What do zoos teach us about human health? The history of wild animals in captivity teach us about species living outside their natural habitat, including the impact of diet and lifestyle factors on longevity and chronic disease.
Wild Animals in Captivity : Big Cats Animal Welfare, Law and EnforcementMelaku Tefera
(1) That animals should function well, in the sense of satisfactory health, growth and normal functioning of physiological and behavioral systems
(2) That animals should feel well by experiencing normal pleasures, free of stress
The domestic dog is a member of genus Canis that forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa, with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated, which implies that the direct ancestor of the dog is extinct.
Cleaning and disinfection of poultry house. Spreading litter material. Form a circle of about 5 feet in diameter with a brooder guard which can hold about 200 to 250 chicks. Newspapers, heat source, feeder and waterer arrangements inside the brooder guard. The birds should be allowed to occupy the whole house by the time they are three (3) weeks old.
Wild Animals in Captivity : Big Cats Animal Welfare, Law and EnforcementMelaku Tefera
(1) That animals should function well, in the sense of satisfactory health, growth and normal functioning of physiological and behavioral systems
(2) That animals should feel well by experiencing normal pleasures, free of stress
The domestic dog is a member of genus Canis that forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa, with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated, which implies that the direct ancestor of the dog is extinct.
Cleaning and disinfection of poultry house. Spreading litter material. Form a circle of about 5 feet in diameter with a brooder guard which can hold about 200 to 250 chicks. Newspapers, heat source, feeder and waterer arrangements inside the brooder guard. The birds should be allowed to occupy the whole house by the time they are three (3) weeks old.
Caterpillars are the larval stage of moths and butterflies .Butterflies are a kind of insect that changes completely as it goes through its life. A butterfly starts as an egg, which hatches into a caterpillar. Bees are flying insects that collect nectar and pollen from flowers. Crickets are a type of insect distantly related to grasshoppers. Crickets make a distinctive "chirping" noise. Dung beetles are insects that feed on dung. Maggot is the common name for the larvae of flies. The maggots eat the food, grow bigger and then pupate and turn into flies. Nits is the common name given to the eggs of human head lice. The lice lay their eggs attached to the hair, which you can see in the picture. Weevils are distinctive looking beetles. Many kinds of weevil are pests in cereal crops. So please protect our environment and live a healthy life.
Anna zoological park of Chennai, India resides a very rich animal diversity, whereas maintenance
recorded manually. Since, a research study was conducted to computerize their administration, maintenance
and ticketing fields were easy. Therefore, designed a database system named, Zoo Information Management
System (ZIMS) to maintain the entire details of the zoological park with an objective, to formulate user-friendly
zoo information management system for Anna zoological park. ZIMS was developed as a secured database
related to visitors’ entry tickets, to keep and maintain the animals’ details (birth, death & updates) without
manual effort and to store papers. Reducing usage of papers helps to keep green environment.
()A) What is the Scala Naturae who advanced this concept an.pdfpigsleypeyno82989
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A) What is the \'Scala Naturae\' who advanced this concept and why was it so widely accepted?
B) Who are these people did we talk about them? How are their ideas relevant to a conversation
a and why evolution? Malthus, Linneaus, Hutton, Lyell, cuvier, Lamarck, Aristotle, Darwin,
Mendel, Wallace
C) What did Lamarck propose as an explanation for how organisms change over time? Explain
how Lamarck\'s ideas are not supported by evidence?
Solution
A).The Scala naturae (Latin: the \'ladder of being\') is a concept where all the inanimate and the
animate beings are arranged in a linear order or single continuum. It is a continuous hierarchy
beginning with inanimate minerals, precious stones, metals, fossils (entity between the mineral
and the living), plants, domesticated animals, wild animals, humans (commoners, nobles,
princes, kings), celestial beings (demons, angels) and ultimately, God. Also known as \'the Great
Chain of Being\' in the Medivial period, this concept was given by Aristotle, in his \'Historia
animalium\'. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), the great Greek philosopher gave the first detailed
classification of living things as blooded vertebrates and bloodless invertebrates. The concept of
Scala naturae, was also propagated by Plato, Plotinus, and Proclus.It was widely accepted and
developed during the Middle Ages, and attained its glory in early modern Neoplatonism.
