
To meet needs across space and
through time with greatest efficiency
28. Conclusion
There are several ways of solving the open
access question
Markets for externalities, the most efficient
solution might not always be possible
The structuring of authority associated with
the open access problem is quite important
30. Role of Property Rights
Mechanisms developed by society
To set limits on resource use before
diminishing returns set in
To meet needs across space and
through time with greatest efficiency
32. Standard economic view of
property rights
Well-defined property rights
Market mechanisms and a pricing system
No transaction costs
No income effects
Assumes collective action problems solved
33. Private property solves production
(and environmental) problems
Can anticipate diminishing returns:
incorporate foregone benefits into present
production decisions (Hotelling)
Private property rules provide means to
maintain efficiency even when
environmental externalities exist (Coase)
35. Common Property:
Tragedy of the Commons
Resource that is:
Depletable
Non-exclusive
Rival
Joint, fugitive
36. Common Property
Resource unit defined
Well-delineated user group
Multiple users
Explicit rules of extraction
37. Why Common Property?
Nature of resource
Economies of scale
Maintenance or capital demands
Enforcement
38. The Example of water
Common good aspects
Competitive use
Particular spatial distribution creates
asymmetries
Upstream-downstream
Common pool: technology differences lead
to differential access
Unequal political power
International aspects compound problems
39. Debates about water
Debate over nature of resource
Symbolic aspects: natural right
Water as economic good
Debate about most effective management
strategies
40. Symbolic aspects: natural right
Open access?
BUT
Demographic growth
Urbanization: concentration of demand
Agricultural intensification
70% of water used for irrigation
Changing demands: economic development
Quality/quantity
Health issues: water borne diseases
Pollution: overuse and salinization
Nature of resource debate
41. Nature of resource debate
Water as commodity: evaluate costs
Supply costs: exploitation, maintenance,
investments
Opportunity costs
Externalities
Goal: promote efficiency and avoid "tragedy
of commons" type outcome
42. Management problems
How to balance equity issues raised by
"right to water" approach with efficiency
aspects raised by "water as commodity"
view?
44. Causes of shrinking Aral Sea
Since 19e
century, Russia, and later Soviet Union
emphasized cash crops: cotton and rice
Reduce dependence on imports
Acquire hard currency
After 1960, consequence of policy was reduction
in volume of water flowing to Aral Sea
45. Soviet system
Quotas specifying quantities of water
available for each region
Exchange fossil fuels and energy for water
Coordination by central government
46. Present context
Water allocation is no longer an domestic
issue within a centralized state but has
become an international problem
New source of conflict
47. Current management structure
Almaty Agreement 1992
Based on former Soviet allocation system
Creation of interstate commission where
decisions taken by consensus
Establish quotas
Assure their implementation
48. Management problems
Maintenance of old Soviet system
Not all states accept previous allocation
criteria
Favors richer downstream countries
Enforcement problems: quotas not
respected
Exchanges between energy and water have
been maintained but also not always
respected
49. Persisting common good problems
Lack of information on quantities really
available
Thus cannot determine sustainable rate of use
Costs of water use not distributed fairly
Downstream users of Toktogul dam do not
contribute to maintenance costs
50. Reaction
After independence , Uzbekistan and
Kazakstan introduced market prices for gas
and coal.
Kyrgyzstan couldn't pay: increased
electricity production to increase revenues
but then the amount of water available for
downstream irrigation in Uzbekistan and
Kazakstan was also reduced
51. Response
2001: Kyrgyzstan passed law to regulate
transborder water use:
Water belongs to state
Has economic value
Kyrgyzstan owns water "created" within it
borders
Users must pay
52. Water: International efforts
Dublin Conference and Rio Summit, 1992
Broad often contradictory principles
Slow definition of international water law:
UN Convention 1997 on non-navigational
uses
53. Relevance of different property
regimes to other current
environmental issues
Confrontation of regimes is occurring
South/North
Common property characteristics of
environmental resources
Institutional solutions are adopting
common property arrangements
54. Problems of environmental
regulation; solution through
definition of property rights
Atmosphere rival at global level
Consumption interdependent
Command and control difficult to achieve
because deal with countries
Introduce market solution to create incentives
Raises problems of initial allocation
55. Efficiency, the Environment and
Property Rights
What is efficiency in economic, social,
environmental, and technical terms?
