Degrowth is a proposal for radical change that advocates for a voluntary shrinking of production and consumption for social and environmental reasons. It is a social movement and interpretive framework rather than an ideology. Degrowth draws from diverse sources like ecology, critiques of development and economic growth, well-being research, democracy, and ecological economics. It aims to address issues like inequality, lack of democracy in economic decisions, environmental degradation, and the multi-dimensional crisis caused by prioritizing endless growth. Degrowth proposes strategies like building alternatives, political reforms, research, and action at various scales to achieve its goals of sustainability and justice.
AUTONOMA - Konstantinos Christodoulidis - Agroecology, Market and AutonomyAutonoma Conference
Agroecology as a term stands for an integrated approach to farming and environmental management practices for the emergence of regenerative, agro-productive ecosystems. It is becoming increasingly prominent within the ecological discourse, as it conceptualizes human habitat with terms of ecosystem flows and thus subtends concepts from farming to urban metabolism and from contemporary life sciences to timeless traditions. This paper aims to provide a brief presentation of agroecology's core concepts and will focus on their prospects for economic autonomy and how this is irrevocably linked to trade.
Manuel DeLanda's discource on “markets and antimarkets” (large, competing oligopolies and self-organized meshworks of small firms), as well as other writings of political ecologists, have described the historicity of cities as agglomerations for consumers of a much broader network of organic flows (amongst other flows), and how links to urban markets have proven indispensable for rural life. Furthermore, researchers (notably Altieri) have dealt with the interrelation between agroecology and autonomy in the context of contemporary Latin America and regard agroecology as being between a merely scientific approach and a political struggle for territory. Last but not least, many ecological projects carry a message of betterment, that results from a set of practices mediated as a cultural and political participation to the urban condition, that either tries to reform and mitigate it's impact or tries to abolish it's very content and establish a direct alternative outside it's physical boundaries.
Contemplating on these differences and forming links, between the urge to “naturalize” processes and to “rationalize” agroproduction, between conceptions of autonomy as symbolic challenges within the urban condition and as actual manifestations of insular communities and between nature as a relational discourse and an external “law of the need”, consists of the prime expediency of this study.
The urban body is composed of several interconnected layers of dynamic structure, all influencing each other in a non-linear manner. This interaction results in emergent properties, which are not predictable except through a dynamical analysis of the connected whole. This approach therefore links Biourbanism to the Life Sciences
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): The Science of the City
Naples, March 2016
Presentation by Luigi Fusco Girard
Background: the challenges
This Meeting
Some expected conclusions
Urban and Industrial Habitats: How Important They Are for Ecosystem ServicesEdytaSierka
Woźniak G., Sierka E., Wheeler A. (2018). Urban and Industrial Habitats: How Important They Are for Ecosystem Services. Ecosystem Services and Global Ecology, http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75723., 2018
The sustainable management of natural resources can make human survival possible. Sustainable management is based on a deep understanding of the complex mechanisms of the Earth's natural ecosystems and of how those resources can be managed without compromising future benefits and availability. The sustainable management of natural
Towards a global debate on extractivism: beyond the south / north divide. Eco...Amélie Dumarcher
Globalization opens a new phase, a « new expansion of the geography of the extraction », with a stronger role of natural resources, both in Global South and in Global North (extractivist rush, unconventional oil and gaz…), sometimes led by countries from the South (eg: China). This leads to a reorganization of both the global configurations (North-South) and the internal configurations of extractivism (cf. popular resistance and environmental conflicts around extractivism) (Svampa, 2016). Theses recompositions suggest that some notions and concepts may cross the North / South « great divide » : here, we explore the notion of extractivism.
Presentation by Aura Reggiani, University of Bologna, Italy
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): ‘Smart People in Smart Cities’
Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia (August, 2016)
Valutazione economica dei servizi ecologici.
LOCALE & GLOBALE. IL SENSO DELLA BIOSFERA NELL'URBANISTICA E LA LIMITATEZZA DEL PIANETA.
