In Kenya, the government's work against HIV is supplemented frequently by civil society organizations. These organizations, however, are often faced with a lack of available funding and knowledge. The Maanisha Community Focused Initiative, a program that works in many of Kenya's provinces, works to provide CSOs with both grants and capacity building in all HIV program areas while simultaneously addressing multiple gender-related issues.
This case study covers one of the 31 programs from the Africa Gender Compendium, an AIDSTAR-One gender and HIV integration resource. A series of five Africa Gender Compendium case studies is accompanied by a findings report, which describes lessons learned, gaps, and common experiences across the programs.
Download this or other HIV & gender resources: http://j.mp/wFzKZ0
AIDSTAR-One Outreach to Most-at-Risk Populations through SIDC in LebanonAIDSTAROne
Successful outreach to most-at-risk populations (MARPs) recognizes the sociocultural context and particularly the gendered norms in which MARPs live. This case study (one of nine in a series) documents how outreach workers in Lebanon raise awareness about how gender norms can increase HIV risk; deliver basic information on HIV, hepatitis, and other STIs; offer counseling to support positive behavior change, and distribute free condoms, syringes, and lubricants.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/case_study_series/sidc_lebanon
AIDSTAR-One STIGMA Foundation in IndonesiaAIDSTAROne
Integrating strategies to address gender inequity and change harmful gender norms is an increasingly important component of HIV programs. However, gender integration among programs targeting most-at-risk populations (MARPs) is much less prevalent. In Indonesia, the STIGMA Foundation uses a peer outreach model to help men and women who inject drugs live safer, healthier, more productive lives through community organizing, advocacy, and networking.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/case_study_series/STIGMA_foundation
Earning Their Way to Healthier Lives: Women First in MozambiqueAIDSTAROne
A complex matrix of factors, such as low literacy, early sexual initiation, and limited economic opportunities, increases the vulnerability of women to HIV infection in Mozambique. The Women First program addresses the role that poverty and lack of access to health information play in the spread of HIV through legal rights and income-generating activities.
This case study covers one of the 31 programs from the Africa Gender Compendium, an AIDSTAR-One gender and HIV integration resource. A series of five Africa Gender Compendium case studies is accompanied by a findings report, which describes lessons learned, gaps, and common experiences across the programs.
Download this and other gender & HIV resources: http://j.mp/zyjmG7
AIDSTAR-One Findings Report: Analysis of Services to Address Gender-based Vio...AIDSTAROne
Because gender-based violence (GBV) is widely recognized as both a cause and a consequence of HIV infection, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has identified reducing GBV as one of its five high-priority gender strategies. As part of this effort, AIDSTAR-One conducted case studies in three countries where GBV services were available: Swaziland, Vietnam, and Ecuador. The case studies and this accompanying findings report aim to identify and share promising programmatic approaches and disseminate key elements of success for replication and scale-up.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/reports/gbv_series_findings_report
This document discusses sociocultural responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa from the perspective of an expert in Senegal. It notes some progress made in reducing HIV prevalence, increasing access to treatment, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission, but that more rapid prevention efforts are still needed. It examines how culture and biomedical research can be better integrated, cultural concepts that could inform youth education, and social networks and concepts that could support women and vulnerable groups. Communication challenges and opportunities to build on social capital and cultural heritage for HIV prevention are also discussed.
This document discusses reinvigorating condoms as an HIV prevention tool. It summarizes that condoms are effective at preventing HIV transmission but there are still barriers to their use. Condoms play a key role in HIV prevention strategies alongside other interventions. However, risk compensation behaviors, structural barriers like criminalization of homosexuality, and lack of messaging around dual protection can reduce condom uptake and consistent use. The document calls for addressing these challenges and rigorously evaluating condom programming elements to improve access and effectiveness in different epidemic settings.
HIV Vulnerabilities of Migrant Women: from Asia to the Arab StatesAndy Dabydeen
This document provides an overview of a study on the HIV vulnerabilities faced by Asian migrant women working in Arab states. The study was conducted across four countries of origin (Bangladesh, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka) and three host countries (Bahrain, Lebanon, Dubai). Key findings include Asian migrant women experiencing vulnerabilities throughout the migration cycle, including unsafe migration conditions, limited access to healthcare and justice, and stigma upon return. Recommendations call for improved policies to ensure safe and dignified migration for women, as well as increased regional cooperation between countries. The document aims to inform more effective responses to address the link between migration and HIV risk for Asian migrant women.
The National Women and AIDS Collective (NWAC) is advocating for policy changes to better support HIV-positive women. It represents 25 organizations across the US that provide services to HIV+ women. NWAC aims to improve HIV surveillance data to better reflect women's realities and needs. It has achieved several policy successes and positions itself to influence national strategies. Sustaining NWAC is important to advance women's leadership and acknowledge socioeconomic factors driving HIV risks for women.
AIDSTAR-One Outreach to Most-at-Risk Populations through SIDC in LebanonAIDSTAROne
Successful outreach to most-at-risk populations (MARPs) recognizes the sociocultural context and particularly the gendered norms in which MARPs live. This case study (one of nine in a series) documents how outreach workers in Lebanon raise awareness about how gender norms can increase HIV risk; deliver basic information on HIV, hepatitis, and other STIs; offer counseling to support positive behavior change, and distribute free condoms, syringes, and lubricants.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/case_study_series/sidc_lebanon
AIDSTAR-One STIGMA Foundation in IndonesiaAIDSTAROne
Integrating strategies to address gender inequity and change harmful gender norms is an increasingly important component of HIV programs. However, gender integration among programs targeting most-at-risk populations (MARPs) is much less prevalent. In Indonesia, the STIGMA Foundation uses a peer outreach model to help men and women who inject drugs live safer, healthier, more productive lives through community organizing, advocacy, and networking.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/case_study_series/STIGMA_foundation
Earning Their Way to Healthier Lives: Women First in MozambiqueAIDSTAROne
A complex matrix of factors, such as low literacy, early sexual initiation, and limited economic opportunities, increases the vulnerability of women to HIV infection in Mozambique. The Women First program addresses the role that poverty and lack of access to health information play in the spread of HIV through legal rights and income-generating activities.
This case study covers one of the 31 programs from the Africa Gender Compendium, an AIDSTAR-One gender and HIV integration resource. A series of five Africa Gender Compendium case studies is accompanied by a findings report, which describes lessons learned, gaps, and common experiences across the programs.
Download this and other gender & HIV resources: http://j.mp/zyjmG7
AIDSTAR-One Findings Report: Analysis of Services to Address Gender-based Vio...AIDSTAROne
Because gender-based violence (GBV) is widely recognized as both a cause and a consequence of HIV infection, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has identified reducing GBV as one of its five high-priority gender strategies. As part of this effort, AIDSTAR-One conducted case studies in three countries where GBV services were available: Swaziland, Vietnam, and Ecuador. The case studies and this accompanying findings report aim to identify and share promising programmatic approaches and disseminate key elements of success for replication and scale-up.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/reports/gbv_series_findings_report
This document discusses sociocultural responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa from the perspective of an expert in Senegal. It notes some progress made in reducing HIV prevalence, increasing access to treatment, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission, but that more rapid prevention efforts are still needed. It examines how culture and biomedical research can be better integrated, cultural concepts that could inform youth education, and social networks and concepts that could support women and vulnerable groups. Communication challenges and opportunities to build on social capital and cultural heritage for HIV prevention are also discussed.
This document discusses reinvigorating condoms as an HIV prevention tool. It summarizes that condoms are effective at preventing HIV transmission but there are still barriers to their use. Condoms play a key role in HIV prevention strategies alongside other interventions. However, risk compensation behaviors, structural barriers like criminalization of homosexuality, and lack of messaging around dual protection can reduce condom uptake and consistent use. The document calls for addressing these challenges and rigorously evaluating condom programming elements to improve access and effectiveness in different epidemic settings.
HIV Vulnerabilities of Migrant Women: from Asia to the Arab StatesAndy Dabydeen
This document provides an overview of a study on the HIV vulnerabilities faced by Asian migrant women working in Arab states. The study was conducted across four countries of origin (Bangladesh, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka) and three host countries (Bahrain, Lebanon, Dubai). Key findings include Asian migrant women experiencing vulnerabilities throughout the migration cycle, including unsafe migration conditions, limited access to healthcare and justice, and stigma upon return. Recommendations call for improved policies to ensure safe and dignified migration for women, as well as increased regional cooperation between countries. The document aims to inform more effective responses to address the link between migration and HIV risk for Asian migrant women.
The National Women and AIDS Collective (NWAC) is advocating for policy changes to better support HIV-positive women. It represents 25 organizations across the US that provide services to HIV+ women. NWAC aims to improve HIV surveillance data to better reflect women's realities and needs. It has achieved several policy successes and positions itself to influence national strategies. Sustaining NWAC is important to advance women's leadership and acknowledge socioeconomic factors driving HIV risks for women.
Empowering rwandan communities one step at a timecarerwandadoc
This document provides an overview of the origins and spread of the Village Savings and Loans (VSL) methodology started by CARE in Niger, West Africa in 1991. Some key points:
- The VSL methodology began as a project funded by Norwegian women's organizations to provide financial services to women in remote villages in Niger.
- It has since spread to over 21 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, with over 54,000 VSL groups serving over 1 million members, most of whom are women.
- The model empowers women by providing training, solidarity through group membership, and access to savings and loans to invest in their families and communities. This leads to greater self-esteem
1. Uganda saw a dramatic decline in HIV prevalence from 21.1% in 1991 to 9.1% in 1998 through large-scale behavioral changes, equivalent to a 75% effective vaccine.
2. The biggest factor was a substantial decline in sexual partners, with 48% of men and women reporting sticking to one partner.
3. The changes were driven by community and political efforts reinforcing each other through messaging focused on risk avoidance, open discussion of HIV/AIDS, and promoting care for infected individuals and orphans.
This document summarizes a workshop on developing evidence on vulnerabilities of men who have sex with men (MSM) and gays in sub-Saharan Africa to support HIV/AIDS advocacy and policy. It discusses the diverse socio-political landscapes across 22 countries, where some criminalize homosexuality while others have more tolerant cultures. While many LGBT communities and organizations exist, they often operate secretly due to oppression. The document analyzes factors like laws, stigma, risky sex practices, and inclusion of MSM in national HIV strategies. It concludes that building solidarity through research-informed advocacy, capacity building, and combating prevention could help address challenges faced by sexual minorities.
AIDSTAR-One Issue Paper: The Debilitating Cycle of HIV, Food Insecurity, and ...AIDSTAROne
This document aims to facilitate an understanding of the bi-directional relationship between HIV and food and nutrition security. It illuminates the causes of HIV-related food and nutrition insecurity, and points to a list of programmatic interventions and resources to consider for addressing each cause in detail. http://j.mp/U1L0iV
Black Women and HIV/AIDS: Findings from Southeast Regional Consumer and Provi...CDC NPIN
This document summarizes findings from focus groups with HIV-positive black women and community providers in the Southeast U.S. regarding barriers to HIV prevention, care, and services for black women. Major themes included the impact of history, culture, abuse, stigma, and mental health issues. Considerations for improving support included holistic support groups, affordable housing, transportation, culturally-relevant prevention messages, education for women, clinician sensitivity training, community-specific interventions, advocacy, and engaging HIV-positive black women in decision-making. The focus groups provided insights to better address the complex needs of black women at high risk for HIV.
