International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
URBAN SPRAWL AND ITS CHANGING PARADIGMS A CASE STUDY OF JAIPUR CITYJournal For Research
There is widespread concern about understanding and curbing urban sprawl, which has been cited for its negative impacts on natural resources, economic development and quality of life of the society. There is not, however, a universally accepted definition of urban sprawl. It has been described using quantitative measures, qualitative terms, attitudinal explanations, and landscapes patterns. The increasing pace of urbanization is usually associated with and driven by the population concentration in an urban area over the periods. The extent of urbanization and its growth drives the change in land use land cover patterns results to urban areas continue to expand over the periods. So, this present study deals with the quantifying the spatial patterns in Jaipur city, analysis based on primary and secondary data collected from different sources, using the spatial analysis technique like Entropy Model for the detection of change in spatial and temporal variability of urban sprawl and the degree of spatial concentration or dispersion of geospatial variable. The boundary less cities are the new paradigms of development and Jaipur is no exception. The process of urban sprawl has been resulted due to the continuous industrial and economic development in the rural – urban fringe of the study area.
Landuse is an emerging socio-economic activity wherein a region of one major specific purpose utility may be converted into another land for general purpose utility. The categories of landuse are highlighted in this module.
Study on Impact of Land Fragmentation in Agriculture-A Case of Rajshahi Distr...paperpublications3
Abstract:The study was conducted in Rajshahi district to get clear picture on the status of land fragmentation. Total 30 respondents were interviewed to know about the status of land fragmentation in Rajshai, impacts of land fragmentation in agriculture, environment, economics and sustainable development. This study was conducted with the view to assess the impacts of land fragmentation in agriculture, land uses as well as on society, and in particular, challenges for the agricultural land. Several factors were recognized and it is happening due to alterations in physiographic and social-economic conditions and population growth. The land use pattern of Bangladesh is changing very rapidly due to unplanned human settlement and industrialization. Bangladesh is a small country but it supports a huge population, resulting in a very high density of population and very high intensity of land and resource use The following factors are driving country’s overall scenario of economic development and environment imbalance include: i) unexpected population growth; ii) human settlement; iii) increased number of nuclear family; and iv) scarcity of land for ever increasing demand of food. As a result, agricultural land is decreasing remarkably. Results showed that the land fragmentation of Rajshahi district is changing, especially the agricultural land is decreasing in an alarming rate and now it is becoming more and more vulnerable. The agricultural land of the study area is losing each and every year. The agricultural production also is decreasing due to lack of agricultural land, industrialization, decreasing soil fertility and making soils toxics by using chemicals. If this rate continues, the agricultural land will be totally exhausted within the next couple of years. Moreover the fragmentation of land is impacting sustainable development of the study area frequently. If the perceived problems could be solved by raising awareness among the people, go for vertical uses of land, motivate family to live in the extend family, adopting appropriate policy for human settlements and land use planning.
Keywords:Extend family; land fragmentation; nuclear family; vertical scope; sustainable development.
This document summarizes a study on the transformation of rural settlements in Basudebpur and Jemari villages in West Bengal, India from 1971 to 2018. The study analyzes changes in the spatial area and patterns of settlements, demographic shifts in the population, and socio-economic transformations, including changes in infrastructure, employment, and lifestyle. The researchers conducted field surveys and interviews with villagers to assess satisfaction with current services and identify priorities for further transformation. GIS software was used to analyze land use maps and satellite images over time to measure changes in the size and layout of the rural settlements. Key findings from the study will be discussed in the results and discussion section.
