In Zambia's border towns and commercial corridors, the HIV prevalence rate has been spiked due to an increasingly transient population. In response, the Corridors of Hope program works in border towns and corridor communities to promote HIV prevention and testing efforts to the general population and among at-risk groups.
Download this and other HIV & gender resources: http://j.mp/xxZsfD
Challenging common assumptions around migration and health in South Africa: ...Jo Vearey
The document discusses challenges around migration and health in South Africa, particularly in urban areas. It notes the importance of exploring urban areas and migration as determinants of health. There is a need for regional approaches and data on migration patterns, health needs, and barriers to healthcare access. Establishing links between research organizations and co-hosting seminars on urban migration and health could help address these issues and inform advocacy strategies.
Migration, inequality and urban health in SADC: learning from JohannesburgJo Vearey
This document discusses migration, inequality, and urban health in Southern African cities. It first provides context on urban growth, migration patterns, and health inequities across diverse Southern African Development Community (SADC) contexts. It then focuses on Johannesburg as a case study, noting its complex urban dynamics including high levels of inequality, migration, and informal settlements which experience overlapping vulnerabilities and higher HIV prevalence. The document calls for actions like healthy urban governance, intersectoral collaboration, localized responses, pro-poor policies, and cross-border cooperation to better address the social determinants of health and reduce inequities experienced by urban poor groups.
Migration and health in South Africa: National Consultation on Migration & H...Jo Vearey
This document discusses migration and health in South Africa. It provides background on migration patterns and health concerns for migrants in South Africa and the Southern African region. Key points include:
1) South Africa experiences significant internal and cross-border migration that impacts health. Migrants face challenges accessing care despite some protective legislation.
2) Migration is a social determinant of health. Migrants are vulnerable to communicable diseases, mental health issues, and face barriers to sexual/reproductive healthcare.
3) Emerging issues include the need for cross-border collaboration, addressing rights around sexuality and migration, and involving multiple levels of governance and private sector in migrant health responses.
Exploring migration, mobility and health in South Africa: key public health i...Jo Vearey
The document discusses key public health issues related to migration and mobility in South Africa. It notes that (1) South Africa experiences complex migration flows that current public health systems do not adequately address, (2) public health systems are already overburdened yet must also serve migrants, and (3) xenophobic attitudes present challenges. The document calls for improving data on migration and health, advocating for migration-sensitive public health responses, and addressing the health needs of both internal and cross-border migrants.
The document discusses the relationship between HIV/AIDS and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. It describes how HIV/AIDS contributes to economic stagnation by reducing productivity. Those living with HIV/AIDS often lack access to education, jobs, medicine and have increased risks of contracting the disease. The cycle of poverty and disease perpetuates itself as lack of opportunities force some into risky work. Despite efforts by NGOs and governments, factors like lack of infrastructure and women's rights continue to impede progress in treatment and prevention.
Violence Against Women (VAW) in Ghana: Interventions by NGOsRonald Essel
Violence against Women in Ghana: The interventions by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs)
PATRICIA ISSABELLA ESSEL
Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF)
P. O. Box LG 488, Legon
Accra – Ghana
E-mail: patbella9@yahoo.com
RONALD EBENEZER ESSEL
University of Cape Coast,
College of Distance Education (CoDE)
PMB, University Post Office
Cape coast – Ghana
E-mail: esselronald@yahoo.com
Abstract: Violence Against Women (VAW) is a worldwide pandemic that permeates across all geographical boundaries and impacts all people and societies regardless of culture, class, ethnicity, age, race, socio-economic status, political leaning, or religion. It is a daily phenomenon faced by humanity from the household level to national levels. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) have devised several means of curbing VAW but the menace still persist. This qualitative research assessed the effectiveness of the strategies adopted by four key NGOs in addressing VAW within the Ghanaian context. The study targeted a total of fifty two respondents comprising; eight personnel from the four selected NGOs; twelve state actors; fourteen non-state actors and eighteen direct beneficiaries through the usage of in-depth (informal) and key informant interviews, semi-structured questionnaires, direct field observations as well as desk top review of official documents. The study found out that, all four NGOs utilised among others, five key strategies in tackling the menace of VAW in Ghana and these are awareness creation, lobbying and advocacy, community mobilisation, activism and networking, training/capacity building and service provision. The study results further indicated that, notwithstanding the efficacy of the strategies deployed by the NGOs, there were some challenges that confronted the NGOs in their fight against VAW. Notable among them were the lack of willingness on the part of victims of VAW to report and further pursue perpetrators of VAW, financial constraints facing the NGOs as well as state actors and lack of well-coordinated approach on the part of all stakeholders in their effort to eradicate VAW in Ghana. The study made a number of recommendations, including collaborative efforts of all stakeholders to fight VAW, adequate resourcing and funding of the NGOs by both government and donor agencies. Also recommended is the intensification of the education on the unlawfulness of VAW and that, any culprits apprehended would be punished by law. These and many others will serve as measures to improve the effectiveness of the strategies employed by the NGOs in their fight against the cancerous menace of VAW in Ghana.
Keywords: Ghana; Non-governmental organizations (NGOs); Strategies; Violence against women (VAW);
This document provides an overview of a synopsis series produced by the Latin America and Caribbean Regional Office (LACRO) of the AIDS Control and Prevention (AIDSCAP) Project. The series aims to highlight lessons learned from over 5 years of implementing HIV/AIDS prevention programs in 14 Latin American and Caribbean countries. It discusses the need to advance new technical strategies to more effectively address the pandemic, including promoting civil-military collaboration. The document introduces a synopsis on civil-military collaboration, focusing on engaging the military in HIV/AIDS prevention and how partnerships with the military can benefit both civilian and military populations.
Beijing+20 Asia Pacific Regional Review Progress Dr Lendy Spires
This document provides a submission from the Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development on progress in the Asia Pacific region since the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action in 1995. It summarizes key issues in several critical areas including women and poverty, violence against women, women's participation in decision-making, women and the economy, and women and the environment. In the critical area of women and poverty, it discusses how policies promoted by international financial institutions like privatization, trade liberalization, and austerity measures have negatively impacted women by increasing their unpaid care work, reducing public services, and making their livelihoods more precarious. It provides examples from countries like the Philippines, Indonesia, and China.
Challenging common assumptions around migration and health in South Africa: ...Jo Vearey
The document discusses challenges around migration and health in South Africa, particularly in urban areas. It notes the importance of exploring urban areas and migration as determinants of health. There is a need for regional approaches and data on migration patterns, health needs, and barriers to healthcare access. Establishing links between research organizations and co-hosting seminars on urban migration and health could help address these issues and inform advocacy strategies.
Migration, inequality and urban health in SADC: learning from JohannesburgJo Vearey
This document discusses migration, inequality, and urban health in Southern African cities. It first provides context on urban growth, migration patterns, and health inequities across diverse Southern African Development Community (SADC) contexts. It then focuses on Johannesburg as a case study, noting its complex urban dynamics including high levels of inequality, migration, and informal settlements which experience overlapping vulnerabilities and higher HIV prevalence. The document calls for actions like healthy urban governance, intersectoral collaboration, localized responses, pro-poor policies, and cross-border cooperation to better address the social determinants of health and reduce inequities experienced by urban poor groups.
Migration and health in South Africa: National Consultation on Migration & H...Jo Vearey
This document discusses migration and health in South Africa. It provides background on migration patterns and health concerns for migrants in South Africa and the Southern African region. Key points include:
1) South Africa experiences significant internal and cross-border migration that impacts health. Migrants face challenges accessing care despite some protective legislation.
2) Migration is a social determinant of health. Migrants are vulnerable to communicable diseases, mental health issues, and face barriers to sexual/reproductive healthcare.
3) Emerging issues include the need for cross-border collaboration, addressing rights around sexuality and migration, and involving multiple levels of governance and private sector in migrant health responses.
Exploring migration, mobility and health in South Africa: key public health i...Jo Vearey
The document discusses key public health issues related to migration and mobility in South Africa. It notes that (1) South Africa experiences complex migration flows that current public health systems do not adequately address, (2) public health systems are already overburdened yet must also serve migrants, and (3) xenophobic attitudes present challenges. The document calls for improving data on migration and health, advocating for migration-sensitive public health responses, and addressing the health needs of both internal and cross-border migrants.
The document discusses the relationship between HIV/AIDS and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. It describes how HIV/AIDS contributes to economic stagnation by reducing productivity. Those living with HIV/AIDS often lack access to education, jobs, medicine and have increased risks of contracting the disease. The cycle of poverty and disease perpetuates itself as lack of opportunities force some into risky work. Despite efforts by NGOs and governments, factors like lack of infrastructure and women's rights continue to impede progress in treatment and prevention.
Violence Against Women (VAW) in Ghana: Interventions by NGOsRonald Essel
Violence against Women in Ghana: The interventions by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs)
PATRICIA ISSABELLA ESSEL
Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF)
P. O. Box LG 488, Legon
Accra – Ghana
E-mail: patbella9@yahoo.com
RONALD EBENEZER ESSEL
University of Cape Coast,
College of Distance Education (CoDE)
PMB, University Post Office
Cape coast – Ghana
E-mail: esselronald@yahoo.com
Abstract: Violence Against Women (VAW) is a worldwide pandemic that permeates across all geographical boundaries and impacts all people and societies regardless of culture, class, ethnicity, age, race, socio-economic status, political leaning, or religion. It is a daily phenomenon faced by humanity from the household level to national levels. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) have devised several means of curbing VAW but the menace still persist. This qualitative research assessed the effectiveness of the strategies adopted by four key NGOs in addressing VAW within the Ghanaian context. The study targeted a total of fifty two respondents comprising; eight personnel from the four selected NGOs; twelve state actors; fourteen non-state actors and eighteen direct beneficiaries through the usage of in-depth (informal) and key informant interviews, semi-structured questionnaires, direct field observations as well as desk top review of official documents. The study found out that, all four NGOs utilised among others, five key strategies in tackling the menace of VAW in Ghana and these are awareness creation, lobbying and advocacy, community mobilisation, activism and networking, training/capacity building and service provision. The study results further indicated that, notwithstanding the efficacy of the strategies deployed by the NGOs, there were some challenges that confronted the NGOs in their fight against VAW. Notable among them were the lack of willingness on the part of victims of VAW to report and further pursue perpetrators of VAW, financial constraints facing the NGOs as well as state actors and lack of well-coordinated approach on the part of all stakeholders in their effort to eradicate VAW in Ghana. The study made a number of recommendations, including collaborative efforts of all stakeholders to fight VAW, adequate resourcing and funding of the NGOs by both government and donor agencies. Also recommended is the intensification of the education on the unlawfulness of VAW and that, any culprits apprehended would be punished by law. These and many others will serve as measures to improve the effectiveness of the strategies employed by the NGOs in their fight against the cancerous menace of VAW in Ghana.
