Evolution Part 1 - Darwin
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Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations from his voyage on the HMS Beagle. He noticed that finches on the Galapagos Islands had adaptations to the individual islands they inhabited. Darwin hypothesized that species slowly change over generations as beneficial genetic variations allow individuals to better survive and pass traits to offspring. His 1859 book On the Origin of Species explained how natural selection acts on genetic variation within populations to produce evolution, sparking scientific and religious controversy.
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Evolution Part 1
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations during his voyage on the HMS Beagle from 1831 to 1836. He noticed that finches on the Galapagos Islands had adaptations to the environments of the different islands. Darwin hypothesized that species slowly change over generations through natural selection, where individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and pass on those traits. He published On the Origin of Species in 1859, introducing his theory that populations evolve over time through this natural selection process acting on inherited variation between individuals.
Evolution and Individual differences
This document provides an overview of the history and key figures involved in the development of the theory of evolution. It discusses Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's early ideas about inheritance of acquired characteristics and how organisms adapt over time. It then focuses on Charles Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle where he made observations that led him to develop the theory of evolution by natural selection. The document also discusses how Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace jointly presented this theory and how Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, presenting compelling evidence that evolution occurs due to natural selection.
Lewis H. Morgan - Ancient Society
Lewis H. Morgan's book "Ancient Society" aimed to summarize mankind's progression from savagery through barbarism to civilization based on factual evidence about primitive communal societies. Morgan believed that human society evolved over time through inventions, discoveries, and the development of institutions like the family, private property, and government. He traced this evolution using evidence from ancient societies like those of Native Americans. Karl Marx greatly praised Morgan's work, believing it provided a materialist conception of history by showing how society developed through changes in production and social relations rather than being predetermined.
THEORY OF EVOLUTION
The document discusses Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution. It describes Darwin's life and voyage on the HMS Beagle, where he observed finches with different beak shapes on the Galapagos Islands. This led Darwin to hypothesize that all life shares a common ancestor but has adapted over generations through natural selection to different environments. The document then outlines several evolutionary theories of social change, including unilinear evolution, multilineal evolution, and universal evolution. It discusses key thinkers like Morgan, Tyler, Spencer, White, and Childe and their views on how societies evolve through various stages over time.
10 biodiversity1
The document discusses biodiversity and provides examples of species that have gone extinct. It estimates that based on fossil records, one species may naturally go extinct every 100 years, but since 1600 over 100 bird species have gone extinct, which is 100 times the natural background rate. Habitat loss and degradation are the primary threats causing current biodiversity decline and endangerment of many species.
His 140
1) James Burke identifies that through accumulating knowledge over time, inventions and innovations have led to progress that changes history.
2) A scientific hypothesis suggests that a volcanic eruption in the 6th century disrupted climate conditions worldwide and caused migrations, diseases, and changes to civilizations.
3) Jared Diamond explains how Europeans achieved dominance over the Americas due to advantages in domesticated plants/animals, ease of technology/crop transfers, and diseases that devastated the native population without European immunities.
06 ecol inter
The document summarizes a lecture on ecological interactions between organisms. It discusses the five major categories of interactions: predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. For each interaction it provides examples and explains whether the interaction benefits, harms, or has no impact on the interacting species. It also discusses how humans have altered these natural interactions through activities like introducing invasive species, destroying habitats, and overexploiting resources.
History of Evolution
Intellectual history of evolution from Greek philosophers to catastrophists of medieval times to the Darwinist Revolution to the history of genetics
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Evolution Part 1
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations during his voyage on the HMS Beagle from 1831 to 1836. He noticed that finches on the Galapagos Islands had adaptations to the environments of the different islands. Darwin hypothesized that species slowly change over generations through natural selection, where individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and pass on those traits. He published On the Origin of Species in 1859, introducing his theory that populations evolve over time through this natural selection process acting on inherited variation between individuals.
