The document discusses various recent trends in engines, including homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines, lean-burn engines, stratified charge engines, surface ignition engines, electronic engine management systems, common rail direct injection diesel engines, gasoline direct injection engines, and hybrid electric vehicles. It provides details on the working principles and advantages of each type.
An introductory presentation about the concept of HCCI engines and some basic ways to control it.
At last some of commercial cars that would operate with HCCI in the near future.
An introductory presentation about the concept of HCCI engines and some basic ways to control it.
At last some of commercial cars that would operate with HCCI in the near future.
PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM USING COMPRESSOR AND CONTROLLER sam_e_square
this ppt deals with the PERFORMANCE & WORKING OF ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM USING COMPRESSOR AND CONTROLLER.
in this case we are using compressor instead of fuel pump.
Variable compression ratio and heat balance sheetdishantpati
Variable compression ratio is a technology to adjust the compression ratio of an internal combustion engine while the engine is in operation. This is done to increase fuel efficiency while under varying loads.
In this paper, the regenerative braking system (RBS) is implemented in the hybrid vehicle which is made to run using internal combustion engine and batteries. A regenerative brake is an apparatus, a device or a system which allows the vehicle to recapture and store some part of the kinetic energy that would be 'lost' as heat during applying brake. The total amount of energy lost in this way depends on how many times, how hard and for how long the brakes are applied. Energy lost during braking in this hybrid vehicle is used to recharge the battery. Since regenerative braking results in an additional increase in energy output for a given energy input to a vehicle, the efficiency is improved. It is used to improve the overall efficiency of the vehicle by 25% using RBS. The dynamo is fixed on the rear wheel of the vehicle which is beneficial in two ways, one that it helps to covert the kinetic energy into electrical energy and other that it controls the friction produced inside the wheel which in turn increases the life time of brake pads. Fixed at clearance angle using weld it shifts from wheel hub to wheel rim while application of brake giving more effectiveness to the vehicle.
PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM USING COMPRESSOR AND CONTROLLER sam_e_square
this ppt deals with the PERFORMANCE & WORKING OF ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM USING COMPRESSOR AND CONTROLLER.
in this case we are using compressor instead of fuel pump.
Variable compression ratio and heat balance sheetdishantpati
Variable compression ratio is a technology to adjust the compression ratio of an internal combustion engine while the engine is in operation. This is done to increase fuel efficiency while under varying loads.
In this paper, the regenerative braking system (RBS) is implemented in the hybrid vehicle which is made to run using internal combustion engine and batteries. A regenerative brake is an apparatus, a device or a system which allows the vehicle to recapture and store some part of the kinetic energy that would be 'lost' as heat during applying brake. The total amount of energy lost in this way depends on how many times, how hard and for how long the brakes are applied. Energy lost during braking in this hybrid vehicle is used to recharge the battery. Since regenerative braking results in an additional increase in energy output for a given energy input to a vehicle, the efficiency is improved. It is used to improve the overall efficiency of the vehicle by 25% using RBS. The dynamo is fixed on the rear wheel of the vehicle which is beneficial in two ways, one that it helps to covert the kinetic energy into electrical energy and other that it controls the friction produced inside the wheel which in turn increases the life time of brake pads. Fixed at clearance angle using weld it shifts from wheel hub to wheel rim while application of brake giving more effectiveness to the vehicle.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. TOPICS
Homogeneous charge compression ignition engine – lean
burn engine – stratified charge engine – surface ignition
engine – electronic engine management – common rail
direct injection diesel engine – gasoline direct injection
engine – hybrid electric vehicles – on board diagnostics –
variable geometry turbochargers – NOx absorbers.
3. HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE COMPRESSION IGNITION
(HCCI)
• Homogeneous Charge Compressive Ignition is an internal
combustion in which well-mixed fuel and atmospheric air are
compressed to the auto ignition point. This exothermic reaction
releases chemical energy which is transferred into work and heat.
Start of combustion in three types of engines
5. HCCI has two forms of combustion used in engines.
Homogeneous charge spark ignition and
Stratified charge compression ignition.
Here HCCI works with both gasoline engine and diesel engines.