This document summarizes three community-based groundwater management pilot projects in Mahabubnagar District, India. The first pilot in Chellapur village involves 5 households sharing water from existing borewells across 54 acres via a pipeline and sprinklers. They collectively manage the borewells. The second pilot in Mukthipahad village involves 5 households and 27 acres, but has not fully established management practices. The third pilot in Gundlapally village is just starting. The document analyzes groundwater availability and usage in the pilots and makes recommendations to improve management and agricultural practices to promote more sustainable groundwater use.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
URBAN SPRAWL AND ITS CHANGING PARADIGMS A CASE STUDY OF JAIPUR CITYJournal For Research
There is widespread concern about understanding and curbing urban sprawl, which has been cited for its negative impacts on natural resources, economic development and quality of life of the society. There is not, however, a universally accepted definition of urban sprawl. It has been described using quantitative measures, qualitative terms, attitudinal explanations, and landscapes patterns. The increasing pace of urbanization is usually associated with and driven by the population concentration in an urban area over the periods. The extent of urbanization and its growth drives the change in land use land cover patterns results to urban areas continue to expand over the periods. So, this present study deals with the quantifying the spatial patterns in Jaipur city, analysis based on primary and secondary data collected from different sources, using the spatial analysis technique like Entropy Model for the detection of change in spatial and temporal variability of urban sprawl and the degree of spatial concentration or dispersion of geospatial variable. The boundary less cities are the new paradigms of development and Jaipur is no exception. The process of urban sprawl has been resulted due to the continuous industrial and economic development in the rural – urban fringe of the study area.
Landuse is an emerging socio-economic activity wherein a region of one major specific purpose utility may be converted into another land for general purpose utility. The categories of landuse are highlighted in this module.
Study on Impact of Land Fragmentation in Agriculture-A Case of Rajshahi Distr...paperpublications3
Abstract:The study was conducted in Rajshahi district to get clear picture on the status of land fragmentation. Total 30 respondents were interviewed to know about the status of land fragmentation in Rajshai, impacts of land fragmentation in agriculture, environment, economics and sustainable development. This study was conducted with the view to assess the impacts of land fragmentation in agriculture, land uses as well as on society, and in particular, challenges for the agricultural land. Several factors were recognized and it is happening due to alterations in physiographic and social-economic conditions and population growth. The land use pattern of Bangladesh is changing very rapidly due to unplanned human settlement and industrialization. Bangladesh is a small country but it supports a huge population, resulting in a very high density of population and very high intensity of land and resource use The following factors are driving country’s overall scenario of economic development and environment imbalance include: i) unexpected population growth; ii) human settlement; iii) increased number of nuclear family; and iv) scarcity of land for ever increasing demand of food. As a result, agricultural land is decreasing remarkably. Results showed that the land fragmentation of Rajshahi district is changing, especially the agricultural land is decreasing in an alarming rate and now it is becoming more and more vulnerable. The agricultural land of the study area is losing each and every year. The agricultural production also is decreasing due to lack of agricultural land, industrialization, decreasing soil fertility and making soils toxics by using chemicals. If this rate continues, the agricultural land will be totally exhausted within the next couple of years. Moreover the fragmentation of land is impacting sustainable development of the study area frequently. If the perceived problems could be solved by raising awareness among the people, go for vertical uses of land, motivate family to live in the extend family, adopting appropriate policy for human settlements and land use planning.
Keywords:Extend family; land fragmentation; nuclear family; vertical scope; sustainable development.
This document summarizes a study on the transformation of rural settlements in Basudebpur and Jemari villages in West Bengal, India from 1971 to 2018. The study analyzes changes in the spatial area and patterns of settlements, demographic shifts in the population, and socio-economic transformations, including changes in infrastructure, employment, and lifestyle. The researchers conducted field surveys and interviews with villagers to assess satisfaction with current services and identify priorities for further transformation. GIS software was used to analyze land use maps and satellite images over time to measure changes in the size and layout of the rural settlements. Key findings from the study will be discussed in the results and discussion section.
This document summarizes three community-based groundwater management pilot projects in Mahabubnagar District, India. The first pilot in Chellapur village involves 5 households sharing water from existing borewells across 54 acres via a pipeline and sprinklers. They collectively manage the borewells. The second pilot in Mukthipahad village involves 5 households and 27 acres, but has not fully established management practices. The third pilot in Gundlapally village is just starting. The document analyzes groundwater availability and usage in the pilots and makes recommendations to improve management and agricultural practices to promote more sustainable groundwater use.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Presented by IWMI Yvan Altchenko at ICID's 26th ERC and 66th IEC meeting, held in Montpellier, France (October 11-16, 2015), at the session ’What governance for groundwater and surface water use in agriculture?' held on October 13, 2015.