The Scala Naturae is a strict, religious and philosophical view of nature, arranged as a ladder or
hierarchy, moving up from inorganic objects to plants, through “lower” animals, to vertebrates
then to “higher” animals such as mammals, monkeys and apes, and finally humans. Darwin’s
\'theory of evolution\' conclusively proved that instead of a ladder, all life is connected through
branching evolutionary relationships or phylogeny. This phylogenetic scale, establishes a
hierarchical system where in the higher beings were more evolutionarily advanced than the lower
beings.
B).
Malthus published the Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798. He concluded that when the
human population grew more rapidly than available resources, natural disasters like war and
famine were inevitable .
James Hutton, 18th century Scottish Geologist, proposed that the earth\'s geological features
were formed by slow natural processes.
Carolous Linnaeus (1707-1778), Swedish botanist developed the binomial system or taxonomy
of naming organisms according to their genera and species. In contrast to the linear hierarchy of
Scala Naturae, the similar species are grouped into same categories. He observed that the
resemblance among species arise due to the pattern of creation rather than the evolutionary
relation.
George Cuvier, the French scientist, was the first to document extinctions of ancient animals like
dinosaurs and is internationally accepted as expert on the topic. He advocated the theory of
catastrophism, where violent and sudden natural catastrophes like great floods lead to the
formation .
First year SBC174 Evolution course - week 2
1. NeoDarwinism/ModernSynthesis
2. Major transitions in Evolution
3. Geological Timescales
4. Some drivers of evolution
AHS13 Grayson Wheatley - What is Optimal Health? Complexity Science, Chaos Th...Ancestral Health Society
An ancestral lifestyle relies on alignment of nutrition, physical activity and sleep for achieving optimal health and well-being. New research in complexity science - a rapidly evolving body of work that studies dynamic networking systems - has cast doubt on the effectiveness of how we measure expected outcomes in health and medicine. Complex systems may better explain human health by focusing not on single data elements as “cause-and-effect” but on the interactions among complex biological systems. The implications of complexity science and chaos theory on leading an ancestral lifestyle and achieving optimal health will be discussed.
AHS13 Adele Hite - The Real Paleo Challenge: How a Fad on the Fringe Can Beco...Ancestral Health Society
Adele's AHS13 talk, The Real Paleo Challenge: How a Fad on the Fringe Can Become a Force for Change, may be viewed on our youtube channel:
http://youtu.be/l1r8yF02oc8
For complete schedule, bios, abstracts, please see our website:
http://www.ancestralhealth.org/post/ahs13-detailed-schedule
Dr. Lassek's talk may be viewed here:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJhT_ANNy4E
Abstract: One puzzle is why human males have such a strong preference for women with hourglass figures and low weights that can compromise fertility. The second is why slender young women typically have about one third of their weight in body fat, more than bears starting to hibernate, and why human infants are also very fat. Finally, why do women typically gain another twenty pounds or more during their reproductive years? The answer may lie in the roles that fat plays in providing essential fatty acids needed for the growth of a very large brain and in regulating overall fetal growth.
Over the past century, industrialized societies have seen a meteoric rise in the so-called diseases of civilization: obesity, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, autoimmune disease and cancer. These disorders are often associated with apparent "deficiencies" in critical nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and hormones. This talk will examine the arguments for and against supplementation, together with the evidence from interventional studies. The focus will be on the supplementation with Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and calcium. I will argue that the case for supplementation as a long-term preventive strategy has not be made, and often overlooks the compensating effects of homeostatic regulation.
AHS13 Stephan Guyenet Insulin and Obesity: Reconciling Conflicting Evidence Ancestral Health Society
The pancreatic hormone insulin regulates the trafficking and metabolism of carbohydrate and fat. Since insulin influences fatty acid flux in fat tissue, and manipulating insulin can influence body fatness, this has raised the possibility that insulin plays a role in common obesity. Two competing hypotheses propose that 1) elevated insulin is a compensatory response to insulin resistance that develops with fat gain, or 2) elevated insulin outpaces insulin resistance and favors fat gain. Each hypothesis appears to be supported by a large amount of evidence. This presentation will outline a framework capable of reconciling this seemingly conflicting evidence.