Evolution and Individual differences
This document provides an overview of the history and key figures involved in the development of the theory of evolution. It discusses Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's early ideas about inheritance of acquired characteristics and how organisms adapt over time. It then focuses on Charles Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle where he made observations that led him to develop the theory of evolution by natural selection. The document also discusses how Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace jointly presented this theory and how Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, presenting compelling evidence that evolution occurs due to natural selection.
Lewis H. Morgan - Ancient Society
Lewis H. Morgan's book "Ancient Society" aimed to summarize mankind's progression from savagery through barbarism to civilization based on factual evidence about primitive communal societies. Morgan believed that human society evolved over time through inventions, discoveries, and the development of institutions like the family, private property, and government. He traced this evolution using evidence from ancient societies like those of Native Americans. Karl Marx greatly praised Morgan's work, believing it provided a materialist conception of history by showing how society developed through changes in production and social relations rather than being predetermined.
THEORY OF EVOLUTION
The document discusses Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution. It describes Darwin's life and voyage on the HMS Beagle, where he observed finches with different beak shapes on the Galapagos Islands. This led Darwin to hypothesize that all life shares a common ancestor but has adapted over generations through natural selection to different environments. The document then outlines several evolutionary theories of social change, including unilinear evolution, multilineal evolution, and universal evolution. It discusses key thinkers like Morgan, Tyler, Spencer, White, and Childe and their views on how societies evolve through various stages over time.
10 biodiversity1
The document discusses biodiversity and provides examples of species that have gone extinct. It estimates that based on fossil records, one species may naturally go extinct every 100 years, but since 1600 over 100 bird species have gone extinct, which is 100 times the natural background rate. Habitat loss and degradation are the primary threats causing current biodiversity decline and endangerment of many species.
His 140
1) James Burke identifies that through accumulating knowledge over time, inventions and innovations have led to progress that changes history.
2) A scientific hypothesis suggests that a volcanic eruption in the 6th century disrupted climate conditions worldwide and caused migrations, diseases, and changes to civilizations.
3) Jared Diamond explains how Europeans achieved dominance over the Americas due to advantages in domesticated plants/animals, ease of technology/crop transfers, and diseases that devastated the native population without European immunities.
06 ecol inter
The document summarizes a lecture on ecological interactions between organisms. It discusses the five major categories of interactions: predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. For each interaction it provides examples and explains whether the interaction benefits, harms, or has no impact on the interacting species. It also discusses how humans have altered these natural interactions through activities like introducing invasive species, destroying habitats, and overexploiting resources.
History of Evolution
Intellectual history of evolution from Greek philosophers to catastrophists of medieval times to the Darwinist Revolution to the history of genetics
Modern Synthetic Theory
The modern synthetic theory is the most widely accepted theory explaining organic evolution through genetics, molecular biology, and other modern fields of biology. It was first proposed by Dobzhansky in 1937 and further developed by Huxley, Muller, Fisher, Wright, Myer, and Stebbins. The theory explains that evolution occurs through five basic processes: gene mutation, chromosomal aberration, recombination, natural selection of adaptive characters, and reproductive isolation. Genetic drift and hybridization are also considered accessory factors in the modern synthesis theory of evolution.
Darwin in the City: How Civilization Drives Evolution
1. Civilization has become a powerful evolutionary force, driving changes across species through habitat alteration, chemical pollution, and other human impacts.
2. As humans transformed landscapes through activities like agriculture and urbanization, many species adapted to these new human-dominated environments through genetic changes over generations.
3. The spread of civilization has also allowed some species to thrive in new regions by helping them overcome environmental barriers, resulting in global invasions and new evolutionary trajectories far from species' areas of origin.
Theories And Evidence
The document discusses several theories of evolution:
1) Lamarck's theory of inherited acquired characteristics proposed that structural variations are due to functional needs and that acquired characteristics can be inherited.
2) De Vries' mutation theory proposed that evolution occurs through accumulation of fortuitous mutations in the germ plasm.
3) Evidence for evolution includes fossils that show characteristics of both modern groups, like Archaeopteryx which had features of birds and reptiles, supporting evolution between these groups.