Taming the Sprawl: Growth of a Peri-urban City and Policy ResponseSamuel Dekolo
- This presentation examines the growth of Ikorodu, Nigeria over 40 years from 1975-2015 using remote sensing and GIS analysis. It analyzes the spatial expansion of the city and changes in fractal dimension to understand urban sprawl and loss of agricultural land.
- An empirical study of 300 land owners found ineffective land management policies contributed to the city's disordered growth.
- Recommendations are made for sustainable urban planning policies that can guide growth without threatening agriculture and food security in the peri-urban area.
An impact of irrigation project on agriculture land holding a comparative stu...Alexander Decker
1) The document analyzes the impact of the Tulasi Dam irrigation project on agricultural land holdings in three villages in Kolhapur, Maharashtra.
2) It finds that after the project, the proportion of irrigated and cultivated land increased significantly, while the proportion of waste land decreased.
3) Specifically, it shows that the percentage of land under perennial irrigation grew from about 15% to nearly 64% after the project, while seasonal irrigation and waste land both declined substantially.
26 nov16 status_of_water_resources_in_uttarakhandIWRS Society
This document discusses the status of water resources in Uttarakhand, India including issues and challenges. It notes that Uttarakhand receives heavy precipitation but is also prone to cloud bursts and flooding which have caused widespread damage. Some key problems facing water management in the state are small land holdings, hilly terrain which limits irrigation, and low benefit-cost ratios for water projects. Climate change is also exacerbating issues like increased temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, glacier retreat and more frequent extreme weather events. Micro-irrigation is mentioned as one approach to help address water challenges in the mountainous state.
Remote sensing and census based assessment and scope for improvement of rice and wheat water productivity in the Indo-Gangetic basin - Xueliang Cai and Bharat Sharma, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka
Peri-urban Land Use Change in the Lagos MegacitySamuel Dekolo
This document summarizes a study that examined land use and land cover changes in Ikorodu, a peri-urban local government area of Lagos, Nigeria, using remote sensing imagery from 1990 to 2011. The study found a 672% increase in urbanized areas, accompanied by losses of 58% of forestland and 29% of agricultural land. Wetlands decreased by 6.28%. This indicates unsustainable sprawl that threatens rural livelihoods and sustainability. The study recommends adopting GIS and remote sensing in planning, strengthening related education, and preparing an Ikorodu Master Plan to guide development.
This document discusses how rapid urbanization in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) has impacted natural habitats and key ecosystem services over the period of 2000-2018. The author analyzes spatial and temporal data on land use/cover, population density, GDP, vegetation indices and other biophysical factors to assess changes. The results show that urbanization generally led to declines in ecosystem services, with negative spatial correlations between urbanization and services. However, relationships varied in urban and rural areas, and an overall trend of weak decoupling was observed as urbanization increased. The findings provide insights for sustainable urban planning and ecosystem protection in megaregions experiencing rapid development.
The document proposes a vision to manage the River Chitral in Chitral, Pakistan called Vision2030. The single focus of the vision is to transform the River Chitral from a destructive force to the most valuable asset of the local people through a 10-year master plan. This would be done by reclaiming land from the river and reviving wasted riverbeds, which could double the amount of cultivable land. The benefits would include recovering land, protecting life and property, enhancing agricultural production, generating electricity, promoting tourism, and positively impacting the environment. The document outlines steps to implement the vision that include studying the river's impacts, gaining community support, creating a master plan, securing funding, and ph
Schematic analysis of the green areas in al hillah cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of green areas in Al-Hillah City, Iraq. It finds that the total area of parks and green spaces is 1.4% of the city, much lower than standards in other places. The per capita share of green space is only 1.5 square meters per person. Access and amount of green space varies greatly between districts, from 13.2 square meters per person to as low as 0.3 square meters per person. The study concludes the city needs more green areas to meet environmental, health and recreational needs of its growing population.