01 Monica Do Santos Healing The Dragon SaharaNicholas Jacobs
This document discusses interventions for heroin use disorders and reducing HIV transmission. It summarizes findings from previous studies that found many intravenous drug users in Africa do not properly clean or dispose of needles, increasing HIV risk. The objectives are to compare views of long-term former heroin users and specialists on effective interventions and identify suggestions to advance programs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 former users and 10 specialists. Preliminary findings from the first study on former users are presented.
The document summarizes the key findings of a consultation on the issues and barriers facing transgender people in accessing HIV and other services in Yangon, Myanmar. The consultation identified low levels of condom use and HIV awareness within the transgender community. It also found that transgender people face discrimination in healthcare settings, preventing access to prevention, treatment, and support services. Common issues included stigma, unfriendly services, and a lack of tailored HIV prevention interventions. The document recommends improving health services, reducing risk behaviors, and addressing discrimination in order to improve transgender health outcomes in Yangon.
AIDSTAR-One Different Needs But Equal Rights: Giving Voice to Transgender Com...AIDSTAROne
Although transgender individuals are a highly vulnerable segment of El Salvador's population, the national political climate has only recently begun to support HIV programming that is tailored to their needs. Additionally, limited access to medical services and legal protection and considerable societal stigma and discrimination means that organizations working with transgender individuals must meet a variety of complex and varied needs. This case study, one of 9 in a series, describes the challenges and successes of the Solidarity Association to Promote Human Development (ASPIDH), an NGO that promotes transgender rights via sensitization, education, and advocacy activities.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/case_study_series/aspidh_salvador
AIDSTAR-One Case-Study: Integrated HIV Care in IndiaAIDSTAROne
The document describes an integrated care program in Maharashtra, India that aims to improve HIV care and support for people living with HIV. The program establishes drop-in centers that provide economic support, counseling, and help navigating services. This reduces stigma and improves utilization of clinical services. The program strengthens coordination between public health services and community groups to provide more comprehensive support. It has led to significant improvements in care access and continuity while reducing loss to follow up. The drop-in centers offer a supportive community for clients where they feel at home.
Synthesis Prince Mahidol Award Conference 2017Pattie Pattie
The document summarizes a conference on social inclusion. It provides information on the participants, sessions, and key recommendations. Over 800 participants from 72 countries attended, with sessions addressing vulnerable populations like refugees, migrants, persons with disabilities, ethnic minorities, and those affected by HIV/AIDS. Recommendations focused on the need for political commitment to inclusion, reducing stigma and discrimination, recognizing intersecting vulnerabilities, and the roles of health sectors, scientific communities, and civil society in promoting inclusion.
The document summarizes a report on a project conducted by the International HIV/AIDS Alliance to address the feminization of HIV/AIDS in India. The project worked with 16 partner organizations across 5 Indian states to empower vulnerable women through community-driven approaches. Activities included forming support groups, conducting trainings and workshops, and raising awareness of HIV/AIDS, sexual and reproductive health, and legal rights. An evaluation found that the project increased women's knowledge, access to services, and the capacity of partner organizations to address the issue in a sustainable manner through community participation.
Will balbir pasha get aids full case studyAnand Saraf
The campaign "Will Balbir Pasha Get AIDS?" was part of PSI India's Operation Lighthouse HIV/AIDS prevention program implemented in 12 major port cities from 2001-2005. It aimed to increase condom use and access to counseling/testing services. Using market research, the campaign developed the fictional character Balbir Pasha to model risky behaviors through storyboards. The campaign used various media to raise awareness and address myths preventing condom use through Balbir's scenarios. It saw increased condom sales and counseling service usage, showing personalized stories can effectively engage audiences on health issues.
AIDSTAR-One Program Guide for Integrating GBV Prevention and Response in PEPF...AIDSTAROne
Like HIV, gender-based violence (GBV) has implications for almost every aspect of health and development. This guide serves as a tool for program managers to not only begin to address GBV within their programs, but also to plan for greater integration and coordination within country teams when designing workplans and budgets.
The guide is divided into several smaller parts. We strongly recommend reviewing all parts of the guide in order to take advantage of the full range of opportunities to address GBV and to achieve the goal of greater linkages between HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support. See Introduction, Guiding Principles, General Guidelines and Summary of Resources on the right.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/pepfar_gbv_program_guide
Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundations SECURE THE FUTURE? Programme Announces New F...Koos Dorssers
New research found that the Grandmothers Against Poverty & AIDS (GAPA) program in Tanzania has had a positive impact on grandmothers caring for families affected by HIV/AIDS. The GAPA program provides community support, psychosocial support, and income generation activities to empower grandmothers. A study of 301 grandmothers found that being part of a GAPA peer support group improved self-esteem and community cooperation, and helped grandmothers earn income. The GAPA program aims to reduce poverty and stigma faced by grandmothers caring for orphans due to HIV/AIDS.
AIDSTAR-One Reducing Alcohol-related HIV Risk in Katutura, Namibia: A Multi-l...AIDSTAROne
A growing body of epidemiological and social science research (see AIDSTAR-One's Technical Consultation page) links alcohol consumption with sexual behaviors that put people at risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. To better understand this connection, AIDSTAR-One is conducting a 2-year demonstration project in Namibia—a country with high HIV prevalence and heavy alcohol use. To inform project design, AIDSTAR-One undertook formative research to understand how bar owners, staff, patrons, and community members perceive the risks and benefits of alcohol consumption and to solicit ideas about approaches for mitigating the negative effects of alcohol. The results of the formative research are reported here.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/prevention/reports/alcohol_namibia
PSI India aims to raise AIDS awareness and promote condom use in major port cities through the "Operation Lighthouse" campaign. The campaign will feature Balbir Pasha, a fictional character, in mass media advertisements to change risk perceptions and social norms. Advertisements will portray real-life situations to encourage condom use and provide contact information for HIV/AIDS resources. Both mass media and interpersonal communication will be used to reach port workers, sailors, security personnel, truckers, sex workers, and the general community in order to reduce HIV prevalence in high-risk areas.
DAO_Systems Change News_January2012_vol.1_issue1Helen Dao
The document discusses health disparities faced by the Latino/Hispanic community. It provides statistics showing higher rates of teen pregnancy, uncontrolled high blood pressure, asthma, and being uninsured among Latino/Hispanic groups compared to whites. The document suggests that medical home providers may help address disparities by improving access to quality care for minority patients and reducing emergency room visits.
The document provides operating instructions for a ProMinent gamma G/4b metering pump. It includes:
1. An overview of the pump's control elements and functions, including its mechanics, setting range, and optional configurations.
2. Technical specifications for the gamma G/4b pump including flow rates and electrical requirements.
3. Instructions for installing the pump mechanically, including connecting suction and discharge lines, and examples of proper and improper installations.
4. Details on the electrical installation including operating modes, wiring diagrams, and connection options.
5. Commissioning guidance covering operating conditions, priming, metering accuracy, and using nomograms to determine capacity.
6
If you’re ready to put all the marketing hype and fluff aside and learn the real techniques for slashing fat and building muscle fast, I would strongly urge you to read this entire report from cover to cover.
Consult your physician before beginning or making changes in your diet or exercise program, for diagnosis and treatment of illness and injuries, and for advice regarding medications.
Empowering rwandan communities one step at a timecarerwandadoc
This document provides an overview of the origins and spread of the Village Savings and Loans (VSL) methodology started by CARE in Niger, West Africa in 1991. Some key points:
- The VSL methodology began as a project funded by Norwegian women's organizations to provide financial services to women in remote villages in Niger.
- It has since spread to over 21 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, with over 54,000 VSL groups serving over 1 million members, most of whom are women.
- The model empowers women by providing training, solidarity through group membership, and access to savings and loans to invest in their families and communities. This leads to greater self-esteem
1. Uganda saw a dramatic decline in HIV prevalence from 21.1% in 1991 to 9.1% in 1998 through large-scale behavioral changes, equivalent to a 75% effective vaccine.
2. The biggest factor was a substantial decline in sexual partners, with 48% of men and women reporting sticking to one partner.
3. The changes were driven by community and political efforts reinforcing each other through messaging focused on risk avoidance, open discussion of HIV/AIDS, and promoting care for infected individuals and orphans.
This document summarizes a workshop on developing evidence on vulnerabilities of men who have sex with men (MSM) and gays in sub-Saharan Africa to support HIV/AIDS advocacy and policy. It discusses the diverse socio-political landscapes across 22 countries, where some criminalize homosexuality while others have more tolerant cultures. While many LGBT communities and organizations exist, they often operate secretly due to oppression. The document analyzes factors like laws, stigma, risky sex practices, and inclusion of MSM in national HIV strategies. It concludes that building solidarity through research-informed advocacy, capacity building, and combating prevention could help address challenges faced by sexual minorities.
AIDSTAR-One Issue Paper: The Debilitating Cycle of HIV, Food Insecurity, and ...AIDSTAROne
This document aims to facilitate an understanding of the bi-directional relationship between HIV and food and nutrition security. It illuminates the causes of HIV-related food and nutrition insecurity, and points to a list of programmatic interventions and resources to consider for addressing each cause in detail. http://j.mp/U1L0iV
Black Women and HIV/AIDS: Findings from Southeast Regional Consumer and Provi...CDC NPIN
This document summarizes findings from focus groups with HIV-positive black women and community providers in the Southeast U.S. regarding barriers to HIV prevention, care, and services for black women. Major themes included the impact of history, culture, abuse, stigma, and mental health issues. Considerations for improving support included holistic support groups, affordable housing, transportation, culturally-relevant prevention messages, education for women, clinician sensitivity training, community-specific interventions, advocacy, and engaging HIV-positive black women in decision-making. The focus groups provided insights to better address the complex needs of black women at high risk for HIV.
01 Monica Do Santos Healing The Dragon SaharaNicholas Jacobs
This document discusses interventions for heroin use disorders and reducing HIV transmission. It summarizes findings from previous studies that found many intravenous drug users in Africa do not properly clean or dispose of needles, increasing HIV risk. The objectives are to compare views of long-term former heroin users and specialists on effective interventions and identify suggestions to advance programs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 former users and 10 specialists. Preliminary findings from the first study on former users are presented.
The document summarizes the key findings of a consultation on the issues and barriers facing transgender people in accessing HIV and other services in Yangon, Myanmar. The consultation identified low levels of condom use and HIV awareness within the transgender community. It also found that transgender people face discrimination in healthcare settings, preventing access to prevention, treatment, and support services. Common issues included stigma, unfriendly services, and a lack of tailored HIV prevention interventions. The document recommends improving health services, reducing risk behaviors, and addressing discrimination in order to improve transgender health outcomes in Yangon.
