3. -Human Immuno Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus
-Retroviruses are of course, too small to
see, so we need special techniques to see
them
-They are first stained with a metal
containing dye which blocks the passage of
electrons, thus being viewed by an Electron
Microscope.
4.
5. -The outer viral envelope consists of
protruding surface envelope proteins
-It is composed of two layers of fatty
molecules. On it are special ENV proteins
which help in the fusion of HIV viral
cells with the helper CD4 T-lymphocytes
and macrophages.
-ENV proteins consists of two
proteins:
the cap GP 120 and stem GP 40.
7. -Inside the capsid are two ribbon
like structures, that are two
molecules of RNA
- They have two complete copies of
each gene, called diploid
- Also present in the enzyme are
two enzymes : reverse transcriptase
and integrase.
9. -The viral genome has three genes:
gag, env and pol
- gag codes inner structural proteins.
- env codes for envelope proteins
- pol codes for two important enzymes:
reverse transcriptase and integrase
- There are many other genes which have
been discovered, but not well understood
10.
11.
Mainly through Sexual Contact
Mother to Child through Breastfeeding
Through Intravenous Drug Injections and
Blood Transfusion
12.
Is the most frequent mode of transmission of
HIV
Risk of transmission increases in presence of
other STDs and genital ulcers
13.
Pregnant mother if suffering from AIDS can
also transmit the disease to her baby through
breastfeeding.
It may also be transmitted during Pregnancy
and during delivery of the baby.
HIV can be transmitted through needlle
sharing during intravenous drug abuse and
needle stick injury
14.
It is the second most frequent mode
of transmission of HIV
Unsafe medical injections play a
significant role in spreading AIDS
Risks are also involved in dental care
and invasive procedures
15.
People receiving tattoos, piercings and
scarification are at the risk of infection
theoretically but no cases have been
confirmed yet.
It is not possible for mousquitoes or other
insects to transmit HIV.
There is no risk of contracting HIV by
sputum, nasal secretions, saliva, sweat unless
contaminated with blood
16. 1. ELISA or EIA Test
(Enzyme
Linked
Immuno
Assay) –
• Time Required- 2 weeks
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sorbent
Procedure- A persons serum is diluted
and applied to a plate containing HIV
antigens.
The HIV antibodies if present bind to
these antigens.
A
specially
prepared
“Secondary
Antibodies” is then applied to the plate.
The Secondary Antibodies is linked to
an Enzyme.
A substrate for this Enzyme is applied
and the catalysis leads to a change in
colour or flourescence
The most controversial aspect of this
17. Diagnosis
2. Western Blot TestConfirmatory Test for AIDS.
The cells that are HIV infected
are opened and proteins within are
placed into slab of gel to which
current is applied.
• The proteins are separated due to
difft. velocities and the charge is
leveled by a surfactant “ Sodium
lauryl sulfate”
•Presence of viral bands confirms
AIDS.
18. Diagnosis
Home testing kits- Used in
developed countries
• The commonly used kit is
Home Access HIV-1
•This has been approved by
FDI
•A sample of oral fluids is
collected by sticking it on a
special lancet
•The sample is kept on a
special collection card in the
kit which gives the result
21. Gene
Therapy- In it the immune cells
are engineered to control HIV for a
sustained period of time
• It focus on CCR-5 receptors on the
surface of CD/4 cells
•HIV latches onto these receptors in
order to begin its assault
22. Ayurvedic Cure – Ayurvedic
medicines prepared from cow’s
urine, tulsi leaves and other herbs
helps in the treatment
There is no side effects but it is time
taking
23. Preventive Measures
Use of condoms
Use of disposable needle and synriges
Screen of blood to make it safe from HIV
Regular Checkups
Ban on Prostitution
Education- NACO(National
AIDS Control Organisation)
NGOs play vital role
24. Conclusion
As AIDS has no cure, prevention is the best
option so it is rightly said
“DON’T DIE OF IGNORANCE
, FIGHT AGAINST AIDS.”
AIDS is a malady that can only
be tackled, by the society and
medical fraternity acting
together.
35. o
o
Location Islamabad
Mission
AMAL’s goal is to help eradicate the stigma attached to HIV
and AIDS so that the most vulnerable to the disease cease to
be the least informed.
o
Initiatives
Provide the best service delivery and education programmes
for vulnerable groups.
