This document summarizes a study on the transferring price of agricultural land contract and management rights in Xiwan Village, China. The study builds a price model that includes economic price, social price, and corrected price. It assesses the economic price using an income capitalization approach. The social price comprises secure and stable prices, assessed using minimum social security and land reclamation fee methods. The corrected price accounts for changes in agricultural projects. Empirical analysis of land prices in Xiwan Village supports including subsidies in the economic price. In summary, the transferring price model considers economic, social, and project change factors to determine a reasonable price for land transfers.
Land Conversion for New Urban Growth and Its Impact –From Dwellers' Point of ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Key Aspects of Land Governance: A Policy Framework for Developing CountriesShamsuddin Ahmed
Abstract: This research examines the key aspects of land governance and suggests a policy framework to determine the efficient use of land resources with respect to geographic, economic, and social phenomena of a developing country. It primarily obliges two capacities: the assessment of land use variability, and the identification of development strategies for land use delimitation. Land governance allows local level land use politically, economically and socially transformative, and contributes better physical environment and revenue generation. In a developing country, it is rather sparse from land use regulations to the municipal and rural land use with accessible
implications of housing, farming lands, and public assets. The central argument is that developing countries should have given more responsiveness to land governance for sustainable land use that is a key for agriculture, livelihoods, transits, local food security and poverty alleviation. Despite the fact that the local government and rural development agencies are utilitarian for managing the public goods, they do not always meet the government expenditures mostly because of political, economic, or ecological constraints. This paper warns six strategies and concludes that land management needs an informed policy model capable of monitoring and appraising the impacts of land use towards integrated land governance.
CHANGING URBAN LAND USE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD QUALITY: EVIDENCE FROM FEDERAL CAPI...IAEME Publication
Land use change in more recent times is becoming a natural phenomenon in cities
of developing countries. Its causes and consequences were investigated with respect to
FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. The responses of registered estate surveying firms (ESFs)
practicing in FCT Abuja on the pattern of land use dynamics were obtained and
analysed by descriptive statistics such as simple distribution frequency (SDF) and
mean weighted score (MWS). Four major findings were discovered. Firstly, the
predominantly changing land use were agrarian and residential, secondly the
direction of change in land use revolves around public land use, residential, retail and
office property with prevailing observations of new development and redevelopment
involving renovations/rehabilitations and modifications/alterations. Thirdly the major
determinants of land use change were identified as economic and spatial political
factors and lastly the noticeable consequences had been arbitrary land/rental value,
landscape distortion and pressure on urban infrastructure among others. The study
recommended that policymakers and private stakeholders should encourage and
adhere to land use control measures to strike a balance between economic
development and land administrative system to foster a sustainable urban cities.
Land Conversion for New Urban Growth and Its Impact –From Dwellers' Point of ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Key Aspects of Land Governance: A Policy Framework for Developing CountriesShamsuddin Ahmed
Abstract: This research examines the key aspects of land governance and suggests a policy framework to determine the efficient use of land resources with respect to geographic, economic, and social phenomena of a developing country. It primarily obliges two capacities: the assessment of land use variability, and the identification of development strategies for land use delimitation. Land governance allows local level land use politically, economically and socially transformative, and contributes better physical environment and revenue generation. In a developing country, it is rather sparse from land use regulations to the municipal and rural land use with accessible
implications of housing, farming lands, and public assets. The central argument is that developing countries should have given more responsiveness to land governance for sustainable land use that is a key for agriculture, livelihoods, transits, local food security and poverty alleviation. Despite the fact that the local government and rural development agencies are utilitarian for managing the public goods, they do not always meet the government expenditures mostly because of political, economic, or ecological constraints. This paper warns six strategies and concludes that land management needs an informed policy model capable of monitoring and appraising the impacts of land use towards integrated land governance.
CHANGING URBAN LAND USE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD QUALITY: EVIDENCE FROM FEDERAL CAPI...IAEME Publication
Land use change in more recent times is becoming a natural phenomenon in cities
of developing countries. Its causes and consequences were investigated with respect to
FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. The responses of registered estate surveying firms (ESFs)
practicing in FCT Abuja on the pattern of land use dynamics were obtained and
analysed by descriptive statistics such as simple distribution frequency (SDF) and
mean weighted score (MWS). Four major findings were discovered. Firstly, the
predominantly changing land use were agrarian and residential, secondly the
direction of change in land use revolves around public land use, residential, retail and
office property with prevailing observations of new development and redevelopment
involving renovations/rehabilitations and modifications/alterations. Thirdly the major
determinants of land use change were identified as economic and spatial political
factors and lastly the noticeable consequences had been arbitrary land/rental value,
landscape distortion and pressure on urban infrastructure among others. The study
recommended that policymakers and private stakeholders should encourage and
adhere to land use control measures to strike a balance between economic
development and land administrative system to foster a sustainable urban cities.
Impacts of Land-use Transformationon Agriculture land in Afghanistan,Kabul ci...IEREK Press
The change in land-use over a certain period of time is inevitable. This paper investigates the issue of land use change on agricultural land that has become a phenomenon affecting the economy and environment in Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan. Agriculture is the main economic source of Afghan cities, however, due to rapid population growth, population densification, and inabilityto apply Kabul city’s master plan and regulations, a large portion of land cover transformed from agricultural areas to unplanned developmentsand have shifted the function of communities from productive societies into consumer and dependent societies. The study sheds light on Yakatoot as a study farmland area in Kabul city to present an alive example of what is happening in the reality of agricultural land in Kabul. Therefore, approaches for sustainable conversion of agricultural land in Kabul city is a vital quest that needs to be followed seriously. The study illustrates Afghanistan's land laws. It identifies the social, economic and environmental impacts of land-use change. This paper applies qualitative methods, where data and analysis worked by using field surveys, aerial photographs from Google Earth and data collected from CRIDA. It also investigates international experience regarding land-use change and sustainable solutions. Therefore, due to positive implications of urban agriculture practice as afeasible and sustainable approach to tackle the ongoing challenges related to land-use change in Kabul city, this paper suggests inducing this approach in Kabul city’s master plan and other urban initiatives because it will not only lead to environmental protection, but also, it will re-establish economic stability, enhance social welfare, revive city’s historic identity.