Are they equivalent?
What is the relation with property rights?
Is the problem simple to solve?
56. Efficiency
Economic and social efficiency: use
resources in such a way that they minimize
costs and maximize profits
Technical efficiency: minimizing inputs
with respect to outputs minimizing
energy use
There should not be any contradiction
between the 2 above
If contradiction: not internalized
externality, ill defined property rights
57. The Coasian analysis
Problem of property rights, efficiency and
externalities raised by Coase
Argument: What matters is the overall cost and
benefit
Compensation schemes can be built around this
principle
It depends who has the biggest loss
The issue can be resolved by negotiation
All allocations based on Coasian principle
optimal
58. What do property rights provide?
Demsetz claims that they are an
internalization of externalities
Adjustment of property rights are an
adjustment to externalities
Example: forced labor
Property rights originate under scarcities in
particular environmental scarcities
59. Problems raised by Dasgupta and
Heal
Property rights are not created in a vacuum
Problem often comes from partially
defined property rights
Coase and Demsetz assume symmetry
which might not exist
They implicitly assume unique equilibrium
Problem: Multiple equilibria
61. Solutions
In these cases, solutions have to be
revealed to producers
Sometimes solutions have to be imposed
62. Sustainability and exhaustible
resources
In some basic sense nothing is truly sustainable
since finite resources are continuously exhausted
by man but also by nature
Sustainability has thus evolved to mean a
“correct” relationship between generations
Dasgupta has suggested that net wealth rather
than income should be considered in this relation
Net wealth is accumulated social, economic and
institutional capital minus depreciation for natural
resources exhausted
63. Sustainability continued
Sustainability means that resources should be as
much as possible preserved for future generation’s
use
The net wealth criteria tells us that some countries
like India have GDP growth but decreasing net
wealth while Western countries have increasing net
wealth and income Africa, decreasing net wealth and
income
Clearly this means that slowly renewable and
exhaustible resources should be depleted at an
optimal rate.
64. Theory of slowly renewable
resources
Slowly renewable resources have to be
evaluated as an evolving stock such as a
population minus withdrawals
( ) ( ) ( , )1
d z
d t
H z F z N x= −
Evolution of z = Natural Dynamics of z minus catches
65. Slowly renewable resources:
Production
Producers will be drawn into using the
stock by profits:
( )
( , )
2
d x
d t
q F z N x p N x
N
=
−
µ
Evolution of inputs x, if average profits are positive,
if F is production, q unit price, p unit costs
66. Equilibrium conditions
In equilibrium there should be an optimal
level of the resource z if:
( )( )
( , )
e x p3
0
q F z N x p N x
N
r t d t
−
−
∞
∫
Is maximized subject to the relation before and where
r is a discount rate: The discounted sum of all future
profits is maximized with a discount rate r, the spot
price of the resource is thus dependent on
availability of z in nature and the discount rate
67. Exhaustible Resources
Hotelling Principle:
An exhaustible resource is an asset and its net
price (market price - extraction costs) should
increase exponentially with the interest (or
discount rate, to some extent a socio-political
construct), i.e.:
P(t) = P(0)eit
or (dP/dt)/P = I
Indeed if for the resource Z, the price is P.Total
value of resource:PZ. Compare to other assets, P
has to grow as P(0)eit
to stay competitive.
68. Hotelling’s Principle:
Competitive resource owners will
deplete at a socially optimal rate
Take r the rate if return to the owner
of natural resources. In
equilibrium : r = i
Whenever, r … i, we have a
conservationists dilemma.
69. Conditions for Hotelling
principle
1. No externalities
2. No uncertainty about future sales,
exploration prospects, etc.
3. No extraction with environmental
externalities (ex. Gold Rush).