Bring about a wider understanding of HIV and AIDS and its
links to sexual and reproductive health, genderand
employment issues in the community as a whole.
36.
Location Karachi
Mission
To protection fundamental human rights and respect for
individual dignity. It recognizes that there are diverse
social and cultural perspectives on HIV/AIDS.
Initiatives
PAPS advocates non discrimination in all areas of human
endeavor regardless of HIV status .PAPS encourages maximum
participation of women and men with HIV and others affected
by the epidemic , in all policies, plans, programs related to
prevention , care and support , treatment and research .
37.
Location Punjab, Pakistan
Mission
To change behaviour through transfer of knowledge by
fuller involvement of vulnerable groups &
community/Youths.
Initiatives
AIDS Prevention Association is working with great
courage, determination and commitment despite of
financial constraints and limitation and working on
totally self-finance basis for eight years. It is registered
NGO and the coordinator of Punjab AIDS Consortium
(PAC) working under Govt of Pakistan & UNAIDS
Editor's Notes
Animated bending process SmartArt graphic(Intermediate)To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then clickBlank. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click Process. In the Process pane, click Vertical Bending Process, and then click OK to insert the graphic into the slide.Select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text. On the slide, select the graphic. Under SmartArtTools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArtStyles group, do the following:Click ChangeColors, and then under Accent 1 click Colored Fill – Accent 1 (second option from the left).Click More, and then under 3-D click Polished (first option from the left).On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT from the Font list, and then select 24 from the Font Size list. Select the top left shape (starting point)in the graphic, and then do the following: Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then under Theme Colors click Olive Green, Accent 3, Darker 25% (fifth row, seventh option from the left).Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click Change Shape, and then under Flowchart click Flowchart: Off-page Connector (second row, second option from the left).Select the bottom right shape (ending point) in the graphic, and then do the following:Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then under Theme Colors click Red, Accent 2, Darker 25% (fifth row, sixth option from the left).Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click Change Shape, and then under Basic Shapes click Hexagon (first row, eighth option from the left).To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:On the slide, select the graphic. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Entrance click Fade.Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box enter 1.00 second.Also on the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Animation Pane.In the AnimationPane, select the fade effect. Click the arrow to the right of the fade effect, and then click EffectOptions. In the Fade dialog box, on the SmartArtAnimation tab, in the Group graphic list, select One by one, and then click OK.Also in the Animation Pane, click the double arrow under the fade effect to expand the contents of the list of effects.In the Animation Pane, press and hold CTRL, select the first, third, fifth, seventh, ninth, 11th, 13th, 15th, and 17th animation effects (fade effects for the rectangles).On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click More, and then under Entrance click Wipe.Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, do the following:In the Start list, select With Previous.In the Duration box, enter 1.00 seconds.In the Animation Pane, press and hold CTRL, and then select the first, third, fifth, 15th, and 17thanimation effects (stretch effects for the first, second, third, eighth, and ninth rectangles in the path). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then clickFrom Top.In the Animation Pane, press and hold CTRL, and then select the seventh and 13th animation effects (stretch effects for the fourth and seventh rectangles in the path). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then clickFrom Left. In the Animation Pane, press and hold CTRL, and then select the ninth and 11th animation effects (stretch effects for the fifth and sixth rectangles in the path). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then clickFrom Bottom.In the Animation Pane, press and hold CTRL, and then select the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, 10th, 12th, 14th, and 16th animation effects (fade effects for the connectors). On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Start list select After Previous.In the Animation Pane, select the eighth animation effect (fade effect for the connector between the fourth and fifth rectangle). Click the arrow to the right of the eighth animation effect, and then click Timing. In the Fade dialog box, on the Timing tab, in the Delay box, enter 0.5, and then click OK.In the Animation Pane, select the 10th animation effect (fade effect for the connector between the fifth and sixth rectangle). Click the arrow to the right of the 10th animation effect, and then click Timing. In the Fade dialog box, on the Timing tab, in the Delay box, enter 0.5, and then click OK.To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.In the Direction list, click Linear Down(first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:In the Position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colorsclick Blue, Accent 1, Darker 25% (fifth row, fifth option from the left). Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 71%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors clickBlack, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left).