Charles darwin and victorian era
Charles Darwin was a British scientist born in 1809 who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He observed various species during his voyage on the HMS Beagle and developed the idea that species evolve over generations through natural selection of beneficial inherited traits. Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859 which explained evolution and was highly influential, though controversial as it contradicted religious beliefs of the time. Darwin's theory transformed scientific thought and had significant impacts on Victorian society and literature, challenging traditional religious views.
History of evolutionary thought
This document provides an overview of the history and development of evolutionary thought from ancient Greek philosophers to modern genetics. It describes key figures like Darwin who proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution, and Mendel who discovered the basic principles of heredity. Later scientists like Watson and Crick determined DNA is the genetic material and carrier of hereditary information between generations.
History of evolutionary thought
This document discusses the history and development of evolutionary thought from ancient Greek philosophers to modern times. It covers key figures like Charles Darwin who proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution, and Gregor Mendel who discovered the basic principles of heredity through his experiments with pea plants. Later scientists like Watson, Crick and others integrated Mendel's ideas of genetics into evolutionary theory by discovering the structure of DNA and how it transfers hereditary information between generations and allows for mutation.
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This document discusses the history and theories of evolution. It introduces Lamarck's theory that acquired traits can be inherited, followed by Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin observed variation between species on the Galapagos Islands and concluded they descended from a common ancestor. His theory of natural selection proposed that individuals with inheritable traits better suited to the environment would survive and pass on those traits, leading to changes in species over generations. The document also discusses influences on Darwin's thinking like Malthus, Hutton, Lyell, and selective breeding observed by farmers.
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Populations have characteristics like size, density, and age distribution that can vary over time. Populations can be categorized into three types based on their growth: expanding, stable, or declining. Biotic potential refers to the maximum growth rate of a population with unlimited resources and no predators or environmental resistance. Factors like litter size, breeding frequency, reproductive span, and survival rate determine a species' biotic potential. Populations cannot grow exponentially indefinitely due to environmental resistance and eventually reach carrying capacity, where growth stabilizes.
Religion: An evolutionary adaptation
This document discusses how religion arose as an evolutionary adaptation in humans to maintain important aspects of human behavior consistently over large groups and long periods of time, allowing natural selection to act on cultural evolution. It compares genetic evolution in other species to cultural evolution in humans, noting that human behavior is culturally determined rather than genetic. Religion served to prescribe ethics and virtues that standardized behaviors across populations, fulfilling the role of genetic determination in other social species and enabling cultural evolution through natural selection over generations.
The origin of species
1. Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection while traveling around the world on the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836.
2. In 1859, Darwin published On the Origin of Species, which introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over successive generations through a process of natural selection, in which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce at a higher rate.
3. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was highly controversial at the time due to its conflict with religious beliefs, but it established the modern framework of evolutionary biology and revolutionized scientific thought.
Introduction to evolution
This document contains information about evolution to be used for a pre-test. It provides 25 statements about evolution to be answered as true or false, reflecting scientific consensus. It then provides clarification on 14 of the statements, explaining why they are false according to biological evolution as understood by science. Key points made include that evolution is a demonstrated fact, not a belief; it occurs via descent with modification from earlier species over time; and natural selection is the primary mechanism of evolution.
Mutation theory
Hugo de Vries proposed the mutation theory of evolution in 1901. He argued that evolution occurs via large, discontinuous mutations rather than the small, gradual variations proposed by Darwin. De Vries observed different plant varieties emerge suddenly in evening primrose experiments. He believed mutations provided new traits that could lead to new species forming in a single step. While the mutation theory highlighted an important source of variation, it was later shown that natural selection of mutations and gradual processes also drive evolutionary change.