Dimension of Land Use Conversion in Ado-Ekiti Metropolisijceronline
Over the years land use has ever been dynamics due to many factors such as economics, environmental, socio- political, legal among others. In Ado-Ekiti metropolis, due to urbanization the quantum of developable land available continue to decrease daily, hence the high rate of land use conversion. This paper examined land use pattern in Ado- Ekiti and then identified the direction of land use conversion in the study area. Primary data were collected with questionnaire administered on 76 individual property owners who have their properties converted. It was discovered that all the identified properties were originally meant for residential use. The results showed that land use conversion from residential-commercial (68%) was identified followed by residential-institutional (16%), residential-recreational (12%), while residential-others (4%). This study concluded that going by the rate at which residential properties are been converted to other uses in Ado-Ekiti metropolis in the recent time, may lead to serious housing shortage. The implication of this is that house rents will continue to rise to the extent that, low and even medium income earners may not be able to afford accommodation within the study area, unless urgent government intervention.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Awareness about Minimum Support Price among the farmers over the Agro-Ecologi...IJSRP Journal
The present is paper an attempt to analyse the awareness level about MSP among the farming community. The various initiatives taken by the government would result into a more fruitful way if the programmes are widely spread over both the horizontal and vertical strata of a region. The objective of extending support to the farming community through such programmes is to strengthen the agriculture sector by giving security to the farmers to face the price fall. This would certainly ensure the fair remunerations to the farmers resulting in the development of the rural areas. The data used in the analyses are collected from the field survey well spread over the different agro-ecological zones and the response of the farming respondents are recorded on the well designed questionnaire. The study shows that the vulnerable sections of the society are still neither aware of such programmes nor getting reasonable benefits.
This study investigated the arable land protection policies of China. A sample size of 150 staff members of different departments of census and agriculture was selected. We have used the non-probability technique and in non-probability, we selected the convenience sampling method. The data were analyzed using OLS model. The result of the study revealed that all the variables, which includes, land conversion policy, and land tickets are impacting positively except contract law, which depicts that there is an error in the model due to the short sample size. Finally, the findings revealed that although the contract law was beneficial for the farmers and the country, but still it should not be promoted as it imposes a negative effect as per the results.
This study investigated the arable land protection policies of China. A sample size of 150 staff members of different departments of census and agriculture was selected. We have used the non-probability technique and in non-probability, we selected the convenience sampling method. The data were analyzed using OLS model. The result of the study revealed that all the variables, which includes, land conversion policy, and land tickets are impacting positively except contract law, which depicts that there is an error in the model due to the short sample size. Finally, the findings revealed that although the contract law was beneficial for the farmers and the country, but still it should not be promoted as it imposes a negative effect as per the results.
Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Changes in Land Use in Lushan City over the ...PriyankaKilaniya
In the past two decades, with rapid urbanization and economic development, the land use structure of Lushan City has undergone significant changes, posing challenges to ecological security and food supply. It is necessary to explore its spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors to optimize land management. This study is based on land use data from 2000 to 2020 and uses GIS to analyze the spatiotemporal changes and transfer status of land use types. The main method is to use the land use transfer matrix and the single land use dynamic degree to study the land use change and its driving forces. The results indicate that the land use change in Lushan City is characterized by the conversion of arable land into construction land and the conversion of wetlands into water bodies. The area of arable land and wetlands has significantly decreased, while construction land and water bodies continue to increase. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the increase in construction land is concentrated in the central part of Lushan City. The driving factors of land use change in the city include the policy of returning farmland to forests and lakes, rapid economic development, changes in population, and the continuous promotion of the tourism industry.
Advancing the Use of Earth Observation Systems for the Assessment of Sustaina...rsmahabir
Abstract: Decisions made on the use of land in Trinidad and Tobago, with little considerations to environmental impact or physical constraints, have resulted in physical, socio-economic, and environmental problems. As a result of the country’s economic progress, urbanisation and development are fragmenting natural areas and reducing the viability of the environment to support the population. Spatial information is a crucial component in the characterisation and examination of the spatio-temporal dynamics and the consequences of the interaction between human and the environment. This information is of critical importance in the development of models to predict future trends in land cover change and therein, best land use practices to be implemented. However, the lack of data at appropriate scales has made it difficult to accurately examine the land use/cover patterns in the country. This paper argues that the gap in data and information can be managed through the adoption of earth observation technology. Moreover, it reports on the developed methodology, and highlights key results of examining the use of geo-spatial images in addressing sustainability issues associated with development. The developed methodology involves several critical steps in using multi-spectral imagery including cloud and cloud shadow removal, image classification and image fusion. Additionally, a method for improving classification performance using high resolution imagery is discussed. The results demonstrated the accuracy, flexibility and cost-effectiveness of these technologies for mapping the land cover and producing other environmental measures and indicators. Further, these results confirmed the effectiveness of this technology in establishing the necessary baseline and support information for sustainable development in the Caribbean region.
Use of WLC (Weighted Linear Combination) to Determine Land Priorities for Dev...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Gorontalo Regency has the largest paddy field area
in Gorontalo province. The increase in population and the
high demand for land for the construction of residential areas,
trade areas and services, and the construction of accessibility
will put great pressure on paddy fields. Uncontrolled
conversion of paddy fields causes a decrease in paddy fields.
Paddy fields as a rice-producing container should be
maintained and protected so that the paddy needs in
Gorontalo Regency are still fulfilled. Optimization of paddy
fields needs to be done by the Gorontalo Regency government
as an effort to increase the area of paddy fields. This study
aims to determine priority lands for the development of paddy
fields in Gorontalo Regency. Determination of priority land
for growing wetland uses using the Weighted Linear
Combination (WLC) method based on geographic information
systems (GIS). The parameters used consist of driving factors
and inhibiting factors. Types of land use that have land rent
are forests, shrubs and moor. The criteria that influence the
development of paddy field use are the distance from the
paddy fields, the distance from the bush, the distance from the
moor, the distance from the river and the distance from the
small road. Land that has a high priority for the development
of paddy land use is 6,656 ha (3.01%), medium priority land is
4,721 ha (2.16%), low priority land is 4,671 ha (2.14%) and
very low priority land for development in paddy field use is
202,155 ha (92.68%).