4. Not too big differences between
private and market (social) discount rate
(for instance due to dangers of transfer
within society)
70. Example:Deforestation processes
According to Hotelling principles a forested area
is a particular type of asset whose capitalized
value should grow with the interest rate. If this
growth is not achieved other assets including
agricultural ones will be closer and the forested
land will either sold for development or
transformed into another agricultural asset.
In particular:If the income flow stemming from
the forest is lower than the income flow from
other activities then deforestation will occur!
71. This can be due to:
subsidies for agricultural production
income subsidies or welfare
cost of property rights enforcement
prohibition of trade
unclearly defined property rights
73. Population Dynamics
Fundamental problem of global
environmental change:
Balance supply of resources from physical
system with demand for these resources
from human populations over time
75. Measuring Population
Static: characteristics
Total
Age distribution
Genders
Urban/rural
Geographic distributions
Dynamic: use various extrapolation
techniques to predict future trends
76. Measuring Population
Challenges in achieving accurate
assessment
Completeness and accuracy
Census comparability
Different interpretations of categories
Different areas/levels of aggregation
Different time periods
Size of area
Units
77. Projections
Dependent on accuracy of initial conditions
(i.e. count)
Need techniques of projection
Postulate relationships among the different
aspects of population so you can have
internally driven system.
But projections assume smooth path. Also
need to introduce mechanisms to account
for changes in rates
78. Malthusian theories of population
Assumptions
Constant "passion between the sexes"
Finite earth
Argument:
Left unchecked, population grows and, by
definition, grows exponentially (passion)
After an initial period of strong growth,
output as a function of population (labor)
exhibits diminishing returns
79.
80. Preventive checks
Late marriage
Celibacy
Low marital fertility (spacing)
Contraception
Migration
Positive check: Mortality
81. Alternatives to Malthus:
Boserup/Simon
Relate technological progress to population
growth
Population concentration leads to higher
likelihood of technological advance.
Population growth longer hours,
More labor-intensive techniques eventually
leads to more sophisticated technology.
82. Multiple influences on population
dynamics
Demographic influences on fertility
Institutional controls
Property rights
Production systems and technologies
84. Limits to Malthusian Approach
Explaining emergence of new demographic
regimes
How technology might explain shifts
These considerations important, because new
regimes have emerged
Synthesis argument: Lee, Ronald, Malthus and Boserup: A Dynamic
Synthesis, In David Coleman and Roger Schofield, The State of
Population Theory, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986.
85. Demographic Transition
Characterized by a drop in marital fertility
Achieved through "stopping" behavior, i.e.
controlling births after having the desired
number of children
86.
87. Demographic transition
Puzzle
Not linked to decreased mortality
No obvious link to Industrialization
No Malthusian population response to
income growth
88.
89. Fertility Declines, Real and Projected
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
ChildrenperWoman
(2.1=nopopulationgrowth)
Developing
Developed
Africa
Asia
South and Central
America
90. Stabilization Remains a Challenge
0
1
2
3
4
1950 2000 2050
StabilizationRatio(births/deaths)
(1=nopopulationgrowth)
Developing Developed Africa Asia South and Central America
91. Sub-Saharan African Fertility Regime
Low age at marriage
Polygyny: men have many wives, leaving few
women celibate
Acceptance of pre-marital and extra-marital
sexual relations
Remarriage after widowhood or divorce is the
norm
These are all factors that make women
susceptible to childbearing throughout their
reproductive period of 15-49.
93. Characteristics of Sub-Saharan
African Social System
Poorly defined or poorly enforced common
property systems
Children reared communally (polygyny)
Share “costs” in time or responsibility
Weak conjugal bonds
Lineage holds land
Large families have access to larger share
References: Dasgupta; Partha, The Population Problem: Theory and
Evidence Journal of Economic Literature, 33, 4, 1995: 1879-1902;
Chichilnisky, Graciela, North-South Trade and the Global Environment, The
American Economic Review 84 (4): 851-874.
