AJAX is a set of web development techniques used to create interactive web applications. It allows web pages to be updated asynchronously by exchanging small amounts of data with the server behind the scenes, without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page. This is done through JavaScript and the XMLHttpRequest object, allowing new information to be added without reloading the entire page. Common uses of AJAX include updating parts of a web page without reloading, autocomplete functions, and real-time notifications.

1. (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)
AJAX

2. INTRODUCTION

Asynchronous JavaScript and XML or Ajax for short is new web development technique
used for the development of most interactive website. Ajax helps you in making your web
application more interactive by retrieving small amount of data from web server and then
showing it on your application. You can do all these things without refreshing your page.

Usually in all the web applications, the user enters the data into the form and then clicks on
the submit button to submit the request to the server. Server processes the request and
returns the view in new page ( by reloading the whole page). This process is inefficient, time
consuming, and a little frustrating for you user if the only the small amount of data exchange
is required. For example in an user registration form, this can be frustrating thing for the
user, as whole page is reloaded only to check the availability of the user name. Ajax will
help in making your application more interactive. With the help of Ajax you can tune your
application to check the availability of the user name without refreshing the whole page.

3. UNDERSTANDING AJAX
• Ajax is not a single technology, but it is a combination of many technologies. These
technologies are supported by modern web browsers. Following are techniques used in the Ajax
applications.

Javascript :
•
JavaScript is used to make a request to the web server. Once the response is returned by the
webserver, more JavaScript can be used to update the current page. DHTML and CSS is used to
show the output to the user. JavaScript is used very heavily to provide teh dynamic behavior to the
application.

Asynchronous call to the server :
•
Most of the Ajax application used the XMLHttpRequest object to send the request to the web
server. These calls are Asynchronous and there is no need to wait for the response to come back.
User can do the normal work without any problem.

4. UNDERSTANDING AJAX (CONTD...)

XML :
•
XML may be used to receive the data returned from the web server. JavaScript can be used to
process the XML data returned from the web server easily.
•

5. HOW AJAX WORKS?
• When user first visits the page, the Ajax engine is initialized and loaded. From that point of
time user interacts with Ajax engine to interact with the web server. The Ajax engine operates
asynchronously while sending the request to the server and receiving the response from server.
Ajax life cycle within the web browser can be divided into following stages:

User Visit to the page :
•
User visits the URL by typing URL in browser or clicking a link from some other page.

Initialization of Ajax engine :
•
When the page is initially loaded, the Ajax engine is also initialized. The Ajax engine can also
be set to continuously refresh the page content without refreshing the whole page.

Event Processing Loop:
•
Browser event may instruct the Ajax engine to send request to server and receive the
response data

6. BENEFITS OF AJAX
• Ajax is new very promising technology, which has become extremely popular these days.
Here are the benefits of using Ajax:

Ajax can be used for creating rich, web-based applications that look and works like a desktop
application.

Ajax is easy to learn. Ajax is based on JavaScript and existing technologies like XML, CSS,
DHTML. etc. So, its very easy to learn Ajax.

Ajax can be used to develop web applications that can update the page data continuously
without refreshing the whole page.

7. AJAX AS WEB DEVELOPMENT
• AJAX is a web application development technique which encompasses different
technologies which make it more interesting and fun. It has the following technologies :

JavaScript

XML

CSS

W3C DOM

XMLHttpRequest
•
Since it embraces so many technologies that's why it is neither easy nor tough. In AJAX, "A"
stands for "Asynchronous" that means sending data from the browser and response send back
from the server are not sequential. When user make requests then the server can do its own work
or it may fulfill other requests. Similarly when server is busy in responding user may make further
requests that means no request or response is synchronous or depending on each other.

8. DATA EXCHANGE IN AJAX

XML :
•
In AJAX, data is exchanged with the help of XML files, there are many alternate techniques
are also available like CSV, JSON etc. Because of the simplicity of XML, it is becoming the new
standard of exchanging data between server and browser. XML is very easy to reformat, reuse.

DOM :
•
The DOM (Document Object Model) is the object oriented representation of XML & HTML
documents, and provides an API for changing the content, structure, and style. The DOM
represents HTML & XML documents as object hierarchy, which is easy to parse by XML tools.