Keywords: Ghana; Non-governmental organizations (NGOs); Strategies; Violence against women (VAW);
This document provides an overview of a synopsis series produced by the Latin America and Caribbean Regional Office (LACRO) of the AIDS Control and Prevention (AIDSCAP) Project. The series aims to highlight lessons learned from over 5 years of implementing HIV/AIDS prevention programs in 14 Latin American and Caribbean countries. It discusses the need to advance new technical strategies to more effectively address the pandemic, including promoting civil-military collaboration. The document introduces a synopsis on civil-military collaboration, focusing on engaging the military in HIV/AIDS prevention and how partnerships with the military can benefit both civilian and military populations.
Beijing+20 Asia Pacific Regional Review Progress Dr Lendy Spires
This document provides a submission from the Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development on progress in the Asia Pacific region since the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action in 1995. It summarizes key issues in several critical areas including women and poverty, violence against women, women's participation in decision-making, women and the economy, and women and the environment. In the critical area of women and poverty, it discusses how policies promoted by international financial institutions like privatization, trade liberalization, and austerity measures have negatively impacted women by increasing their unpaid care work, reducing public services, and making their livelihoods more precarious. It provides examples from countries like the Philippines, Indonesia, and China.
Poverty as a_factor_in_human_trafficking_in_rwandaJohnGacinya
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between poverty and human trafficking. Orphans and single mothers are the ones who fall below the poverty line. To overcome poverty export diversification and expanding manufacturing sector is of paramount importance.
The document proposes a mobile app called "Distress Call" to help humanitarian organizations in Iraq quickly locate and assist civilians affected by conflict. The app would allow civilians to pinpoint their location on a map and request supplies like food, medicine or evacuation. It would then notify the appropriate aid groups so they can mobilize a response. The strategy focuses on a mobile-first approach using the app and social media like Facebook and YouTube to promote it. The target audience is civilians in conflict areas of Iraq, starting with Baghdad, Mosul and Fallujah. Challenges may include damaged infrastructure limiting connectivity and opposition from controlling forces in some regions.
This document summarizes an ethnographic study of street traders in Warwick Junction, South Africa. It finds that street traders exemplify individuals made vulnerable to HIV/AIDS by societal transitions in post-apartheid South Africa, including rapid urbanization, unemployment, and the growth of informal economies. Through interviews over two years, the study explores how factors like poverty, gender inequalities, lack of social protections, and mobility between urban and rural areas intersect to increase traders' risk of HIV infection and impact of AIDS. It aims to link these local vulnerabilities to broader political economic processes shaping South Africa's epidemic.
United Nations in South Africa launches $136 million emergency appeal in resp...SABC News
The United Nations in South Africa yesterday launched a US$136 million (R2.5 billion) emergency appeal to assist up to 10 million people in vulnerable communities facing various risks caused by COVID-19 pandemic in the areas of health, water and sanitation, food security and gender-based violence, among others.
Poverty, gender and the african culture and the challenges of globalizationAlexander Decker
This document discusses poverty, gender, and African culture in the context of globalization. It addresses how poverty and gender inequality are major challenges in Africa that have been exacerbated by issues of culture and the impacts of globalization. The key points made are:
1) Poverty and gender discrimination are widespread problems across Africa that have hindered development and the ability to achieve goals like the Millennium Development Goals.
2) Common causes of poverty in Africa include corruption, mismanagement of funds, unstable governments, weak rule of law, issues around land ownership, diseases, conflicts, and lack of infrastructure and power.
3) Tackling poverty and gender inequality in Africa requires a paradigm shift,
This document summarizes an article from the African Human Mobility Review about upholding refugee rights in the context of the cessation clause. The key points are:
1. The cessation clause in the 1951 Refugee Convention allows for refugee status to be revoked if the circumstances causing a person to flee their home country no longer exist. However, applying this clause risks infringing on refugees' human rights.
2. Examining the controversial application of the cessation clause to Rwandan refugees shows how it led to rights violations by forcing repatriation. It also highlights the problem of prioritizing institutional perspectives over refugees' own knowledge and experiences.
3. There are debates around how to interpret
The document discusses the advocacy achievements of the Bridging the Gaps global partners from 2011-2014. It describes the program's establishment in 2011 with funding from the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs to achieve universal access to HIV services for key populations. Through the efforts of global and local partner organizations, nearly 700,000 people received HIV services, over 200 organizations engaged in human rights advocacy, and key population services were integrated into nearly 100 health facilities. The document provides details on the program's approach and a theory of change to guide advocacy work.
UNOCHA Global Humanitarian Overview. Status Report of august 2014Mario Robusti
2014 has seen a major surge in humanitarian crises around the world. Inter-agency strategic response and regional response plans now target over 76 million people in thirty-one countries compared to 52 million in December 2013. 102 million people are estimated to be in need of humanitarian assistance compared to 81 million in December 2013. Global financial requirements to cover humanitarian needs rose from US$12.9 billion in 2013 to $17.3 billion now. More and more crises are having a regional impact with a spill-over effect on countries which are already fragile.
This document discusses poverty and potential policy solutions to address it. The key points are:
1) Poverty is a political issue that requires transforming the welfare state based on principles of equity and equality.
2) Effective policy solutions require addressing the root causes of poverty, including a lack of good jobs, affordable housing and services, as well as discrimination and inequality.
3) Solutions proposed include implementing a basic income, increasing the minimum wage, improving income assistance, enhancing public services like healthcare and childcare, and undertaking tax reforms to ensure wealthy individuals and corporations pay their fair share.
This document discusses the issues faced by male sex workers globally. It notes that male sex workers experience invisibility due to assumptions that they are gay and that their needs fit narratives of female exploitation. They face criminalization both for sex work and homosexuality in many areas. This leads to barriers in health services due to stigma, and increased risks of violence from clients and authorities. However, male sex worker communities have mobilized to advocate for their rights and visibility through groups like NSWP. The document calls for greater awareness and understanding of the diversity of male sex workers' realities and needs.
The Scalabrini Institute for Human Mobility in Africa (SIHMA) is delighted to present the third issue of African Human Mobility Review (AHMR) - an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed on-line journal created in 2015 to encourage and facilitate the study of Human Mobility in Africa
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed on-line journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa. Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Global Fund's New Funding Model (NFM) application process. It describes the NFM's emphasis on enhancing civil society and key population participation at all stages. It provides an overview of the application timeline and stages, including development of a National Strategic Plan, country dialogue, concept note submission and review, grant-making, approval, and implementation. It offers guidance for key populations and advocates on meaningful involvement at each stage, especially in developing robust epidemiological data and ensuring representation in country dialogue.
Human Development Reports and Indigenous PeopleDr Lendy Spires
The document provides an overview of several Human Development Reports from 2008-2007 that analyze specific countries and regions. It summarizes the key findings regarding indigenous peoples from reports on Asia-Pacific (2008), Cambodia (2007), and Ghana (2007). The Asia-Pacific report discusses how corruption negatively impacts indigenous peoples' access to resources and land rights. The Cambodia report notes challenges indigenous groups face related to poverty, health, education, and land conflicts. It highlights concerns voiced by indigenous peoples. The Ghana report briefly mentions challenges regarding indigenous groups' land tenure and participation in decision-making.
New HIV infections are declining too slowly, and more investment is needed in prevention to meet global targets. In 2014, over 2 million new infections occurred, with most in sub-Saharan Africa. UNAIDS aims to reduce new infections to under 500,000 annually by 2020 through scaling up treatment and prevention. Investing in prevention could avert over 17 million new infections by 2030 and reduce long-term treatment costs. However, access to prevention services, especially for at-risk groups like sex workers and adolescents, remains inadequate. Increased funding is urgently needed to expand proven prevention methods and close gaps in awareness, condom availability, voluntary medical male circumcision, and pre-exposure prophylaxis.
The document summarizes reproductive health indicators and challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean. While average regional rates of fertility, contraceptive use and skilled birth attendance are better than other developing regions, there are huge gaps within and between countries. Maternal mortality rates vary widely from 31 deaths per 100,000 live births in Chile to 680 in Haiti. Poverty, access to services, and knowledge of contraception also differ greatly between urban and rural populations as well as indigenous and non-indigenous groups. Despite some government successes in reducing maternal mortality and HIV, funding for reproductive health has declined in the past decade. To improve reproductive rights, advocacy is needed to document needs, educate donors, and encourage regional support.
Despite global effort it is estimated that about 2.2 billion people still live in poverty, and that approximately 80 of this figure is made up of people living in rural areas. The Sustainable Development Goals SDGs of the 2030 Agenda include as its number 1 goal, the goal to end poverty. However, the report by the World Bank 2018 stated that putting an end to poverty is proving to be one of the greatest human rights challenges the modern world faces.The Sustainable Development Goals SDGs which are an extension of the Millennium Development Goals MDGs was adopted on September 2015 by the United Nations Assembly to fight against poverty and eradicate human deprivation.This paper presents a brief introduction on poverty laws, discusses possible challenges and the way forward. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Sarhan M. Musa "Poverty Laws: An Introduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33275.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/33275/poverty-laws-an-introduction/paul-a-adekunte
32nd board meeting communities delegation country dialogue position paperclac.cab
The study analyzed engagement of key populations (KPs) in country dialogue processes in 11 countries. It found that while engagement of some KPs improved due to new Global Fund requirements, meaningful involvement of communities affected by TB, malaria, prisoners, MSM, transgender people, sex workers and people who inject drugs remained problematic. Political contexts, weak community systems, lack of support and punitive laws presented barriers. The report recommends the Global Fund enforce requirements on inclusive engagement, provide clear guidelines and resources to support capacity building, and require long-term investments in human rights and community strengthening in concept notes.