AHS13 Tony Federico — Processed Foods and Processed Friends: Is Facebook a Ne...Ancestral Health Society
Human beings crave social connection in much the same way that we crave sugary, salty, and fatty foods. In this sense, smartphone enabled social media use parallels the fast food drive-through. Chronic daily use of social media can create dependency and is a threat to emotional and psychological well-being just as over consumption of energy dense foods can lead to diabetes, heart disease, and other diseases of civilization. Moderating the consumption of "processed friends" is just as important as moderating the consumption of processed foods for maintaining and improving total health and wellness.
AHS13 Tim Gerstmar - It Ain't Your Great-Grandparents World: Environmental To...Ancestral Health Society
Humanity has released approximately 100,000 new chemical compounds into the environment, mostly in the past 100 years. Compounds our bodies have never seen before and weren't designed to deal with. In this talk we will discuss some of the common environmental toxins and how they have been shown to be harmful to human health. We will also discuss: testing methods for quantifying toxicity, how the body detoxifies (the seven organs involved) and provide simple methods audience members can take to reduce their toxic burden, as well as briefly discuss more intensive, physician practices for detoxification for people who need it.
AHS13 Hamilton Stapell — The End of Paleo: Is the Ancestral Health Movement G...Ancestral Health Society
Hamilton's talk may be viewed at http://youtu.be/ArcSIg3cYcw
Complete abstracts along with presenter bios and photos, are available on our website:
http://www.ancestralhealth.org/post/2013-ancestral-health-symposium-ahs13
Abstract:
The current Ancestral Health movement is often thought to be on the verge of going mainstream. Many within the movement believe this would lead to positive health (and financial) outcomes for both individuals and society as a whole. However, the transition from a small, highly-devoted group of adherents to a mass following will be far more difficult than commonly assumed. In addition, this presentation will gauge the current size of the Ancestral Health movement by examining empirical data. It also identifies the two types of individuals that typically go paleo. The key commonality between both groups is a very high level of motivation, which also suggests limited penetration of the Ancestral Health movement in the future.
AHS13 Alyssa Rhoden — Give Them Grains? Analyzing Approaches to World Hunger Ancestral Health Society
Feeding the world is a compelling problem that is expected to worsen. A proposed solution is to increase the number of available calories by diverting more crops from animal feed to direct human consumption. I analyze this approach, taking into account the types of food that can be produced. The results indicate that current crops are rather poor at delivering nutritious food and that repurposing grains is an unlikely solution to world hunger. I will discuss alternative methods by which we can maximize production of nutritious foods and the importance of the ancestral health community’s involvement in the sustainable agriculture movement.
Depression is an insidious issue in the US and elsewhere. Lifestyle habits that are very different from our ancestral environment may be to blame, and one particularly problematic area is food choice. Depressive symptoms share much in common with the adaptive features of sickness behavior, which is functional when operating in an environment of ancestrally normal immune stressor. Modern diets likely activate the immune system (primarily the inflammatory response) and induce the cascade of adaptive responses that collective make up sickness behavior. Due to their similarities, these may then diagnosed as depression. In this talk, I discuss the links among diet, depression, and inflammation, as well as highlighting some specific dietary components that contribute to this response.
AHS13 Paul Ralston — The Effect of Diet on Chronic Spinal Pain Disorders Ancestral Health Society
Despite the high frequency of spinal related pain disorders, few patients or physicians understand or even acknowledge the role nutrition plays in pain perception. This presentation will explain the anatomy of the most common spinal structures responsible for being sources of pain. The lecture will also examine the robust role diet plays in increasing or decreasing the perception of pain.
AHS13 Shilpi Mehta — Nutrition for the Eyes, Brain and Heart: An Eye Doctor's...Ancestral Health Society
Ocular health is strongly connected to systemic body health especially in cardiovascular, neuronal, and inflammatory diseases. The eye is the window to the health of the body and inflammation elsewhere can manifest symptoms in the eye. I suggest an anti-inflammatory Paleolithic inspired diet is likely to improve and possibly prevent ocular diseases such as dry eyes, cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, etc. which have inflammatory origins. I will discuss common ocular conditions that have inflammatory causes, an evolutionary perspective on eye diseases, and offer practical recommendations for food and supplements to optimize eye health, which also help the body, especially the heart and brain.
