The document discusses various recent trends in engines, including homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines, lean-burn engines, stratified charge engines, surface ignition engines, electronic engine management systems, common rail direct injection diesel engines, gasoline direct injection engines, and hybrid electric vehicles. It provides details on the working principles and advantages of each type.
The document discusses various alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel, including alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils, biodiesel, natural gas (compressed and liquefied) and liquefied petroleum gas. It describes the need for alternative fuels due to depletion of conventional fuels and to reduce pollution and global warming. The production processes of various fuels are explained along with their properties, advantages, and disadvantages when used in spark ignition or compression ignition engines. Modifications required in engines to use alternative fuels are also mentioned.
The document discusses emission formation and control. It describes the mechanisms of formation of NOx, HC, CO, and particulate emissions from engines. Methods of controlling emissions discussed include three-way catalytic converters, particulate traps, and EGR. Measurement equipment for emissions include chemiluminescence detectors for NOx and FID for HC. Smoke and particulate are measured using light extinction and filtering methods. International and national emission standards like Euro norms and Bharat Stage norms in India are also overviewed.
This document discusses combustion in compression ignition (CI) engines. It describes how in a CI engine, only air is compressed, raising its temperature and pressure. Fuel is then injected and combusts due to the high temperature and pressure. Combustion occurs in four stages: ignition delay period, rapid combustion, controlled combustion, and afterburning. Factors like injection timing and fuel quality can affect the ignition delay period. The document also discusses different types of combustion chambers and spray formation in CI engines.
This document outlines the topics covered in 5 units of a course on advanced internal combustion engines. Unit I covers spark ignition engines, including air-fuel ratio requirements, stages of combustion, factors affecting knock, and fuel injection systems. Unit II discusses compression ignition engines and combustion analysis. Unit III addresses emission formation and control. Unit IV covers alternate fuels for engines. Unit V presents recent trends, including new engine types and technologies.
This document discusses recent trends in non-traditional machining processes. It describes hybrid processes that combine advantages of two non-traditional processes to improve performance. Electrochemical spark machining (ECSM) is discussed as a hybrid of electrochemical and electric discharge machining that can machine both conductive and non-conductive materials. Electrical discharge diamond grinding (EDDG) and ultrasonic micromachining are also summarized, outlining their working principles, key parameters, advantages, and applications in precision machining. The document provides an overview of recent developments in hybrid and other non-traditional machining techniques.
This document discusses various advanced nano finishing processes. It describes abrasive flow machining, where a semisolid abrasive media acts as a deformable grading wheel to remove small amounts of material. It also covers chemo-mechanical polishing, which uses chemical reactions to soften materials for mechanical polishing. Magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto rheological finishing, and magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing are also introduced, along with their working principles and applications in finishing complex parts.
This document provides information on chemical and electro-chemical machining processes. It discusses chemical machining which removes metal through controlled etching using a chemical solution. Electro-chemical machining (ECM) removes metal through anodic dissolution when a workpiece is made the anode in an electrolytic cell. Electro-chemical grinding (ECG) and honing (ECH) combine electrochemical effects with conventional grinding/honing, removing mostly by chemical action and some by mechanical action. Process parameters like current density, electrolyte composition and feed rate affect the material removal rate and surface finish. ECM, ECG and ECH allow burr-free machining of difficult-to-cut materials.
The document discusses various recent trends in engines, including homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines, lean-burn engines, stratified charge engines, surface ignition engines, electronic engine management systems, common rail direct injection diesel engines, gasoline direct injection engines, and hybrid electric vehicles. It provides details on the working principles and advantages of each type.
The document discusses various alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel, including alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils, biodiesel, natural gas (compressed and liquefied) and liquefied petroleum gas. It describes the need for alternative fuels due to depletion of conventional fuels and to reduce pollution and global warming. The production processes of various fuels are explained along with their properties, advantages, and disadvantages when used in spark ignition or compression ignition engines. Modifications required in engines to use alternative fuels are also mentioned.