AIDSTAR-One Emergency Planning for ART During Post-Election Violence in KenyaAIDSTAROne
In 2007, Kenya experienced a wave of violence following its presidential elections. This case study documents the emergency plans that had been in place to ensure continuity of HIV treatment programs prior to the outbreak of violence, and the events that occurred during the period of violence. It also highlights the changes to contingency planning for HIV that have taken place since the violence ended.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/treatment/resources/case_study_series/emergency_planning_for_art_kenya
AIDSTAR-One Technical Report: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Pilot Curriculum...AIDSTAROne
In April 2011, AIDSTAR-One, with support from the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH), piloted a training curriculum in Ethiopia that aims to address water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) issues at health facilities to improve the quality of life of people living with HIV and their families. This report summarizes the results of that assessment.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/care_and_support/resources/report/wash_assessment_ethiopia
AIDSTAR-One District Comprehensive Approach for HIV Prevention and Continuum ...AIDSTAROne
Social stigma and fear impede HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support efforts. This case study examines how a collaboration led by the Avert Project implemented a District Comprehensive Approach (DCA) in two districts of Maharashtra, linking available public, private, and community resources to identify and reach people who are most vulnerable to HIV with comprehensive services.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/care_and_support/resources/case_study_series/district_comprehensive_approach_india
Poverty as a_factor_in_human_trafficking_in_rwandaJohnGacinya
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between poverty and human trafficking. Orphans and single mothers are the ones who fall below the poverty line. To overcome poverty export diversification and expanding manufacturing sector is of paramount importance.
The document proposes a mobile app called "Distress Call" to help humanitarian organizations in Iraq quickly locate and assist civilians affected by conflict. The app would allow civilians to pinpoint their location on a map and request supplies like food, medicine or evacuation. It would then notify the appropriate aid groups so they can mobilize a response. The strategy focuses on a mobile-first approach using the app and social media like Facebook and YouTube to promote it. The target audience is civilians in conflict areas of Iraq, starting with Baghdad, Mosul and Fallujah. Challenges may include damaged infrastructure limiting connectivity and opposition from controlling forces in some regions.
This document summarizes an ethnographic study of street traders in Warwick Junction, South Africa. It finds that street traders exemplify individuals made vulnerable to HIV/AIDS by societal transitions in post-apartheid South Africa, including rapid urbanization, unemployment, and the growth of informal economies. Through interviews over two years, the study explores how factors like poverty, gender inequalities, lack of social protections, and mobility between urban and rural areas intersect to increase traders' risk of HIV infection and impact of AIDS. It aims to link these local vulnerabilities to broader political economic processes shaping South Africa's epidemic.
United Nations in South Africa launches $136 million emergency appeal in resp...SABC News
The United Nations in South Africa yesterday launched a US$136 million (R2.5 billion) emergency appeal to assist up to 10 million people in vulnerable communities facing various risks caused by COVID-19 pandemic in the areas of health, water and sanitation, food security and gender-based violence, among others.
Poverty, gender and the african culture and the challenges of globalizationAlexander Decker
This document discusses poverty, gender, and African culture in the context of globalization. It addresses how poverty and gender inequality are major challenges in Africa that have been exacerbated by issues of culture and the impacts of globalization. The key points made are:
1) Poverty and gender discrimination are widespread problems across Africa that have hindered development and the ability to achieve goals like the Millennium Development Goals.
2) Common causes of poverty in Africa include corruption, mismanagement of funds, unstable governments, weak rule of law, issues around land ownership, diseases, conflicts, and lack of infrastructure and power.
3) Tackling poverty and gender inequality in Africa requires a paradigm shift,
This document summarizes an article from the African Human Mobility Review about upholding refugee rights in the context of the cessation clause. The key points are:
1. The cessation clause in the 1951 Refugee Convention allows for refugee status to be revoked if the circumstances causing a person to flee their home country no longer exist. However, applying this clause risks infringing on refugees' human rights.
2. Examining the controversial application of the cessation clause to Rwandan refugees shows how it led to rights violations by forcing repatriation. It also highlights the problem of prioritizing institutional perspectives over refugees' own knowledge and experiences.
3. There are debates around how to interpret
The document discusses the advocacy achievements of the Bridging the Gaps global partners from 2011-2014. It describes the program's establishment in 2011 with funding from the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs to achieve universal access to HIV services for key populations. Through the efforts of global and local partner organizations, nearly 700,000 people received HIV services, over 200 organizations engaged in human rights advocacy, and key population services were integrated into nearly 100 health facilities. The document provides details on the program's approach and a theory of change to guide advocacy work.
UNOCHA Global Humanitarian Overview. Status Report of august 2014Mario Robusti
2014 has seen a major surge in humanitarian crises around the world. Inter-agency strategic response and regional response plans now target over 76 million people in thirty-one countries compared to 52 million in December 2013. 102 million people are estimated to be in need of humanitarian assistance compared to 81 million in December 2013. Global financial requirements to cover humanitarian needs rose from US$12.9 billion in 2013 to $17.3 billion now. More and more crises are having a regional impact with a spill-over effect on countries which are already fragile.
This document discusses poverty and potential policy solutions to address it. The key points are:
1) Poverty is a political issue that requires transforming the welfare state based on principles of equity and equality.
2) Effective policy solutions require addressing the root causes of poverty, including a lack of good jobs, affordable housing and services, as well as discrimination and inequality.
3) Solutions proposed include implementing a basic income, increasing the minimum wage, improving income assistance, enhancing public services like healthcare and childcare, and undertaking tax reforms to ensure wealthy individuals and corporations pay their fair share.
This document discusses the issues faced by male sex workers globally. It notes that male sex workers experience invisibility due to assumptions that they are gay and that their needs fit narratives of female exploitation. They face criminalization both for sex work and homosexuality in many areas. This leads to barriers in health services due to stigma, and increased risks of violence from clients and authorities. However, male sex worker communities have mobilized to advocate for their rights and visibility through groups like NSWP. The document calls for greater awareness and understanding of the diversity of male sex workers' realities and needs.
The Scalabrini Institute for Human Mobility in Africa (SIHMA) is delighted to present the third issue of African Human Mobility Review (AHMR) - an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed on-line journal created in 2015 to encourage and facilitate the study of Human Mobility in Africa
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed on-line journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa. Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Global Fund's New Funding Model (NFM) application process. It describes the NFM's emphasis on enhancing civil society and key population participation at all stages. It provides an overview of the application timeline and stages, including development of a National Strategic Plan, country dialogue, concept note submission and review, grant-making, approval, and implementation. It offers guidance for key populations and advocates on meaningful involvement at each stage, especially in developing robust epidemiological data and ensuring representation in country dialogue.
Human Development Reports and Indigenous PeopleDr Lendy Spires
The document provides an overview of several Human Development Reports from 2008-2007 that analyze specific countries and regions. It summarizes the key findings regarding indigenous peoples from reports on Asia-Pacific (2008), Cambodia (2007), and Ghana (2007). The Asia-Pacific report discusses how corruption negatively impacts indigenous peoples' access to resources and land rights. The Cambodia report notes challenges indigenous groups face related to poverty, health, education, and land conflicts. It highlights concerns voiced by indigenous peoples. The Ghana report briefly mentions challenges regarding indigenous groups' land tenure and participation in decision-making.
New HIV infections are declining too slowly, and more investment is needed in prevention to meet global targets. In 2014, over 2 million new infections occurred, with most in sub-Saharan Africa. UNAIDS aims to reduce new infections to under 500,000 annually by 2020 through scaling up treatment and prevention. Investing in prevention could avert over 17 million new infections by 2030 and reduce long-term treatment costs. However, access to prevention services, especially for at-risk groups like sex workers and adolescents, remains inadequate. Increased funding is urgently needed to expand proven prevention methods and close gaps in awareness, condom availability, voluntary medical male circumcision, and pre-exposure prophylaxis.
The document summarizes reproductive health indicators and challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean. While average regional rates of fertility, contraceptive use and skilled birth attendance are better than other developing regions, there are huge gaps within and between countries. Maternal mortality rates vary widely from 31 deaths per 100,000 live births in Chile to 680 in Haiti. Poverty, access to services, and knowledge of contraception also differ greatly between urban and rural populations as well as indigenous and non-indigenous groups. Despite some government successes in reducing maternal mortality and HIV, funding for reproductive health has declined in the past decade. To improve reproductive rights, advocacy is needed to document needs, educate donors, and encourage regional support.
Despite global effort it is estimated that about 2.2 billion people still live in poverty, and that approximately 80 of this figure is made up of people living in rural areas. The Sustainable Development Goals SDGs of the 2030 Agenda include as its number 1 goal, the goal to end poverty. However, the report by the World Bank 2018 stated that putting an end to poverty is proving to be one of the greatest human rights challenges the modern world faces.The Sustainable Development Goals SDGs which are an extension of the Millennium Development Goals MDGs was adopted on September 2015 by the United Nations Assembly to fight against poverty and eradicate human deprivation.This paper presents a brief introduction on poverty laws, discusses possible challenges and the way forward. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Sarhan M. Musa "Poverty Laws: An Introduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33275.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/33275/poverty-laws-an-introduction/paul-a-adekunte
32nd board meeting communities delegation country dialogue position paperclac.cab
The study analyzed engagement of key populations (KPs) in country dialogue processes in 11 countries. It found that while engagement of some KPs improved due to new Global Fund requirements, meaningful involvement of communities affected by TB, malaria, prisoners, MSM, transgender people, sex workers and people who inject drugs remained problematic. Political contexts, weak community systems, lack of support and punitive laws presented barriers. The report recommends the Global Fund enforce requirements on inclusive engagement, provide clear guidelines and resources to support capacity building, and require long-term investments in human rights and community strengthening in concept notes.
AIDSTAR-One Emergency Planning for ART During Post-Election Violence in KenyaAIDSTAROne
In 2007, Kenya experienced a wave of violence following its presidential elections. This case study documents the emergency plans that had been in place to ensure continuity of HIV treatment programs prior to the outbreak of violence, and the events that occurred during the period of violence. It also highlights the changes to contingency planning for HIV that have taken place since the violence ended.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/treatment/resources/case_study_series/emergency_planning_for_art_kenya
AIDSTAR-One Technical Report: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Pilot Curriculum...AIDSTAROne
In April 2011, AIDSTAR-One, with support from the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH), piloted a training curriculum in Ethiopia that aims to address water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) issues at health facilities to improve the quality of life of people living with HIV and their families. This report summarizes the results of that assessment.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/care_and_support/resources/report/wash_assessment_ethiopia
AIDSTAR-One District Comprehensive Approach for HIV Prevention and Continuum ...AIDSTAROne
Social stigma and fear impede HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support efforts. This case study examines how a collaboration led by the Avert Project implemented a District Comprehensive Approach (DCA) in two districts of Maharashtra, linking available public, private, and community resources to identify and reach people who are most vulnerable to HIV with comprehensive services.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/care_and_support/resources/case_study_series/district_comprehensive_approach_india
AIDSTAR-One Case Study: Jane Goodall Institute in TanzaniaAIDSTAROne
1) The Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) in Tanzania works to mainstream HIV programming into its natural resource management and economic growth activities.