Persistent lack of progress by mainstream (non-evolutionary) medicine suggests evolutionary thinking is necessary for progress, but many examples – involving Weston Price, sleep, depression, weight control, omega-3, acne, depression, and fermented foods -- suggest it is far from sufficient. Evolutionary thinking helps solve health problems because it greatly narrows the possibilities worth study but it does not narrow the possibilities far enough (there is too much uncertainty) to by itself produce practical solutions. For example, evolutionary thinking helped me find a new theory of weight control but I had learn more to find a practical way to lose weight.
Dry Eye Disease (DED) has become a substantial economic burden to industrialized society. It is estimated to cost as much as $18K/year/patient in lost productivity for a total of $55B/year in the United States alone. Severe, untreated dry eye disease can result in significant morbidity and potential loss of vision. The role that diet plays in the inflammation and lipid abnormalities associated with dry eye disease has only recently been discovered and is still not widely accepted in the medical community.
AHS13 Colin Champ — Intermittent Fasting and Carbohydrate Restriction in Canc...Ancestral Health Society
Dietary manipulation, including intermittent fasting, carbohydrate restriction, and ketogenic diets, all ancestral in etiology, appear to increase the efficacy of radiation therapy for cancer treatment in preclinical and clinical trials. Clinical trials incorporating such dietary manipulation are necessary.
AHS13 Anastasia Boulais — Is Sun Worshipping Increasing Your Risk of Melanoma? Ancestral Health Society
Those of us familiar with the evolutionary medicine model have come to question many of the conventional public health recommendations and, along with them, the complete sun avoidance. Dr Anastasia Boulais will describe the delicate balance between the benefits and risks of sun worshipping based on current evidence. The talk will focus on particular patterns of sun exposure which may increase the risk of formation of cutaneous melanoma. Other factors, such as diet, vitamin D status and even training patterns, contributing to that risk will be discussed. Anastasia will conclude with an overview of protective lifestyle factors.
AHS13 Jeffrey Rothschild — Time-restricted Feeding, an Overview of the Curren...Ancestral Health Society
Time-restricted feeding is a method of intermittent fasting which allows ad libitum energy intake within a window of 4-12 hours, inducing a 12-20h daily fasted window. A wide variety of health benefits have been seen in animal and human trials, this presentation will review the current research and suggest practical applications.
AHS13 Russ Crandall and Paul Jaminet — The Perfectly Healthy Meal: How Ancest...Ancestral Health Society
We examine the principles of recipe and meal design in three approaches – standard Paleo, traditional cuisines, and Perfect Health Diet – to evaluate their similarities and differences. We then compare and contrast how various traditional recipes are implemented in the three approaches, and discuss the relative merits of each approach. Our goal is to answer the question: how can we synthesize the best of each approach to design the most healthful, satisfying, nourishing, delicious food possible?
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
4. References Books A Different Nature by David Hancocks Zoo Animals: Behavior, Management, and Welfare by Hoesy, Melfi, Pankhurst Animals Make Us Human by Temple Grandin Wild Animals in Captivity by HeiniHediger … Interviews Jon Coe (Jon Coe Designs) Kristin Lukas, Elena Less (Gorilla Species Survival Plan, Cleveland Zoo) Gary Lee (CLR Design) David Towne (Woodland Park Zoo) Ron Kagan (Detroit Zoo) Papers (various)
6. Zoos teach us about removing animals from their natural habitat Longevity and mortality (extrinsic vs. intrinsic causes of mortality, lifespan, aging) Lifestyle factors and health (diet, movement, sun, social groupings, sleep, and chronic disease) The human element (cost, bureaucratic rules, conventional wisdom, commercial influences) A neutral approach to health (carnivores, omnivores, herbivores, insectivores, frugivores, predators, prey, warm-blooded, cold-blooded, animals, plants, etc.)