AIDSTAR-One Different Needs But Equal Rights: Giving Voice to Transgender Com...AIDSTAROne
Although transgender individuals are a highly vulnerable segment of El Salvador's population, the national political climate has only recently begun to support HIV programming that is tailored to their needs. Additionally, limited access to medical services and legal protection and considerable societal stigma and discrimination means that organizations working with transgender individuals must meet a variety of complex and varied needs. This case study, one of 9 in a series, describes the challenges and successes of the Solidarity Association to Promote Human Development (ASPIDH), an NGO that promotes transgender rights via sensitization, education, and advocacy activities.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/case_study_series/aspidh_salvador
AIDSTAR-One Case-Study: Integrated HIV Care in IndiaAIDSTAROne
The document describes an integrated care program in Maharashtra, India that aims to improve HIV care and support for people living with HIV. The program establishes drop-in centers that provide economic support, counseling, and help navigating services. This reduces stigma and improves utilization of clinical services. The program strengthens coordination between public health services and community groups to provide more comprehensive support. It has led to significant improvements in care access and continuity while reducing loss to follow up. The drop-in centers offer a supportive community for clients where they feel at home.
Synthesis Prince Mahidol Award Conference 2017Pattie Pattie
The document summarizes a conference on social inclusion. It provides information on the participants, sessions, and key recommendations. Over 800 participants from 72 countries attended, with sessions addressing vulnerable populations like refugees, migrants, persons with disabilities, ethnic minorities, and those affected by HIV/AIDS. Recommendations focused on the need for political commitment to inclusion, reducing stigma and discrimination, recognizing intersecting vulnerabilities, and the roles of health sectors, scientific communities, and civil society in promoting inclusion.
The document summarizes a report on a project conducted by the International HIV/AIDS Alliance to address the feminization of HIV/AIDS in India. The project worked with 16 partner organizations across 5 Indian states to empower vulnerable women through community-driven approaches. Activities included forming support groups, conducting trainings and workshops, and raising awareness of HIV/AIDS, sexual and reproductive health, and legal rights. An evaluation found that the project increased women's knowledge, access to services, and the capacity of partner organizations to address the issue in a sustainable manner through community participation.
Will balbir pasha get aids full case studyAnand Saraf
The campaign "Will Balbir Pasha Get AIDS?" was part of PSI India's Operation Lighthouse HIV/AIDS prevention program implemented in 12 major port cities from 2001-2005. It aimed to increase condom use and access to counseling/testing services. Using market research, the campaign developed the fictional character Balbir Pasha to model risky behaviors through storyboards. The campaign used various media to raise awareness and address myths preventing condom use through Balbir's scenarios. It saw increased condom sales and counseling service usage, showing personalized stories can effectively engage audiences on health issues.
AIDSTAR-One Program Guide for Integrating GBV Prevention and Response in PEPF...AIDSTAROne
Like HIV, gender-based violence (GBV) has implications for almost every aspect of health and development. This guide serves as a tool for program managers to not only begin to address GBV within their programs, but also to plan for greater integration and coordination within country teams when designing workplans and budgets.
The guide is divided into several smaller parts. We strongly recommend reviewing all parts of the guide in order to take advantage of the full range of opportunities to address GBV and to achieve the goal of greater linkages between HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support. See Introduction, Guiding Principles, General Guidelines and Summary of Resources on the right.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/pepfar_gbv_program_guide
Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundations SECURE THE FUTURE? Programme Announces New F...Koos Dorssers
New research found that the Grandmothers Against Poverty & AIDS (GAPA) program in Tanzania has had a positive impact on grandmothers caring for families affected by HIV/AIDS. The GAPA program provides community support, psychosocial support, and income generation activities to empower grandmothers. A study of 301 grandmothers found that being part of a GAPA peer support group improved self-esteem and community cooperation, and helped grandmothers earn income. The GAPA program aims to reduce poverty and stigma faced by grandmothers caring for orphans due to HIV/AIDS.
AIDSTAR-One Reducing Alcohol-related HIV Risk in Katutura, Namibia: A Multi-l...AIDSTAROne
A growing body of epidemiological and social science research (see AIDSTAR-One's Technical Consultation page) links alcohol consumption with sexual behaviors that put people at risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. To better understand this connection, AIDSTAR-One is conducting a 2-year demonstration project in Namibia—a country with high HIV prevalence and heavy alcohol use. To inform project design, AIDSTAR-One undertook formative research to understand how bar owners, staff, patrons, and community members perceive the risks and benefits of alcohol consumption and to solicit ideas about approaches for mitigating the negative effects of alcohol. The results of the formative research are reported here.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/prevention/reports/alcohol_namibia
PSI India aims to raise AIDS awareness and promote condom use in major port cities through the "Operation Lighthouse" campaign. The campaign will feature Balbir Pasha, a fictional character, in mass media advertisements to change risk perceptions and social norms. Advertisements will portray real-life situations to encourage condom use and provide contact information for HIV/AIDS resources. Both mass media and interpersonal communication will be used to reach port workers, sailors, security personnel, truckers, sex workers, and the general community in order to reduce HIV prevalence in high-risk areas.
DAO_Systems Change News_January2012_vol.1_issue1Helen Dao
The document discusses health disparities faced by the Latino/Hispanic community. It provides statistics showing higher rates of teen pregnancy, uncontrolled high blood pressure, asthma, and being uninsured among Latino/Hispanic groups compared to whites. The document suggests that medical home providers may help address disparities by improving access to quality care for minority patients and reducing emergency room visits.
The document provides operating instructions for a ProMinent gamma G/4b metering pump. It includes:
1. An overview of the pump's control elements and functions, including its mechanics, setting range, and optional configurations.
2. Technical specifications for the gamma G/4b pump including flow rates and electrical requirements.
3. Instructions for installing the pump mechanically, including connecting suction and discharge lines, and examples of proper and improper installations.
4. Details on the electrical installation including operating modes, wiring diagrams, and connection options.
5. Commissioning guidance covering operating conditions, priming, metering accuracy, and using nomograms to determine capacity.
6
If you’re ready to put all the marketing hype and fluff aside and learn the real techniques for slashing fat and building muscle fast, I would strongly urge you to read this entire report from cover to cover.
Consult your physician before beginning or making changes in your diet or exercise program, for diagnosis and treatment of illness and injuries, and for advice regarding medications.
Finnish technologyindustry in numbers (October 2015)TechFinland
The Finnish technology industry is comprised of five sub-sectors: electronics and electrotechnical, metals, mechanical engineering, consulting engineering, and information technology. It accounts for 50% of Finnish exports, 75% of private R&D investment, and employs over 280,000 people directly and 700,000 total. While the industry has struggled since the financial crisis, new orders increased 14% in Q2 2015 compared to the previous year and order books were up 22% in June 2015, indicating growth in the sector.
This document summarizes the history of contamination at Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey and remediation efforts under CERCLA. Weapons manufacturing at Picatinny Arsenal since the 1800s has led to groundwater, surface water, soil, and air contamination. The EPA placed the site on the Superfund National Priorities List in 1990 due to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metals exceeding standards. Initial site investigations identified TCE and chromium VI contamination requiring remediation. The federal government and Department of Defense have funded ongoing cleanup through monitoring, excavating contaminated soil, and implementing land use controls to prevent exposure.
The document is an energy marketing agreement between a customer and an independent electricity and natural gas marketing company. Key details include:
1. The customer can cancel the agreement within 10 days of signing without penalty, or at any time with one month's notice.
2. Prices do not include additional monthly administration and other usage-based charges.
3. The agreement details the customer's contact information, chosen energy plan, and authorizes a third party to access the account.
4. The disclosure statement notes that the company is not affiliated with the government and that rates are not regulated. It also outlines cancellation policies.
This document provides a detailed discography of Elvis Presley's singles, EPs, and albums released in the United States and Germany from the 1950s through the 1960s. It lists all of his commercially released songs and records for each year, including chart performance data. The discography shows Elvis Presley's immense commercial success and popularity as a recording artist during this time period across multiple formats and countries.
The document is a resume for Asma Mohammed Twuir Al-Mandhari. She is seeking a challenging position in human resource management where she can utilize her skills and grow with a developing organization. She has a bachelor's degree in business studies with a specialization in human resource management from Nizwa College of Technology in Oman. Her skills include working well in a team, managing groups, completing quality work under pressure, and having knowledge about human resource problems and solutions. She is fluent in English and Arabic.
Owning accountability: options and requirements for teaching and assessment i...Protocol_Education
The document discusses the changes to assessment in the new National Curriculum in the UK, including removing National Curriculum levels, implementing a reception baseline assessment, and phasing in new assessment frameworks through 2016. It outlines the timeline for changes from early years to post-16 qualifications, options for schools to develop their own assessment systems, and the increased responsibility of schools to provide careers guidance for students up to age 18.
The document discusses how products need to create feelings in users in order to gain adoption. It suggests finding a product's "magic moment" that intrigues users and makes them want to use the product. While people are usually self-interested, showing them how a product can benefit them through their first interesting experience with it can help drive feelings that lead to more use. Creating a variety of alternative ways for users to engage with features can also help avoid boring users and sustain their interest.
The document summarizes a lab focused on analyzing gene expression data from a study on the transcriptional program in human fibroblasts in response to serum. The lab aims to analyze the gene expression data using Excel and GEPAS to identify differentially expressed genes. Students will learn about preprocessing, viewing, clustering, and classifying microarray data to understand how researchers identify significantly expressed genes from expression datasets.
This document contains C# code for a GUI application that demonstrates various data structures and exceptions. It includes code for:
1) An interface with 7 tabs, including buttons to demonstrate exceptions, data structures, queues, stacks, lists, and linked lists.
2) Methods to populate list boxes by iterating through collections and displaying their contents.
3) Event handlers for buttons that add/remove items from queues, stacks, lists and linked lists to demonstrate their functionality.
4) Buttons to launch forms from other projects to integrate multiple projects into the main interface.
What I learned from 200 projects (IDC Prague)Peter Boersma
Peter Boersma's presentation at IDC Prague (http://webexpo.net/idc2014/) entitled "What I learned from, oh, I don't know, around 200 projects". By going through my employment history at 7 interactive agencies plus my short freelance period, I gave the audience an overview of skills, team markup, the place of UX departments in the organization, deliverables and design processes and how they changed over time.
This document suggests that while one may not like their current job, they should be thankful for it compared to more difficult or undesirable jobs like being an electrician in China, a plumber in Hungary, a delivery service employee in Asia, a deodorant tester in Germany, a zoo keeper in America, a horse whisperer in England, a ditch digger in Poland, or a mobile toilet worker, which is described as the worst job. The document advises being thankful for one's job and hurrying back to it.
The document contains a series of yes/no questions and short answer statements about various occupations and activities. It discusses people's jobs such as being a policewoman, lawyer, farmer, singer, actress, tennis player, and musician. It also mentions activities like swimming, playing soccer, and practicing in a choir. Some statements provide incorrect information about people's origins or capital cities.