2) JGI home-based care provider Jumanne helps an HIV-positive family in Kasuku village, including transporting the sick daughter to the hospital and supporting their adherence to antiretroviral treatment.
3) By addressing local health, education, and economic priorities, JGI's community-centered conservation model fosters synergies between natural resource protection and socioeconomic development in communities surrounding Gombe National Park.
AIDSTAR-One Case Study: Avahan-India HIV/AIDS InitiativeAIDSTAROne
Launched in 2003, the Avahan-India HIV prevention program has become a global model for combination HIV prevention programming that meets the complex and varied needs of most-at-risk populations. This case study describes Avahan’s behavioral, biomedical, and structural components and how the program was able to quickly scale up its activities across 82 districts in India. To view this and other combination HIV prevention resources: http://j.mp/ztESbn
AIDSTAR-One Civil Society and Government Unite to Respond to Gender-based Vio...AIDSTAROne
The document summarizes CEPAM's work responding to gender-based violence (GBV) in Ecuador through service provision, advocacy, and awareness campaigns. It describes CEPAM's history of establishing health centers and legal services for GBV survivors. It also discusses Ecuador's National Plan for eradicating GBV, implemented through partnerships between government agencies and civil society organizations like CEPAM. While progress has been made in laws, justice access, and awareness campaigns, more work is still needed to improve health and social services, increase funding, and change underlying social norms accepting GBV.
AIDSTAR-One Case Study: Addressing HIV and Gender from the Ground Up in KenyaAIDSTAROne
In Kenya, the government's work against HIV is supplemented frequently by civil society organizations. These organizations, however, are often faced with a lack of available funding and knowledge. The Maanisha Community Focused Initiative, a program that works in many of Kenya's provinces, works to provide CSOs with both grants and capacity building in all HIV program areas while simultaneously addressing multiple gender-related issues.
This case study covers one of the 31 programs from the Africa Gender Compendium, an AIDSTAR-One gender and HIV integration resource. A series of five Africa Gender Compendium case studies is accompanied by a findings report, which describes lessons learned, gaps, and common experiences across the programs.
Download this or other HIV & gender resources: http://j.mp/wFzKZ0
This newsletter provides information on various programs and initiatives of VSO Namibia. It discusses:
1) Training that VSO provided to 90 volunteers and staff from 35 organizations on effective volunteer management systems.
2) Efforts to promote male involvement in home-based care through engaging traditional leaders.
3) The 1st anniversary celebration of Twiizuleni, an organization of 350 community rehabilitation volunteers.
4) Upcoming regional conference on addressing gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS responses.
AIDSTAR-One Outreach to Most-at-Risk Populations through SIDC in LebanonAIDSTAROne
Successful outreach to most-at-risk populations (MARPs) recognizes the sociocultural context and particularly the gendered norms in which MARPs live. This case study (one of nine in a series) documents how outreach workers in Lebanon raise awareness about how gender norms can increase HIV risk; deliver basic information on HIV, hepatitis, and other STIs; offer counseling to support positive behavior change, and distribute free condoms, syringes, and lubricants.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/case_study_series/sidc_lebanon
Prompted by a growing knowledge of the complexity of HIV transmission, many countries are reassessing the nature of their HIV epidemics. "Mixed" epidemics, or concurrent epidemics experienced by both the general population and members of most-at-risk populations (MARPs), are of growing importance in HIV programming. Nigeria, a country with a range of regional and local epidemics, is now attempting to incorporate programming for MARPs into the national HIV response. This case study documents the country's analysis of its epidemics and the efforts of the Nigerian government to adjust their national strategic plan according to the results of the analysis.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/prevention/resources/case_study_series/nigeria_mixed_epidemics
The document summarizes the key findings of a consultation on the issues and barriers facing transgender people in accessing HIV and other services in Yangon, Myanmar. The consultation identified low levels of condom use and HIV awareness within the transgender community. It also found that transgender people face discrimination in healthcare settings, preventing access to prevention, treatment, and support services. Common issues included stigma, unfriendly services, and a lack of tailored HIV prevention interventions. The document recommends improving health services, reducing risk behaviors, and addressing discrimination in order to improve transgender health outcomes in Yangon.
Will balbir pasha get aids full case studyAnand Saraf
The campaign "Will Balbir Pasha Get AIDS?" was part of PSI India's Operation Lighthouse HIV/AIDS prevention program implemented in 12 major port cities from 2001-2005. It aimed to increase condom use and access to counseling/testing services. Using market research, the campaign developed the fictional character Balbir Pasha to model risky behaviors through storyboards. The campaign used various media to raise awareness and address myths preventing condom use through Balbir's scenarios. It saw increased condom sales and counseling service usage, showing personalized stories can effectively engage audiences on health issues.
Earning Their Way to Healthier Lives: Women First in MozambiqueAIDSTAROne
A complex matrix of factors, such as low literacy, early sexual initiation, and limited economic opportunities, increases the vulnerability of women to HIV infection in Mozambique. The Women First program addresses the role that poverty and lack of access to health information play in the spread of HIV through legal rights and income-generating activities.
This case study covers one of the 31 programs from the Africa Gender Compendium, an AIDSTAR-One gender and HIV integration resource. A series of five Africa Gender Compendium case studies is accompanied by a findings report, which describes lessons learned, gaps, and common experiences across the programs.
Download this and other gender & HIV resources: http://j.mp/zyjmG7
This document discusses HIV policy priorities for key populations and urban areas. It notes that most new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa occur through heterosexual sex, though sex work, men who have sex with men, injection drug use, and prison populations also play roles. Countries with non-discrimination laws protecting key populations reach more people with HIV prevention services. The document calls for integrating HIV into local development plans, understanding the urban epidemic through data, advocating for rights-based approaches, and ensuring accountability of city responses.
Allowing Men to Care: Fatherhood Project in South AfricaAIDSTAROne
In South Africa, men are increasingly rejecting wide-spread stereotypes of manhood by stepping forward to challenge gender roles that compromise their well-being and the health of their partners and their families. This case study documents the Sonke Gender Justice Network’s Fatherhood project, which was designed to reduce HIV transmission and address related problems, such as gender-based violence, women’s overwhelming burden of care, and the preponderance of children in need of care and support.
Download this and other gender & HIV resources: http://j.mp/wnq6nT
HIV/AIDS is a global issue that disproportionately affects developing countries and vulnerable groups. By 2000, over 34 million people worldwide were living with HIV/AIDS, with 95% residing in developing nations. Responses have included prevention education programs, working to increase access to low-cost treatment, and addressing underlying social and economic factors that increase risk. One such program is the National Highway One Project in Vietnam, which aims to reduce transmission along major transport routes through community outreach and encouraging behavior change.
This document summarizes research on the transgender population in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and the challenges they face related to HIV, health, and human rights. It notes that transgender people suffer discrimination worldwide and lack legal protections in most of Asia. In Vietnam, they are often conflated with MSM and lack recognition of their gender identity. The document reviews limited available data on health issues like HIV prevalence and access to transition-related care. It estimates the transgender population in Ho Chi Minh City to be 2,000-3,000 and notes a lack of targeted programs and legal protections for this at-risk group.
The document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of a 2007 report titled "Reviewing 'Emergencies' for Swaziland." The report analyzed socioeconomic data to portray the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Swaziland as a humanitarian crisis and call for an emergency response. To evaluate the report's influence, researchers conducted interviews and distributed questionnaires. They found the report initially raised awareness and shifted perceptions of the crisis. In the long-term, it influenced policy by contributing to changes in funding and emergency classifications. While attribution is difficult, the assessment demonstrated research can provide insights into maximizing future impact.
1) The document summarizes a report on the impact of HIV/AIDS in Swaziland, which has the highest HIV prevalence rate in the world at 42%.
2) The report used socioeconomic indicators to build a comprehensive picture of how HIV/AIDS has created a humanitarian crisis in Swaziland comparable to a conflict or natural disaster.
3) An evaluation found that the report raised awareness of the crisis and challenged international perceptions of Swaziland as a "middle income country" not requiring significant support for its HIV epidemic.
Ekomenzoge. Mitigating HIV/ AIDS With Micro Finance In Namibia 2008Ekomenzoge Metuge
This document summarizes a microfinance program in Namibia that aims to reduce HIV risk among young women. [1] The program provides business loans and health education to 390 young women in the Caprivi and Kavango regions, which have high HIV rates. [2] Preliminary results found low condom use, many received gifts from partners, and partners often had other partners, suggesting risk was high. [3] However, the program aims to reduce risk behaviors over time through microloans coupled with health education.
This document discusses issues related to advancing the sexual and reproductive health and human rights of men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV. It notes that MSM living with HIV face double stigma due to fear/ignorance around HIV transmission and negative attitudes towards MSM. Young MSM living with HIV face additional challenges accessing healthcare without parental consent. The document argues for a rights-based approach and inclusion of MSM in policymaking to address their disproportionately high rates of HIV infection worldwide due to criminalization, discrimination, and lack of access to appropriate healthcare services.
The document discusses Zambia's Corridors of Hope III project, which uses a door-to-door strategy to provide HIV/AIDS counseling, testing, and treatment services in rural communities. It finds that the door-to-door approach has been successful in increasing access to and uptake of services by reaching people in their homes. The strategy involves engaging community leaders for approval, then having trained lay counselors and healthcare providers systematically visit each home to offer confidential testing and information. Over 11,400 people, or 16% of those tested, have been reached through this door-to-door strategy between 2009-2011. The approach provides greater convenience, privacy and reduces stigma compared to clinic-based services.
The Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa disproportionately impacted women in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone in several ways:
1) Infection rates were higher among women due to their traditional roles as caregivers, cross-border traders, and marketers.
2) The livelihoods of many women farmers, market vendors, and small business owners were compromised as markets closed and borders restricted trade.
3) Access to healthcare declined for women as facilities closed, increasing maternal and infant mortality, while women took on additional caregiving duties for Ebola patients.
HIV Vulnerabilities of Migrant Women: from Asia to the Arab StatesAndy Dabydeen
This document provides an overview of a study on the HIV vulnerabilities faced by Asian migrant women working in Arab states. The study was conducted across four countries of origin (Bangladesh, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka) and three host countries (Bahrain, Lebanon, Dubai). Key findings include Asian migrant women experiencing vulnerabilities throughout the migration cycle, including unsafe migration conditions, limited access to healthcare and justice, and stigma upon return. Recommendations call for improved policies to ensure safe and dignified migration for women, as well as increased regional cooperation between countries. The document aims to inform more effective responses to address the link between migration and HIV risk for Asian migrant women.
