X ray production
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High-speed electrons produced through thermionic emission are accelerated toward a metal target like tungsten in a vacuum tube, where they collide and produce electromagnetic x-ray radiation. X-rays were first discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen while experimenting with a Crookes tube, and have frequencies between 1017-1020 Hz, with their production relying on electrons losing most of their energy through collisions that heat the metal target.
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- Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895 and was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics for this work.
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- In an x-ray tube, a high voltage is used to accelerate electrons towards a metal target, where x-rays are produced via braking radiation or characteristic radiation.
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Basic information on the topic 'factors affecting x-ray beam quality and quantity'
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X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Rontgen. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that are used widely in medicine for diagnostic purposes. An X-ray machine works by using a high voltage source to accelerate electrons toward a metal anode, producing X-rays. The three main components of an X-ray machine are the vacuum tube, high voltage power source, and operating console. X-rays are used for various medical purposes like radiography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography, and radiation therapy. While non-invasive and useful, X-rays also carry risks due to radiation exposure.
X-Ray Presentation SMK SMAK Bogor 2014/2015
X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. X-rays are electromagnetic waves with short wavelengths between 10-12 to 10-8 meters that can penetrate materials. They are produced when high velocity electrons collide with a metal target in an x-ray tube, emitting x-rays. Common medical uses of x-rays include computed tomography (CT) scans, which produce detailed cross-sectional images of the body by combining multiple x-ray images taken around its rotation. Other applications include astronomy, construction, and measuring bone density.
CHAPTER 3 The Experimental Basis of Quantum Theory
3.1 Discovery of the X Ray and the Electron
3.2 Determination of Electron Charge
3.3 Line Spectra
3.4 Quantization
3.5 Blackbody Radiation
3.6 Photoelectric Effect
3.7 X-Ray Production
3.8 Compton Effect
3.9 Pair Production and Annihilation
Radiography Factsheet.pdf
Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes, noticing a fluorescent screen lighting up from invisible rays he called x-rays. His first x-ray image was of his wife's hand showing her wedding ring. Radiography uses x-rays, a form of electromagnetic radiation, to visualize internal body structures by passing through tissues of varying densities. Electrons are emitted from a cathode in an x-ray tube and accelerated toward an anode, where 1% of their kinetic energy is converted to x-rays emitted in a beam for imaging. While quick and non-invasive, x-rays produce ionizing radiation which in excessive exposure can damage tissues and increase cancer risk.
Chernobyl
The document discusses the history of radioactivity and nuclear power, including key discoveries and events. It describes nuclear fission, the first nuclear reactor, and development of nuclear power stations and weapons. The document also provides details about the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, the largest nuclear power plant accident in history, and its effects.
Radiation protection course for radiologists L1
Radiation Protection Course For Radiologists Lecture 1 of 8
Introduction to Ionizing Radiation And X-ray Production
Naturally Occurring Radioactivity (NOR) in natural and anthropic environments
This document provides an overview of naturally occurring radioactivity (NOR) and naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) with a focus on their relevance to the oil and gas industry. It discusses the main radionuclides of interest, including radium-226, radium-228, uranium, radon-222, and lead-210. It also summarizes the origins of NORM in the oil and gas industry and the types of radiation emitted by NORM.
X rays
The document discusses X-rays, including their history, generation, applications, and challenges. It provides details on how Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with electron beams. X-rays are generated when high-energy electrons strike an anode target, releasing 1% of their kinetic energy as X-rays. X-rays are used widely in medicine for diagnostic imaging like bone structure imaging, as well as in security screening, scientific research, and archaeology. However, diagnostic X-ray radiation poses cancer and tumor risks if overexposed.
Chapter-3 - Photoelectricity, X-rays & Lasers (1).pdf
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2) It describes the three-level optical pumping system used in helium-neon lasers, which produces population inversion through excitation from the ground state to a higher excited state followed by relaxation into a metastable state.
3) Applications of these phenomena are discussed, such as uses of photoelectric cells in burglar alarms, medical and industrial applications of X-rays, and examples of laser applications in areas like engraving, cutting,
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Blockbusters #soccd
This document provides instructions for playing a game called "Player Key". The game is played in pairs, with one player making a chain from side to side and the other from top to bottom on a grid. Players take turns answering trivia questions, coloring in a block if they answer correctly. Players can also block their opponent's chain by choosing a question. The first player to complete their chain across or down wins.
Blockbusters template
Players work in pairs to build chains across or down the game board by answering questions correctly. Each player uses a different color to mark their chain, and can choose questions to block their partner's chain. The first player to complete a chain from side to side or top to bottom wins.
Blockbusters #socfam
Work in pairs to create chains by colouring in blocks when answering questions correctly. One player makes a chain from side to side, the other from top to bottom. Players use different colours and can block their partner's chain by choosing questions. The first to complete their chain across or down wins.
2.6 acids bases and salts
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines pH and the pH scale, explaining that acids have a pH below 7 while bases have a pH above 7. Neutral solutions have a pH of 7. Acids contain H+ ions while bases contain OH- ions. When an acid and base react, they form a salt and water through neutralization. Common acids and bases are given along with examples of acid-base reactions and properties. Methods for making soluble salts by reacting acids with metals or insoluble bases are also described.
C2.5 exothermic and endothermic reactions
This document discusses exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions. It provides examples of common exothermic reactions like combustion and oxidation, which release energy to their surroundings. Endothermic reactions like the decomposition of calcium carbonate absorb energy from their surroundings. The document uses examples like hand warmers and sports injury cold packs to illustrate exothermic and endothermic processes. It also contains questions to test the reader's understanding of whether specific reactions are exothermic or endothermic.