The document describes polar coordinates and how to convert between polar and rectangular coordinates. Polar coordinates represent a point (P) using its distance (r) from a fixed point called the pole and its angle (θ) from a fixed line called the polar axis. The coordinate of P is written as P(r, θ). Relations show that to convert between polar (r, θ) and rectangular (x, y) coordinates, x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ, and r2 = x2 + y2. Common polar graphs are circles with r = k, ellipses with r = a sinθ or r = a cosθ, cardioids with r = a(1 + sinθ), and roses
The spiritual meaning of the number 11 in numerology is that it represents new beginnings, purity, balance, vision, invention, fulfillment of higher ideals, and maintaining equality between masculine and feminine energies. Eleven is seen as a master number that contains doubled attributes of the number one. People with 11 as their life path number are often sensitive, intuitive souls who receive psychic messages encouraging them to maintain integrity and realign themselves if needed. The number 11 in general symbolizes opportunities to choose objectivity over subjectivity in life events.
Allowing Men to Care: Fatherhood Project in South AfricaAIDSTAROne
In South Africa, men are increasingly rejecting wide-spread stereotypes of manhood by stepping forward to challenge gender roles that compromise their well-being and the health of their partners and their families. This case study documents the Sonke Gender Justice Network’s Fatherhood project, which was designed to reduce HIV transmission and address related problems, such as gender-based violence, women’s overwhelming burden of care, and the preponderance of children in need of care and support.
Download this and other gender & HIV resources: http://j.mp/wnq6nT
This newsletter provides information on various programs and initiatives of VSO Namibia. It discusses:
1) Training that VSO provided to 90 volunteers and staff from 35 organizations on effective volunteer management systems.
2) Efforts to promote male involvement in home-based care through engaging traditional leaders.
3) The 1st anniversary celebration of Twiizuleni, an organization of 350 community rehabilitation volunteers.
4) Upcoming regional conference on addressing gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS responses.
AIDSTAR-One Civil Society and Government Unite to Respond to Gender-based Vio...AIDSTAROne
The document summarizes CEPAM's work responding to gender-based violence (GBV) in Ecuador through service provision, advocacy, and awareness campaigns. It describes CEPAM's history of establishing health centers and legal services for GBV survivors. It also discusses Ecuador's National Plan for eradicating GBV, implemented through partnerships between government agencies and civil society organizations like CEPAM. While progress has been made in laws, justice access, and awareness campaigns, more work is still needed to improve health and social services, increase funding, and change underlying social norms accepting GBV.
AIDSTAR-One Case Study - Risky Business Made Safer: HIV Prevention in Zambia'...AIDSTAROne
In Zambia's border towns and commercial corridors, the HIV prevalence rate has been spiked due to an increasingly transient population. In response, the Corridors of Hope program works in border towns and corridor communities to promote HIV prevention and testing efforts to the general population and among at-risk groups.
Download this and other HIV & gender resources: http://j.mp/xxZsfD
This document outlines a project to build the capacity of the Sudanese Coalition on Women and AIDS. The project will engage the wives of state governors to support women living with HIV. It will work to increase HIV testing and treatment uptake, reduce stigma, and improve livelihoods for women with HIV. The project will provide training to state-level partners on HIV facts and needs of women. It will support advocacy events and income-generating activities over 10 states for one year. Progress will be evaluated through discussions with partners. The goal is to mobilize policymakers and empower women leaders to better support the health and rights of women with HIV.
The Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa disproportionately impacted women in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone in several ways:
1) Infection rates were higher among women due to their traditional roles as caregivers, cross-border traders, and marketers.
2) The livelihoods of many women farmers, market vendors, and small business owners were compromised as markets closed and borders restricted trade.
3) Access to healthcare declined for women as facilities closed, increasing maternal and infant mortality, while women took on additional caregiving duties for Ebola patients.
Prompted by a growing knowledge of the complexity of HIV transmission, many countries are reassessing the nature of their HIV epidemics. "Mixed" epidemics, or concurrent epidemics experienced by both the general population and members of most-at-risk populations (MARPs), are of growing importance in HIV programming. Nigeria, a country with a range of regional and local epidemics, is now attempting to incorporate programming for MARPs into the national HIV response. This case study documents the country's analysis of its epidemics and the efforts of the Nigerian government to adjust their national strategic plan according to the results of the analysis.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/prevention/resources/case_study_series/nigeria_mixed_epidemics
Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundations SECURE THE FUTURE? Programme Announces New F...Koos Dorssers
The document summarizes research that found the Grandmothers Against Poverty and AIDS (GAPA) program in Tanzania has had a positive impact in mitigating the effects of HIV/AIDS. The research found that GAPA members benefited from higher self-esteem and saw lower levels of poverty and stigma in their communities due to peer support and income generation activities. Over 72% of GAPA members reported someone in their household died from HIV/AIDS in the past 10 years. The program has empowered grandmothers to support children orphaned by AIDS and influence policies affecting their families and communities.
This document summarizes research on the transgender population in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and the challenges they face related to HIV, health, and human rights. It notes that transgender people suffer discrimination worldwide and lack legal protections in most of Asia. In Vietnam, they are often conflated with MSM and lack recognition of their gender identity. The document reviews limited available data on health issues like HIV prevalence and access to transition-related care. It estimates the transgender population in Ho Chi Minh City to be 2,000-3,000 and notes a lack of targeted programs and legal protections for this at-risk group.
Engaging with persons with disabilities and older people to prevent sexual an...Gry Tina Tinde
1) Persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups are often left out of disaster risk planning and response efforts. This can lead to a lack of access to critical services and higher risks of issues like gender-based violence during crises.
2) Including persons with disabilities as active participants throughout disaster risk reduction and management processes is important. This requires changes not just to infrastructure but also policies and mindsets.
3) Women and girls with disabilities face even greater challenges, such as higher rates of gender-based violence and lower literacy, underscoring the need for an intersectional approach that considers the impacts of both gender and disability.
VSO webinar: Addressing social exclusion and gender inequality in ZimbabweJane Dustan
The document discusses the "Speak it Loud" project run by VSO Zimbabwe to address violence against women and girls. The project works with 15 local community-based organizations across 3 provinces to improve advocacy and response to gender-based violence through activities like capacity building, awareness campaigns, research, and legal assistance. The project aims to empower women's rights organizations, address harmful gender norms, engage civil society and authorities on these issues, and has seen impacts like over 350 cases of gender-based violence assisted and improved systems for partner organizations.
AIDSTAR-One Case Study: Avahan-India HIV/AIDS InitiativeAIDSTAROne
Launched in 2003, the Avahan-India HIV prevention program has become a global model for combination HIV prevention programming that meets the complex and varied needs of most-at-risk populations. This case study describes Avahan’s behavioral, biomedical, and structural components and how the program was able to quickly scale up its activities across 82 districts in India. To view this and other combination HIV prevention resources: http://j.mp/ztESbn
This is an invited presentation made in the HIV & Law ALA Fellow Program held at NCHSR, UNSW, organized by Shingua Univeristy & UNSW (Sponsored by AusAID, Govt. of Australia)
1. This document provides a summary report of Family AIDS Caring Trust's (FACT) project to strengthen HIV and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services for youth in Zimbabwe through approaches like Join-in Circuits (JIC) and Sista2Sista girls' clubs.
2. The JIC methodology uses games and discussions to provide over 4,500 youth with SRH information. Post-tests found most youth gained knowledge, and over 750 youth accessed voluntary HIV testing services. Sista2Sista clubs established safe spaces for over 2,800 girls to discuss issues like gender-based violence and distributed sanitary products.
3. FACT is making progress in engaging at-risk youth in rural
AIDSTAR-One Sex Work and Life with Dignity: Sex Work, HIV, and Human Rights P...AIDSTAROne
In Peru, where cultural norms emphasize women's subordination and the importance of masculinity, programs with a focus on gender—particularly those involving sex workers—are often underfunded and underrepresented. This case study (one of nine in a series) describes how three organizations focused on sex workers and transgendered and transsexual people have joined together to advance the rights of sex workers. The Sex Work, HIV, and Human Rights Program uses a democratic and participatory approach in order to raise awareness of human rights and advocate for sex workers' rights on both national and local levels.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/case_study_series/life_with_dignity_peru
Ekomenzoge. Mitigating HIV/ AIDS With Micro Finance In Namibia 2008Ekomenzoge Metuge
This document summarizes a microfinance program in Namibia that aims to reduce HIV risk among young women. [1] The program provides business loans and health education to 390 young women in the Caprivi and Kavango regions, which have high HIV rates. [2] Preliminary results found low condom use, many received gifts from partners, and partners often had other partners, suggesting risk was high. [3] However, the program aims to reduce risk behaviors over time through microloans coupled with health education.
AIDSTAR-One Technical Brief: Human Rights Considerations in Addressing HIV am...AIDSTAROne
This technical brief provides a systematic global review and synthesis of practical approaches, program examples, and resources to support human rights as a core element of HIV programming for MSM. This document gives an overview of U.S. policies on and commitments to MSM and human rights, and outlines recommended approaches, including program examples in various countries, for linking health and human rights to address HIV among MSM. It also offers a synthesis of questions for developing and monitoring HIV programs for MSM, and a list of program resources.
http://j.mp/vW4DT6
AIDSTAR-One Faith-Based Organizations and HIV Prevention with MARPs in MexicoAIDSTAROne
La Iglesia de la Reconciliación, VIHas de Vida, and El Mesón de la Misericordia are three faith-based organizations in Mexico that implement innovative HIV prevention activities with most-at-risk populations, including men who have sex with men and sex workers. They integrate messages on HIV prevention within a holistic approach that addresses spirituality, sexuality, and health. Through diverse activities like educational talks and workshops, as well as referrals to testing and care, these organizations help fill gaps and reduce stigma for at-risk groups.
AIDSTAR-One Evidence-Based Approaches to Protecting Adolescent Girls at Risk ...AIDSTAROne
Despite decades of investment in HIV prevention, a large and vulnerable population—adolescent girls—remains invisible, underserved, and at disproportionate risk of HIV.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/spotlight/evidence_based_approaches_protecting_adolescent_girls_risk_hiv
Conflict in Nepal has exacerbated the HIV situation in several ways. Women and girls displaced by conflict are often forced into sex work for survival, putting them at high risk for HIV. Economic migration of males has separated families, increasing risk behavior. Conflict has also disrupted HIV programs and health services. The government of Nepal has established a National AIDS Council and strategy, but it does not specifically address the needs of displaced persons. An effective response should include awareness programs, livelihood assistance, education, condom access, testing and care facilities, and advocacy for displaced people's rights. Organizations should conduct assessments, implement multi-sector prevention and care activities, and work with authorities and communities.
Similar to AIDSTAR-One Case Study: Addressing HIV and Gender from the Ground Up in Kenya (20)
AIDSTAR-One Report: Rapid Assessment of Pediatric HIV Treatment in NigeriaAIDSTAROne
This document summarizes a rapid assessment of pediatric HIV treatment in Nigeria conducted by AIDSTAR-One in 2011.
Part I identified several barriers to providing quality pediatric HIV care: human resource constraints, lack of caregiver involvement, limited disclosure to children and adolescents, adherence challenges, and inadequate resources at sites. It provides recommendations to address these barriers, such as limiting staff transfers, improving caregiver support, using age-appropriate adherence tools, and expanding electronic medical records.