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The document discusses factors that influence population growth rates, including birth rates, death rates, sex ratios, age distributions, immigration, and emigration. It describes exponential and logistic population growth curves and how populations level off at the carrying capacity. Key life history traits like age at maturity, number of offspring, and lifespan vary widely between species like salmon, elephants, and mice. The document aims to explain population ecology concepts like survivorship curves, population density, population cycling, environmental resistance, and carrying capacity.
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The Neanderthals were a subspecies of early humans that lived in Europe and western Asia from around 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. They were well-adapted to cold environments and predominantly carnivorous. While shorter than modern humans, Neanderthals had larger brains and more robust bodies. They made tools, controlled fire, built shelters, hunted in groups, and showed early signs of cultural development. The last Neanderthals are believed to have gone extinct around 25,000 years ago, possibly due to competition with modern humans, violent climate change, or interbreeding when Homo sapiens moved into their habitats.
Survival of the Fittest
Neanderthals were a subspecies of early humans that lived in Europe and western Asia from around 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. They were well-adapted to cold environments, with stocky bodies, barrel chests, and strong limbs that allowed them to store body heat. Neanderthals hunted large game like mammoths and lived in shelters constructed from animal bones. While they were physically robust with large brains, modern humans may have outcompeted Neanderthals for resources. The last Neanderthals disappeared around 25,000 years ago, possibly due to climate change or interbreeding with anatomically modern humans, as DNA evidence confirms some mixing occurred.
The Context of Darwin in H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds
Illuminates concepts and passages from evolutionary writings relevant to H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds.
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This document discusses factors involved in macroevolution, including adaptive radiation and orthogenesis. It provides examples of adaptive radiation in Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands, where 14 species evolved from a common ancestor to fill different ecological niches. Orthogenesis is the assumption that evolutionary changes occur in a straight line, such as the parallel reduction of side toes in unrelated artiodactyl genera. Allometry also plays a role, describing the relationship between organism and part size and how diversity arises from changes in relative part sizes within a common body plan.
Theories of evolution
Lamarckism and Darwinism are two theories of evolution. Lamarckism, proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1809, suggests that organisms can pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring. Darwinism, proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859, proposes that evolution occurs through natural selection, where organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits. Key aspects of Darwinism include variation between individuals, the struggle for existence due to limited resources, and survival of the fittest individuals who pass on adaptive variations. Over many generations, these variations accumulate and can lead to the formation of new species.
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This thesis examines pig welfare using a Y-maze test to study pigs' choice between food and social contact under different conditions. The introduction discusses the history of animal welfare concepts from religious texts to modern philosophers. Chapter 1 provides context on scientific welfare studies and how they are impacted by activist groups. Chapter 2 focuses on the complex issue of sow housing, comparing stalls to group housing. Factors discussed include frustration, genetics, aggression, dominance, and early-life environment. The thesis aims to further scientific understanding of pig welfare through empirical study.
Charles Darwin: The Galapagos Finches and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theory
Charles Darwin developed his theory of evolution by natural selection after observing finches during his voyage on the HMS Beagle and reading Thomas Malthus' work on population growth. Darwin noticed that there was variation among finches and that some variations would help individuals survive and pass traits to offspring more successfully. This led him to propose that evolution occurs through natural selection preserving favorable traits.
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Modern Synthetic Theory
The modern synthetic theory is the most widely accepted theory explaining organic evolution through genetics, molecular biology, and other modern fields of biology. It was first proposed by Dobzhansky in 1937 and further developed by Huxley, Muller, Fisher, Wright, Myer, and Stebbins. The theory explains that evolution occurs through five basic processes: gene mutation, chromosomal aberration, recombination, natural selection of adaptive characters, and reproductive isolation. Genetic drift and hybridization are also considered accessory factors in the modern synthesis theory of evolution.
Darwin in the City: How Civilization Drives Evolution
1. Civilization has become a powerful evolutionary force, driving changes across species through habitat alteration, chemical pollution, and other human impacts.
2. As humans transformed landscapes through activities like agriculture and urbanization, many species adapted to these new human-dominated environments through genetic changes over generations.