C2.3.3 quantitative chemistry
Farmer Giles wants to determine which fertilizer contains more nitrogen. To do this, he needs to calculate the percentage of nitrogen by mass in each fertilizer. KNO3 has a higher percentage of nitrogen than NaNO3 because KNO3 has a lower molar mass and therefore more of its mass is made up of nitrogen. Calculating percentage by mass involves using relative atomic masses and molar masses. For example, the percentage of nitrogen in ammonia is calculated by taking the mass of nitrogen atoms, dividing by the molar mass of ammonia, and multiplying by 100.
C2.2 how structure influences
Substances with simple molecular, giant ionic and giant covalent structures have very different properties. Ionic, covalent and metallic bonds are strong, while forces between molecules are weaker. Nanomaterials have new properties due to their small size on the scale of 10 atoms. The structures of substances influence their properties and uses.
C2.1 structure and bonding
1. The document discusses different types of chemical bonding including ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding.
2. Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms to form ions with opposite charges that are attracted in a giant lattice structure.
3. Covalent bonding can form either simple molecules held together by shared electron pairs or giant covalent structures with thousands of atoms bonded together.
C2.1 structure and bonding
Ionic compounds form giant lattice structures when oppositely charged ions bond via electrostatic forces. This ionic bonding results in high melting points and the ability to conduct electricity when molten or dissolved. Covalent bonds involve electron sharing and can form either simple molecules with weak intermolecular forces or giant covalent structures with very high melting points due to numerous strong covalent bonds. Metallic bonding involves delocalized electrons that act as glue between positive metal ions, allowing them to slide past one another.
B2.8 speciation
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1. Speciation can occur when a single population becomes separated into two isolated groups. Over time, each group evolves differently through genetic variation and natural selection, resulting in reproductively isolated species.
2. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, which shows organisms changing over time and new species arising as others become extinct.
3. Natural selection plays a role in speciation when environmental changes cause isolated populations to evolve adaptations better suited to their local conditions, leading to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species over prolonged periods of separation.
B2.7 meiosis and mitosis
Meiosis and mitosis are two types of cell division. Meiosis occurs in sex organs and produces gametes through two divisions, resulting in four cells each with half the number of chromosomes, while mitosis occurs throughout the body and involves one division to produce two identical cells with the same number of chromosomes. The main differences are that meiosis produces gametes and reduces chromosome number, while mitosis produces somatic cells to grow and repair tissues.
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B2.7 cell division and inheritance
Cell division and inheritance allow characteristics to be passed from parents to offspring. Chromosomes, made of DNA and containing genes, are found in cell nuclei and segregate into gametes during meiosis. Offspring receive half their chromosomes from each parent, determining traits like earlobe attachment and sex, which is determined by XX or XY sex chromosomes. Genetic crosses can predict the likelihood offspring will inherit dominant or recessive alleles.
B2.5 proteins enzymes
Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts, increasing the rate of chemical reactions. They are specific and only catalyze one reaction. Enzymes are found in animals, plants and microorganisms and are used widely in the home and industry. Some advantages of using enzymes include enabling reactions to occur at lower temperatures and making industrial processes cheaper. However, enzymes are sensitive to temperature and pH changes.
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Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose, releasing energy. This occurs in mitochondria and produces significantly more ATP than anaerobic respiration. During intense exercise, the body shifts to anaerobic respiration which takes place in the cytoplasm when oxygen demand outstrips supply. It generates lactic acid and ATP more quickly but to a lesser extent. The human body repays this oxygen debt through deep breathing after exercise to oxidize lactic acid buildup.
B1.4 red v grey
Environmental changes affect the distribution and survival of both plant and animal species through biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors like competition for resources and disease transmission have led to changes in species populations over time, such as the disappearance of pollinating insects and the decline of red squirrel numbers in the UK due to the introduction and spread of grey squirrels who outcompete reds for food and carry squirrel pox virus to which they are immune but kills reds. Non-biotic environmental changes in temperature, oxygen levels, water, and light availability from sources like pollution have also impacted species distributions.
B1.4 pollution detectors
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B1.4 plants adaptation
Plants have developed various adaptations to survive in different environments. Some plants in cold climates are small, dark-colored, and have small waxy leaves or needles to minimize heat loss. Desert plants often have silver or hairy leaves to reflect sunlight, store water in stems or leaves, or have deep root systems to reach water underground. Adaptations help plants acquire resources and endure environmental stresses.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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X ray production
- 1. X-ray production Unit 20 strand 1 (P2)
- 2. X-rays were first discovered in 1895 by the German physicist William Roentgen, when using a Crookes tube He called them ‘x’ rays, ‘x’ for ‘unknown’.
- 3. The first x-ray photograph: Roentgen’s wife Bertha’s hand
- 5. X-rays are produced when high-speed electrons hit a metal target. In medical x-rays this is usually tungsten. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation of high frequencies (1017-1020 Hz) Electrons are produced by thermionic emission. They are accelerated across the vacuum tube towards the positive (anode) target. The electrons strike the target and lose about 99% of their energy in low-energy collisions with the target atoms – this heats up the target. The remainder of the energy reappears as x-ray radiation. Overheating is prevented by using a rotating anode and circulating oil. Copper is used for the anode mountings.