INTEREZZA E ARMONIA: IL SENSO DEGLI STANDARD URBANISTICI nella legislazione italiana.
Ecoservices Economic Assessment.
LOCAL & GLOBAL. THE MEANING OF BIOSPHERE IN LAND USE PLANNING AND THE EARTH'S LITTLENESS.
WHOLENESS AND HARMONY: THE MEANING OF STANDARDS IN LAND USE PLANNING.
AUTONOMA - Konstantinos Christodoulidis - Agroecology, Market and AutonomyAutonoma Conference
Agroecology as a term stands for an integrated approach to farming and environmental management practices for the emergence of regenerative, agro-productive ecosystems. It is becoming increasingly prominent within the ecological discourse, as it conceptualizes human habitat with terms of ecosystem flows and thus subtends concepts from farming to urban metabolism and from contemporary life sciences to timeless traditions. This paper aims to provide a brief presentation of agroecology's core concepts and will focus on their prospects for economic autonomy and how this is irrevocably linked to trade.
Manuel DeLanda's discource on “markets and antimarkets” (large, competing oligopolies and self-organized meshworks of small firms), as well as other writings of political ecologists, have described the historicity of cities as agglomerations for consumers of a much broader network of organic flows (amongst other flows), and how links to urban markets have proven indispensable for rural life. Furthermore, researchers (notably Altieri) have dealt with the interrelation between agroecology and autonomy in the context of contemporary Latin America and regard agroecology as being between a merely scientific approach and a political struggle for territory. Last but not least, many ecological projects carry a message of betterment, that results from a set of practices mediated as a cultural and political participation to the urban condition, that either tries to reform and mitigate it's impact or tries to abolish it's very content and establish a direct alternative outside it's physical boundaries.
Contemplating on these differences and forming links, between the urge to “naturalize” processes and to “rationalize” agroproduction, between conceptions of autonomy as symbolic challenges within the urban condition and as actual manifestations of insular communities and between nature as a relational discourse and an external “law of the need”, consists of the prime expediency of this study.
The urban body is composed of several interconnected layers of dynamic structure, all influencing each other in a non-linear manner. This interaction results in emergent properties, which are not predictable except through a dynamical analysis of the connected whole. This approach therefore links Biourbanism to the Life Sciences
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): The Science of the City
Naples, March 2016
Presentation by Luigi Fusco Girard
Background: the challenges
This Meeting
Some expected conclusions
Urban and Industrial Habitats: How Important They Are for Ecosystem ServicesEdytaSierka
Woźniak G., Sierka E., Wheeler A. (2018). Urban and Industrial Habitats: How Important They Are for Ecosystem Services. Ecosystem Services and Global Ecology, http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75723., 2018
The sustainable management of natural resources can make human survival possible. Sustainable management is based on a deep understanding of the complex mechanisms of the Earth's natural ecosystems and of how those resources can be managed without compromising future benefits and availability. The sustainable management of natural
Towards a global debate on extractivism: beyond the south / north divide. Eco...Amélie Dumarcher
Globalization opens a new phase, a « new expansion of the geography of the extraction », with a stronger role of natural resources, both in Global South and in Global North (extractivist rush, unconventional oil and gaz…), sometimes led by countries from the South (eg: China). This leads to a reorganization of both the global configurations (North-South) and the internal configurations of extractivism (cf. popular resistance and environmental conflicts around extractivism) (Svampa, 2016). Theses recompositions suggest that some notions and concepts may cross the North / South « great divide » : here, we explore the notion of extractivism.
Presentation by Aura Reggiani, University of Bologna, Italy
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): ‘Smart People in Smart Cities’
Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia (August, 2016)
Valutazione economica dei servizi ecologici.
LOCALE & GLOBALE. IL SENSO DELLA BIOSFERA NELL'URBANISTICA E LA LIMITATEZZA DEL PIANETA.
INTEREZZA E ARMONIA: IL SENSO DEGLI STANDARD URBANISTICI nella legislazione italiana.