3. The spread of civilization has also allowed some species to thrive in new regions by helping them overcome environmental barriers, resulting in global invasions and new evolutionary trajectories far from species' areas of origin.
Theories And Evidence
The document discusses several theories of evolution:
1) Lamarck's theory of inherited acquired characteristics proposed that structural variations are due to functional needs and that acquired characteristics can be inherited.
2) De Vries' mutation theory proposed that evolution occurs through accumulation of fortuitous mutations in the germ plasm.
3) Evidence for evolution includes fossils that show characteristics of both modern groups, like Archaeopteryx which had features of birds and reptiles, supporting evolution between these groups.
Charles darwin and victorian era
Charles Darwin was a British scientist born in 1809 who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He observed various species during his voyage on the HMS Beagle and developed the idea that species evolve over generations through natural selection of beneficial inherited traits. Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859 which explained evolution and was highly influential, though controversial as it contradicted religious beliefs of the time. Darwin's theory transformed scientific thought and had significant impacts on Victorian society and literature, challenging traditional religious views.
History of evolutionary thought
This document provides an overview of the history and development of evolutionary thought from ancient Greek philosophers to modern genetics. It describes key figures like Darwin who proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution, and Mendel who discovered the basic principles of heredity. Later scientists like Watson and Crick determined DNA is the genetic material and carrier of hereditary information between generations.
History of evolutionary thought
This document discusses the history and development of evolutionary thought from ancient Greek philosophers to modern times. It covers key figures like Charles Darwin who proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution, and Gregor Mendel who discovered the basic principles of heredity through his experiments with pea plants. Later scientists like Watson, Crick and others integrated Mendel's ideas of genetics into evolutionary theory by discovering the structure of DNA and how it transfers hereditary information between generations and allows for mutation.
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The document discusses environmentalism from the 1980s to present. In the 1980s, there was a backlash against environmentalism with cuts to conservation funding and relaxed regulations. Visible environmental problems like oil spills drew attention. In the 1990s and 2000s, issues like climate change and biodiversity gained recognition, though the Bush administration opposed some environmental policies. Debate continues over balancing economic and environmental concerns.
Ihtisham
This document discusses the history and theories of evolution. It introduces Lamarck's theory that acquired traits can be inherited, followed by Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin observed variation between species on the Galapagos Islands and concluded they descended from a common ancestor. His theory of natural selection proposed that individuals with inheritable traits better suited to the environment would survive and pass on those traits, leading to changes in species over generations. The document also discusses influences on Darwin's thinking like Malthus, Hutton, Lyell, and selective breeding observed by farmers.
Lesson 28 changes in the ecosystems
Populations have characteristics like size, density, and age distribution that can vary over time. Populations can be categorized into three types based on their growth: expanding, stable, or declining. Biotic potential refers to the maximum growth rate of a population with unlimited resources and no predators or environmental resistance. Factors like litter size, breeding frequency, reproductive span, and survival rate determine a species' biotic potential. Populations cannot grow exponentially indefinitely due to environmental resistance and eventually reach carrying capacity, where growth stabilizes.
Religion: An evolutionary adaptation
This document discusses how religion arose as an evolutionary adaptation in humans to maintain important aspects of human behavior consistently over large groups and long periods of time, allowing natural selection to act on cultural evolution. It compares genetic evolution in other species to cultural evolution in humans, noting that human behavior is culturally determined rather than genetic. Religion served to prescribe ethics and virtues that standardized behaviors across populations, fulfilling the role of genetic determination in other social species and enabling cultural evolution through natural selection over generations.
The origin of species
1. Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection while traveling around the world on the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836.
2. In 1859, Darwin published On the Origin of Species, which introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over successive generations through a process of natural selection, in which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce at a higher rate.
3. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was highly controversial at the time due to its conflict with religious beliefs, but it established the modern framework of evolutionary biology and revolutionized scientific thought.