Land Use Land Cover Change Detection of Gulbarga City Using Remote Sensing an...ijsrd.com
Land use and land cover(LULC) recently these days became a major component to handle natural resources and managing changes occurring in the environment.which is due to expansion of the urban area it has lead to critical losses of agriculture land,vegetation land and water bodies.followed by this the urban sprawl created a environmental issues. For example :decreased air quality and increase in the temperature etc. Land use and land cover change is driven by human actions and also drives changes that limit availability of products and services for human and animals, and it can undermine ecological wellbeing also. Land use and land cover is an important component in understanding various interactions of the human activities with the environment and thus it is necessary to be able to simulate changes. Therefore, this study was aimed at understanding land use and land cover change in Gulbarga city. In this work we took Gulbarga city to study the urban expansion and LULC change that took place in 2001 and 2012 to know the changes happened in the year 2012 by comparing with data of 2001.remote sensing methodology is used in this study which provides major coverage mapping & classification of land cover features such as vegetation,soil,water,forest etc. A wide range of environmental parameters can be measured including the land use, vegetation types, surface temperatures , soil types, precipitation, phytoplankton, turbidity, surface elevation and geology.satellite images of two different years i.e 2001 and 2012 are taken in to consideration.after image processing classification is done so as to classify images in to various different land use categories.
Prevailing Theories of Change(ToC) on ASB Partnership timeline:
ToC -1: Shifting cultivation is a major driver of deforestation, modernizing agriculture saves forests.- before 1993. Intensifying agriculture to obtain higher yields per ha reduces land pressure on forest & deforestation (‘Borlaug hypothesis’) 1993-1995
ToC 2A: Tradeoffs between private and public benefits of land use can be quantified; knowing opportunity costs of environmental services frames policy;
ToC 2B: Landscape mosaics (varying on segregated versus integrated axis) shape multi-scale outcomes; require Negotiation Support for change
ToC 2C: Landscape mosaics require fair + efficient reward mechanisms and/or coinvestment in ES
TOC 3A: Landscape-scale coinvestment in ES supports Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses (REALU as REDD++ alternative)
ToC 3B: Multi-scale, multi-paradigm combi-nation of national com-modification and local coinvestment for land-based NAMA’s/LAAMA’s
ToC 3C:
Idem for Sustainable Development Goals;
The Evaluation of Land Use Evolution and Ecological Sensitivity of Guangzhou ...AI Publications
The dynamic stability of the local ecological environment is related to changes in land use patterns and ecological sensitivity. The study aims to identify the land use characteristics and dynamic change features in Guangzhou City using RS and GIS technology. We choose six ecological sensitivity factors, such as land use type, elevation, watershed buffer, vegetation cover, slope, and slope direction, and use the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to obtain the results of single-factor and comprehensive ecological sensitivity. The findings indicate that, in terms of land use, the area of four types—forest land, grassland, arable land, and unused land—decreased from 2000 to 2020, while the area of water bodies and construction land rose, with a minimal overall change. According to total ecological sensitivity, very sensitive areas make up the majority of the total area and are primarily found along the northern township boundary; very low-sensitive and mildly sensitive areas are mostly found in the south and center. In order to encourage the development of an ecological civilization in the city, Guangzhou City must establish the idea of harmony between people and the land and increase the ecological conservation function.
Haste Makes Waste Essay. Education Is The Key To Success: Short Stories -Hast...Susan Campos
Haste makes Waste|| Essay on Haste makes Waste in English || जल्दबाजी .... Haste makes Waste|| Essay on Haste makes Waste in English | Handwriting .... Formidable Haste Is Waste Short Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Haste makes waste speech. Essay 3. 2019-01-18. Haste makes waste proverb essay writing. Stupendous Haste Makes Waste Essay English ~ Thatsnotus. Haste Makes Waste story writing in English - YouTube.
Writing An Essay In Third Person. Essay Written In 3rd Person - First vs. thi...Susan Campos
6 Ways to Write in Third Person - wikiHow. Beautiful Third Person Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. Top 3rd Person Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Third Person Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Third person narrative essay - First, Second, and Third-Person Points .... How to write a narrative essay in third person - 6 Ways to Write in .... Essay Written In Third Person - Writing Essays with a Consistent Point .... How to write a persuasive essay in 3rd person - Ashford Writing Free .... Essay Written In 3rd Person - First vs. third person. Example of an essay written in third person. Descriptive essay sample in third person. Writing Academic Papers In Third Person - How to Write a Research Paper .... How do i write an essay in third person - Online Writing Service. How to write a essay in third person - Why Third-Person Writing Is .... Third person essay writing:::Third Person Essay Writing. Write essay in third person Moses Lake | ThesisEssay76 - (2021). Essay websites: Writing an essay in third person.
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Impacts of Land-use Transformationon Agriculture land in Afghanistan,Kabul ci...IEREK Press
The change in land-use over a certain period of time is inevitable. This paper investigates the issue of land use change on agricultural land that has become a phenomenon affecting the economy and environment in Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan. Agriculture is the main economic source of Afghan cities, however, due to rapid population growth, population densification, and inabilityto apply Kabul city’s master plan and regulations, a large portion of land cover transformed from agricultural areas to unplanned developmentsand have shifted the function of communities from productive societies into consumer and dependent societies. The study sheds light on Yakatoot as a study farmland area in Kabul city to present an alive example of what is happening in the reality of agricultural land in Kabul. Therefore, approaches for sustainable conversion of agricultural land in Kabul city is a vital quest that needs to be followed seriously. The study illustrates Afghanistan's land laws. It identifies the social, economic and environmental impacts of land-use change. This paper applies qualitative methods, where data and analysis worked by using field surveys, aerial photographs from Google Earth and data collected from CRIDA. It also investigates international experience regarding land-use change and sustainable solutions. Therefore, due to positive implications of urban agriculture practice as afeasible and sustainable approach to tackle the ongoing challenges related to land-use change in Kabul city, this paper suggests inducing this approach in Kabul city’s master plan and other urban initiatives because it will not only lead to environmental protection, but also, it will re-establish economic stability, enhance social welfare, revive city’s historic identity.