26 nov16 water_productivity_in_agricultureIWRS Society
Water Productivity in Agriculture
Sharad K. Jain and Pushpendra K. Singh - Scientists
Water Resources Systems Division,
National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667
Land use planning: Panacea a Sustainable Lagos MegacitySamuel Dekolo
There is a trajectory between land use planning and sustainable development. Both concepts tend to deliberately use available societal resources in a rational way in order to meet future desired needs and aspirations. However, the lack of land use planning of megacities in developing countries has brought about various environmental and economic consequences which cannot be overlooked. The sprawling nature of the Lagos megacity is very alarming and to achieve sustainability, there is need to strike a balance between the spatial needs for human activities and available land through sustainable land use planning which is constant. This paper examines the theoretical underpinnings of land use planning, which seems to be dislocated from existing planning practice and emphasize the need for a holistic approach which transcends the traditional land use planning in order to achieve sustainable development.
The document discusses how an agricultural field called O'Bryan Ridge experienced unintended conversion of 31% of its land to wetlands due to erosion following flooding. Efforts were made to regrade and reshape the land, restoring the agricultural productivity to 70% by 2014, though 30% remained permanently lost. Further preparation of the land for future agricultural use is still needed.
This document presents a case study of the village Bhitarkotta in India. It discusses how [1] agriculture is the primary occupation but most land is unirrigated, leading to low productivity and poverty; [2] a diversion-based irrigation project was implemented to provide water for 30 acres of land, benefiting 25 households; [3] this resulted in increased crop area and yields, higher incomes, and less pressure on forest resources from slash-and-burn farming. The irrigation project helped boost the village's economy while protecting the local environment.
The document summarizes water resource development in Nepal's Koshi Basin. It finds that developing the basin's water resources through infrastructure like dams and hydropower projects could help meet future water demands under climate change and population growth scenarios. Modeling estimates the basin has over 8,000 million cubic meters of water storage potential and 29,000 gigawatt-hours of annual hydropower generation capacity. Water resource development could ease water stress, boost hydropower production to address Nepal's power shortage, and facilitate economic growth through regional power sharing agreements.
Sustainable city planning aims to design cities in a way that considers social, economic, and environmental impacts without compromising future generations' ability to enjoy the same benefits. This involves minimizing energy, water, food, waste and pollution outputs. Sustainable cities benefit from dense urban living that promotes social interaction and public transit use while reducing environmental impacts. Key methods for sustainable city planning include renewable energy sources, green spaces, efficient public transport, optimal building density, urban farming, and walkable neighborhoods. Sustainable architecture, drainage systems, and transportation modes can also contribute to more sustainable urban development.
Quality of Life in Slums of Nabadwip Town: A Comparative Studypaperpublications3
Abstract: Though urbanisation is an indicator of development, but it is also bitter fact that poverty is growing faster in urban areas than in rural areas. Around the world, approximately one billion people live in urban slums, which are typically overcrowded, polluted and lack basic services. The situation is worst in developing countries like India. The slums of Nabadwip town portray a pathetic picture of life in slums. Social problems, disparities, well being and quality of life are the new domains of geographic study in this post-modern era. Quality of life studies form part of human geography, radical geography, and welfare geography and of philosophical geography. The quality of life studies are becoming more relevant for inclusive development of society and country. This paper is an attempt to determine the quality of life statistically in slums of Nabadwip town. In general, Quality of Life (QOL) reflects the hopes and expectations of a person. Population and spaces both are important variables in the urban development of any region. The study is made to highlight the upgrading situation of slum dwellers rather than social problems of the slums in the Nabadwip town of the district of Nadia. The approach for the measurement of the QOL is derived by composite index and standard deviation etc.
Keywords: urbanisation, slum, Quality of life, composite index, standard deviation.
Title: Quality of Life in Slums of Nabadwip Town: A Comparative Study
Author: Surajit Das
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
Hyderabad Research Site_ Ms. Sreoshi SinghSaciWATERs
This document discusses water security challenges in peri-urban areas surrounding Hyderabad, India due to climate change and urbanization. It notes that population growth and expansion of Hyderabad city into surrounding areas is placing increasing pressure on water resources. Groundwater levels are declining and some areas are over-exploited. Villages visited depended solely on groundwater for supply and agriculture. Residents were unaware of impacts of climate change and growth on future water availability. Water infrastructure and management needs improvement to ensure long-term water security for the growing peri-urban population.