Part II reviewed outcomes of 1,516 pediatric patients and found 4.2% mortality and 19.1% loss to follow up. Few health systems challenges significantly impacted treatment outcomes. Earlier treatment initiation and reduced loss to follow up are needed.
AIDSTAR-One Case Study: Targeted Outreach Program BurmaAIDSTAROne
The document summarizes the Targeted Outreach Project (TOP) in Burma, which works to scale up HIV programming among sex workers. TOP was launched in 2004 by Population Services International to provide health services and empowerment opportunities to female sex workers and men who have sex with men. It has expanded to 18 cities across Burma, reaching over 70% of estimated sex workers and 25% of estimated men who have sex with men. TOP operates drop-in centers that provide a range of free health services including STI testing/treatment, family planning, and HIV counseling/testing. It also offers social/economic support through small loans, education, and advocacy to improve participants' well-being and reduce risky behaviors. Evaluation data
AIDSTAR-One Co-trimoxazole Pilot Assessment ReportAIDSTAROne
AIDSTAR-One developed and piloted provider and patient educational tools to increase appropriate prescription and use of co-trimoxazole for eligible people living with HIV. Before and after the pilot, AIDSTAR-One conducted a mixed-methods assessment to analyze the effectiveness and acceptability of the co-trimoxazole tools. This report recommends adoption and scale-up of the tools in Uganda and other countries.
AIDSTAR-One conducted a 3-year demonstration project in Namibia to reduce heavy drinking and risky sexual behavior among bar patrons in a low-income neighborhood on the outskirts of Namibia's capital, Windhoek. This report describes how the intervention was implemented, monitored, and evaluated, and reports the final assessment results. It also offers key recommendations for future research and programming. http://aidstarone.com/focus_areas/prevention/resources/reports/alcohol_namibia_intervention_report
AIDSTAR-One HIV Treatment Guidelines in Guyana - The Fast Track to Diagnosis ...AIDSTAROne
This case study details Guyana's process for revision of their national HIV treatment guidelines, based on WHO's 2010 revised recommendations . While many countries are still working to revise their national guidelines in response to WHO's latest guidance, the National AIDS Programme in Guyana has been implementing elements of WHO's 2010 recommendations since 2006.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/treatment/resources/case_study/guyana_treatment_guidelines
AIDSTAR-One Implementation of WHO's 2008 Pediatric HIV Treatment GuidelinesAIDSTAROne
In April 2008, the WHO Technical Reference Group for Pediatric HIV/ART and Care released a series of nine updated recommendations for diagnostic testing, initiation of treatment, and appropriate treatment regimens for HIV-exposed and infected infants. This technical brief outlines practical implementation considerations for program planners and policymakers working to incorporate these recommendations into their local efforts.
http://www.aidstar-one.com/implementation_whos_2008_pediatric_hiv_treatment_guidelines
AIDSTAR-One Protecting Children Affected by HIV Against Abuse, Exploitation, ...AIDSTAROne
This document is intended to explore strategies to protect children orphaned or made vulnerable by HIV (OVC) from abuse, exploitation, violence, and neglect. The report draws from lessons learned by OVC program managers, designers, and policy developers—particularly those associated with the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).
http://www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/OVC/reports/protecting_children_affected_by_HIV
AIDSTAR-One Increasing Access to Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission S...AIDSTAROne
This technical report discusses the many services needed throughout the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and infant care services continuum and identifies potential barriers to service coverage, access, and utilization. AIDSTAR-One provides examples of evidence-based and emerging practices to mitigate these barriers.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/pmtct/resources/report/increasing_access_to_pmtct_services
AIDSTAR-One Prevention of Alcohol-Related HIV Risk BehaviorsAIDSTAROne
A growing body of research suggests that alcohol consumption is associated with the sexual behaviors that put people at risk for HIV. In developing countries battling severe HIV epidemics, addressing harmful drinking in conjunction with interventions to reduce sexual risk behavior may reduce HIV transmission more quickly than conventional HIV prevention interventions alone. Developed for program planners and implementers, this technical brief reviews the evidence on new and innovative programs in this emerging area. The brief catalogs what is known about the relationship between harmful alcohol use and HIV sexual risk behavior and offers a critical analysis of interventions to address the issue.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/prevention/resources/technical_briefs/prevention_alcohol_related_risk_behavior
AIDSTAR-One Meeting the Psychosocial Needs of Children Living with HIV in AfricaAIDSTAROne
An abbreviated version of the Equipping Parents and Health Providers to Address the Psychological and Social Challenges of Caring for Children Living with HIV in Africa report, this technical brief documents promising practices in critical services related to the psychological and social wellbeing of perinatally-infected children in Africa. These promising practices include the identification, testing, and counseling of children so that they are linked to appropriate care as early as possible, as well as on-going support to help children and their families manage disclosure, stigma, grief and bereavement processes.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/care_and_support/resources/technical_briefs/foundation_future
AIDSTAR-One NuLife—Food and Nutrition Interventions for UgandaAIDSTAROne
This technical report examines a nutritional assessment, counseling, and support (NACS) program in Uganda that uses a quality improvement approach to services.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/care_and_support/resources/report/nulife_food_and_nutrition_interventions_uganda
AIDSTAR-One PRASIT: Using Strategic Behavioral Communication to Change Gender...AIDSTAROne
1) The PRASIT program in Cambodia uses strategic behavioral communication to promote positive gender norms and reduce HIV risk among at-risk populations.
2) It comprises three initiatives - SMARTgirl focuses on entertainment workers, MStyle targets men who have sex with men, and You're the Man addresses gender norms among male clients of entertainment workers.
3) The initiatives use branding, peer outreach, and educational sessions to promote safer sexual practices and empower at-risk groups. The goal is to challenge norms that increase HIV vulnerability and portray at-risk populations as intelligent and able to protect their health.
AIDSTAR-One Caring for Children Living with HIV in AfricaAIDSTAROne
This report, Equipping Parents and Health Providers to Address the Psychological and Social Challenges of Caring for Children Living with HIV in Africa, provides information to better understand the psychological and social challenges faced in Africa by perinatally-infected children (aged 0-12 years), their parents/caregivers, and their health providers. It explores factors that contribute to the ability of children living with HIV to cope and thrive, and identifies the tools and approaches being used to help parents/caregivers and health providers provide psychosocial support (PSS) to these children. The report elaborates on the themes discussed in the Meeting the Psychosocial Needs of Children Living with HIV in Africa technical brief.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/care_and_support/resources/report/clhiv_pss_needs_africa
AIDSTAR-One Breaking New Ground in VietnamAIDSTAROne
1) The STEP program in Vietnam aims to integrate gender considerations into CARE's work by providing support services to male and female drug users and sex workers both before and after their release from detention centers.
2) The program recognizes that gender inequality increases vulnerability and provides gender-sensitive counseling, health services, job training, and social support to help prevent violence and relapse.
3) Services include pre-release counseling at detention centers and post-release drop-in centers that provide counseling, referrals, home visits, and community education with the goal of smooth reintegration.
AIDSTAR-One Emergency Planning for ART During Post-Election Violence in KenyaAIDSTAROne
In 2007, Kenya experienced a wave of violence following its presidential elections. This case study documents the emergency plans that had been in place to ensure continuity of HIV treatment programs prior to the outbreak of violence, and the events that occurred during the period of violence. It also highlights the changes to contingency planning for HIV that have taken place since the violence ended.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/treatment/resources/case_study_series/emergency_planning_for_art_kenya
AIDSTAR-One Emergency Planning for HIV Treatment Access in Conflict and Post-...AIDSTAROne
1) The document describes the challenges of providing HIV treatment in northern Uganda during the conflict and post-conflict periods. During the conflict, over 1.8 million people lived in internally displaced person (IDP) camps where conditions were poor and HIV services were limited.
2) After the conflict ended in 2006, the government closed many IDP camps and encouraged residents to return home. However, returning home presented additional challenges as basic services and infrastructure had been destroyed. Continuity of HIV treatment for those returning home was a major concern.
3) The document highlights some interventions, such as those funded by PEPFAR, that helped improve access to HIV treatment during this transition period from conflict to post-conflict reconstruction in northern
AIDSTAR-One Public Sector Response to Gender-based Violence in VietnamAIDSTAROne
Gender-based violence (GBV) is widely recognized as both a cause and a consequence of HIV infection. To help program managers integrate GBV prevention and response strategies into existing HIV, family planning, and reproductive health services, AIDSTAR-One conducted three case studies in countries where GBV services were available. This case study documents Vietnam’s Improving Health Care Response to Gender-based Violence project—a public sector intervention that builds on a medical model and links survivors to ongoing counseling and support.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/case_study_series/gbv_vietnam
AIDSTAR-One WHO's 2010 Recommendations for HIV Treatment: National Guideline ...AIDSTAROne
This document discusses challenges that national HIV treatment programs face in revising their guidelines based on the 2010 WHO recommendations. It highlights key changes in the WHO recommendations, including earlier initiation of ART at CD4 <350 cells/mm3, expanded first- and second-line regimens, and increased use of viral load and CD4 monitoring. While the scientific evidence supports these recommendations, resource-limited settings face challenges with adoption and implementation due to factors like limited funding and health systems constraints. The brief outlines lessons learned from countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia on successfully navigating the guideline revision process through measures such as streamlining procedures and prioritizing certain recommendations for initial implementation.
AIDSTAR-One Swaziland Action Group Against Abuse (SWAGAA)AIDSTAROne
Entrenched gender inequality is a major contributor to Swaziland's HIV prevalence rate, which in turn, hinders poverty reduction and national development activities. For the past ten years, the Swaziland Action Group Against Abuse (SWAGAA) has been addressing the links between the HIV epidemic, gender-based violence (GBV), and human rights. Although SWAGAA was initially formed to provide counseling services to survivors of GBV, it has expanded its programs to better meet the needs of the community.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/case_study_series/gbv_swaziland
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
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AIDSTAR-One Case Study: Addressing HIV and Gender from the Ground Up in Kenya
1. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES November 2011
Addressing HIV and Gender
from the Ground Up
Maanisha Community Focused Initiative to Control HIV:
A Program to Build the Capacity of Civil Society
Organizations in Kenya1
T
he fishing villages situated on Lake Victoria in Kenya paint
a peaceful picture with boats dotting the water and the
quiet of rural life. But looking closer, the scene is less than
idyllic. The Lake Victoria Basin is one of the poorest regions in
the country, and HIV prevalence is high in communities where
there is little access to information or prevention programs. In
fishing villages, poverty contributes to practices such as “fish
for sex,” where women trade sex for fish they can later sell in
ICRW
Boats along the coast of Lake the market, or consume. Many people living with HIV do not
Victoria (Bondo, Nyanza Province, know that they are infected because they have not been tested;
Kenya). as a result, many do not access care and treatment. Although
the Lake Victoria Basin has some of the highest rates of poverty
and HIV in Kenya, it is hardly atypical.