94. Changes in life expectancy in selected African countries
with high and low HIV prevalence: 1950 - 2005
with high HIV prevalence:
Zimbabwe
South Africa
Botswana
with low HIV prevalence:
Madagascar
Senegal
Mali
Source: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2001) World Population Prospects, the
2000 Revision.
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Lifeexpectancy(years)
1950–
1955
1955-
1960
1960-
1965
1965-
1970
1970-
1975
1975-
1980
1980-
1985
1985-
1990
1990-
1995
1995-
2000
2000-
2005
95. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Cambodia
Haiti
Mozambique
Rwanda
Côte d'Ivoire
Zambia
Kenya
South Africa
Zimbabwe
Botswana
Life expectancy at birth (years)
Predicted life expectancy Loss in life expectancy due to HIV/AIDS
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000
Predicted loss in life expectancy due to
HIV/AIDS in children born in 2000
96. Population and environment: Key
points
Population dynamics in part create
“demand” for environmental resources by
determining population sizes and
distributions
Other factors: tastes/lifestyles; technology
Importance of understanding mechanisms
linking fertility—mortality—migration and
relation between these demographic
processes and other socio-economic
variables
97. Two views of population—resource
interaction
Population grows until limited by resource
availability (at all levels of technological
development). Ultimately checked by
mortality: Malthus
Population growth stimulates technological
development which permits higher levels
of population: Boserup/Simon
98. Problem: How to account for new
regimes?
Malthus perspective could not account for
shift from high fertility—high mortality to
low fertility—low mortality first in Europe
then, progressively, globally
99. Demographic transition: the
definition
“Pre-transition” Western Europe
characterized by high fertility and high
mortality
“Transition” defined as a drop in marital
fertility that in Western Europe was
achieved by “stopping” behavior
Conscious limitation of family size once a
desired number of children born
100. Demographic transition: the
evidence
Shift from high to low fertility was a result
of deliberate family limitation
Transition occurred rapidly once it began
To date, process has been irreversible
101. Causes: Early theories
Link to modernization: Frank Notestein
(1944)
“New ideal of the small family arose in the
urban industrial society.
It is impossible to be precise about the
various causal factors, but apparently many
were important”
Individuality
Mobility
Education
Declining mortality
Costs of children
103. Transition: the European-US data
Great variation in socio-economic and
demographic conditions
Timing and extent of decline in mortality
France and USA
Infant mortality varied
Extent of urbanization differed at transition
France 1800: 70% male labor force in agriculture
England 1892: 15% male labor force in
agriculture
104. Transition: Developing countries
Link to mortality seems more direct
Knowledge and treatments not available at
time of initial transition in Europe and often
precedes fertility decline
Role AIDS epidemic as Malthusian control in high
fertility regions
Sub-Saharan Africa either slow to adopt
transition or exhibits special characteristics
105. Questions for future
Evolution of African population patterns
Response of regions where population
below replacement rate
Lower population levels
Pro-natalist policies
Role of migration in redistributing population
Prediction difficult since mechanisms of
previous transitions are still under debate
106. Environment and Migration
Migration constitutes, as mentioned before,
a significant factor in population dynamics
Migration and the environment are linked
in 2 important ways:
Some migrations are environmentally
induced: ex. The dust bowls in the US, the
Sahel
Migrations create environmental problems:
crowding effects
107. There are two basic theoretical considerations
about migration which emphasize either push or
pull factors
Voluntary migration: migrants decide to move from
one place to the other on the basis of some
incentives, wages, quality of life
Involuntary migrations: migrants are excluded from a
given society and are forced to leave
This 2 causes can combine themselves
Before we look at these links let’s
consider theoretical approaches to
migration
108. Involuntary migration
A description of the multiple aspects of
involuntary migration is included in the Zollberg
article: political, racial or religious reasons
The collective good literature helps to understand
exclusion processes
Other countries often are reluctant to accept these
populations which are then concentrated in
relatively small areas and cause environmental
problems
109. Voluntary Migrations
Since voluntary migrations are based on
incentives to move, these incentives have to be
made explicit in the form of wage differentials for
instance
Migration due to wage differential constitutes the
main explanation for migrations in economics
A standing puzzle lies in the explanation of
overcrowding of big developing country cities
110. Harris Todaro Model
These 2 authors postulate a 2 sector rural
(agricultural) and industrial economy
Wages in agriculture are: WA=P.q’
Wages in industry are dependent upon a minimal
wage Wmin They are:
1,
min
≤=
U
M
U
M
U
N
N
N
NW
W
111. Equilibrium conditions
As long as the following is >0, migration will
occur
0','
min
>
−= ψψ Pq
N
NW
N
U
M
U
N Is a time evolution (derivative)
112. Other Factors Could Be Important
As well
The pull aspect of cities exists before
Minimal wage policies are applied
The pull aspect is enhanced by existing
social networks that support newcomers
Increasing returns to scale in cities
High paying but difficult to enter jobs
Segmented labor market
114. Other incentive models: The
Owen land use model
The land use model developed by Owen assumes
only two types of land use, agriculture and
dwelling and examines the special case of areas
around urban centers
Whether land will be transformed into dwelling
will depend on income streams generated by both
Arrival of newcomers increases income streams
from dwellings especially if migrants get
subsidies
115. Conclusions of Owen model and
further development
Even under normal conditions, as long as there is
an attraction to moving into an urban area such as
a subsidy or the hope of a job, farm land will be
urbanized down to a critical value which can be
very close to zero.