Dimension of Land Use Conversion in Ado-Ekiti Metropolisijceronline
Over the years land use has ever been dynamics due to many factors such as economics, environmental, socio- political, legal among others. In Ado-Ekiti metropolis, due to urbanization the quantum of developable land available continue to decrease daily, hence the high rate of land use conversion. This paper examined land use pattern in Ado- Ekiti and then identified the direction of land use conversion in the study area. Primary data were collected with questionnaire administered on 76 individual property owners who have their properties converted. It was discovered that all the identified properties were originally meant for residential use. The results showed that land use conversion from residential-commercial (68%) was identified followed by residential-institutional (16%), residential-recreational (12%), while residential-others (4%). This study concluded that going by the rate at which residential properties are been converted to other uses in Ado-Ekiti metropolis in the recent time, may lead to serious housing shortage. The implication of this is that house rents will continue to rise to the extent that, low and even medium income earners may not be able to afford accommodation within the study area, unless urgent government intervention.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Awareness about Minimum Support Price among the farmers over the Agro-Ecologi...IJSRP Journal
The present is paper an attempt to analyse the awareness level about MSP among the farming community. The various initiatives taken by the government would result into a more fruitful way if the programmes are widely spread over both the horizontal and vertical strata of a region. The objective of extending support to the farming community through such programmes is to strengthen the agriculture sector by giving security to the farmers to face the price fall. This would certainly ensure the fair remunerations to the farmers resulting in the development of the rural areas. The data used in the analyses are collected from the field survey well spread over the different agro-ecological zones and the response of the farming respondents are recorded on the well designed questionnaire. The study shows that the vulnerable sections of the society are still neither aware of such programmes nor getting reasonable benefits.
This study investigated the arable land protection policies of China. A sample size of 150 staff members of different departments of census and agriculture was selected. We have used the non-probability technique and in non-probability, we selected the convenience sampling method. The data were analyzed using OLS model. The result of the study revealed that all the variables, which includes, land conversion policy, and land tickets are impacting positively except contract law, which depicts that there is an error in the model due to the short sample size. Finally, the findings revealed that although the contract law was beneficial for the farmers and the country, but still it should not be promoted as it imposes a negative effect as per the results.
This study investigated the arable land protection policies of China. A sample size of 150 staff members of different departments of census and agriculture was selected. We have used the non-probability technique and in non-probability, we selected the convenience sampling method. The data were analyzed using OLS model. The result of the study revealed that all the variables, which includes, land conversion policy, and land tickets are impacting positively except contract law, which depicts that there is an error in the model due to the short sample size. Finally, the findings revealed that although the contract law was beneficial for the farmers and the country, but still it should not be promoted as it imposes a negative effect as per the results.
Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Changes in Land Use in Lushan City over the ...PriyankaKilaniya
In the past two decades, with rapid urbanization and economic development, the land use structure of Lushan City has undergone significant changes, posing challenges to ecological security and food supply. It is necessary to explore its spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors to optimize land management. This study is based on land use data from 2000 to 2020 and uses GIS to analyze the spatiotemporal changes and transfer status of land use types. The main method is to use the land use transfer matrix and the single land use dynamic degree to study the land use change and its driving forces. The results indicate that the land use change in Lushan City is characterized by the conversion of arable land into construction land and the conversion of wetlands into water bodies. The area of arable land and wetlands has significantly decreased, while construction land and water bodies continue to increase. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the increase in construction land is concentrated in the central part of Lushan City. The driving factors of land use change in the city include the policy of returning farmland to forests and lakes, rapid economic development, changes in population, and the continuous promotion of the tourism industry.
Advancing the Use of Earth Observation Systems for the Assessment of Sustaina...rsmahabir
Abstract: Decisions made on the use of land in Trinidad and Tobago, with little considerations to environmental impact or physical constraints, have resulted in physical, socio-economic, and environmental problems. As a result of the country’s economic progress, urbanisation and development are fragmenting natural areas and reducing the viability of the environment to support the population. Spatial information is a crucial component in the characterisation and examination of the spatio-temporal dynamics and the consequences of the interaction between human and the environment. This information is of critical importance in the development of models to predict future trends in land cover change and therein, best land use practices to be implemented. However, the lack of data at appropriate scales has made it difficult to accurately examine the land use/cover patterns in the country. This paper argues that the gap in data and information can be managed through the adoption of earth observation technology. Moreover, it reports on the developed methodology, and highlights key results of examining the use of geo-spatial images in addressing sustainability issues associated with development. The developed methodology involves several critical steps in using multi-spectral imagery including cloud and cloud shadow removal, image classification and image fusion. Additionally, a method for improving classification performance using high resolution imagery is discussed. The results demonstrated the accuracy, flexibility and cost-effectiveness of these technologies for mapping the land cover and producing other environmental measures and indicators. Further, these results confirmed the effectiveness of this technology in establishing the necessary baseline and support information for sustainable development in the Caribbean region.
Use of WLC (Weighted Linear Combination) to Determine Land Priorities for Dev...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Gorontalo Regency has the largest paddy field area
in Gorontalo province. The increase in population and the
high demand for land for the construction of residential areas,
trade areas and services, and the construction of accessibility
will put great pressure on paddy fields. Uncontrolled
conversion of paddy fields causes a decrease in paddy fields.
Paddy fields as a rice-producing container should be
maintained and protected so that the paddy needs in
Gorontalo Regency are still fulfilled. Optimization of paddy
fields needs to be done by the Gorontalo Regency government
as an effort to increase the area of paddy fields. This study
aims to determine priority lands for the development of paddy
fields in Gorontalo Regency. Determination of priority land
for growing wetland uses using the Weighted Linear
Combination (WLC) method based on geographic information
systems (GIS). The parameters used consist of driving factors
and inhibiting factors. Types of land use that have land rent
are forests, shrubs and moor. The criteria that influence the
development of paddy field use are the distance from the
paddy fields, the distance from the bush, the distance from the
moor, the distance from the river and the distance from the
small road. Land that has a high priority for the development
of paddy land use is 6,656 ha (3.01%), medium priority land is
4,721 ha (2.16%), low priority land is 4,671 ha (2.14%) and
very low priority land for development in paddy field use is
202,155 ha (92.68%).