CSS :
•
CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) is used in web site for designing purpose, we can use CSS in
almost all aspects of the way the web pages look, size, color, width, length etc. of text box, input
area,..etc. that means every attribute of every user interface. In AJAX it is very useful to use CSS,
you can implement CSS as color changing on validation checking in a registration form and other.

9. DATA EXCHANGE IN AJAX (CONTD...)

XML HTTP REQUEST :
•
Unlike other usual web pages, with AJAX, JavaScript communicates with server using
JavaScript's XMLHttpRequest object. With the help of XMLHttpRequest a web page can send
request and get a response from the server without refreshing the page. This object is supported
by all the leading web browsers.

JAVASCRIPT :
•
We can say that JavaScript is the pivot point of AJAX . IT performs the following role in AJAX :
•
(1) Handling XMLHttpRequest made HTTP requests .
•
(2) Using DOM, XSLT or any other method, parsing the response come from the server.

(3) Presenting the response from server to user interface.

10. XML HTTP REQUEST OBJECT

As the use of XML and web services is increasing day by day, it is good to connect an HTML
page with XML, with the help of that we can get interim updates so easily without reloading the
page. It is possible due to the XMLHttpRequest object, which is responsible for retrieving and
submitting the XML data directly from the client side. It relies on Document Object Model (DOM) to
convert the retrieved XML data into HTML.

XMLHttpRequest object facilitates the web developer a lot because with the help of this object
you can update the page with new data without reloading the page, communicate with server in
the background, request and receive data from the web server.

11. XML HTTP REQUEST OBJECT (CONTD...)
•CREATING XML HTTP REQUEST OBJECT :
• We can create an instance of the XMLHttpRequest in most of the modern popular
browsers, and in the old versions of the browsers we need to create an object of ActiveXObject.
• var xmlobj=new XMLHttpRequest ();
• var activeobj=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
• We need to create an XMLHttpRequest, after that we will use few important functions like:
• (1) onreadystatechange property :
• After submitting the request to the server, we need to store the response from the
server. onreadystatechange property stores the response from the function which process the
server.
•

12. XML HTTP REQUEST OBJECT (CONTD...)
•(2) Readystate property :
• eadystate property holds the state of the server response, every time readystate property
change , onreadystatechange function executes. Possible values and their meaning are given
below:
• STATE REQUEST
0 Not initialized
1 Has been set up
2 Has been sent
3 In process
4 Is complete

13. XML HTTP REQUEST OBJECT (CONTD...)
•(3) Response text property:
•
• The data sent back from the server is stored and retrieved later with the help of
responseText property.

14. AJAX EXAMPLE
• In the following example we will see how to display server IP address dynamically with
the help of AJAX, HTML, & PHP.
•SimpleAjax.html
•<html>
•<body>
•<script type="text/javascript" >
•function ajaxfunction()
•{
•var xmlhttp;
•if(window.XMLHttpRequest)
•{
•xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest();

15. AJAX EXAMPLE(CONTD..)
•}
•else
•{
•xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
•}
•xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function()
•{
•if(xmlhttp.readyState==4)
•{
• document.timeform.time.value=xmlhttp.responseText;
•}
•}
•xmlhttp.open("GET","SimpleAjax.php",true);
•xmlhttp.send(null);
•}
•</script>
•Time:<input type="text" name="time"/>

16. AJAX EXAMPLE(CONTD..)
•<form name="timeform" >
•Name:<input type="text" name="Name" onkeyup="ajaxfunction()"; />
•<br/>
•</form>
•</body>
•</html>
•SimpleAjax.php
•<?php
• echo ($SERVER_ADDR);
•?>

17. AJAX EXAMPLE(CONTD..)
•SimpleAjax.html
•<html>
•<body>
•<script type="text/javascript" >
•function ajaxfunction()
•{
•var xmlhttp;
•if(window.XMLHttpRequest)
•{
• xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest();
•}
•else
•{
• xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
•}
•xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function()
•{

18. AJAX EXAMPLE(CONTD..)
•if(xmlhttp.readyState==4)
• {
• document.timeform.time.value=xmlhttp.responseText;
• }
•}
•xmlhttp.open("GET","SimpleAjax.php",true);
•xmlhttp.send(null);
•}
•</script>
•<form name="timeform" >
•Name:<input type="text" name="Name" onkeyup="ajaxfunction()"; />
•<br/>
•Time:<input type="text" name="time"/>
•</form>
•</body>
•</html>

19. THANK YOU