AIDSTAR-One PRASIT: Using Strategic Behavioral Communication to Change Gender...AIDSTAROne
1) The PRASIT program in Cambodia uses strategic behavioral communication to promote positive gender norms and reduce HIV risk among at-risk populations.
2) It comprises three initiatives - SMARTgirl focuses on entertainment workers, MStyle targets men who have sex with men, and You're the Man addresses gender norms among male clients of entertainment workers.
3) The initiatives use branding, peer outreach, and educational sessions to promote safer sexual practices and empower at-risk groups. The goal is to challenge norms that increase HIV vulnerability and portray at-risk populations as intelligent and able to protect their health.
Similar to AIDSTAR-One Case Study - Risky Business Made Safer: HIV Prevention in Zambia's Border Towns (20)
AIDSTAR-One Report: Rapid Assessment of Pediatric HIV Treatment in NigeriaAIDSTAROne
This document summarizes a rapid assessment of pediatric HIV treatment in Nigeria conducted by AIDSTAR-One in 2011.
Part I identified several barriers to providing quality pediatric HIV care: human resource constraints, lack of caregiver involvement, limited disclosure to children and adolescents, adherence challenges, and inadequate resources at sites. It provides recommendations to address these barriers, such as limiting staff transfers, improving caregiver support, using age-appropriate adherence tools, and expanding electronic medical records.
Part II reviewed outcomes of 1,516 pediatric patients and found 4.2% mortality and 19.1% loss to follow up. Few health systems challenges significantly impacted treatment outcomes. Earlier treatment initiation and reduced loss to follow up are needed.
AIDSTAR-One Case Study: Targeted Outreach Program BurmaAIDSTAROne
The document summarizes the Targeted Outreach Project (TOP) in Burma, which works to scale up HIV programming among sex workers. TOP was launched in 2004 by Population Services International to provide health services and empowerment opportunities to female sex workers and men who have sex with men. It has expanded to 18 cities across Burma, reaching over 70% of estimated sex workers and 25% of estimated men who have sex with men. TOP operates drop-in centers that provide a range of free health services including STI testing/treatment, family planning, and HIV counseling/testing. It also offers social/economic support through small loans, education, and advocacy to improve participants' well-being and reduce risky behaviors. Evaluation data
AIDSTAR-One Co-trimoxazole Pilot Assessment ReportAIDSTAROne
AIDSTAR-One developed and piloted provider and patient educational tools to increase appropriate prescription and use of co-trimoxazole for eligible people living with HIV. Before and after the pilot, AIDSTAR-One conducted a mixed-methods assessment to analyze the effectiveness and acceptability of the co-trimoxazole tools. This report recommends adoption and scale-up of the tools in Uganda and other countries.
AIDSTAR-One Issue Paper: The Debilitating Cycle of HIV, Food Insecurity, and ...AIDSTAROne
This document aims to facilitate an understanding of the bi-directional relationship between HIV and food and nutrition security. It illuminates the causes of HIV-related food and nutrition insecurity, and points to a list of programmatic interventions and resources to consider for addressing each cause in detail. http://j.mp/U1L0iV
AIDSTAR-One conducted a 3-year demonstration project in Namibia to reduce heavy drinking and risky sexual behavior among bar patrons in a low-income neighborhood on the outskirts of Namibia's capital, Windhoek. This report describes how the intervention was implemented, monitored, and evaluated, and reports the final assessment results. It also offers key recommendations for future research and programming. http://aidstarone.com/focus_areas/prevention/resources/reports/alcohol_namibia_intervention_report
AIDSTAR-One Faith-Based Organizations and HIV Prevention with MARPs in MexicoAIDSTAROne
La Iglesia de la Reconciliación, VIHas de Vida, and El Mesón de la Misericordia are three faith-based organizations in Mexico that implement innovative HIV prevention activities with most-at-risk populations, including men who have sex with men and sex workers. They integrate messages on HIV prevention within a holistic approach that addresses spirituality, sexuality, and health. Through diverse activities like educational talks and workshops, as well as referrals to testing and care, these organizations help fill gaps and reduce stigma for at-risk groups.
AIDSTAR-One HIV Treatment Guidelines in Guyana - The Fast Track to Diagnosis ...AIDSTAROne
This case study details Guyana's process for revision of their national HIV treatment guidelines, based on WHO's 2010 revised recommendations . While many countries are still working to revise their national guidelines in response to WHO's latest guidance, the National AIDS Programme in Guyana has been implementing elements of WHO's 2010 recommendations since 2006.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/treatment/resources/case_study/guyana_treatment_guidelines
AIDSTAR-One Implementation of WHO's 2008 Pediatric HIV Treatment GuidelinesAIDSTAROne
In April 2008, the WHO Technical Reference Group for Pediatric HIV/ART and Care released a series of nine updated recommendations for diagnostic testing, initiation of treatment, and appropriate treatment regimens for HIV-exposed and infected infants. This technical brief outlines practical implementation considerations for program planners and policymakers working to incorporate these recommendations into their local efforts.
http://www.aidstar-one.com/implementation_whos_2008_pediatric_hiv_treatment_guidelines
AIDSTAR-One Protecting Children Affected by HIV Against Abuse, Exploitation, ...AIDSTAROne
This document is intended to explore strategies to protect children orphaned or made vulnerable by HIV (OVC) from abuse, exploitation, violence, and neglect. The report draws from lessons learned by OVC program managers, designers, and policy developers—particularly those associated with the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).
http://www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/OVC/reports/protecting_children_affected_by_HIV
AIDSTAR-One Increasing Access to Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission S...AIDSTAROne
This technical report discusses the many services needed throughout the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and infant care services continuum and identifies potential barriers to service coverage, access, and utilization. AIDSTAR-One provides examples of evidence-based and emerging practices to mitigate these barriers.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/pmtct/resources/report/increasing_access_to_pmtct_services
AIDSTAR-One Prevention of Alcohol-Related HIV Risk BehaviorsAIDSTAROne
A growing body of research suggests that alcohol consumption is associated with the sexual behaviors that put people at risk for HIV. In developing countries battling severe HIV epidemics, addressing harmful drinking in conjunction with interventions to reduce sexual risk behavior may reduce HIV transmission more quickly than conventional HIV prevention interventions alone. Developed for program planners and implementers, this technical brief reviews the evidence on new and innovative programs in this emerging area. The brief catalogs what is known about the relationship between harmful alcohol use and HIV sexual risk behavior and offers a critical analysis of interventions to address the issue.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/prevention/resources/technical_briefs/prevention_alcohol_related_risk_behavior
AIDSTAR-One Meeting the Psychosocial Needs of Children Living with HIV in AfricaAIDSTAROne
An abbreviated version of the Equipping Parents and Health Providers to Address the Psychological and Social Challenges of Caring for Children Living with HIV in Africa report, this technical brief documents promising practices in critical services related to the psychological and social wellbeing of perinatally-infected children in Africa. These promising practices include the identification, testing, and counseling of children so that they are linked to appropriate care as early as possible, as well as on-going support to help children and their families manage disclosure, stigma, grief and bereavement processes.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/care_and_support/resources/technical_briefs/foundation_future
AIDSTAR-One NuLife—Food and Nutrition Interventions for UgandaAIDSTAROne
This technical report examines a nutritional assessment, counseling, and support (NACS) program in Uganda that uses a quality improvement approach to services.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/care_and_support/resources/report/nulife_food_and_nutrition_interventions_uganda
AIDSTAR-One STIGMA Foundation in IndonesiaAIDSTAROne
Integrating strategies to address gender inequity and change harmful gender norms is an increasingly important component of HIV programs. However, gender integration among programs targeting most-at-risk populations (MARPs) is much less prevalent. In Indonesia, the STIGMA Foundation uses a peer outreach model to help men and women who inject drugs live safer, healthier, more productive lives through community organizing, advocacy, and networking.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/case_study_series/STIGMA_foundation
AIDSTAR-One Caring for Children Living with HIV in AfricaAIDSTAROne
This report, Equipping Parents and Health Providers to Address the Psychological and Social Challenges of Caring for Children Living with HIV in Africa, provides information to better understand the psychological and social challenges faced in Africa by perinatally-infected children (aged 0-12 years), their parents/caregivers, and their health providers. It explores factors that contribute to the ability of children living with HIV to cope and thrive, and identifies the tools and approaches being used to help parents/caregivers and health providers provide psychosocial support (PSS) to these children. The report elaborates on the themes discussed in the Meeting the Psychosocial Needs of Children Living with HIV in Africa technical brief.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/care_and_support/resources/report/clhiv_pss_needs_africa
AIDSTAR-One Sex Work and Life with Dignity: Sex Work, HIV, and Human Rights P...AIDSTAROne
In Peru, where cultural norms emphasize women's subordination and the importance of masculinity, programs with a focus on gender—particularly those involving sex workers—are often underfunded and underrepresented. This case study (one of nine in a series) describes how three organizations focused on sex workers and transgendered and transsexual people have joined together to advance the rights of sex workers. The Sex Work, HIV, and Human Rights Program uses a democratic and participatory approach in order to raise awareness of human rights and advocate for sex workers' rights on both national and local levels.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/case_study_series/life_with_dignity_peru
AIDSTAR-One Different Needs But Equal Rights: Giving Voice to Transgender Com...AIDSTAROne
Although transgender individuals are a highly vulnerable segment of El Salvador's population, the national political climate has only recently begun to support HIV programming that is tailored to their needs. Additionally, limited access to medical services and legal protection and considerable societal stigma and discrimination means that organizations working with transgender individuals must meet a variety of complex and varied needs. This case study, one of 9 in a series, describes the challenges and successes of the Solidarity Association to Promote Human Development (ASPIDH), an NGO that promotes transgender rights via sensitization, education, and advocacy activities.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/case_study_series/aspidh_salvador
AIDSTAR-One Breaking New Ground in VietnamAIDSTAROne
1) The STEP program in Vietnam aims to integrate gender considerations into CARE's work by providing support services to male and female drug users and sex workers both before and after their release from detention centers.
2) The program recognizes that gender inequality increases vulnerability and provides gender-sensitive counseling, health services, job training, and social support to help prevent violence and relapse.
3) Services include pre-release counseling at detention centers and post-release drop-in centers that provide counseling, referrals, home visits, and community education with the goal of smooth reintegration.
AIDSTAR-One Emergency Planning for HIV Treatment Access in Conflict and Post-...AIDSTAROne
1) The document describes the challenges of providing HIV treatment in northern Uganda during the conflict and post-conflict periods. During the conflict, over 1.8 million people lived in internally displaced person (IDP) camps where conditions were poor and HIV services were limited.