Land Use Land Cover Change Detection of Gulbarga City Using Remote Sensing an...ijsrd.com
Land use and land cover(LULC) recently these days became a major component to handle natural resources and managing changes occurring in the environment.which is due to expansion of the urban area it has lead to critical losses of agriculture land,vegetation land and water bodies.followed by this the urban sprawl created a environmental issues. For example :decreased air quality and increase in the temperature etc. Land use and land cover change is driven by human actions and also drives changes that limit availability of products and services for human and animals, and it can undermine ecological wellbeing also. Land use and land cover is an important component in understanding various interactions of the human activities with the environment and thus it is necessary to be able to simulate changes. Therefore, this study was aimed at understanding land use and land cover change in Gulbarga city. In this work we took Gulbarga city to study the urban expansion and LULC change that took place in 2001 and 2012 to know the changes happened in the year 2012 by comparing with data of 2001.remote sensing methodology is used in this study which provides major coverage mapping & classification of land cover features such as vegetation,soil,water,forest etc. A wide range of environmental parameters can be measured including the land use, vegetation types, surface temperatures , soil types, precipitation, phytoplankton, turbidity, surface elevation and geology.satellite images of two different years i.e 2001 and 2012 are taken in to consideration.after image processing classification is done so as to classify images in to various different land use categories.
Prevailing Theories of Change(ToC) on ASB Partnership timeline:
ToC -1: Shifting cultivation is a major driver of deforestation, modernizing agriculture saves forests.- before 1993. Intensifying agriculture to obtain higher yields per ha reduces land pressure on forest & deforestation (‘Borlaug hypothesis’) 1993-1995
ToC 2A: Tradeoffs between private and public benefits of land use can be quantified; knowing opportunity costs of environmental services frames policy;
ToC 2B: Landscape mosaics (varying on segregated versus integrated axis) shape multi-scale outcomes; require Negotiation Support for change
ToC 2C: Landscape mosaics require fair + efficient reward mechanisms and/or coinvestment in ES
TOC 3A: Landscape-scale coinvestment in ES supports Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses (REALU as REDD++ alternative)
ToC 3B: Multi-scale, multi-paradigm combi-nation of national com-modification and local coinvestment for land-based NAMA’s/LAAMA’s
ToC 3C:
Idem for Sustainable Development Goals;
The Evaluation of Land Use Evolution and Ecological Sensitivity of Guangzhou ...AI Publications
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1. J. Resour. Ecol. 2012 3 (3) 262-268
DOI:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2012.03.009
www.jorae.cn
Sept., 2012 Journal of Resources and Ecology Vol.3 No.3
Article
Received: 2012-03-06 Accepted: 2012-05-23
Foundation: Natural Sciences Foundation of China (No. 41130748), Key Knowledge Innovation Project of the CAS (No. KZCX2-EW-304).
* Corresponding author: ZHANG Yifeng. Email: zhangyf@igsnrr.ac.cn.
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
China faces several major problems in terms of agricultural
land. First, the average size of household land management
is still small at the plot scale. Second, the area of abandoned
agricultural land is increasing. Like many fast developing
countries China is under mounting international pressure to
liberalize its farming sector and promote more competitive
agriculture. Against this background, the policy of land
reform should be further speeded up. In theory, agricultural
land use rights reform policy may appear effective, and
agricultural land transfer is an important way to deal with
the conflict between agricultural land fragmentation and
moderate-scale agricultural modernization in China.
The land and production approach has a long history
dating back to the 18th century, for example David Ricardo
(Sraffa and Ricardo 1995). Just and Miranowski (1993)
found that land price expectations are the most important
factor determining land prices in the USA, but point out
that these themselves are determined by yet other factors,
including inlation, the opportunity cost of capital, and farm
returns.
Land transferring issues in China have been addressed
from the perspectives of different disciplines, e.g. sociology,
geography, engineering and economics, due perhaps to the
variety of what are perceived to be important contributory
factors like family, terrain, irrigation and prices. But
transferring price of land contract and management rights1)
are not well explained by the present value model with
rational expectations. According to the theory of human-
Agricultural Land Contract and Management Rights: Transferring
Price and Countermeasures in Typical Agricultural Areas of China
MU Songlin1,2,3
, ZHANG Yifeng1,2
*, WANG Kaiyong1
and Dhruba Bijaya G. C.1,3
1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China;
2 Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101,
China;
3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Abstract: Henan is a large agricultural province and one of China’s major grain-producing areas.
Agricultural land transfer and large-scale operations will have a profound impact on regional economic
development and food security. This is a case study taken in Xiwan village in Qinyang city, Henan. This
paper builds a transferring pricing model using land use rights assessment and characteristic correction
of land contract and management rights. Results show that the transferring price of land contract and
management rights should include the economic price, social price and corrected price. The use of a
price model should focus on the distinction of theory and practical application. If there is no change in
agricultural project,the actual transferring price should be the sum of the economic price and social
security price. If there is a change in agricultural projects,such as cropland into cash crops,the actual
transferring price should be the sum of the economic price, social price and corrected price. Because of
the complexity of income distribution following the transfer, transferring gains should follow a rational
distribution in the outlow side, inlow side, managers and land owner. The government should establish
reasonable and orderly contracted management of land circulation transferring and use this to build a land
transferring price system.
Key words: typical agricultural areas; agricultural land contract and management rights; transferring price;
transferring model
1) Land contract and management rights is the basic rights of the peasants
and the main mode of collective land use in China, and has formally
been established as a stable usufructuary after the promulgation and
implementation “Property Law” in 2007.