The document discusses emission formation and control. It describes the mechanisms of formation of NOx, HC, CO, and particulate emissions from engines. Methods of controlling emissions discussed include three-way catalytic converters, particulate traps, and EGR. Measurement equipment for emissions include chemiluminescence detectors for NOx and FID for HC. Smoke and particulate are measured using light extinction and filtering methods. International and national emission standards like Euro norms and Bharat Stage norms in India are also overviewed.
This document discusses combustion in compression ignition (CI) engines. It describes how in a CI engine, only air is compressed, raising its temperature and pressure. Fuel is then injected and combusts due to the high temperature and pressure. Combustion occurs in four stages: ignition delay period, rapid combustion, controlled combustion, and afterburning. Factors like injection timing and fuel quality can affect the ignition delay period. The document also discusses different types of combustion chambers and spray formation in CI engines.
This document outlines the topics covered in 5 units of a course on advanced internal combustion engines. Unit I covers spark ignition engines, including air-fuel ratio requirements, stages of combustion, factors affecting knock, and fuel injection systems. Unit II discusses compression ignition engines and combustion analysis. Unit III addresses emission formation and control. Unit IV covers alternate fuels for engines. Unit V presents recent trends, including new engine types and technologies.
This document discusses recent trends in non-traditional machining processes. It describes hybrid processes that combine advantages of two non-traditional processes to improve performance. Electrochemical spark machining (ECSM) is discussed as a hybrid of electrochemical and electric discharge machining that can machine both conductive and non-conductive materials. Electrical discharge diamond grinding (EDDG) and ultrasonic micromachining are also summarized, outlining their working principles, key parameters, advantages, and applications in precision machining. The document provides an overview of recent developments in hybrid and other non-traditional machining techniques.
This document discusses various advanced nano finishing processes. It describes abrasive flow machining, where a semisolid abrasive media acts as a deformable grading wheel to remove small amounts of material. It also covers chemo-mechanical polishing, which uses chemical reactions to soften materials for mechanical polishing. Magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto rheological finishing, and magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing are also introduced, along with their working principles and applications in finishing complex parts.
This document provides information on chemical and electro-chemical machining processes. It discusses chemical machining which removes metal through controlled etching using a chemical solution. Electro-chemical machining (ECM) removes metal through anodic dissolution when a workpiece is made the anode in an electrolytic cell. Electro-chemical grinding (ECG) and honing (ECH) combine electrochemical effects with conventional grinding/honing, removing mostly by chemical action and some by mechanical action. Process parameters like current density, electrolyte composition and feed rate affect the material removal rate and surface finish. ECM, ECG and ECH allow burr-free machining of difficult-to-cut materials.
This document discusses various thermal and electrical energy-based machining processes. It provides details on electric discharge machining (EDM) and wire cut EDM, including their working principles, process parameters, applications and advantages/disadvantages. It also describes laser beam machining and plasma arc machining, their working principles, types of lasers/plasmas used, and applications in metal cutting, drilling and surface treatment.
This document provides information on unconventional machining processes including mechanical energy based processes. It discusses abrasive jet machining where compressed air carries abrasive particles to impact and machine hard materials. Water jet machining uses high pressure water to cut. Abrasive water jet machining adds abrasives to the water jet. Ultrasonic machining uses high frequency vibrations and an abrasive slurry to machine hard brittle materials. Key parameters that affect the material removal rate in these processes are discussed such as abrasive grain size, gas/water pressure, and velocity. Advantages include ability to machine hard materials without heat, while disadvantages include low material removal rates and accuracy issues.
The document discusses advances in metrology, including laser interferometry and coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). It describes the principles and components of laser interferometry, including laser sources, optical elements, and measurement receivers. Coordinate measuring machines are discussed, including their construction, types of probes, accuracy considerations, and applications for precision inspection. Computer-aided inspection using machine vision systems is also summarized, outlining the key stages of image generation, processing, and analysis.