Thousands of local nongovernment organizations (NGOs) are working
to help Kenyans better protect themselves and change practices that
contribute to the HIV epidemic, including sexual and gender-based
violence (GBV)2, early marriage, cross-generational, and transactional
sex, in addition to poor health-seeking behavior. Yet NGOs often lack
By Saranga Jain, the know-how and resources to be effective in preventing HIV. They
Margaret Greene,
An AIDSTAR-One compendium and additional case studies of programs in sub-Saharan Africa that
Zayid Douglas,
1
integrate multiple PEPFAR gender strategies into their work can be found at www.aidstar-one.com/
Myra Betron, and focus_areas/gender/resources/compendium_africa?tab=findings.
2
In the broadest terms, “gender-based violence” is violence that is directed at an individual based on
Katherine Fritz his or her biological sex, gender identity, or his or her perceived adherence to socially defined norms
of masculinity and femininity. It includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse; threats; coercion;
arbitrary deprivation of liberty; and economic deprivation, whether occurring in public or private life
(Khan 2011, 7).
AIDSTAR-One
John Snow, Inc.
1616 North Ft. Myer Drive, 11th Floor This publication was produced by the AIDS Support and Technical Assistance Resources
Arlington, VA 22209 USA (AIDSTAR-One) Project, Sector 1, Task Order 1.
Tel.: +1 703-528-7474 USAID Contract # GHH-I-00-07-00059-00, funded January 31, 2008.
Fax: +1 703-528-7480 Disclaimer: The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States
www.aidstar-one.com Agency for International Development or the United States Government.
2. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
are unable to address the many interrelated needs of women and men,
PEPFAR GENDER and lack the capacity or funding to address difficult issues such as
STRATEGIES engaging men in program activities, reducing GBV and other human
ADDRESSED BY rights violations, and alleviating poverty.
THE MAANISHA
COMMUNITY FOCUSED In 2004, the African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF)
INITIATIVE began the Maanisha Community Focused Initiative to Control HIV
and AIDS (hereafter referred to as Maanisha). The program works
• Reducing violence and coercion
in Western, Nyanza, Rift Valley, and Eastern provinces to reduce
• Engaging men and boys to the incidence and impact of HIV by providing grants and capacity
address norms and behaviors building to civil society organizations (CSOs) to help them design
and implement high-quality HIV prevention, care, and support
• Increasing women’s and girls’
interventions. It builds the capacity of CSOs to promote behavior
legal protection
change among vulnerable groups, promote safe sexual behaviors,
• Increasing women’s and and facilitate access to home-based care and referral services
girls’ access to income and for people living with HIV. Through close linkages with CSOs
productive resources, including and government structures, Maanisha also strengthens the HIV
education. programming knowledge base to influence policy and promote the
adoption of best practices. The Swedish International Development
Cooperation Agency (SIDA) funded the program from 2004 to 2007,
and in October 2007 Maanisha was scaled up with funding from SIDA
and the U.K. Department for International Development, extending the
life of the program through 2012.
This case study describes how the Maanisha program addresses
multiple gender-related issues while working with diverse CSOs on a
range of interventions and approaches. For this case study, AIDSTAR-
One conducted in-depth interviews with key informants at the UN
Development Fund for Women, the National AIDS Control Council,
Liverpool VCT Care and Treatment, and the National Empowerment
Network of People Living with HIV and AIDS in Kenya. They also
conducted group and individual interviews with program managers in
Nairobi; field staff from the Western, Rift Valley, North Nyanza, and
South Nyanza regions; and program staff at Women Action Forum
for Networking (WAFNET) and the Women in the Fishing Industry
Project (WIFIP), both Maanisha implementing partners. Additionally,
AIDSTAR-One held focus group discussions with community
members accessing the Maanisha program through six CSOs to hear
their perspectives on how Maanisha was addressing gender in the
context of HIV. These focus group discussions comprised groups of
women—some of whom are living with HIV—as well as male youth
and mixed groups of men and women.
2 AIDSTAR-One | November 2011
3. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
Gender and HIV in Kenya and STD Control Program, established in 1987,
and the NACC, established in 1999, to specifically
In Kenya, HIV prevalence among adults is 7.4 coordinate the country’s HIV prevention strategies.
percent. However, prevalence among women is 1.5 NACC designed and implemented three Kenya
times greater than men—8.7 percent compared to National AIDS Strategic Plans from 2000 to 2005
5.6 percent (Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey 2007)— (KNASP I), 2005 to 2009 (KNASP II), and 2009 to
and females aged 15 to 24 are five times more 2013 (KNASP III)5 that embody the “Three Ones”
likely to be infected than their male peers (Ministry principle in addressing HIV across multiple sectors.
of Health 2003; National AIDS Control Council
Recognizing the interconnectedness between
[NACC] 2005).
gender and HIV, NACC created the multi-sectoral
Women’s and girls’ relatively higher vulnerability Technical Sub-Committee on Gender and HIV and
can be tied to social, cultural, and economic risk AIDS Task Force in 2001 to develop a strategy
factors, including practices such as female genital for mainstreaming gender activities into KNASP
cutting, widow cleansing,3 wife inheritance,4 (NACC 2002). However, while the government
transactional and cross-generational sex, and is currently putting in considerable effort to
early marriage (NACC 2009). A practice common address gender and HIV, some gaps still remain.
in Kenya’s fishing villages—as well as in similar In 2008, a gender audit of the KNASP II found
communities in other countries—is “fish for sex.” that most implementers and stakeholders in the
At issue is the scarcity of fish, which has forced national HIV response lack an understanding of
some women to provide sexual favors to fishermen gender concepts and the role that gender plays
in exchange for obtaining fish that can be later sold in HIV vulnerability, and that this can stymie
by the women. GBV between intimate partners is mainstreaming efforts. Further, the sex and
common throughout Kenya and condoned by men age disaggregation of data collected under the
and women alike. This kind of GBV was found KNASP’s priority areas has been planned but
to be strongly associated with an HIV-positive is not yet fully operationalized (NACC and UN
status among women participating in a study Population Fund 2009).
in Nairobi (Fonck et al. 2005). The 2008–2009
The Kenyan government has attempted to address
Demographic and Health Survey found that nearly
gender-related vulnerability to HIV. In response to
47 percent of ever-married women aged 15 to 49
high rates of GBV among children, particularly girls,
had experienced domestic violence, and over 20
in 2001 the government passed the Children’s Act,
percent of women aged 15 to 40 had experienced
which criminalizes GBV against children as well as
sexual violence (Kenya National Bureau of
harmful traditional practices such as early marriage
Statistics and ICF Macro 2010).
and female genital cutting (Government of Kenya,
The Kenyan government’s response to the epidemic Office of the Vice President and Ministry of Home
is led by the Ministry of Health’s National AIDS
5
The Kenya National AIDS Strategic Plan 2009–2012 (KNASP III) re-
3
A practice whereby a woman who has lost her husband subsequently sponds to new evidence from the Kenya AIDS Indicator survey signaling
has sex with a man in the community, or relative of her husband, to fulfill that the decline in the epidemic had stalled and incidence was concen-
a ritual cleansing. trated in specific groups: discordant couples, sex workers, and people
4
A practice whereby a woman who has lost her husband marries a male who inject drugs. KNASP III strengthens new approaches to prevention,
relative of the deceased, typically ensuring the deceased husband’s care, and treatment and rearticulates the commitment to effective and
property stays within the family. sustainable programming.
Maanisha Community Focused Initiative to Control HIV: A Program to Build the Capacity of Civil Society Organizations in Kenya 3
4. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
police, health, and legal assistance (Government
of Kenya, Kenya Police 2006). However, the quality
of services varies depending on the gender desk
officer’s availability and assessment of the victim
upon arrival at the police post.
Kenya’s laws on women’s rights to property and
inheritance at the present time are not clearly
operationalized. The new constitution, passed in
August 2010, guarantees freedom from gender
discrimination with respect to property and
ICRW
inheritance, but guidance has yet to be released
Victoria Women Group participants. on how to ensure this freedom. Most customary
laws prevent women from owning or inheriting
assets, including property, and traditionally
Affairs, Heritage and Sports, Children’s Department these have taken precedence over national laws.
2002). However, punishment is minimal, with However, the government has drafted a land policy
incarceration of less than one year or a monetary that prohibits gender discrimination in property
fine. To further strengthen the response to HIV and ownership, including customary law (Barasa 2009).
GBV, in 2005 the Ministry of Health developed a Another bill under consideration, the Kenyan
policy framework (including standards of care) for Matrimonial Property Bill, outlines division of
post-rape care. Training materials for counseling marital property between a couple, including those
victims of GBV and clinical care for victims of residing in polygamous households, although
rape were developed in 2006. Also in 2006, the inherited assets or assets held in trust are not
government passed the Sexual Offenses Act, which included in the bill (Mathenge 2009). Though this
issues penalties including imprisonment for rape, is a step toward gender equality, this property
attempted rape, sexual harassment, sexual assault, bill does not address gender discrimination
sex or attempted sex with a child, and deliberate in inheritance, which is now mandated to be
infection of HIV. The act also provides for the medical addressed under the new constitution.
care of GBV and of both victim and perpetrator
in cases of HIV infection (Kenya Law Reports
and Government of Kenya 2009, 3). However, The Maanisha Approach
enforcement of this act has been a challenge
because of fear among victims and of perceived Maanisha is Swahili for “giving meaning to,” which
stigma and discrimination from service providers and captures the program’s philosophy that involving
the broader community. Furthermore, the act also communities in their own health and in the
does not recognize marital rape. In general, domestic design, implementation, and evaluation of health
violence is not formally recognized by law. programs is crucial to addressing HIV. Accordingly,
Maanisha addresses multiple gender-related
The establishment of a gender desk at all police vulnerabilities to HIV infection by fostering the
stations in the country is another government effort capacity of CSOs to provide integrated services
to address GBV. This desk uses a referral process in in three ways. First, when CSOs identify gender-
which a female officer with experience in dealing with related challenges to the delivery of their services,
GBV is an entry point for victims of GBV to receive interconnected with those they already address,
4 AIDSTAR-One | November 2011
5. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
Maanisha provides them with training on new communities should not be passive recipients of
approaches that address these challenges that services but rather active contributors to solving
can be incorporated into their existing activities. health problems. Maanisha targets CSOs that
For example, in response to CSO concerns about address HIV in conjunction with cross-cutting
the challenge of involving men in behavior change issues such as human rights violations, stigma,
efforts around safe sex and GBV, Maanisha staff gender inequality, and poverty. Examples of CSO
provides training on male engagement using interventions include educating youth on HIV
guides drafted by AMREF. prevention, providing home-based care to people
living with HIV, addressing the needs of widows
Second, Maanisha develops networks for CSOs and orphans, and changing harmful practices and
and government structures to encourage sharing behaviors such as widow cleansing and violence
of lessons, approaches, and practices to address against women and children.
complex, interrelated gender factors that drive
the epidemic. For example, a project addressing In 2006, AMREF conducted a capacity assessment
behavior change around sexual practices in fishing in Nyanza and Western provinces and found that
villages added an income-generation component the thousands of CSOs working to address HIV
for women and began targeting men on risky (including those supported and not supported
sexual behavior to discourage the practice of “fish by Maanisha) were having little impact in their
for sex.” This project’s staff members learned communities and required more experience, skills,
about these approaches in exchanges with other and resources to be effective. They also found
CSOs and during network meetings that were there was duplication in efforts, that CSOs were
organized by Maanisha. not following national guidelines on addressing
HIV, and that coordination with and support from
Third, in working with hundreds of CSOs to address government were limited. Further, Maanisha found
a wide variety of community needs, many of which that existing HIV programming did not align with
include addressing gender-related barriers to HIV the Paris Declaration6 nor did much evidence exist
prevention, the program coordinates efforts across regarding the extent to which HIV actors embraced
CSOs to avoid duplication and provide communities the “Three Ones” approach7 in their programmatic
with complementary services that address efforts. Maanisha therefore began to strengthen the
interconnected needs. capacity of CSOs and private sector organizations
to improve their interventions.