Ecoservices Economic Assessment.
LOCAL & GLOBAL. THE MEANING OF BIOSPHERE IN LAND USE PLANNING AND THE EARTH'S LITTLENESS.
WHOLENESS AND HARMONY: THE MEANING OF STANDARDS IN LAND USE PLANNING.
Presentation delivered by Professor Joan Martinez-Alier
(ICTA, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona) at the Rio+20 side event on the role of civil society and knowledge institutions in sustainable development: http://www.ipc-undp.org/PageNewSiteb.do?id=274&active=2
GEOGRAPHICAL DIMENSIONS OF ‘DEVELOPMENT – ENVIRONMENT INTERRELATION’Prof Ashis Sarkar
The debate of 'environment vs. development' is seriously global and contemporary. It has its own geographical dimension as development is region-specific and time-specific.
Development, Environment and Sustainabilty–the triumvirate on Geographical FrameProf Ashis Sarkar
Development, Environment and Sustainability form the triumvirate of present day World. If human is to survive and development is to remain sustainable, the geographical issues and concerns should be the thrust of analysis.
Trabalhar em Conjunto para um Mundo Melhor?
Considerada por muitos como a “mãe” do modelo “Living Lab”, continua a explorar todas as potencialidades do modelo de colaboração nas diversas áreas das atividades humanas e a observar como está a ser aplicado e a surtir efeitos no mundo inteiro. O modelo “Living Lab” proporciona uma comunicação franca e aberta entre “stakeholders” de setores complexos e transdisciplinares, sempre com o objetivo de introduzir abordagens abertas e colaborativas para permitir ir mais longe no design e na inovação. O tema em palco irá assentar na forma como as empresas, as agências públicas e académicas, as comunidades, o empreendedorismo social, os designers, as redes sociais e os cidadãos no geral, poderão colaborar na resolução dos maiores e mais atuais desafios da sociedade. Seija Kulkki argumenta que a Europa tem a oportunidade única para transformar as suas fundações sociais e económicas. No entanto precisamos de aprender a nos organizarmos em torno da resolução de problemas – podendo desta abordagem nascer novos modelos e ecossistemas de inovação aberta que permitem a partilha de valores às escalas local, regional, nacional e global. Um desafio relevante é como gerir a investigação, o desenvolvimento e inovação colaborativa e estratégica em torno das alterações climáticas, do envelhecimento populacional, do bem-estar, da eficiência energética, da pobreza, da modernização do trânsito e de outros serviços e infraestruturas, garantindo sempre a segurança das nossas sociedades.
TOO4TO Module 5 / Sustainable Resource Management: Part 1TOO4TO
This presentation is part of the Sustainable Management: Tools for Tomorrow (TOO4TO) learning materials. It covers the following topic: Sustainable Resource Management (Module 5). The material consists of 3 parts. This presentation covers Part 1.
You can find all TOO4TO Modules and their presentations here: https://too4to.eu/e-learning-course/
TOO4TO was a 35-month EU-funded Erasmus+ project, running until August 2023 in co-operation with European strategic partner institutions of the Gdańsk University of Technology (Poland), the Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania), Turku University of Applied Sciences (Finland) and Global Impact Grid (Germany).
TOO4TO aims to increase the skills, competencies and awareness of future managers and employees with available tools and methods that can provide sustainable management and, as a result, support sustainable development in the EU and beyond.
Read more about the project here: https://too4to.eu/
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. Its whole content reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. PROJECT NUMBER 2020-1-PL01-KA203-082076
This PPT is about Environmental ethics, engineering, ecology and economics of environmental ethics. Sustainable development, Our common future, Government role in maintaining environment, market mechanisms for sustainable environment, communities and environment, social activism.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
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Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
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how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
1. What is Degrowth?
Complementarity in diversity
Federico Demaria
fede@degrowth.net
Research & Degrowth
www.degrowth.org
Environmental Science and Technology Institute,
Autonomous University of Barcelona
www.eco2bcn.es
2. Index
I] The post-political condition
II] Degrowth: a proposal for radical change
- Sources
- Strategies
III] Conclusions
3. How can we criticize politics without falling into
the post-political?