2) After the conflict ended in 2006, the government closed many IDP camps and encouraged residents to return home. However, returning home presented additional challenges as basic services and infrastructure had been destroyed. Continuity of HIV treatment for those returning home was a major concern.
3) The document highlights some interventions, such as those funded by PEPFAR, that helped improve access to HIV treatment during this transition period from conflict to post-conflict reconstruction in northern
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
AIDSTAR-One Case Study - Risky Business Made Safer: HIV Prevention in Zambia's Border Towns
1. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES October 2011
Risky Business Made Safer
Corridors of Hope: An HIV Prevention Program in Zambian
Border and Transit Towns1
L
ivingstone, Zambia, is a bustling border town, filled with truck
drivers, immigration officials, money changers, and many others
who live there or pass through to take advantage of the town’s
economic opportunities. With eight neighboring countries, similar
towns dot the country’s borders and major transportation routes
and are the heart of the nation’s agriculture, mining, and trading
activities. Yet economic opportunities are also what make these
towns hotbeds for the HIV epidemic. Poor women from Zambia and
neighboring countries come to these towns to sell sex, using what
ICRW
they earn to feed themselves and send their children to school.
Truck near a Zambia border These women are vulnerable to HIV and violence because of their
crossing.
limited power with clients, and the illegal nature of their work makes
it harder for them to access services to protect themselves. Their
clients—truck drivers, vendors, and traders, as well as uniformed
personnel such as police officers, immigration officials, and military
servicemen—return home to their wives and other partners,
spreading HIV throughout towns and across borders.
From October 2006 to September 2009, phase II of the Corridors of
Hope program (COH II) worked with many of these groups as well
as with the broader population to stem HIV transmission in seven
high-prevalence border towns and corridor communities, including
Livingstone. COH II taught individuals about HIV prevention, provided
By Saranga Jain, HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) health services in clinics and
Margaret Greene, through mobile units, and used a behavior change and communication
strategy to change risky sexual behavior. COH II also addressed gender-
Zayid Douglas,
based violence and legal protection through referrals, as these were
Myra Betron, and
Katherine Fritz
1
An AIDSTAR-One compendium and additional case studies of programs in sub-Saharan Africa that
integrate multiple PEPFAR gender strategies into their work can be found at www.aidstar-one.com/
focus_areas/gender/resources/compendium_africa?tab=findings.
AIDSTAR-One
John Snow, Inc.
1616 North Ft. Myer Drive, 11th Floor This publication was produced by the AIDS Support and Technical Assistance Resources
Arlington, VA 22209 USA (AIDSTAR-One) Project, Sector 1, Task Order 1.
Tel.: +1 703-528-7474 USAID Contract # GHH-I-00-07-00059-00, funded January 31, 2008.
Fax: +1 703-528-7480 Disclaimer: The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency
www.aidstar-one.com for International Development or the United States Government.
2. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
needs frequently identified by sex workers, and worked with men to change
PEPFAR GENDER their unsafe sexual behavior.
STRATEGIES
ADDRESSED BY This case study features how COH II addressed multiple gender-related
CORRIDORS OF HOPE barriers to HIV prevention. AIDSTAR-One conducted in-depth interviews
with key informants at the Livingstone District Administration Office,
• Reducing violence and Southern Province National AIDS Council, and the U.S. Agency for
coercion International Development (USAID) Mission. They also conducted group
• Engaging men and boys to and individual interviews with program staff at the country level and with
address norms and behavior staff at the Livingstone and Kazungula sites. Additionally, AIDSTAR-One
held five focus group discussions in Livingstone with Zimbabwean sex
• Increasing women’s and workers, “queen mothers,” truck drivers, police officers, and peer mentors.
girls’ legal protection. Truck drivers and police officers had not necessarily participated in the
program; the other groups were selected for their participation in the
program.
Gender and HIV in Zambia
In 2007, Zambia’s HIV prevalence was an estimated 14 percent: 16 percent
among women and just over 12 percent among men (MEASURE DHS 2009).
But in areas along the borders, HIV prevalence is much higher. For example,
provinces that include two of Zambia’s major transportation routes—in a
triangular area formed between Lusaka, the border with Zimbabwe, and
the Copperbelt area in the north—have the nation’s highest HIV rates, with
the highest at 21 percent among both men and women in Lusaka province
(MEASURE DHS 2009). HIV prevalence among sex workers is particularly
high—65 percent in Lusaka, according to 2005 data (Joint UN Programme
on HIV/AIDS and World Health Organization 2008).
The Zambian Government has demonstrated a strong commitment to
addressing HIV with its National Multi-Sectoral Response that uses a
“Three Ones” approach2 and encompasses the public sector, civil society,
cooperating partners and donors, the private sector, and politicians (Zambia
National HIV/AIDS/STI/TB Council 2006). The government has also created
a high-level Cabinet Committee of Ministers on HIV and AIDS, and all line
ministries are assigned HIV/STI/tuberculosis focal point persons.
Further, national priorities are taken up at the provincial and district levels
by provincial AIDS task forces and district AIDS task forces (DATFs), which
2
Partners engaged in the global, national, and local responses to HIV have agreed on the “Three
Ones”—one national AIDS framework, one national AIDS authority, and one system for monitoring and
evaluation—as guiding principles for improving the country-level response (Joint UN Programme on
HIV/AIDS 2005).
2 AIDSTAR-One | October 2011
3. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
operate as decentralized coordinating structures of gender mainstreaming. There are also limited
for private, civil, and government service providers. coordination mechanisms among ministries, donors,
DATFs further build the capacity of community AIDS and service providers to address gender inequality
task forces, which similarly coordinate efforts at the and its linkages with HIV.
local level. Organizations often adapt their services
based on DATF recommendations.
While the Government of Zambia has demonstrated
The Corridors of Hope
a strong commitment to tackling HIV, it has only Phase II Approach
partially addressed the link between HIV and gender
inequality. In 2000, facilitated by the Gender in COH II’s approach followed guidelines suggested by
Development Division, the government adopted the government, such as targeting high-risk groups
a national gender policy. Subsequent initiatives defined in the national HIV policy, and expanded
included the establishment of victim support units for its HIV prevention services and behavior change
women within police stations, greater involvement of programs to the broader population in response
men in HIV prevention and caregiving, more frequent to more recent government recommendations.
collection of gender disaggregated data, free legal Its activities reflected the government’s efforts to
advice for individuals seeking counsel on issues use a coordinated response by working with other
such as property rights and violence, and a Ministry service providers to provide women and men
of Health drop-in center for free HIV counseling. The with comprehensive services, such as care and
Gender in Development Division has been working treatment, counseling, legal protection, and income
to strengthen the penal code on sexual and gender- generation. For example, incidents of gender-based
based violence, align customary and statutory law to violence and legal protection were referred to local
ensure gender equality, and enact an anti-domestic police, while violence-related health care needs were
violence bill. Though Parliament has yet to pass the referred to government hospitals. Some participants
bill,3 the government has demonstrated political will were also referred to education and economic
to address the issue by launching a UN Children’s activities and programs, operating in locations with
Fund-backed campaign called “Abuse, Just Stop It” COH II sites.
in November 2009.
However, efforts to address gender inequality have
not been adequately integrated into the health sector. Development and
The government has not provided guidance on how Implementation
to mainstream gender in HIV programming, and
consequently programs targeting HIV outcomes at Program Design and Start-up: COH II,
the local level are not adequately addressing the funded by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS
link between HIV and gender-related barriers such Relief (PEPFAR) through USAID, was the 3-year
as poverty and sexual and gender-based violence. U.S.$11 million phase of a now 10-year-old program
Further, service providers lack skills to incorporate (COH). It was managed by Research Triangle
gender into their assessment processes as well as International and implemented by Family Health
the capacity to monitor and evaluate the outcomes International in partnership with three Zambia-based
nongovernmental organizations: Afya Mzuri, Zambia
3
The Anti-Gender Based Violence amendment (Bill number 46 of 2010),
along with the Penal Code amendment (Bill number 47 of 2010), went
Health Education and Communication Trust, and the
through a second reading in Parliament in February 2011. Zambia Interfaith Networking Group on HIV/AIDS.
Corridors of Hope: An HIV Prevention Program in Zambian Border and Transit Towns 3
4. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
It aimed to reduce HIV transmission, morbidity, and and was an issue for the general population. COH II
mortality in seven high-prevalence border towns and therefore aimed to reach the community at large in
corridor communities in Zambia. The program used the towns and surrounding communities of Chipata,
the ABC approach (abstinence until marriage, be Chirundu, Kapiri Mposhi, Kazungula, Livingstone,
faithful, and correct and consistent use of condoms) Nakonde, and Solwezi. COH II continued to pay
to promote HIV prevention. COH II provided HIV special attention to the needs of sex workers, but
testing and counseling services, STI testing and it also targeted other groups potentially at risk of
treatment services, and condom distribution at its HIV, such as girls and young women engaging
seven centers. Mobile units provided STI and HIV in transactional sex or cross-generational sex,
outreach services such as voluntary counseling survivors of sexual and gender-based violence, and
and testing to the general population including the HIV-negative partner within a serodiscordant
residents in remote areas. The program also used couple. A wide array of transient populations—
a behavior change and communication strategy including truck drivers, uniformed personnel, traders,
to raise awareness and knowledge about risky money changers, customs officials, and migrant
sexual behavior of high-risk groups and the broader workers—and their sexual partners were targeted by
community. COH II sought to change attitudes and the program. School-aged youth were also targeted.
practices around unsafe sex, particularly among COH II targeted services at each site to groups that
men, whose high-risk behaviors increased their were at highest risk in that area.
own risk of HIV infection and that of their female
partners. COH II targeted the broader community In addition to recognizing the need to go beyond
because the large numbers of transient populations traditional risk groups, program staff identified other
in border and transit towns made the prevention, lessons from COH I, such as increasing service
care, and treatment needs of the whole community accessibility and working with community members
more acute. Furthermore, the program worked with to reduce stigma and discrimination against sex
civil society and local and district government to workers. Staff learned that involving community
coordinate efforts and better mobilize communities leaders in decision making and developing strong
on HIV prevention, care, and treatment. partnerships with civil society and government was
important for sustaining the program.
COH II built on the successes and lessons learned
from COH I, a Family Health International program Behavior Change and Social Change: A key
implemented from 2000 to 2006 in 10 Zambian component of COH II is behavior and social change.
communities. COH I began with behavior change The project’s behavior change and communication
and STI services targeted toward female sex team used group sessions that employed a
workers and their clients, including truck drivers and reflective, participatory methodology with the
uniformed services personnel. It added services for general population and at-risk groups in particular
HIV testing and counseling, as well as services for to change individual risk behavior (Zambia COH
youth aged 15 to 19 in 2004 when it began receiving II 2008a, b). These REFLECT4 sessions sought to
PEPFAR funding.