Higher interest rate for agricultural investments
as opposed to investments for urban dwellings
will accelerate the process.
116. Further conclusions
Mass migration which can result from climate
change will accelerate this process.
Foreign aid and relief can accelerate the process
An Ill-defined property right regime will initially
slow but then accelerate the process.
Climate change might reduce net profits made
from agricultural production and accelerate the
process.
117. Trade and Environment
From a general point of view, trade and the
environment should be neutral with respect
to each other
Problems come from the different political
social and legal structures between
countries
These lead to either advantageous or
problematic relationships between the two
118. Positive and negative effects
Environmental conditions can be positively
affected by trade liberalization
Positive effects can result from the suppression of
distortions which have all kinds of costs
including environmental ones
Other legislation than trade legislation might
create distortions: environmental standards
A market economy and this is due for trade as
well can work optimally only if some structural
conditions are similar such as property rights
To make all this explicit lets look at trade theories
119. Property Rights, the
Environment and Trade
Changes in the Economic Theory of Trade
Traditional Theory Based on the Notion of
Comparative Advantage: Heckscher Olin
2 New Notions:
Importance of Increasing Returns to Scale
and Intra-Industry Trade (Helpman,
Krugman, Ethier, etc.)
Importance of availability of a factor and
factor prices (Chichilnisky)
120. Characteristics of Trade
Importance of increasing returns in
External aspects
Monopolistic competition
Some property rights regime lower the price of
factor inputs
Countries with ill-defined property rights extract too
many natural resources
They have thus an "artificial" comparative advantage
in environmental goods
121. The Chichilnisky Perspective
Chichilnisky (1994) has analyzed trade links
between regions with different property rights
Basic conclusions are drawn from her
investigation:
The region with undefined property rights
will supply more of a resource at any price
This applies to any good that is "fugitive" :
rights of ownership established only when
captured or freely extractable
123. Chichilnisky Perspective
This situation creates an "abundance" of the resource
in the region without or with ill-defined property
rights
The region will "appear" to have a comparative
advantage in the given resource.
Abundance is not due to any intrinsic natural
availability of the resource but only to the absence of
rights.
The region without property rights will get poorer
because it will get rid of its resources at too low a
price.
124. Chichilnisky: Analysis
Assumptions about the region without well
defined property rights:
elasticity of substitution between leisure and
consumption for harvesters or extractors of the
resource good that is lower than 1
extractors consume mostly other goods than the
natural resource that are purchased with their harvest
or catch
An increase of the relative price of other goods
with respect to the resource will result in more
extraction
125. Consequences
Regions with ill-defined property rights are "exploited"
those with well defined rights.