This document discusses measurement of mechanical parameters including torque, temperature, and force. It describes various methods for measuring torque using a Prony brake arrangement and dynamometers. Temperature measurement techniques covered include bimetallic strips, thermocouples, thermometers, pyrometers, and resistance temperature detectors. Methods for measuring force include load cells, strain gauges, and capacitive load cells.
1. The document discusses various methods for measuring different elements of screw threads and gears, including major diameter, minor diameter, effective diameter, pitch, flank angle, and roundness.
2. Thread measurement methods include using micrometers, V-blocks, taper parallels, and rollers. Pitch can be measured using a pitch gauge, toolmaker's microscope, or pitch measuring machine.
3. Effective diameter is typically measured using one, two, or three wire methods. Flank angle and thread form are evaluated using optical projection or thread plug/ring/caliper gauges.
1. The document discusses the syllabus for the course 20ME601 - Metrology and Measurements.
2. The syllabus is divided into 5 units which cover topics like basics of metrology, linear and angular measurements, form measurement, measurement of mechanical parameters, and advances in metrology.
3. Key concepts discussed include types of metrology, components of a generalized measurement system, standards, units, types of measurements/methods of measurements, types of measuring instruments, factors affecting accuracy and precision, and types of errors in measurements.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
This document discusses various thermal and electrical energy-based machining processes. It provides details on electric discharge machining (EDM) and wire cut EDM, including their working principles, process parameters, applications and advantages/disadvantages. It also describes laser beam machining and plasma arc machining, their working principles, types of lasers/plasmas used, and applications in metal cutting, drilling and surface treatment.
This document provides information on unconventional machining processes including mechanical energy based processes. It discusses abrasive jet machining where compressed air carries abrasive particles to impact and machine hard materials. Water jet machining uses high pressure water to cut. Abrasive water jet machining adds abrasives to the water jet. Ultrasonic machining uses high frequency vibrations and an abrasive slurry to machine hard brittle materials. Key parameters that affect the material removal rate in these processes are discussed such as abrasive grain size, gas/water pressure, and velocity. Advantages include ability to machine hard materials without heat, while disadvantages include low material removal rates and accuracy issues.
The document discusses advances in metrology, including laser interferometry and coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). It describes the principles and components of laser interferometry, including laser sources, optical elements, and measurement receivers. Coordinate measuring machines are discussed, including their construction, types of probes, accuracy considerations, and applications for precision inspection. Computer-aided inspection using machine vision systems is also summarized, outlining the key stages of image generation, processing, and analysis.
This document discusses measurement of mechanical parameters including torque, temperature, and force. It describes various methods for measuring torque using a Prony brake arrangement and dynamometers. Temperature measurement techniques covered include bimetallic strips, thermocouples, thermometers, pyrometers, and resistance temperature detectors. Methods for measuring force include load cells, strain gauges, and capacitive load cells.
1. The document discusses various methods for measuring different elements of screw threads and gears, including major diameter, minor diameter, effective diameter, pitch, flank angle, and roundness.
2. Thread measurement methods include using micrometers, V-blocks, taper parallels, and rollers. Pitch can be measured using a pitch gauge, toolmaker's microscope, or pitch measuring machine.
3. Effective diameter is typically measured using one, two, or three wire methods. Flank angle and thread form are evaluated using optical projection or thread plug/ring/caliper gauges.
1. The document discusses the syllabus for the course 20ME601 - Metrology and Measurements.
2. The syllabus is divided into 5 units which cover topics like basics of metrology, linear and angular measurements, form measurement, measurement of mechanical parameters, and advances in metrology.
3. Key concepts discussed include types of metrology, components of a generalized measurement system, standards, units, types of measurements/methods of measurements, types of measuring instruments, factors affecting accuracy and precision, and types of errors in measurements.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.