4
REFLECT is the acronym for “Regenerated Freirean Literacy through
While COH I successfully addressed HIV and STI Empowering Community Techniques.” Pioneered by the Brazilian educa-
tor Paulo Freire, this approach is based on conscientization theory and
infections among traditional high-risk groups, HIV uses techniques of participatory rural appraisal to explore, and find solu-
had meanwhile become a generalized epidemic tions to overcome, development challenges. The emphasis is placed on
dialogue and action, raising awareness, cooperation, and empowerment.
in Zambia, and HIV risk in border and transit Action AID developed REFLECT in 1993, and it is now used in over 60
communities went beyond program target groups countries to address societal issues such as HIV and conflict resolution.
4 AIDSTAR-One | October 2011
5. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
help individuals meaningfully participate in decisions COH II clients. Peer educators shared messages in
about their own lives by helping them reflect on and ways that were appropriate for a particular group.
create action plans to address their own concerns. For example, a former sex worker and COH II client
The program used participatory tools to create an said her background legitimized her messages
open, democratic environment for sharing and to when she went to bars to talk to sex workers.
stimulate discussion. Participants were encouraged Another peer educator with a church group said she
to find their own solutions for reducing their HIV risk. could not discuss sex—and thus could not discuss
For example, a few truck drivers interviewed as part abstinence—publicly, but was able to promote
of this case study said that they now sometimes HIV testing within the church. Each peer educator
traveled with their wives so that the sex they appeared to recognize the limitations of his or her
engaged in was with a safe partner. own approach and the importance of coordination.
They were willing to work with other groups even
Staff held REFLECT sessions as informal meetings when they did not promote HIV prevention the same
with groups of women or men in spaces where they way.
felt safe or comfortable—in the rooms of sex workers
or in the truck parks where truck drivers slept, for Working with Sex Workers, “Queen
example. The Zimbabwean sex workers interviewed Mothers,” and Men: Commercial sex work is
for this case study said that COH II staff came to common in Livingstone District, a hub for tourism
talk to them in their guest house about once a week, and cross-border trade, with Zambian sex workers
sometimes more. often coming from the poorer Copperbelt Province
or from Lusaka and foreign sex workers coming from
To bring about social change, COH II used a neighboring countries such as Zimbabwe. COH II
social mobilization approach based on community met with groups of sex workers on a weekly basis.
participation and action. Community groups worked They discussed HIV and STI transmission and
collaboratively to spread prevention messages strategies for protecting oneself against infection,
among their members to change broader social as well as information on accessing complementary
norms around safer sex practices. Each COH II services provided by other agencies.
project site had a Behavior Change Communication
Steering Committee of local organizations to ensure COH II also worked with “queen mothers,” women
that community members, particularly vulnerable in their 30s and 40s and often former sex workers,
groups, had a voice in COH II program activities. who landlords hire to supervise sex workers in
COH II also partnered with a variety of local guest houses. The program trained them in safer
stakeholders ranging from leaders to community sex practices, information they then shared with the
groups to government officials to coordinate services sex workers they monitored to better protect them
so that messages and other behavior change efforts against HIV, STIs, and violence. Queen mothers also
would be more effective. sometimes led REFLECT sessions with sex workers
to help them discuss and solve their problems.
As another part of its efforts on behavior and social
change, COH II set up a peer educator program to REFLECT sessions were also held with at-risk
disseminate messages among target groups and the groups of men, such as truck drivers, male police
broader community. Peer educators were affiliated officers, immigration officials, money changers, and
with a range of community organizations and groups, traders to provide them with information on safer sex
including churches, theater groups, youth groups, practices, STI and HIV transmission, alcohol as a
support groups for people living with HIV, and former risk to safe sex, and risks associated with multiple
Corridors of Hope: An HIV Prevention Program in Zambian Border and Transit Towns 5
6. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
partnerships. The program encouraged men to examine behavior that
MONITORING AND increased their risk of HIV and asked them to offer realistic solutions to
EVALUATION protect themselves.
Monitoring data shows that COH Referrals and Collaborations: Where COH II did not provide a
II reached over 1.6 million indi- service required by its target groups, it offered clients referrals, including
viduals between 2007 and 2009 those for antiretroviral therapy and care services for HIV-positive clients.
with efforts to curb risky behav- It referred women in need of legal protection services to the police and
iors for HIV, along with those legal aid centers, and gender-based violence victims to hospitals and
in HIV prevention, care, and the police. Thus, COH II developed an extensive referral network in each
support. During the same period, community to provide a comprehensive response to client needs.
over 1,600 individuals were
trained in various program ar- Additionally, COH II collaborated and coordinated with district and local
eas, including messaging around government and civil society. For example, COH II was a key member of the
abstinence and faithfulness, and DATF in each district in which it implemented activities and helped build the
the promotion of condom use. capacity of DATF members in peer education. COH II staff also participated
From 2007 to 2009, COH II pro- in activities such as Field Days, in which multiple service providers offered a
vided 69,000 men and women wide array of services to residents within a select remote area.
with HIV testing and counseling,
and from 2007 to 2008, an addi-
tional 7,800 individuals accessed What Worked Well
STI screening services.
COH II contributed to PEPFAR’s goals in Zambia to prevent new HIV
infections and provide individuals with care and support services. Mobile
outreach units were successful in increasing demand for and use of
voluntary counseling and testing and other HIV prevention services.
Nearly 85 percent of the individuals tested by COH II were seen at the
mobile units. The program also offered voluntary counseling and testing
services during local ceremonies such as harvest celebrations at the
invitation of traditional leaders; unanticipated demand often resulted in the
mobile units having to stay additional days in the community.
In interviews with sex workers, women said the COH II program was
one of the few services available to them and the only one in which they
were treated with dignity and respect. They reported that the clinic-based
services were reliable for treating STIs effectively, and behavior change
sessions had helped them develop strategies to protect themselves
from HIV, STIs, and violence. The COH II facility was centrally located
in a nondescript house, and its services were well known. In informal
conversations around the Livingstone site, COH II was described as
having a trusted reputation in the community and providing accessible
and effective treatment services for STIs.
6 AIDSTAR-One | October 2011
7. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
Many sex workers from Zimbabwe interviewed as men did not secretly remove the condom or cut
part of this case study said that they knew how to off the tip. Queen mothers reported that condom
protect themselves from HIV and STIs as a result cutting had gone on because women had become
of COH II training, which reinforced what they had better at monitoring men. Queen mothers also
learned from school-based sex education programs said they addressed alcohol and HIV risk with sex
in Zimbabwe. They reported that REFLECT sessions workers, explaining that alcohol interferes with the
gave them the skills and confidence to refuse men effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs, and forbade
who did not want to use condoms without fearing drinking in the guest houses. They encouraged
consequences—they felt it was their choice. They women to wear a female condom when soliciting
also said they talked to recent arrivals (fellow sex clients at bars to ensure they were protected if drunk.
workers) at their guest house, encouraging them to
protect themselves from HIV and sharing strategies Queen mothers stated that they helped protect
on doing so. Most men did not want to use condoms sex workers from violence. Both sex workers and
and had to be convinced, they reported. Some of the queen mothers said during interviews that physical
women said they talked to their clients about HIV and violence and sexual and gender-based violence
STI prevention, which convinced some men to utilize were a frequent occurrence for sex workers. Queen
condoms while others were uninterested. mothers said they encouraged sex workers to use
peer groups for protection, and sex workers reported
Queen mothers reported that they worked with sex that they looked after each other to prevent abuse,
workers to develop prevention tactics. For example, using tactics such as keeping doors unlocked and
they taught sex workers techniques to make sure monitoring when a client entered a room with a sex
men did not take off a male condom or push aside worker. Queen mothers reported that while they
a female condom. Queen mothers also said that relied on male guards and other women in the house
some sex workers kept the light on to ensure that to respond to violent men, they rarely called the
PROGRAM INNOVATIONS
• Targeting at-risk groups in conjunction with the broader community responded to the generalized epidemic in Zambia.
• Working with sex workers, particularly foreign sex workers, helped address the needs of a key target group that is
particularly vulnerable to HIV, yet has little or no access to services.
• Targeting high-risk groups in each site based on the local context allowed for more effective programming.
• Close coordination with civil society organizations and local and district government through DATFs and other efforts
ensured geographic and service gaps were addressed.
• Including community stakeholders and beneficiaries in designing, implementing, and evaluating the program, as well
as building the capacity of local implementing organizations in administering, implementing, and evaluating the project,
helped the project build in sustainability.
• Working with men and creating a referral network of services for women, such as for those who have experienced
gender-based violence, recognized the need to address gendered vulnerabilities.
Corridors of Hope: An HIV Prevention Program in Zambian Border and Transit Towns 7
8. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
police or neighborhood watches because of stigma gender equality except through referrals to other
and fear of arrest. services, some of which were limited in scope and
effectiveness. In addition, program staff said that
In interviews with truck drivers and police officers, clients often complained about the referral system,
some had accurate knowledge of HIV transmission as they found it difficult to access service providers
and risk as a result of the COH II program and in different locations because of transportation costs
information provided by their employers. Truck and the burden it placed on their other responsibilities.
drivers said that they sometimes used condoms They also found it difficult to disclose their personal
with sex workers but never with wives. Some histories to different service providers at each referral
men reported that they did not protect themselves agency. Program staff added that they tried to track
because they believed contracting HIV was clients to determine if they reached referral agencies,
inevitable. In contrast, when interviewed, male but that this often proved to be a challenge.
and female police officers demonstrated a sound
knowledge of HIV risk and prevention, and reported Police as a barrier: While police can be
that they had easy access to condoms as these effective, respectful service providers, the police
were provided by the police department. Many of interviewed for this case study spoke openly about
the officers indicated they even purchased better their discrimination against, and abuse of, sex
quality condoms to demonstrate that they practiced workers. Sex workers repeatedly said in interviews
protected sex. that they did not feel safe seeking help from police
officers, and foreign sex workers said they were
particularly vulnerable to police abuse. As one
Challenges and woman explained, “If we go to the police, they ignore
Lessons Learned us because we are Zimbabweans.” Another woman
said that she had gone to the police’s victim support
Limits of a referral system: While COH unit when she had been badly beaten by a man, but
worked effectively with women and men to change was dismissed by police officers without receiving
harmful behaviors that increased their HIV risk, assistance. Women also said that violent men who
the program was not designed to address broader were arrested were often quickly released, sending
gender inequalities that put women at risk. While sex the message that violence against sex workers was
workers sometimes discussed strategies to protect not a priority of the police.
themselves from violent clients and gang rape during
REFLECT sessions, sexual and gender-based Police officers themselves said they felt no obligation
violence was not discussed with men as part of to provide services to sex workers because their
program activities. The link between HIV and sexual work was illegal and furthermore, some sex
and gender-based violence was also rarely made workers were not Zambian citizens. They admitted
in discussions with men and women, except where demanding sexual favors from attractive women
sex workers themselves identified rape as a risk for who sought assistance in the victim support unit
HIV infection. This posed a missed opportunity for a in exchange for police services, dismissing any
program that was well placed to influence individual responsibility because they were “only men.” One
behavior as well as societal norms around violence of the department heads even made jokes about
against women, but whose mandate did not include violence as a useful way to “discipline” women,
it. Similarly, the program was not designed to address confirming that violence against women was not
the need for legal protection, income equality, and taken seriously by the department or its leadership.