How can we criticize economic growth in a
context of economic growth crisis?
4. I] Post-political condition
There are no debate and controversies:
- among ideologies, because there is only one (Consensus);
- over the causes of the crisis, no in depth analysis;
- over the responsibilities (in fact the responsibles are the
ones legitimized to propose solutions);
- among solutions (managerial approach to government).
Europe's post-democratic era by Jurgen Habermas. The Guardian, 10/11/2011.
5. I] The economic crisis → Debtocracy!
Mythologies: debt, spread and speculators ('markets')
But... Why do we have such large private and public debts? Who holds
them? Are they legitimate? What would happen if we don't pay?
What about publicly auditing the debts? Etc...
- Economic crisis → confusion
- Psychological terrorism: catastrophe → fear
Mario Monti (05/12/2011) referring to the adjustment plan:
“Outside the euro and of the common European house there are only abyss and
poverty”
“There is no alternative”
In reality: defense of the status quo and neo-liberal capitalism
6. I] Multi-dimensional crisis
Economic, social, political and ecological.
Urgent and structural.
Consequences of the 2008 economic crisis:
- Economic: recession, debts,...
- Social: unemployment, dismantling of welfare state;
- Political: 'debtocracy';
- Environmental: some improvements.
So, how do we interpret it?
With GDP? Or a Multi-criteria of physical and well-being indicators?
7. II] How can we go back to the political and to
democracy?
Degrowth: a proposal for radical change
Project of voluntary societal shrinking of production and
consumption for social justice and ecological
sustainability.
8. II] History of the term
The term Décroissance:
- 1972 by André Gorz (and Sicco Mansholt, Pres. EU Commission);
- 1979 by Georgescu Roegen.
Activist slogan and social movement:
- 2001: France, Italy, Spain and elsewhere.
Concept discussed in the academic literature:
- 2008: 1º Int. Degrowth Conference, Paris;
- 2010: 2º Int. Degrowth Conference, Barcelona;
- 2012: 3º Int. Degrowth Conference, Venezia.
9. II] Social movement theory
Degrowth: not an ideology, not (yet) a new paradigm, but...
Interpretative frame
Def. Interpretative frames generalize a given problem or individual
life experience and produce new definitions, demonstrating its
link and relevance with wider processes, events and conditions
of other social groups.
Framing process
1) Diagnosis: What is the problem? Who is responsible for it?
Sources
2) Prognosis: What has to be done? How?
Strategies
10. II] Sources
Diversity of arguments which can be
deployed to argue in favour of degrowth.
Streams of thought:
1) Ecology;
2) Critics to Development and Anti-utilitarianism;
3) Meaning of life and well-being;
4) Democracy;
5) Justice;
6) Ecological Economics.
Degrowth: River basin where different streams (of thought) and strategies converged.
11. 1) Ecology
1.1 Ecosystems have values in and of themselves
1.2 Industrial systems VS Ecosystems
Degrowth as a different relation with Nature:
- accept intrinsic value of Nature and right to exist;
- challenge resource-intensive institutions.
12. 2) Critics to Development...
The core of the Western imaginary (not open to debate)
→ growth or progress should be able to continue indefinitely,
constant growth of production will make the future self-evidently
better.
A concept constructed within a particular history and culture
− → a social construction to be deconstructed
Degrowth
- to decolonize (liberalize) the hegemonic imaginary;
- to imagine alternatives.
Authors: Arturo Escobar, Gilbert Rist, Vandana Shiva, Wolfgang Sachs,...
13. 2) Anti-utilitarianism
Critique of Homo Economicus:
against self-interest and utility-maximization as the ultimate driving force of human
behavior
against the dominating influence of markets on human relations and society
(”commodification of human relations”)
Degrowth in that sense calls for more ample visions giving importance to economic
relations based on gifts and reciprocity, where social relations and conviviality are
central.
