This document discusses air pollution, its sources, effects, and methods for prevention and control. It notes that air pollution is a constant problem worldwide that threatens human existence and requires sustained national and international attention. Major sources of air pollution include industrial activities, automobiles, domestic fuel burning, agriculture, and natural phenomena. Air pollution has both individual health effects like respiratory illnesses and global environmental impacts such as ozone depletion, global warming, and acid rain. Prevention strategies include proper industrial siting, emissions containment, technology replacements, green belts, legislation, and international cooperation.

1. Dr Pallavi Potdar
Associate Prof.,
Community Medicine
D.Y. Patil Medical College Kolhapur

2. Contents
Introduction
Sources of air pollution
Indoor air pollution
Effects of air pollution
Prevention and Control
Summary and Conclusion

3. Introduction
Constant & menacing problem throughout
the world.
Threatens the very existence of man on
planet.
Deserves a sustained attention at national
& international level.

4. Sources of air pollution
1) Industrial sources- factories of iron, steel,
cement, paper, thermal power plant,
petroleum refineries etc
HCl, CO, CO2, O3, H2S, SO2
2) Automobile sources- lead, polycyclic
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide. Diesel
engines.

5. Sources of air pollution
3) ) Domestic sources - burning of fire wood,
dung, crop residues, kerosene oil, smoking.
Smoke, dust, SO2
4) Agricultural sources- organo-phosphorous &
organo-chlorous compounds.
5) Natural sources- forest fires, volcanic
eruptions, dust storms.

6. Air pollutants
More than 100
Chemical pollutants
Particulate matters: Dust, smoke, soot, sand, grit
Gases: CO, CO2, H2S, SO2, hydrofluoro carbons
Metals: Arsenic, copper, zinc, lead, carcinogens
Biological pollutants
Pathogens & spores

7. Hazards of air pollution
Individual effects
Global effects

8. Individual effects
1) Irritants – SO2, O3
2) Carcinogenic – polycyclic compounds
3) Effects on nervous system – OP
compounds
4) Annoyants – disagreeable odour-nausea
H2S, organic peroxides, mercaptans

9. Acute effects
Irritants: eye, nose, throat,
respiratory mucous membrane
Allergies – pollens, spores.

10. Chronic effects
Chronic bronchitis
 Bronchiectasis
Emphysema
COPD
Bronchial asthma
Lung cancer

11. Global effects
1) Ozone depletion
2) Global warming
3) Acid rain

12. Global effects
Ozone depletion
Oxides of nitrogen, chlorofluorocarbons
Increased penetration of UV- rays
Skin cancer, cataract, reduced immunity.

13. Global effects
Global warming
Green house effect- Normally seen.
CO2, methane, CFC , ozone - elevate
temperature.

14. Global warming
Drynessofclimate
Reductioninworldfoodproduction
Meltingofpolaricecaps

15. Acid rain
Sulphur dioxide- sulphuric acid
Carbon dioxide- carbonic acid
Nitrogen dioxide-nitric acid
Leads to acidification of soil, water
Damage to plants, fish
Decreased food production

16. Effects on animals
Weakness, cachexia

17. Miscellaneous
Damage to buildings like old monuments
Damage to metals, textiles, rubber & works
on wood, stone, bronze etc

18. Indoor air pollution
Exposes more people world wide than
outdoor air pollution
More among rural people

19. Sources of indoor air pollution
Respirable particles- tobacco smoke
Carbon monoxide- gas heaters, stove
Nitrogen dioxide- gas cooker
Sulphur dioxide- coal combustion
Carbon dioxide- combustion, respiration

20. Effects of indoor Air Pollution
ARI in children
Chronic lung diseases, cancer in adults
Adverse pregnancy outcomes

21. Monitoring of Air Pollution
Sulphur dioxide
Smoke
Suspended particles

22. Monitoring of Air Pollution
SO2 monitoring- Daily basis – by lead
peroxide device
Smoke/ soiling index- white filter paper
Dust measurement – by using midget
impinger - Monthly analyzed
Coefficient of haze- for smoke assessment
Air pollution index – one or more
pollutants as a measure of severity of
pollution

23. Prevention and Control
Location of industries
Containment
Replacement
Dilution- green belts
Legislation
International action

24. Disinfection of air
1. Mechanical ventilation – reduces
vitiated air, bacterial density
2. U-V radiation – OT & infectitious
disease wards
3. Chemical mists – triethylene glucol
4. Dust control – oil

25. Summary & conclusion
Hazards of air pollution
Prevention and control