Introduction to evolution
This document contains information about evolution to be used for a pre-test. It provides 25 statements about evolution to be answered as true or false, reflecting scientific consensus. It then provides clarification on 14 of the statements, explaining why they are false according to biological evolution as understood by science. Key points made include that evolution is a demonstrated fact, not a belief; it occurs via descent with modification from earlier species over time; and natural selection is the primary mechanism of evolution.
Mutation theory
Hugo de Vries proposed the mutation theory of evolution in 1901. He argued that evolution occurs via large, discontinuous mutations rather than the small, gradual variations proposed by Darwin. De Vries observed different plant varieties emerge suddenly in evening primrose experiments. He believed mutations provided new traits that could lead to new species forming in a single step. While the mutation theory highlighted an important source of variation, it was later shown that natural selection of mutations and gradual processes also drive evolutionary change.
07 pop bio
The document discusses factors that influence population growth rates, including birth rates, death rates, sex ratios, age distributions, immigration, and emigration. It describes exponential and logistic population growth curves and how populations level off at the carrying capacity. Key life history traits like age at maturity, number of offspring, and lifespan vary widely between species like salmon, elephants, and mice. The document aims to explain population ecology concepts like survivorship curves, population density, population cycling, environmental resistance, and carrying capacity.
1 1 Survival of the Fittest: Neanderthals
The Neanderthals were a subspecies of early humans that lived in Europe and western Asia from around 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. They were well-adapted to cold environments and predominantly carnivorous. While shorter than modern humans, Neanderthals had larger brains and more robust bodies. They made tools, controlled fire, built shelters, hunted in groups, and showed early signs of cultural development. The last Neanderthals are believed to have gone extinct around 25,000 years ago, possibly due to competition with modern humans, violent climate change, or interbreeding when Homo sapiens moved into their habitats.
Survival of the Fittest
Neanderthals were a subspecies of early humans that lived in Europe and western Asia from around 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. They were well-adapted to cold environments, with stocky bodies, barrel chests, and strong limbs that allowed them to store body heat. Neanderthals hunted large game like mammoths and lived in shelters constructed from animal bones. While they were physically robust with large brains, modern humans may have outcompeted Neanderthals for resources. The last Neanderthals disappeared around 25,000 years ago, possibly due to climate change or interbreeding with anatomically modern humans, as DNA evidence confirms some mixing occurred.
The Context of Darwin in H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds
Illuminates concepts and passages from evolutionary writings relevant to H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds.
Macroevolution
This document discusses factors involved in macroevolution, including adaptive radiation and orthogenesis. It provides examples of adaptive radiation in Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands, where 14 species evolved from a common ancestor to fill different ecological niches. Orthogenesis is the assumption that evolutionary changes occur in a straight line, such as the parallel reduction of side toes in unrelated artiodactyl genera. Allometry also plays a role, describing the relationship between organism and part size and how diversity arises from changes in relative part sizes within a common body plan.
Theories of evolution
Lamarckism and Darwinism are two theories of evolution. Lamarckism, proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1809, suggests that organisms can pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring. Darwinism, proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859, proposes that evolution occurs through natural selection, where organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits. Key aspects of Darwinism include variation between individuals, the struggle for existence due to limited resources, and survival of the fittest individuals who pass on adaptive variations. Over many generations, these variations accumulate and can lead to the formation of new species.
Kenneth J. Smith- Thesis
This thesis examines pig welfare using a Y-maze test to study pigs' choice between food and social contact under different conditions. The introduction discusses the history of animal welfare concepts from religious texts to modern philosophers. Chapter 1 provides context on scientific welfare studies and how they are impacted by activist groups. Chapter 2 focuses on the complex issue of sow housing, comparing stalls to group housing. Factors discussed include frustration, genetics, aggression, dominance, and early-life environment. The thesis aims to further scientific understanding of pig welfare through empirical study.
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Evolution and Its Processes
Figure 1: Diversity of Life on Earth
The diversity of life on Earth is the result of evolution, a continuous process that is still occurring.