Change in:
- values structure and value-articulating institutions;
- a change of culture and a rediscovery of human identity which is disentangled from
economic representations.
Authors: Alain Caille and the MAUSS (Anti-utilitarian movement in social sciences).
14. 3) Meaning of life and well being
Critique of life-styles that are based on the mantras of working more, earning more
and selling more.
Happiness and economics:
disassociation between income
increase and satisfaction
with life over time.
Easterlin's Paradox
Search for:
- coherence and unity between contradictory social roles,
- Voluntary simplicity.
Authors: Ghandi, E.F. Schumacher, Henry David Thoreau and Pierre Rabhi.
15. 4) Democracy
Call for a deeper democracy
i.e. Technology:
given threshold technology can no longer be controlled by people.
Technique is a system that grows without democratic feedback and
follows a path of its own.
Degrowth is thus a response to the lack of democratic debates on
economic development, growth, technological innovation and
advancement.
Self-institutionalizing society: democracy can only exist by and with self-
limitation.
Authors: Ivan Illich, Jacques Ellul, Castoriadis
16. 5) Justice
Justice in all its:
- forms: economic, social and environmental;
- time-lines: intra-generational and inter-generational.
Critique of the idea of economic growth and trickle down effect.
Redistribution (degrowth of inequalities).
Environmentalism: rich or poor people?
If western society used less natural resources and wealth was equally
distributed, misery could be overcome and equality would be feasible.
17. 6) Ecological Economics
Non-equivalent descriptions of the economy
The economy is seen as a carroussel between consumers and producers. They
encounter each other in markets for consumer goods or in markets for the
services of production factors (like selling labour time for a wage). Prices are
formed, quantities are exchanged.
This is CHREMATISTICS. Macroeconomic accounts (GDP) aggregate the
quantities multiplied by the prices.
The economy may be described in a different way, as a system of transformation of
(exhaustible) energy and materials (including water) into useful products and
services, and finally into waste.
This is BIOECONOMICS / ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS
(from N. Georgescu Roegen 1966, 1971, Herman Daly 1968, A. Kneese and R.U.
Ayres, 1969, Kenneth Boulding, 1966).
21. The entropy law and the economic
process (Georgescu-Roegen, 1971)
The entropy law
Human activity transforms energy and materials of low entropy or good
quality into waste and pollution which are unusable and have high-
entropy.
Energy is dissipated and cannot be recycled.
Materials are recycled only to a small extent (entropy law).
Limits
The industrial economy depletes resources and overloads the sinks.
- Limited resources: Hubbert’s peak oil is approaching.
- Limited sinks: Carbon dioxide concentration in atmosphere increasing
2 ppm per year.
22. The economy does not dematerialize
Physical indicators, i.e.:
- MFA, Material Flow Analysis;
- HANNP, Human Appropriation of Net Primary Productivity);
- MuSIASEM, Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem
Metabolism.
No decoupling between economic growth and environmental indicators
Therefore, continuous new search at the “commodity frontiers” to substitute for
dissipated energy and materials, and for new supplies.
Production function: 'fallacy of endless substitution' (i.e. Pizza)
Natural capital cannot always be substituted by human-made capital
23. Physical indicators: i.e. MFA
Material flows:
minerals, fossil fuels
and biomass
Categories:
imports, exports,
domestic extraction
and indirect flows
Often, not only the absolute amount of materials but also material intensity (tons
of materials / GDP) is increasing! Indicates pressures on the environment.
Convergence to a European average of 16 tons per person/year (only materials,
water not counted here) would multiply Material Flows in the world by 3.
25. Energy and Biomass
Energy
We know that energy use per capita is increasing. Convergence towards 300
Gigajoules per capita/year would mean to multiply by 5 the present energy in the
world economy. If gas and especially coal are used, also multiply by 4 or 5 the
carbon dioxide produced. Also, danger of nuclear civil-military proliferation.
The EROI is declining (energy return on energy input) (e.g. oils sands and heavy
oils, or agrofuels).