7. Outline Intro: Jumbo the Elephant A brief history of zoos Habitat design and health A neutral approach to health Close: The importance of zoos
9. Before Jumbo was jumbo 1860-1861: Born, captured in Sudan ~1862: Bought by Paris Zoo (Ménagerie du Jardindes Plantes) ~1862-1865: Neglected and malnourished 1865: Traded to the London Zoo, arrived in London covered in sores
22. 1991 – Impacted molars “His unnatural diet, devoid of coarse grasses, leaves, and the roughage of bark, dirt, and roots, did not allow his molars to wear sufficiently quickly, and when his fifth pair erupted, they buckled and grew inward.” Source: Van Gelder, Richard G. (1991) A Big Pain, Natural History, 100: 22 in A Different Nature (Hancocks)
23. The Jumbo Diet™ Daily 200 lbs. of hay 2 bushels of oats 1 bushel of sweet biscuits 15 loaves of bread 3 quarts of onions Occasional Buckets of apples, oranges, figs, nuts, cakes, and candies “enthusiastically taken hefty swigs of whiskey” Source: Preston, D. J. (1983) Jumbo, king of elephants, Natural History, 92: 80–3 in A Different Nature (Hancocks)
24. Jumbo’s Story What is normal? What is the role of zoos? How do you keep wild animals healthy? How can zoos influence the popular imagination?
27. A 3-word history of humanity WILD AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIAL Hunter-Gatherers Herder-Farmers Producer-Consumers
28. A brief history of wild animals in captivity AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIAL WILD Royal Menageries Zoological Gardens none / small scale
29. Timeline WILD [small scale: trap, tame, domesticate] Agricultural Revolution 3,500 BCE – Hierakonpolis (Egypt) 1,150 BCE – Tanki (China) 1,100 BCE – Tiglath-Pileser(Assyria) 600 BCE – Nebuchadnezzar II (Babylon) 300 BCE – Roman gladiatorial games 1521 – Montezuma’s menagerie (Aztec) destroyed by Cortez 1626 – Menagerie at Versailles 1795 – Menagerie du Jardin des Plantes (Paris) 1826 – Zoological Society of London forms 1828 – Zoological Gardens opens 1849 – First reptile house opens 1853 – First public aquarium opens 1867 – The word “zoo” appears in OED DOMESTICATED Industrial Revolution INDUSTRIAL
30. Agricultural: Royal Menageries power, prestige, control over Nature, blood sport Nero (37-68 AD). "Christians Flung To The Wild Beasts", engraving from “A Popular History of Rome” by D. Rose, 1886.
31. Agricultural: Royal Menageries power, prestige, control over Nature, bloodsport Menagerie at Versailles under Louis XIV (1660s)
39. Information: Habitat Immersion Nature is the model, habitat-based, holistic, enrichment Woodland Park Zoo, Gorilla Exhibit by Jones and Jones (1978-79)
57. The Veil of Ignorance in morality “no one knows his place in society, his class position or social status; nor does he know his fortune in the distribution of natural assets and abilities, his intelligence and strength, and the like" A tool for designing a moral habitat
58. A tool for designing a healthy habitat The Veil of Ignorance in health “no one knows his place in Nature, his genus or species; nor does he know his fortune in the distribution of natural assets and abilities, his intelligence and strength, and the like"
59. If you could end up as anything…. …how do you make anything healthy?
61. Potential rules for habitat design Feed processed whole grains Remove predators Use surfaces easy to sterilize (concrete, steel) Give access to antibiotics (as needed) House each organism in isolation Feed the optimal ratio of fat, protein, and carbs House each organism in groups
62. Where do you start? Avoid death– Decrease extrinsic causes of mortality (predators, infectious disease, intra-species violence, exposure, accidents, starvation) Live well – Decrease intrinsic causes of mortality by replicating salient aspects of the habitat(s) to which the species is adapted (diet, movement, sun, climate, social groupings, etc.)
71. Lots of people go to zoos Source: MLB (2009), NBA (2008-09), NHL (2008-2009), NFL (2009-10) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_attendance_figures Source: Association of Zoos and Aquariums (2008) http://www.aza.org/visitor-demographics/
72. Zoos have enormous potential London Zoo, 1955 London Zoo, 2009 Photo Credit: Daniel Coomber Pathetic Negative attitudes Entertainment Animal cruelty Majestic Positive attitudes Education and conservation Animal wellbeing