“wolf”: modification of work by Gary Kramer, USFWS; “coral”: modification of work by William Harrigan, NOAA; “river”: modification of work by Vojtěch Dostál; “protozoa”: modification of work by Sharon Franklin, Stephen Ausmus, USDA ARS; “fish” modification of work by Christian Mehlführer; “mushroom”, “bee”: modification of work by Cory Zanker; “tree”: modification of work by Joseph Kranak
Chapter Outline
1. Discovering How Populations Change
2. Mechanisms of Evolution
3. Evidence of Evolution
4. Speciation
5. Common Misconceptions about Evolution
Introduction
All species of living organisms—from the bacteria on our skin, to the trees in our yards, to the birds outside—evolved at some point from a different species. Although it may seem that living things today stay much the same from generation to generation, that is not the case: evolution is ongoing. Evolution is the process through which the characteristics of species change and through which new species arise.
The theory of evolution is the unifying theory of biology, meaning it is the framework within which biologists ask questions about the living world. Its power is that it provides direction for predictions about living things that are borne out in experiment after experiment. The Ukrainian-born American geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky famously wrote that "nothing makes sense in biology except in the light of evolution" (Dobzhansky 1964, 449). He meant that the principle that all life has evolved and diversified from a common ancestor is the foundation from which we understand all other questions in biology. This chapter will explain some of the mechanisms for evolutionary change and the kinds of questions that biologists can and have answered using evolutionary theory.
Discovering How Populations Change
By the end of this section, you will bbe able to:
· Explain how Darwin’s theory of evolution differed from the current view at the time.
· Describe how the present-day theory of evolution was developed.
· Describe how population genetics is used to study the evolution of populations
The theory of evolution by natural selection describes a mechanism for species change over time. That species change had been suggested and debated well before Darwin. The view that species were static and unchanging was grounded in the writings of Plato, yet there were also ancient Greeks that expressed evolutionary ideas.
In the eighteenth century, ideas about the evolution of animals were reintroduced by the naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon and even by Charles Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. During this time, it was also accepted that there were extinct species. At the same time, James Hutton, the Scottish naturalist, proposed that geological change occurred gradually by the accumulation of small changes from pr.
GenBio - FLORIN & CUSTODIO (1).pptx
Carolus Linnaeus developed the hierarchical system for classifying organisms that is still used today, assigning each a binomial Latin name. Thomas Malthus argued that populations can grow faster than resources. Charles Lyell collected evidence supporting James Hutton's theory of gradual geological change and influenced Darwin's work. Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the laws of heredity and supported Darwin's theory of natural selection. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck and Charles Darwin both proposed theories of evolution, though Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection through variation and heredity became widely accepted.
Biol102 chp22-pp-100112075328-phpapp02
This document provides an overview of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It discusses key ideas that influenced Darwin like fossils, taxonomy, and artificial selection. Darwin made two main inferences: that individuals vary in their traits and offspring inheriting beneficial traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits. Over generations, this leads to adaptation and evolution of populations. The theory is strongly supported by evidence from fossils, biogeography, embryology, and molecular biology.
Biol102 chp22-pp-100112075328-phpapp02
This document provides an overview of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It discusses key ideas that influenced Darwin like fossils, taxonomy, and artificial selection. Darwin made two main inferences: that individuals vary in their traits and offspring inheriting beneficial traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits. Over generations, this leads to adaptation and evolution of populations. The theory is strongly supported by evidence from fossils, biogeography, embryology, and molecular biology.
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation
The document provides evidence for evolution through natural selection by discussing several key topics:
1. It outlines Charles Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle where he made detailed observations of organisms and fossils that led him to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection.
2. It describes key evidence that supports evolution such as the fossil record, comparative anatomy, biochemistry, and embryology that show life has changed over billions of years from common ancestors.