Resultant lower prices lead to increasingly unfavorable terms
of trade followed by more extraction of the resource
Thus regions with poorly defined property rights grow
poorer as a result of trade with regions with better defined
property rights
More important, corrective taxes are counterproductive:
lower demand and lower prices lead to more extraction
126. Analysis of Countries with Ill-
Defined Property Rights
These countries are sensitive to price fluctuations
due to substitution effects or taxation policies
Lower prices lead to more extraction of natural
resources due to a lowering of the opportunity
cost of labor
This lowers their bargaining power at the
international level
Their bargaining power is lowered further by the
cost of the artificial "comparative advantage" in
terms of natural resources on the society as a
whole which might lead to social upheavals.
127. Environment and trade policies
One has to distinguish here between
production and consumption
The prevalent norm and WTO rule is that
consumption can be regulated with respect
to environmental standards (up to a point)
by national legislation
No such leeway exists for production
methods (ppm problem)
128. Conflict, cooperation, and the
environment
The relations between conflict, cooperation
and the environment are numerous but
cannot always be clearly established
Quite clearly early cooperative structures
such as early agricultural states were
driven by the necessity to better control the
human environment
Resource driven conflicts are probable in
this context
129. Relationships between the
environment and human
production
As technology evolves, the relations between the
environment and human activities become more
distant
2 types of relations can be emphasized: 1.
Cataclysmic Events such as volcano eruptions
Long term changes such as deforestation trends
and climate changes: the 2 may be linked
130. Conflicts over environmental
resources may exist but they are
difficult to show
Difficulty to disentangle environmental
form other conflicts, ex. Rwanda
Here again importance of property and
property rights
Similar for conflict over resources: Central
Asia and Water in the Jordan river water
basin, conflict between Turkey, Syria and
Iraq over the Euphrates and Tigris waters
133. 2 Middle Eastern Conflicts: The Jordan
and Euphrates River Basins
Jordan River: Israel plus Palestinians use about
2300 million cubic meters per annum, only
1950 is considered sustainable
Jordan uses 740 to 750 million cubic meters per
annum. Only 730 is considered sustainable
Euphrates: Turkey reduces Euphrates flow to
500 to 300 cubic meters per second, 700 are
demanded by Syria
134. Some Theoretical Notions
Goal: tackle problems analytically and suggest responses that
tend to promote strategies to minimize conflicts and promote
cooperation
All social interactions and conflicts are not the same. They have
to be analyzed according to their incentive structures
Water problems are also common problems
Commons lead to asymmetries: Lack of dominant strategies lead
to first mover advantage
First, (or second) move advantage can be enhanced by
geographic or technological circumstances
135. Fundamental Questions to Address
What are the nature of the
conflicts
How can one find optimal
solutions to solve them?
136.
137.
138. Water competition has technological
and economic limits
Price of Water from Sea: fundamental
Given by the cost of a m3
of water from sea water
or possibly from pipe lines:
Around 65¢ per m3
70% of all consumed water is for agriculture
(irrigation)
In the Middle East this proportion can reach 80 to
90 %
Is it worth it?
139. Symbolic aspects
The sharper the conflict and the demands
around it, the more is at stake
Giving in on little things is perceived as
signal to give in on big ones
140. How to get out of the conflict
spiral?
Emphasize limited worth of conflict
Franklin Fisher approach using pricing
Problem: Symbolic aspect
Policy of mutual voluntary restraint in use
Reduce conflict extensions to other areas
through compensations
146. Environmental Negotiations
The Common problem makes it difficult to
carry out international environmental
negotiations
Often countries try to free ride on each
other
It is difficult to exclude from environmental
benefits
147. Unit veto and leader problem
Unit Veto makes agreements even more
difficult
Particular importance of players
One has to find ways to exclude
Side payments have to be provided
Importance of a leader, US for Montreal,
EU for Kyoto
Editor's Notes
Progress Toward Population Stabilization by Region, 1950-2050
Some regions are closer to the point at which death rates and birth rates are approximately equal and population growth levels off. For more information see http://www.wri.org/wri/trends/popgrow.html.
Source: United Nations (U.N.) Population Division, World Population Prospects, 1950-2050 (The 1996 Revision), on diskette (U.N., New York, 1996).
Notes: Progress toward stabilization is measured by dividing a region’s crude birth rate by its death rate. A ratio of 1 indicates a stable population. Values are based on 5-year rates.