2. MU Songlin, et al.: Agricultural Land Contract and Management Rights: Transferring Price and Countermeasures in Typical Agricultural Areas of China 263
nature relation (Wu 1991; Lu and Guo 1998; Zheng 2008;
Fan 2008; Wu 2008), land use is the core of the relationship
between man and nature (Liu 2008), man-land relationship
is established in certain social production relations. In terms
of Marxist political economics, appropriate production
relationships can promote productivity. Land Contract and
Management Rights belongs to land use rights and is very
important to the development of rural productivity. The land
use policy reform is a major method of solving the “three
rural” problems (issues concerning agriculture, countryside
and farmers in China) and productivity can be improved
through the reform of land use policy. The policy of land
use reform should be accelerated, and the government
should offer to transfer land contract and management
rights in various forms and develop various forms of
appropriate large-scale operations when conditions permit
(Mu and Gao 2009). A scientific and standardized pricing
system is the premise of transferring land contract and
management rights, thus it is only with reasonable prices
that land flow is smooth. As the current price evaluation
system lacks systematic and scientiic price assessment of
transferring land contract and management rights,it has
weakened market resource allocation, slowed down the
market allocation of land resources and hindered optimal
land resource allocation.
1.2 Hypotheses
(1) Desire for agricultural land transfer is affected by
different natural, economic, and social factors. The factors
that influence the agricultural land transfer for farmers
include income per capita, education, development level
of non-agricultural industry, resources endowment, and
land per capita. This article focuses on the transferring
price, whether farmers agree with land transfer or not, the
reasonable price is the premise.
(2) Legally, agricultural land did not change its function
after transference. Therefore, this paper argues that the price
of land contract and management rights should include the
economic, social and corrected price.
1.3 Progress
In China, current published articles on transferring land
contract and management rights have mostly concentrated
on defining this term (Ding and Li 2008), significance,
driving force (Yang 2009b), types, features (Huang 2009),
problems and causes (Yang 2009a). Transferring price
research is relatively rare. Table 1 shows the that research
into land contract and management rights have dramatically
increased, especially in 2008. This has a direct correlation
with the seventh session of the Third Plenary Session of
the Chinese Party of China meeting. A lot of geographic
scholars insist on research for national economic
construction and policy.
Statistical analyses of transferring price is the basis for
quantitative transferring price. On one hand, this method
can grasp fluctuation range of transferring price, and on
the other hand measure the validity and rationality of
the calculated transferring price. Figs. 1 and 2 show the
temporal and spatial distribution of transferring prices in
China, 2009.
2 Transferring price content
Property rights and benefits are two basic estimation
methods. Rent distribution is a social justice and political
issue (Lin 1999). Land contract and management rights is
land use rights derived from agricultural collective land in
rural China. It exists in the economic, social and natural
environment through transferring market allocation (Fig. 3).
Researchers have no doubt about the economic value
of land, and the social value should also be quantitative.
Although land ownership does not change after transferring
land contract and management rights, agricultural land
undoubtedly is the most fundamental social insurance of
farmers ever since contract responsibility systems have
been practiced in rural China. While in the process of
transference, operational risks exist on the inlow side, and
farmers’ social security cannot be ensured. That is, if the
beneits of inlow side are not obtained, the income on the
outlow side can also not be ensured. Growing grain has low
comparative beneit, so the trend of non-food has appeared
in the transference of rural land and it will have a serious
impact on China’s food security in the long term. Currently,
many farmers have transferred land for the development
of vegetables, flowers, nursery stock, special livestock
breeding and other high-beneit agricultural projects, so the
concept of agricultural land to grow grain is vague in the
hearts of the majority of farmers (Guan 2009). Therefore, its
Table 1 The number of papers looking at transferring land
contract and management rights in China.
Year Number Journals Dissertation Conference
2004 20 19 1 0
2005 37 30 5 2
2006 30 25 5 0
2007 35 28 7 0
2008 59 55 4 0
2009 182 168 9 5
2010 204 159 35 10
Note: Wanfang data, accessed on June 1st
, 2010.
Fig. 1 Time distribution of land transferring price in China,
2009 (CNY mu-1
y-1
).
456
Jan Mar Apr May
Feb Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
200
300
400
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
838
730
632
861
626
560
714
858
740
543
840
3. Journal of Resources and Ecology Vol.3 No.3, 2012
264
social value should be considered in the transferring price.
The corrected price is that of the transferring price
that the agriculture project has changed after land
transference. If the agriculture project did not change, then
the transferring price needs not corrected; otherwise, the
corrected price should be discussed in order to ensure the
rights and interests of the outflow side because change of
agriculture project will boost income.
3 Data and methodology
3.1 Data sources
This paper employed data mainly from the Land and
Resources Bureau of Jiaozuo city and Qinyang city (county-
level) in March 2009. Data included the level of agriculture
land area, agricultural indefinite standard land price and
social security costs. The questionnaire method of random
sampling was employed, and 250 questionnaires were sent
out in Xiwan village, and 216 valid ones were collected
(effective rate of 86%).
3.2 Assessment methods
(1) Assessment method of the economic price: Land
contract and management rights belong to land use rights.
Because of ownership characteristics and the profitability
of agricultural land, this paper selected the income
capitalization approach as the economic value assessment
method (Liu and Fu 2007).
(2) Assessment method of the social price. Social price
comprises secure price and stabile price. The insurance
method, the average living cost method, the minimum
social security method and resettlement compensation
method are four assessment methods for the social security
price. This paper selected the minimum social security
method to assess the social security price. With regard to
social stability price, we can use an indirect way to measure
it. Land reclamation fees is a measure of food security
price, based on alternative principles, it can be used as the
quantitative indicator of social stability price.
(3) Assessment methods for the corrected price. In fact,
transferring corrected price is the distribution of differential
rent for transferring land. Differential rent comes from
additional investment on land. Farmers will invest capital
and labor to which the differential rent should belong. In
fact, the land contract and management right is separated
after transferring land, the farmer retains the contract right
and becomes the outflow side, the use right (management
right) transfers to new contract customers, and the
differential rent should be allocated by the proportion of
capital.