3. It discusses the development of early humans from australopithecines like Lucy to later hominins like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Cro-Magnons, showing the evolution of biped
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Evolution Part 1 - Darwin
- 2. The True Story of the Theory of Evolution Or Fitzroy, Fickle Fuegians, and Funny, Feathered Finches
- 3. 1973: “Nothing in biology makes sense, except in the light of evolution.” -Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975)
- 4. Evolution, Pre-Darwin Beginnings in Ancient Greece Species are changeable… Variation occurs! Selective breeding utilized already “Artificial Selection” Widely accepted in early-1800s: Lamarck’s Theory of Acquired Characteristics
- 5. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck 1744-1829 1. Individuals lose characteristics they do not require (or use) and develop characteristics that are useful 2. Individuals inherit the traits of their ancestors.
- 6. Thomas Malthus Malthus: An Essay on The Principles of Populations (1798) Populations grow exponentially while food supply grows linearly. Eventually population will outgrow food supply; life is a constant struggle What keeps a population in check? War, pestilence, famine, competition, etc.
- 7. Charles Lyell Principles of Geology (1830) “The present is the key to the past.” Geologic change is the steady accumulation of tiny changes over a lengthy period of time.
- 9. Charles Robert Darwin Born in 1809, same day as Lincoln Wealthy, upper-class Father, Robert, was a physician and anti- evolutionist Grandfather, Erasmus, was pro-evolutionist and gifted debater
- 10. Darwin’s Career Robert: “You will be a disgrace to yourself and all of your family” Eventually earned a degree in divinity from Cambridge
- 11. The HMS Beagle First voyage: May 22, 1826 Captain Pringle Stokes Mission: survey coast of southern South America
- 13. First Voyage of the Beagle Stokes – suicide Robert Fitzroy becomes captain: seeking a literal, biblical interpretation of creation Boat stolen Fuegians captured as hostages, then returned to England
- 14. The Beagle’s Second Voyage Darwin – captain’s companion Fitzroy and Darwin – devoted observers of the natural world IMPORTANT – Darwin did not SET OUT to discover natural selection
- 15. Darwin’s Finches Galapagos islands (Pacific Ocean) Finches uniquely related to the individual islands Ornithologist John Gould helped Darwin make his… HYPOTHESIS: Modification of original group of finches that colonized islands
- 16. Megatherium
- 17. Darwin’s Later Life Returned to England in 1836 and never left again Suffered frequent illnesses, probably tropical in nature Married his cousin, Emma Wedgewood Son Charles fell critically ill in June, 1858
- 18. Evolution, Post-Darwin Wallace sends his manuscript – 1858 Darwin faces pressing dilemma – to present or not to Darwin and Wallace present together on July 1, 1858 Around 1900, Mendel’s papers were “re- discovered”, as many scientists attempted to merge the two theories.Alfred Russell Wallace
- 19. On the Origin of Species (1859) Caused controversy in religious and scientific communities Darwin did not use the term “evolution” and did not suggest humans descended from apes Questions remained for Darwin… “The eye to this day gives me a cold shudder...” Theory did not gain wide acceptance until 1930s-40s
- 21. Premises of Natural Selection 1. Populations overproduce. 2. Resources are limited, so competition ensues. 3. Genetic variations directly impact the ability of organisms to survive.
- 22. Premises of Natural Selection 4. Organisms with beneficial differences will have a better chance of survival. 5. Surviving individuals pass their traits onto future generations. 6. This results in a slow change in populations over time.
- 23. Natural Selection process by which individual organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce IMPORTANT – Individuals do not evolve. Populations evolve.
- 24. KEY DEFINITIONS Population: all members of a species in one area Species: Group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring Variation: slight differences among organisms, often caused through genetic mutations
- 25. KEY DEFINITIONS Adaptation: Trait that affords organism a better chance of survival Evolution: Gradual change in a species over time*** Natural Selection: One mechanism through which evolution occurs Adaptive Radiation: multiple species descend from one original species because of selection
- 26. Darwin’s Mechanisms for Evolution 1. Natural Selection 2. Whatever would cause “nature” to select for such a ridiculous tail on this peacock?