Biomass
The HANPP is also increasing – human appropriation of net primary production of
biomass. Population growth, soil sealing, meat eating, agro-fuels increase the
HANPP.
The higher the HANPP, the less biomass available for other species. Indicates loss
of biodiversity.
26. Efficiency
Jevon's Paradox (Rebound effect):
Technological progress that increases the efficiency (i.e. resource
productivity) with which a resource is used, tends to increase
(rather than decrease) the rate of consumption of that resource.
i.e. cars
27. Sources: discussion
Degrowth makes sense when all sources are taken into account
and combined (i.e. we don't want an eco-dictatoship).
Other flows into the river of degrowth: feminism, political ecology,
non violence (including the critique of militarism), radical neo-
Malthusianism and open borders positions,
The diversity within the concept of degrowth is actually a pre-
condition for a diversity of strategies and actors involved in its
deliberation and implementation.
28. II] Strategies and actors
1) Opposition strategy;
2) Alternatives building;
3) Political institutions and reforms;
4) Research;
5) Dissemination;
6) Acting at different scales (local, national, global).
29. Conclusions: 1. An ecological
economics perspective on the crisis
The economy has three levels (Frederick Soddy, 1926):
1) Virtual (or financial) economy;
2) Real (or productive) economy;
3) Real - Real economy: flows of energy and material.
→ Debt-fuelled economic growth is unsustainable.
The financial system confuses expansion of credit for the creation of real
wealth, while the real economy of energy and materials cannot grow at the
interest rate necessary to pay off debts.
As Georgescu-Roegen and Odum explain, the available natural resources are
actually decreasing. The increase of private or public debts is thus the
perfect recipe for economic crises.
30. Conclusions: 2. Degrowth of what?
Degrowth of the economy. The economy as Chrematistics or the economy as
Ecological Economics? The economy described in what terms?
Of course, in terms of the real indicators, i.e. in terms of Material Flows,
Energy use, and the HANPP (and also use of water).
There is consensus that CO2 emissions must decrease by 50 or 60 per cent,
while they are growing more than 3 per cent per year (doubling in 20 years).
Now, however, given the fact that there is strong coupling between use of
materials and energy, and economic growth, given the fact that the HANPP
also increases (sometimes) with economic growth (agrofuels, for instance),
therefore decreasing the physical indicators will decrease GDP.
31. Conclusions: 3. Degrowth to
repoliticize
The originality of degrowth:
Its power to articulate different sources, streams of thought and
strategies, bringing together a vast heterogeneous group of actors.
→ Degrowth to re-politicize our societies
The sources, strategies or political proposals it puts forward are often
not new, but their juxtaposition and combination is innovative and
coherent.
32. Conclusions: 4. Diversity in
complementarity
Compatibility and complementarity of different sources and
strategies.
1) They do not necessarily dismiss each other and can rather be
combined if we take a longer time horizon.
2) Second, the diversity maintains a sort of tension which
stimulates constructive debates and exchanges, an incentive
for continuous improvements.
Focusing on one aspect only brings failure as each approach and
solution alone is incomplete.
33. Conclusion: 5. What is Degrowth?
- Activist slogan
- Interpretative frame of a new social movement
- Concept (activist-led science)
34. Conclusione: 5. Una definizione di
decrescita
Decrescita socialmente sostenibile é
una riduzione volontaria della produzione e del consumo
per migliorare le condizioni ecologiche,
per ridurre la pressione sulle risorse e sugli ecosistemi,
per consentire una vita semplice e per migliorare il
benessere umano,
per le relazioni che non sono basati sul mercato,
per più democrazia,
per la giustizia sociale.
35. Conclusion: 5. Definition of
degrowth
Socially sustainable degrowth is
a voluntary societal downscaling of production and
consumption to enhance ecological conditions,
to allow simple life and improve human well-being,
for relations that are not market-based,
for more democracy,
to reduce the pressure on resources and sinks,
for social justice and cooperation.