3.3 Modeling conversion
P = PE+PS+PT, T = 1−
1
(1 + )n
r
;
where P is the transferring price of the land contract and
management rights, PE is the transferring economic price,
PS is the transferring social price, PT is the transferring
corrected price, T is correction of years, r is discount rate,
and n is number of years.
Fig. 2 Space distribution of land transferring
price in China, 2009 (CNY mu-1
).
Note: Missing data from Tibet Autonomous
Region, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, and
their value is assumed to be 0.
Source: http://www.tuliu.com/, in Jan. of 2010 0 510,000 1,020,000 1,530,000
km
N
Legend
Value
255,000
Fig. 3 The economy-society-environment of land contract
and management rights.
Natural
environment
Transferring
market
Social
environment
Land contract and
management rights
Economic
environment
4. MU Songlin, et al.: Agricultural Land Contract and Management Rights: Transferring Price and Countermeasures in Typical Agricultural Areas of China 265
4 Empirical analyses
Xiwan Village is located south of the Taihang Mountains
and north of Qin River (Fig. 4). As one of the largest
villages of Qinyang City, Xiwan Village is a typical
densely populated village with a total population more
than 10 000, of which about 9000 are farmers. In 2008
“the irst auction” of land contract and management rights
of China occurred in Qinyang City, Henan. Hu Jintao, the
general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Central
Committee (CCPCC) and the President of China had a
personal interview with Dong Xiaozhu, secretary of the
party committee of Xiwan Village. Hu praised him for the
transferring land work. From September 2007, according
to the law, the land contract and management rights have
changed a household of individual management into village
collective subcontracting management, uniied farming and
management and each household pays 400 kg of wheat per
year for the transferring fee. Therefore transferring of the
land contract and management rights in Xiwan Village is
representative.
4.1 Quantiication of transferring price
4.1.1 Transferring economic price
(1) Numeric value of land discount rate. Land discount
rate = security interest rates + risk coefficient: 1.98% +
1.74% = 3.72%. The land contract and management rights
belong to creditor’s rights; business risk is larger than the
average land use rights. So, land discount rate is increased
by 0.1%, whereas the inal value is 3.82%.
(2) Numeric value of transferring qualitative price.
Datum price of agricultural land refers to the quality price
of agricultural land. That is, the price of land used for
agricultural purposes is determined by earning power and
income level in the same ownership. The price of land
contract and management rights is also determined by
earning power and income level as it is transferring, so the
calculation of qualitative price is based on datum price of
agricultural land (Table 2). Agriculture land of Qinyang
City is divided into seven levels, Xiwan Town has two
levels (Table 3).
After correcting years, the 30-year qualitative price is
shown below in Table 4.
Year corrected coeficient;
T = 1
1
(1 + )n
r
−
= 30
1
3 82
1
(1 + . %)
−
= 0.675
(3) Numeric value of transferring subsidies price: State
subsidies to farmers should be included in net income.
Through investigation in 2010, Xiwan Village the food
subsidies standard was 14.08 CNY mu-1
(1 ha = 15 mu)
and rural capital subsidies standard was 66.72 CNY mu-1
.
Psubsidies= (Pfood subsidies + Prural capital subsidies) ÷ r = (14.08 + 66.72)
÷ 3.82% = 2115.18 CNY. This numerical value is the price
Fig. 4 Location of the study area.
Table 2 Agricultural indeinite standard land price in Xiwan
Town (CNY m-2
).
Land groups 802 702
Irrigated land Mean value 18.91 16.92
Amplitude 15.8712–22.0014 14.9124–19.023
Dry land Mean value 12.70 11.31
Amplitude 9.9552–15.453 9.0576–13.4232
Vegetable land Mean value 41.28 33.43
Amplitude 34.1292–48.4902 28.5294–38.5968
Gland Mean value 20.63 18.2
Amplitude 16.0956–25.2144 14.6064–21.7566
Wood land Mean value 7.03 5.90
Amplitude 4.5288–9.3228 3.6822–7.8132
Unused land Mean value 3.69 2.82
Amplitude 3.1008–4.5798 2.3664–3.4884
Table 3 Level of agriculture land area in Xiwan Town (ha).
Xiwan Town
Levels 802 702
Area 2480.04 622.42
Table 4 Transferring quality price (CNY m-2
) over the past
30 years.
Land groups 802 702
Irrigable land Mean value 12.76 11.20
Amplitude 10.71306–14.8509 10.0659–12.8405
Dry land Mean value 8.57 7.49
Amplitude 6.71976–10.4308 6.1139–9.0607
Vegetable land Mean value 27.86 22.12
Amplitude 23.0372–32.7309 19.2573–26.0528
Garden land Mean value 13.93 12.04
amplitude 10.8645–17.0197 9.8593–14.6857
Wood land Mean value 4.74 3.90
Amplitude 3.0569–6.2996 2.4855–5.2739
Unused land Mean value 2.49 1.86
Amplitude 2.0930–3.09137 1.5973–2.3547
Legend
City
County
Town
N
5. Journal of Resources and Ecology Vol.3 No.3, 2012
266
for an unlimited period; 30-year price is 1427.75 CNY mu-1
.
With level 802 irrigated land for example, 30-year
economic price =1427.75 + 8506.67 = 9934.42 = CNY
mu-1
. The annual economic price is 331.15 CNY mu-1
.
4.1.2 Transferring social price
(1) Social secure price: Assessment of social secure
price is based on the town and village as a unit. It uses the
premium rate method according to per agricultural land,
then divides social security area by price, at last ascertains
various social secure prices. Social secure price refers
to criterion established by the Department of Human
Resources of Henan (Table 5).
The social security price is 4290 CNY mu-1
. This
numerical value is the price of an unlimited period; 30-year
price is 96.53 CNY mu-1
.