Development and The Maanisha program consists of five
components:
Implementation
1. The capacity building component to
Project start-up and activities: The improve the ability of CSOs to design
Maanisha program started in 2004 in Nyanza and implement interventions through
and Western provinces with the aim of reducing
6
The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness is about program implemen-
HIV incidence and improving the quality of life for tation measures improving the effectiveness of foreign aid and stresses
people living with and affected by the disease. five principles: ownership, alignment, harmonization, mutual accountabil-
In particular, the program supports communities ity, and managing for results.
7
Kenya is a signatory to the “Three Ones” principle—one agreed AIDS
to develop and implement HIV interventions action framework, one national AIDS coordinating authority, and one
through more than 730 CSOs, believing that country level monitoring and evaluation system.
Maanisha Community Focused Initiative to Control HIV: A Program to Build the Capacity of Civil Society Organizations in Kenya 5
6. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
training and support. Capacity building messages and approaches to change risky
needs are identified in collaboration behaviors and practices among CSO target
with local stakeholders, and training and communities.
support are operationalized using an
organizational development and systems 4. The care and support component helps
strengthening approach, which uses one- CSOs improve health care access and
on-one mentoring with CSOs on eight referrals for people living with HIV, and
topics ranging from vision and strategy provides care and support to orphans and
development to administrative topics vulnerable children, as well as widows
such as budgeting and human resources and widowers who lost a spouse to an
management. HIV-related illness. Through this program
component, Maanisha coordinates with
2. The grants component for CSOs to relevant government agencies to close
undertake HIV interventions. Prior to gaps between community care and the
2007, Maanisha solicited grant proposals formal health system. The program also
using a “reactive” approach, where CSOs encourages health care workers to support,
submitted proposals based on their own supervise, and train CSO staff members.
identification of local needs and solutions
to these needs. However, a review showed 5. The knowledge management component
that this approach missed marginalized documents Maanisha’s activities and results,
groups, such as mobile populations, men and identifies CSO strengths and needs
who have sex with men, drug users, and related to their ability to document and share
prisoners, because these groups lacked the lessons learned, which guides Maanisha’s
capacity to compete for grants. In response, continued training and mentorship to each
Maanisha now also uses a “proactive” CSO. By building the capacity of CSOs to
approach to grant-making, wherein exchange lessons learned with each other
Maanisha selects priority areas to be and with Kenyan policymakers, the program
addressed and limits competition for these and its partner organizations have been
funding opportunities by targeting recipients able to transfer skills to communities and
that have not participated in past “reactive” influence policy and practices.
funding opportunities in order to build
these organizations’ capacity in developing Integrating gender: In 2006, the Maanisha
programming. project developed a Gender Mainstreaming
Strategy to identify gender gaps in CSO activities
3. The behavior change communication and address them by developing program
component promotes safer sexual behavior priorities, guidelines and strategies, and plans
among youth, teachers, parents, people for resource allocation. The strategy calls for the
living with HIV, caregivers, widows, people development of a gender-sensitive monitoring
who inject drugs, sex workers, men who and evaluation framework and gender-sensitive
have sex with men, people with disabilities, HIV programming among all civil society and
and mobile populations. Maanisha works government service providers. (This strategy
intensively with CSOs to develop their was under review for a three-year period and
capacity to design and deliver tailored was rolled out in 2010.) Maanisha also developed
6 AIDSTAR-One | November 2011
7. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
a Gender Analysis Tool for CSOs to assess their level of gender
sensitivity. PROGRAM
INNOVATIONS
Formative research conducted by AMREF shows that men’s behaviors
and practices often put them and their partners at risk of HIV, that • Building the capacity of
they are significantly less likely than women to seek health care, and hundreds of CSOs working on
that their involvement in HIV mitigation, including caregiving or serving diverse, locally targeted issues
as community health workers, is minimal. In response, in June 2008 allows the program to address
Maanisha developed Male Involvement Guidelines. The guidelines a range of gender-related
review the current situation of male engagement in HIV efforts and barriers within and across
outline male-related determinants of vulnerability. They also suggest communities.
strategies for increasing male involvement, some of which include • Targeting funding and capacity
greater investment in CSOs that work with men, building the capacity building to marginalized groups
of CSOs to increase male involvement and promote male behavior allow the program to focus on
change, and disseminating lessons and best practices on male vulnerable populations.
involvement to influence programs and policies. • Building the capacity of
CSOs and private sector
organizations, as well
What Worked Well as creating coordination
mechanisms between CSOs
According to project staff and participants, Maanisha has been and with government, can
successful in improving the HIV-related activities of CSOs, including help increase program
the quality of care for people living with HIV and access of people effectiveness, relevance, and
living with HIV to microcredit. It has also increased the capacity of sustainability (Wafula and
CSOs to address gender-related HIV vulnerabilities and to reach more Ndirangu 2009).
people, including marginalized groups such as prisoners, men who • Coordination efforts to build
have sex with men, and sex workers. networks among CSOs,
and between CSOs and
According to a client satisfaction survey, the Maanisha program has government structures, allows
successfully connected communities to health systems. District-level service providers to share
government structures are also increasingly working with CSOs in lessons, approaches, and best
improving health systems as well as mentoring CSOs (Kombo 2007). practices on addressing often
Maanisha program staff, in interviews for this case study, reported challenging gender-related
that community knowledge of services has increased, as has the barriers to HIV prevention and
way women and girls are valued, because of CSOs’ community mitigation.
sensitization activities. Community members now know that post- • The program has flexibility
exposure prophylaxis is available in cases of rape, for example. They to add in new training topics
also recognize that investing in women improves the entire family’s based on issues identified by
welfare. CSOs, allowing organizations
to address a multitude of
Among Maanisha’s successes is its ability to respond to specific related issues together.
community needs as they arise. In response to CSO feedback that people
living with HIV were left out of community programs and that prevention
Maanisha Community Focused Initiative to Control HIV: A Program to Build the Capacity of Civil Society Organizations in Kenya 7
8. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
widows and helping women retain property. To
address the challenge of engaging men, Maanisha
partners with the Movement of Men against AIDS
in Kenya and the Network of Positive Men in
Kenya, who train CSOs in male involvement and
changing harmful male behaviors such as multiple
partnerships and gender-based violence. The
program also uses the One Man Can campaign
(Sonke Gender Justice Network 2006) module for
engaging men and plans to adapt it for local use.
CSOs interviewed as part of this case study
explained how the Maanisha program has helped
them address multiple, interrelated gender barriers
to HIV prevention and mitigation. For example,
through Maanisha’s technical support, WIFIP now
ICRW
works to end the practice of “fish for sex” through
Support group meeting attendees. community sensitization on the links between
“fish for sex” and HIV, and provides training for
messages ignored their sexual and reproductive alternative livelihoods such as fishing, farming,
health needs and rights, in 2008 and 2009, Maanisha and income-generating activities. Maanisha has
participated in a Ministry of Health–led technical worked with WIFIP staff on designing messages
working group to develop Prevention with Positives and approaches to address sociocultural factors
(PWP)8 training manuals. These manuals, now associated with this practice, including poverty and
available to HIV service providers, aim to meet the traditional gender norms.
health needs of people living with HIV and scale up
HIV prevention. Maanisha is currently training CSOs Through WIFIP, Maanisha supports the Victoria
to disseminate community PWP messages to people Women Group, a small group of women living
living with HIV and community members. In addition to with HIV in a village outside Kisumu, to address
promoting PWP interventions, Maanisha also reviews a range of HIV-related issues in their community.
and restructures the budgets of a selected number of The Victoria Women Group provides HIV
target CSOs in order to enhance the roll-out of this prevention, care, and treatment to community
type of intervention. members, develops income-generation activities
to discourage “fish for sex,” and sensitizes
To meet requests for assistance in addressing community members on gender-based violence
the legal protection of women, Maanisha has experienced by some women after disclosing
linked CSOs to other organizations providing their HIV test results to their partner or family
legal support and to the Council of Elders, which members. Their work on GBV has been so
provides training on the inheritance rights of effective that one Victoria Women Group member
said, and others affirmed, “These days women
8
PWP (also known as Positive Health, Dignity, and Prevention) is a
(in our community) are so empowered that a
concept that recognizes that people living with HIV have a role to play in man wouldn’t dare slap us, because we know
HIV prevention activities based on basic epidemiological principles that
indicate that transmission of an infectious disease can only be brought to
our rights.” This group also partners with another
a halt if prevention activities focus on infected individuals. Maanisha- and WIFIP-supported CSO in the
8 AIDSTAR-One | November 2011
9. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
so silenced that they need help finding a voice.
EVALUATION The most vulnerable groups, including female
sex workers, young girls, and young women,
A 2006 assessment conducted by AMREF revealed must be actively brought into the grant proposal
that the organizational development and systems development and implementation process through
strengthening approach had significantly improved initial outreach and capacity building. In short, it
the processes, systems, and technical capacity, is important to mix community-initiated projects
including gender mainstreaming, of CSOs. An with targeted support of vulnerable groups,
independent midterm evaluation by SIDA in 2007 including young girls and young women, to ensure
documented that all CSOs had shown significant the needs and issues of all groups are being
improvement in management, governance, finance, addressed.
and resource allocation (Kireria, Muriithi, and Mbugua
2007). Engaging men is crucial to HIV prevention and
mitigation, according to the CSOs interviewed for
this case study. “Many men are the gatekeepers,
so changing the mindset of men is very important.
same community, the Super Victoria Youth Group.
[Otherwise] they block the gates,” said one
The Super Victoria Youth Group uses theater
CSO member. Kenya currently has no national
performances to target messages to men around
guidelines for engaging men, but some CSOs
prevention, alcohol use, multiple sexual partners,
have attempted to develop their own approaches
condom use, and drug adherence.
with varying levels of success. Among their
lessons learned is to approach men differently
Maanisha also funds an urban group in Kisumu
than women and with a greater intensity of effort.
called Women’s Concern, which began in 2002
“Men like being [sensitized] slowly. They really
as a support group for women living with HIV. As
need to be convinced…[but] when they accept,
a result of training and linkages to other service
they become more committed than women,” said
providers facilitated by Maanisha, Women’s
a member of the Society of Women and AIDS in
Concern soon expanded to address related needs,
Kenya (SWAK).
including community sensitization on property
inheritance, GBV, and early marriage. Women’s
Concern also engages in income-generation
activities, and members are being trained as
paralegals by Community Action on Violence
Against Women, another Maanisha partner.