8 AIDSTAR-One | October 2011
9. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
These responses are particularly problematic in the Legal barriers: The stigma and marginalization
context of the COH II program in that the program of sex work in Zambia makes it extremely difficult for
relies on violence-related referrals to the police sex workers to seek services such as health care or
department’s victim support units. Clearly, there is legal protection in cases of rape or assault because
an urgent need to work with police departments to they fear abuse and arrest. It also makes it easy
change male attitudes and behaviors that harm the for men—including authority figures such as police
women they are supposed to serve. officers—to take sexual or financial advantage of sex
workers without consequences. Sex workers who
Entrenched norms limit work with men: are in the country illegally are doubly vulnerable.
Social norms around masculinity and how women They are more vulnerable to abuse and access
are valued limit behavior change among men. For services less because of fear of arrest or stigma than
example, while some truck drivers interviewed Zambian sex workers. According to sex workers and
in this study reported that they sometimes used police officers, women identified as sex workers can
condoms with sex workers and condom use with be arrested in any public setting under the pretext
sex workers was perceived as acceptable, they also of public nuisance, while a sexual double standard
said that condom use with wives was completely permits men to purchase the services of sex workers
unacceptable because of norms around male power with impunity. Sex workers also reported that police
in the home and because a partner requesting raids of sex worker guest houses are common,
condom use was an admission of extramarital sex or and sometimes women are raped before release
HIV/STI infection. from police custody. The stigma of sex work that
discourages women from seeking health and legal
Sex workers in this case study expressed a strong protection services, combined with men’s exploitation
concern for the wives of their clients, whom they of women’s vulnerability in this regard, are key
believed lacked information on STIs and HIV and factors in worsening the HIV epidemic in Zambian
thus were unable to protect themselves. One border and transit towns.
woman said, “[Men] come here, they want to have
unprotected sex, they go home, they infect their Need for a regional response: Program staff
wives.” Another added, “That’s why we encourage at COH II stated that a key challenge in addressing
them to use condoms with us. Because if they go HIV in border and transit towns is that the epidemic
back home, they infect their wives.” These women cannot be addressed by one country. Countries need
said that there is an unmet need for programs to to work together to ensure an adequate response,
work with men, including educated men, on HIV and programs need to involve entire regions to
prevention education. appropriately address the problem and the many
groups involved. This requires regional programs that
On a more positive note, truck drivers expressed involve coordination across governments and service
the desire for recreation opportunities other than providers in neighboring countries.
drinking and sex, explaining that they sought sex
workers because there was nothing else to do when Stigma and discrimination in health
waiting at the border for deliveries or border passes. care settings: There is a need to provide
They added that quicker transitions at the border or services to stigmatized groups and foreigners in
facilities for engaging in sports or similar activities a nonjudgmental fashion. Sex workers said they
would help them avoid these risky situations. This preferred to receive health services at COH II’s
is a valuable insight that could be incorporated into clinics, where they were treated with dignity, rather
program design as COH II begins its next phase. than government health centers that treated sex
Corridors of Hope: An HIV Prevention Program in Zambian Border and Transit Towns 9
10. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
workers poorly and discriminated against foreigners. training, guidelines, and coordination are needed to
Foreign sex workers reported that they were charged mainstream and implement gender strategies into
higher rates in public hospitals than Zambian HIV efforts. Service providers also need gender
women and that examinations and treatment they indicators and training on monitoring and evaluating
received were badly administered because of the gender mainstreaming efforts, and these measures
discriminatory attitudes of some health care workers. can provide an opportunity for a program like COH
Changing discriminatory attitudes and practices to address broader gender inequalities, such as
requires raising awareness of service providers and gender-based violence, that increase one’s HIV risk.
the broader community in border areas as to the
rights and treatment of sex workers and immigrants.
Future Programming
Poverty as a barrier for women: Sex workers
interviewed in this study reported that men paid COH II was funded for an additional five years
significantly more for sex without a condom. Queen as COH III, which began in October 2009. The
mothers said that men paid about 15,000 Zambia emphasis of this phase of the program will continue
kwacha (about U.S.$3) for sex with a condom, and to be on reaching the broader population with
about 25,000 kwacha (about U.S.$5) for sex without behavior change efforts for HIV prevention. COH
a condom. While many sex workers practiced safe III has planned activities to address gender-based
sex, they said they sometimes made exceptions violence more effectively. It will provide outreach
about condom use during difficult financial times to and counseling to women on gender-based violence,
earn more money. Women understood that poverty training to health care workers on violence-related
put them at risk of HIV infection. A Zimbabwean sex risk assessment and medical care, and referrals
worker explained, “They take the money because they to partner organizations, hospitals, and the police
are in need of it. They can’t think about tomorrow.” service’s victim support units. The program will also
Sex workers said they dreamt of having an income target youth to provide personal risk assessment
from some alternative source—either running their skills and violence education, as well as target
own small business, securing a better job, or finding a influential community members, such as traditional
stable partner who would provide for them—but none birth attendants and the wives of male community
of them knew of any income generation programs. leaders, to provide violence-related communication
COH II program staff confirmed that few programs of and risk assessment skills.
this nature exist at their program sites.
Plans for COH III include targeting men specifically
Need to strengthen gender to change harmful male norms that are linked with
mainstreaming: Finally, government and civil HIV such as gender-based violence and multiple
society services that address HIV often do not and concurrent partnerships through group-based
understand or address gender-related barriers that sports activities for young and adult men. COH
can affect HIV outcomes, and that gender-related III will use the Stepping Stones training package
efforts such as the legal protection of women (Welbourn 1995) and REFLECT discussions to
operate separately from the health sector. As one train men in gender and sexuality topics, including
respondent explained, “Don’t look for coherence violence and relationship skills, and to encourage
in these programs, because you won’t find it.” them to develop their own solutions to problems
The Zambian Government’s response requires such as violence. It will also use resources such
guidance on how to mainstream and implement as the Health Communications Partnership Men’s
gender equality in HIV programming. Adequate Health Kit (Health Communications Partnership
10 AIDSTAR-One | October 2011
11. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
2009) and the One Love Kwasila! (One Love Zambia National HIV/AIDS/STI/TB Council. 2006.
Kwasila! 2009) resources to address norms around National HIV and AIDS Strategic Framework.
multiple and concurrent partnerships. g Lusaka, Zambia: Republic of Zambia, and National
HIV/AIDS Council.
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Integrating Multiple Gender Strategies to Improve
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Welbourn, A. 1995. Stepping Stones: A
Training Package on HIV/AIDS, Gender Issues, Leslie Long, Chief of Party/Project Director,
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Strategies for Hope. Email: llong@coh.org.zm
Zambia Corridors of Hope II. 2008a. Behavior Shawn Aldridge, COH II Technical Manager,
Change and Social Mobilization Strategy. Research Triangle International
Implementation Guide. Available at www.fhi.org/en/ Email: saldridge@rti.org
HIVAIDS/pub/res_COHII_SBCtools.htm (accessed
October 2009)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Zambia Corridors of Hope II. 2008b. Reflect
Methodology and Participatory Rural Appraisal The authors would like to thank Leslie Long at
(PRA) Tools Guide. Implementation Guide. Available Family Health International Zambia and Shawn
at www.fhi.org/training/en/HIVAIDS/COHTools/flash/ Aldridge at Research Triangle International,
Zambia_COH_II_REFLECT_TOOLS_BOOKLET_ as well as Felly Nkweto Simmonds (formerly
HV.swf (accessed October 2009) of Family Health International), Martin Bwalya,
Corridors of Hope: An HIV Prevention Program in Zambian Border and Transit Towns 11
12. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
Chilufya Mwaba-Phiri, Moses Simuyemba, and including staff from Encompass, LLC; John Snow,
Alison Cooke-Matutu with the Corridors of Hope Inc.; and the International Center for Research
Phase II (COH II) for helping organize their visit on Women for their support of the development
and better understand the project’s many sites and publication of these case studies that grew
and activities. Thanks also to Stephen Nyangu, out of the Gender Compendium of Programs in
Agatha Simubali, Patience Shinondo Nyakunzu, Africa. Finally, thanks to the women and men—
Hellen Lungu, Patricia Akalalambili, Aaron Mwanza, sex workers, queen mothers, truck drivers,
Ernest Musonda, and Milner Kachani at the COH II police officers, and peer mentors—whom were
Livingstone site office, whose daily commitment to interviewed. Their honesty shed light on the truly
the women and men they work with was inspiring. difficult challenges faced by high-risk groups
Thanks also to Harriet Kawina at Livingstone’s working in border and transit towns.
District Administration Office, Catherine Chibala
and Elizabeth Moonga with Southern Province’s
RECOMMENDED CITATION
National AIDS Council, and Cornelius Chipoma
at the U.S. Agency for International Development Jain, Saranga, Margaret Greene, Zayid Douglas, Myra
Mission for kindly explaining the ins and outs of Betron, and Katherine Fritz. 2011. Risky Business
Zambia’s gender and HIV response. Thanks to Made Safer—Corridors of Hope: An HIV Prevention
the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief Program in Zambian Border and Transit Towns. Case
Gender Technical Working Group for their support Study Series. Arlington, VA: USAID’s AIDS Support
and careful review of this case study. The authors and Technical Assistance Resources, AIDSTAR-One,
would also like to thank the AIDSTAR-One project, Task Order 1.
AIDSTAR-One’s Case Studies provide insight into innovative HIV programs and approaches
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Please sign up at www.AIDSTAR-One.com to receive notification of HIV-related resources,
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