Gasoline work under homogeneous charge spark ignition method and it
is also known as (HCSI). Likewise diesel engines work under stratified
charge compression ignition methodwhich is also known as SCCI.
7. LEAN-BURN ENGINE
Lean-burn means pretty much what it says. It is a lean amount of fuel
supplied to and burned in an engine combustion chamber. Normal air-
to-fuel ratio is on the order of IS:1. True lean-burn can go as high as
23:1.
8. Working Principle
• A lean burn mode is a way to reduce throttling losses. An engine in
a typical vehicle is sized for providing the desired for acceleration, but
must operate well below the particular point in normal steady-speed
operation. Ordinarily the power is cut by partially closing a throttle.
However, the extra work done in pumping air through the throttle
reduces efficiency. power
11. Advantages
Emit fewer unburned hydrocarbons and green house gases
Higher fuel economy.
A lean-burn mode is a way to reduce throttling losses.
13. STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINE
• The stratified charge engine is a type of internal combustion engine
which runs on gasoline. When compared with conventional internal
combustion engine, the compression ratio is high in stratified charge
engine. Here we use exhaust gas recirculation system (EGR) or
catalytic converters to reduce the emissions from the engine cylinder.
• Stratified charge combustion engine utilizes a method of
distributing fuel that successively builds layers of fuel in the
combustion chamber. The initial change of fuel is directly injected into
a small concentrated area of the combustion chamber where it ignites
quickly.
14. Working Principle
• In traditional engine, we use air and fuel mixture at correct
proportion for the working of engine. In stratified charge engine, we
use lean mixture which is so low in fuel which could not be used in
conventional engine. A pre combustion chamber is designed before the
combustion chamber where the spark plug is located.
15. Stratified charge engine
It contains a spheroid cavity that imparts a swirling movement to
the air contained by the cylinder during compression. During
injection, fuel is sprayed nearer to the spark plug, for turbulent flow we
use artifices life "swirl" or "tumble".
The working of stratified charge engine comprises of two modes.
Lean mode.
Normal mode.
16. Lean Mode
• Lean mode operates at very low engine load. Here the injection
takes place at the end of the compression stroke and swirl effect is
created at the piston cavity. Fuel sprayed by the injector is confined
near the spark plug and a very high pressure is developed in the
cylinder at this moment.
17. Normal Mode
• Normal mode works under very high engine load. When engine
power is required injection takes place in normal mode, during the
admission phase.
• This makes it possible to achieve a homogeneous mix, as it is the
case with traditional injection.
18. SURFACE IGNITION ENGINE
The other important abnormal combustion phenomenon is surface
ignition. Surface ignition is ignition of fuel air charge by overheated
valves or spark plugs, by glowing combustion chamber deposits, or by
any other hot spot in the engine combustion chamber. It is the initiation
of flame front by a hot surface other than the spark plug. Mostly
surface ignition is due to carbon deposits.
20. ELECTRONIC ENGINE MANAGEMENT
• It provides the information about how fast the engine is running or
where the crankshaft is in its rotation. ECU senses this information and
adjusts the fuel injection and the spark timing so that the engine speed
does not exceed the safe operating limits.
Purpose of EEM
• Controlling of Engine operation electronically by electronic
components.
• Benefits to the motorist, more power, better mileage, a smoother idle
andreduced operation expenses.
21. Basic Components of EEM
Electronic Control Module
Fuel Delivery System
Ignition System
Sensors
Electronic Control Module
It is a extremely reliable piece of hardware.
It process information hundreds of times per second.
It is actually a microprocessor.
It is programmed by the Manufacturer.
22. Fuel Delivery system
The fuel line passes through which feeds each injector
and it passes through a pressure regulator.
The surplus fuel heading back to the tank in the return
line. The air is taken from the atmosphere. It is mixed
with fuel just before the inlet valve by the fuel injector.
Ignition System
To maximize the Engine output, spark should be at the
precise moment.
Maximum combustion chamber pressure can be attained.
A mechanical advance distributor is used for this.
A spark advance map is developed and stored in the
ECU.
23. COMMON RAIL DIRECT INJECTION
DIESEL ENGINE(CRDDI)
CRDDI is technically efficient engine which is used to overcome
the problems such as improper automization which leads to more
unburnt particles, causing more pollution, lower fuel efficiency and
less power.