Lessons Learned
Community-driven participatory approaches
are not always sufficient to identify the most
vulnerable groups in a community. Many
marginalized groups may be left out of the grant-
ICRW
making process because they do not have the
capacity to prepare competitive proposals or are Maanisha poster.
Maanisha Community Focused Initiative to Control HIV: A Program to Build the Capacity of Civil Society Organizations in Kenya 9
10. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
WAFNET’s experience is typical of many Maanisha coupled with other GBV services so that women
implementing partners’ efforts to address the can more easily obtain legal support.
sociocultural factors associated with HIV prevention
and mitigation. Program staff advised that on-the- Engaging men: CSO staff interviewed for this
ground service providers have learned that gender case study reported that engaging men in HIV
norms—and the community attitudes, beliefs, prevention and mitigation activities is extremely
and traditions in which they are reflected—are difficult. Men’s health-seeking behavior is minimal,
entrenched and often take a long time to change. often because they see disease as a woman’s
A focus on short-term results or programs cannot issue and because there are few health facilities
achieve sustained change in harmful behaviors providing services that address men’s health
and practices, they say. These lessons have concerns. At the same time, interventions often
taught them the importance of ongoing funding target women and leave men out. “Telling a man
and support for phased projects so that there is to accompany his wife [for prevention of mother-
continuity in program activities. to-child transmission] is a serious joke [if facilities
don’t welcome men],” explains a Maanisha staff
member in the field.
Challenges Finding appropriate ways to engage men in
Addressing violence: In multiple interviews for HIV-related interventions has been challenging.
this case study, Maanisha staff, program staff at Women’s Concern, for example, opened its
network organizations, and CSOs all reported that membership to men because they discovered
because GBV is common, and often considered that disclosure for women was difficult when men
acceptable in Kenya, women experiencing GBV were left out of counseling and support groups.
have very little social support and have little However, men who joined found it difficult to be
access to GBV-related services. affiliated with the group, as they were scorned
by men in the community who support practices
GBV presents a different challenge for women. such as wife inheritance. SWAK’s Male Initiative
Police must first determine that GBV has program, which seeks to train men in prevention
occurred before hospitals can provide services of mother-to-child transmission, has had low
to rape survivors. Women have reported that the participation. Program staff say that the tendency
police stigmatize them and sometimes refuse to assume that gender is a women’s issue “has
to assist them entirely, which is demeaning jeopardized development work in Kenya.”
for women in need of urgent medical care and
trauma counseling. Not surprisingly, community However, Maanisha staff report that younger
organizations report that women often do not seek men are being socialized differently as a result
any assistance after being physically or sexually of sensitization efforts by NGOs and exposure to
abused. In some cases, women turn to paralegals media messages. As a result, these men are more
who may be able to help them directly access open to rejecting harmful traditions, and there
health services. CSO staff suggest that women is more of an opportunity to work with them to
should be able to seek care from hospitals first, change harmful male norms.
and then have the option to work with the police to
address the criminal aspects of their experience. Programmatic challenges: While the
They also said that legal services should be Maanisha program has demonstrated commitment
10 AIDSTAR-One | November 2011
11. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
Addressing gender at the national level:
According to interviews with key experts in Kenya,
addressing gender in the national response to HIV
has achieved results in part because many gender
experts are selected based on demonstrated
interest and expertise, are well positioned within
ministries and agencies, and are retained to
ensure that activities promoting gender equity are
ongoing. However, senior ministry officials often
see gender as an issue to be addressed solely
by gender experts, and because these experts
are usually steering this process, these officials
can fail to develop their own understanding of or
ICRW
commitment to gender. This can be a barrier to
Community members attend a Women’s Concern programs like Maanisha as leadership is crucial
meeting. for addressing gender and its association with HIV
across sectors.
to addressing gender-related barriers to HIV
prevention and mitigation, gender is addressed Future Programming
only within the behavior change communication
component of the program. The program would Maanisha plans to expand efforts to address the
benefit by mainstreaming gender into all other prevention, care, and support needs of most-at-
components and could achieve this through risk and vulnerable populations in four provinces
training all project component managers in gender, of Kenya, including their ability to address gender
perhaps in the design of programmatic approaches inequalities, human rights violations, and harmful
that are gender-responsive, although training social cultural practices. Maanisha will accelerate
of this nature would require additional support. prevention efforts through a combination of
Having in place a resident gender expert on staff interventions including enhancing access to
who could train component managers on gender counseling and testing by youth, couples, and most-
issues could be another measure to support such at-risk populations; PWP; and promoting greater
gender mainstreaming efforts. uptake of voluntary medical male circumcision.
The program will promote involvement of CSOs in
Also, Maanisha program staff and partners are local and national planning by supporting advocacy
stretched in efforts to maintain regular support to efforts, including those on gender-sensitive
all 730-plus CSO partners, particularly those in programming and effective capacity building of
remote communities. Rural CSOs interviewed for CSOs. Finally, the program is also planning to
this case study reported receiving less capacity support continuous learning among implementers
building support and less access to tools to through exchange of lessons and best practices
help them address community needs, and were and improving and developing tools and approaches
less likely to be engaged in network activities, a to address challenges such as engaging men and
valuable resource for coordinating services. addressing GBV. g
Maanisha Community Focused Initiative to Control HIV: A Program to Build the Capacity of Civil Society Organizations in Kenya 11
12. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
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Barasa, L. 2009. Draft Law to Set Pace for and Technical Assistance Resources, AIDSTAR-
Land Reforms. The Nation, November 19 One, Task Order 1.
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/1056/691962/-/up7r82/-/ (accessed June 2011) Kireria, A., G. Muriithi, and K. Mbugua. 2007.
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and Ministry of Home Affairs, Heritage and Sports, House: Get a Court Order? The Nation, September
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Indicator Survey (KAIS) 2007 Data Sheet. Nairobi, Health Survey. Nairobi, Kenya: Ministry of Health.
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National AIDS Control Council. 2002.
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3 of 2006). Nairobi: The National Council for Kenya: National AIDS Control Council.
Law Reporting with the Authority of the Attorney
General. Available at http://www.kenyalaw.org/ National AIDS Control Council. 2005. Kenya
family/statutes/download.php?file=Sexual%20 National AIDS Strategic Plan, 2005/06–2009/10.
Offences%20Act.pdf (accessed June 2011) Nairobi, Kenya: National AIDS Control Council.
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Macro. 2010. Kenya Demographic and Health National AIDS Strategic Plan, 2009/10–2012/2013.
Survey 2008–09. Calverton, MD: Kenya National (Work-in-Progress). Draft report. Nairobi, Kenya:
Bureau of Statistics and ICF Macro. National AIDS Control Council.
Khan, Alia. 2011. Gender-based Violence and HIV: National AIDS Control Council and UN Population
A Program Guide for Integrating Gender-based Fund. 2009. Republic of Kenya- Gender Audit
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13. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
of the Kenya National HIV and AIDS Response. Dr. David Ojakaa, Programme Manager, HIV/AIDS
(Final Draft Report). Nairobi, Kenya: National AIDS and Health Systems Research
Control Council, Technical Sub-Committee on Email: David.Ojakaa@amref.org
Gender and HIV and AIDS.
Sonke Gender Justice Network. 2006. One Man ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Can Campaign. Available at www.genderjustice.
org.za/projects/one-man-can-campaign (accessed The authors would like to thank Nelson Otwoma
December 2009) (formerly of the African Medical and Research
Foundation [AMREF]), Dr. Meshack Ndirangu, Dr.
Wafula, S. W., and M. Ndirangu. 2009. Building David Ojakaa, Dr. Njeri Mwaura, Dr. Festus Ilako,
Community Capacity in HIV/AIDS Response: The Mette Kjaer Yvonne Machira, and Sam Wangila at
Case of Maanisha Project. AMREF Case Studies. the AMREF office in Nairobi for their gracious time
Available at www.amref.org/silo/files/building- and help in learning about the Maanisha program.
community-capacity-in-hivaids-response.pdf The authors also appreciate the wonderful on-
(accessed September 2010) the-ground insight gained from Susan Achieng
Olang’o, Jane Okungu, Gideon Oswago, Ignatius
(Baraza) Mutula, Steve Amolo, Milka Kiptoo,
RESOURCES Nicholas Lungaho, and Vincent Kutai, who
implement Maanisha in the Western, Rift Valley,
Integrating Multiple Gender Strategies to Improve North Nyanza, and South Nyanza regions, and
HIV and AIDS Interventions: A Compendium of to Titus Onyango at AMREF Kisumu. Thanks to
Programs in Africa. Maanisha (p. 53): www.aidstar- Ursula Sore-Bahati, Eunice Odongi, and Rahab
one.com/sites/default/files/Gender_compendium_ Mwaniki, for helping with understanding of Kenya’s
Final.pdf gender and HIV story. The authors are grateful to
the many local organizations that shared their work
Integrating Multiple PEPFAR Gender Strategies
and challenges: Easter Achieng and Shadrack
to Improve HIV Interventions: Recommendations
Oyier at Women Action Forum for Networking;
from Five Case Studies of Programs in Africa:
Martin Siquda and Deo Odie at Women in the
www.aidstar-one.com/gender_africa_case_
Fishing Industry Project; Truewill Comedy Troupe;
studies_recommendations
Victoria Women’s Group; Super Victoria Youth
Group; Honge Support Group, Orongo Widows
CONTACTS and Orphans Group; and Women’s Concern.
The authors were deeply impressed by the
African Medical and Research Foundation commitment of the Society of Women and AIDS
58 Langata Road, P.O Box 27691 – 00506, in Kenya and its members. Thanks to Florence
Nairobi, Kenya Riako, an esteemed translator and gender and
Tel: + 254 20 699 3000 / Fax: +254 20 609518 HIV extraordinaire. Thanks to the President’s
Website: www.amref.org Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief Gender Technical
Working Group for their support and careful review
Dr. Festus Ilako, Deputy Country Director of this case study. The authors would also like to
Email: Festus.Ilako@Amref.org thank the AIDSTAR-One project, including staff
Maanisha Community Focused Initiative to Control HIV: A Program to Build the Capacity of Civil Society Organizations in Kenya 13
14. AIDSTAR-One | CASE STUDY SERIES
from Encompass, LLC; John Snow, Inc.; and the
International Center for Research on Women for
their support of the development and publication
of these case studies that grew out of the Gender
Compendium of Programs in Africa.
RECOMMENDED CITATION
Jain, Saranga, Margaret Greene, Zayid Douglas,
Myra Betron, and Katherine Fritz. 2011.
Addressing HIV and Gender from the Ground
Up—Maanisha Community Focused Initiative to
Control HIV: A Program to Build the Capacity of
Civil Society Organizations in Kenya. Case Study
Series. Arlington, VA: USAID’s AIDS Support and
Technical Assistance Resources, AIDSTAR-One,
Task Order 1.
14 AIDSTAR-One | November 2011
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