(2) Social stabile price: Calculated with the numeric
value of land reclamation. According to the data provided
by the Bureau of Land and Resources in Qinyang City,
the numeric value of land reclamation is 13 CNY mu-1
for irrigated agricultural land and 11 CNY mu-1
for dry
agricultural land. The numeric value of social stabile price
= (13 ÷ 0.0015) × (27369.10 ÷ 30161.32) + (11 ÷ 0.0015)
× (2071.77 ÷ 30161.32) = 8667 × 0.9074 + 7333 × 0.06869
= 7864.44 + 503.70 = 8368.14 CNY mu-1
. The 30-year
price is 5648.49 CNY mu-1
and one year price is 188.28
CNY mu-1
. Garden land reclamation fee is 10.43 CNY m-2
,
one year social stabile price is 156 CNY mu-1
. Wood land
reclamation fee is 7.45 CNY m-2
, one year social stabile
price is 111.75 CNY mu-1
(Table 6).
4.1.3 Transferring corrected price
After land transference, agriculture project alteration will
cause change in income, such as what happens when arable
land changes to garden land. Increased income will be
allocated in transferring both sides, and the transferring
price needs to be corrected. In accordance with differential
land rent theory, differential land rent is allocated by the
percentage of capital after the transfer of agricultural land.
Agricultural land capital is changed into price of land use
rights, calculating the capital ratio of agricultural land share,
then calculating the corrected price by expected income:
Pcorrected =
( + )
p
a
p c
where Pcorrected is transferring price, a is expected income, p
is 30-years transferring qualitative price, and c is investment
per mu after the land transfer.
Such as the corrected price of irrigated land into garden
land after transfer, based on the investigation, the average
annual net income to grow fruit is 1130.68 CNY mu-1
in
Qinyang, so investment is 22 000 CNY mu-1
,
Pcorrected =
( + )
p
a
p c
=1130.68×(7466.67÷29466.67)
=286.51 CNY mu-1
.
4.2 Transferring price analysis
(1) Agricultural projects do not change after transference.
Transferring price = economic price + social secure price.
For example irrigated land, P = Pquality + Psecurity = 331.15
+ 96.53 = 427.68 CNY mu-1
. According to Fig. 2, the
average transferring price of land contract and management
in Henan is 472 CNY mu-1
, so the model is effective and
reasonable.
(2) Agricultural projects have changed after transference.
For example, if irrigated land is changed into growing
fruit. P= PE+PS+PT=331.15+96.53+284.81+286.51=99
9 CNY mu-1
. Inflow side has capacity and should pay for
it. According to the price estimated by expert of Henan
Agricultural University, 2500 mu combined land in Xiwan
Village will gain 5000 CNY mu-1
income each year. First,
through land transference, it can achieve large-scale
operation and gains, promote industrialized operation of
agriculture, and then increase output. So, inflow side will
obtain more economic beneits by raising production, saving
costs, and reducing investment and administrative costs.
Naturally, part of the differential rent to outlow side should
be assigned. In the economic price calculation process, net
income values are obtained by grain yields. In the actual
transferring process, cultivation of crops is cash crops with
higher income in many agricultural lands, the more revenue
the insider is, the more income the outlow side will have.
5 Discussion and implications
(1) The price composition of land contract and
management rights at the village level: We have established
a transferring price model by means of the philosophy of
agricultural land value, a basic land use rights assessment
and characteristic correction of land contract and
management rights.
(2) The difference between the theoretical price and
practical application price model: When agricultural
projects do not changed and continue to grow food crops,
Table 5 Social security costs in Jiaozuo City (CNY mu-1
).
Units Urban
control area
Outside urban
control area
Jiaozuo City 9080 5450
Xiuwu County 7150 4290
Boai County 7150 4290
Wushe County 7150 4290
Wen County 7150 4290
Qinyang City 7150 4290
Mengzhou City 7150 4290
Table 6 Social security costs in Jiaozuo City (CNY mu-1
y-1
).
Land groups Social secure
price
Social stabile
price
Social
price
Agricultural
land
Arable land 96.53 188.28 284.81
Garden land 96.53 156 252.53
Wood land 96.53 111.75 208.28
6. MU Songlin, et al.: Agricultural Land Contract and Management Rights: Transferring Price and Countermeasures in Typical Agricultural Areas of China 267
the transferring price is the sum of the economic price
and social security price. If there is change in agricultural
projects, such as changing into cash crops, the transferring
price should be the sum of the economic, social (including
social security price and social stability price) and corrected
price.
(3) The complexity of the profit distribution: In
practicing community ownership contract management on
a household basis, land policy, powers and functions of
land contract and management rights include occupy, use,
earnings and exclude the contractor’s right to disposition.
Therefore, the distribution of benefits becomes very
complex. The transferring income can be assigned as a part
of collective economic organizations in order to ensure
ownership is realized in the economy. According to Marx’s
rent theory, the absolute rent and differential rent should
have reasonable distribution and realization. Therefore,
gains should be reasonably distributed between the outlow
side, inlow side, managers and land owner.
6 Suggestions
(1) Establish reasonable and well-ordered land
transferring market: The value of agricultural land can
be realized through market allocation. The ideal land
contracting and management right transferring market is
the sum of economic relations in the process of circulation.
The market needs government supervision and intermediate
information services. Through sub-contracting, renting,
exchanging and share-holding cooperation, outflow side
transferred land into the inlow side. By land transfer, land
can achieve large-scale development and operation, and
land transfer contract can ensure stable interests relationship
to the outflow side and inflow side. Land contract and
management right transferring market mechanisms are
depicted in Fig. 5.
(2) Constructing agricultural land transferring price
system by transferring market: The core of the agricultural
land transferring market is to develop a reasonable
price. But the current agricultural land transferring price
mechanism has two problems: first, the transferring price
is not fully integrated into socialist market economic
competition; second, a transferring market has not yet
formed and the impact of competition mechanism on price
is insuficient. Therefore, we should construct a reasonable
and efficient land transferring price system. This will
actively propel the agricultural land transferring market
towards healthy, sustainable and orderly development but
also can attract peasants into the land transferring market.
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Fig. 5 Land contract and management right transferring
market operating mechanism.
Intermediary
organization
Local
government
Inlow side
Large-scale
operation
Outlow side
Intermediary
function
Management
function
Sub-contract, renting,
exchanging, transferring,
share-holding
cooperation, etc.
Intermediary
function
Management
function