A diesel fuel injection system employs a common pressure
accumulator, called the rail, which is mounted along the engine block
as shown in Fig.The rail is fed by a high pressure fuel pump. The
injectors, which are fed from the common rail, are activated by
solenoid valves.
25. Principle of CRDDI in Gasoline Engines
Gasoline engines are using carburetors for the supply of air-fuel
mixture before the introduction of MPFI system. CRDDI principle can
also be adopted for gasoline engines. This engine is known as Gasoline
Direct Injection (GDI) gasoline engines.
Advantages of CRDDI System
Better pulverization of fuel.
Doubling the torque at lower speeds.
Improved power, increased fuel efficiency and reduced
noise.
Less emissions and reduced particulates in the exhaust
26. GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION ENGINE
(GDIE)
• In internal combustion engines, Gasoline Direct Injection Engine
(GDIE), also known as Petrol Direct Injection Engine or Direct
Petrol Injection Engine or Spark Ignited Direct Injection Engine
(SIDIE) or Fuel Stratified Injection Engine (FSIE), is a variant of fuel
injection employed in modern two-stroke and four-stroke gasoline
engines.
27. Working Principle
• The major advantages of a GDI engine are increased fuel efficiency
and high power output. Emission levels can also be more accurately
controlled with the GDI system. The cited gains are achieved by the
precise control over the amount of fuel and injection timings that are
varied according to engine load.
• In addition, there are no throttling losses in some GDI engines,
when compared to a conventional fuel-injected (or) carburetor
engine, which greatly improves efficiency, and reduces pumping
losses in engines without a throttle plate.
28. • Engine speed is controlled by the engine control unit/engine
management system (EMS), which regulates fuel injection
function and ignition timing, instead of having a throttle
plate that restricts the incoming air supply.
30. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
• Internal combustion engines produce an accountable emission and
are also less efficient at part loads. But electrical drives have no
emission, but varying in efficiency for limited range. In advance
technology, both aspects are combined and the hybrid vehicle is
formed. A hybrid electric vehicle has two types of energy storage units
by electricity and fuel. Electricity means that a battery is used to store
the energy. Fuel means that a tank is required in the form of I.C engine
to produce mechanical power. Also fuel cell will be used to convert
fuel to electric energy.
31. Types of Hybrid System
The hybrid systems are classified into three types.
Series system
Parallel system
Series-Parallel system (or) Combined system
Series System
In series system, the combustion engine drives an electric generator
instead of driving the wheels. The electric motor provides the power
to the wheels. The generator is employed to recharge thebatteries and
also provide power to electric motor to move the vehicle.
33. Advantages of Series System
No mechanical link between the combustion engine and
its wheel.
No conventional transmission elements (gear box,
transmission shaft) are placed..
The engine drives a generator to run at optimum
performance.
The combustion engine can operate in a narrow rpm
range, even vehicle changesthe speed.
The engine is never required to idle thus reducing
exhaust emission.
34. Disadvantages of Series System
The series system has less efficient. It requires larger
and heavier battery back up.
The power from the combustion engine has to run
through both the generator and electric motor. During
longer drive the total efficiency is less, due to several
energy conversions
The engine works very hard to maintain battery charge
as the system is not running in parallel.
40. Advantages
Total efficiency is higher at long distance and highway
Larger flexibility to switch over between electric motor
It does not require separate generator for recharging
since the motor regeneratesthe batteries.
41. Disadvantages
Complicated system.
If heat engine does not operate in correct rpm, the
efficiency will drop at low speed.
If the heat engine is not linked to the wheels, the battery
will not be charged.
• Examples
Honda's insight
Volvo 26 ton truck
Accord hybrids
BMW 7 series Active Hybrid
45. NOX ABSORBER
NOx absorber is developed to reduce the oxides of nitrogen emitted by
the exhaust gas from the lean burn internal combustion engine. This
NOx absorber is purely designed for diesel engines. Nowadays,
designers have the challenges to emit the oxygen from exhaust. The
3-way catalytic converter technology is the successful way for the
internal combustion engines.