The document proposes a vision to manage the River Chitral in Chitral district to promote sustainable development. It suggests making river management the single policy focus by implementing a 5-year master plan. This would reclaim land from the river and revive wasted riverside lands, effectively doubling cultivable area. Benefits would include increased agricultural production, protected settlements, tourism promotion, and environmental improvements. A funding structure is outlined establishing a trust to issue land ownership bonds and facilitate financing, with support from donors, provincial and federal governments. The goal is to transform the river from a threat to the most valuable asset for local people.
This document summarizes a study examining farmers' complaints regarding China's land coupon approach for transforming rural housing land to farmland in Chongqing. It provides background on China's rapid urbanization putting pressure on farmland, with both urban expansion and rural construction reducing arable land. China's policy of balancing the reduction of rural construction land with the increase of urban built-up area is described. The study analyzes farmers' complaints about the land coupon process in Chongqing to understand issues in farmland reclamation policy implementation from their perspective.
1. The population in the Girna river basin in Nashik district has steadily increased from 689,000 in 1961 to 1,635,000 in 2001, with the population density increasing from 118 to 280 persons per square kilometer over this period.
2. The land use in the basin has changed between 1990-1991 and 2000-2001, with net sown area increasing by 0.76% but forest area decreasing by 0.3%, fallow land decreasing by 0.99%, and cultivable waste land decreasing by 1.71%.
3. Growing population is the main factor for changing land use in the basin, putting pressure on existing resources and leading to more land being used for non-ag
Impacts of Land-use Transformationon Agriculture land in Afghanistan,Kabul ci...IEREK Press
The change in land-use over a certain period of time is inevitable. This paper investigates the issue of land use change on agricultural land that has become a phenomenon affecting the economy and environment in Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan. Agriculture is the main economic source of Afghan cities, however, due to rapid population growth, population densification, and inabilityto apply Kabul city’s master plan and regulations, a large portion of land cover transformed from agricultural areas to unplanned developmentsand have shifted the function of communities from productive societies into consumer and dependent societies. The study sheds light on Yakatoot as a study farmland area in Kabul city to present an alive example of what is happening in the reality of agricultural land in Kabul. Therefore, approaches for sustainable conversion of agricultural land in Kabul city is a vital quest that needs to be followed seriously. The study illustrates Afghanistan's land laws. It identifies the social, economic and environmental impacts of land-use change. This paper applies qualitative methods, where data and analysis worked by using field surveys, aerial photographs from Google Earth and data collected from CRIDA. It also investigates international experience regarding land-use change and sustainable solutions. Therefore, due to positive implications of urban agriculture practice as afeasible and sustainable approach to tackle the ongoing challenges related to land-use change in Kabul city, this paper suggests inducing this approach in Kabul city’s master plan and other urban initiatives because it will not only lead to environmental protection, but also, it will re-establish economic stability, enhance social welfare, revive city’s historic identity.
Presented by IWMI Yvan Altchenko at ICID's 26th ERC and 66th IEC meeting, held in Montpellier, France (October 11-16, 2015), at the session ’What governance for groundwater and surface water use in agriculture?' held on October 13, 2015.
Taming the Sprawl: Growth of a Peri-urban City and Policy ResponseSamuel Dekolo
- This presentation examines the growth of Ikorodu, Nigeria over 40 years from 1975-2015 using remote sensing and GIS analysis. It analyzes the spatial expansion of the city and changes in fractal dimension to understand urban sprawl and loss of agricultural land.
- An empirical study of 300 land owners found ineffective land management policies contributed to the city's disordered growth.
- Recommendations are made for sustainable urban planning policies that can guide growth without threatening agriculture and food security in the peri-urban area.
An impact of irrigation project on agriculture land holding a comparative stu...Alexander Decker
1) The document analyzes the impact of the Tulasi Dam irrigation project on agricultural land holdings in three villages in Kolhapur, Maharashtra.
2) It finds that after the project, the proportion of irrigated and cultivated land increased significantly, while the proportion of waste land decreased.
3) Specifically, it shows that the percentage of land under perennial irrigation grew from about 15% to nearly 64% after the project, while seasonal irrigation and waste land both declined substantially.
26 nov16 status_of_water_resources_in_uttarakhandIWRS Society
This document discusses the status of water resources in Uttarakhand, India including issues and challenges. It notes that Uttarakhand receives heavy precipitation but is also prone to cloud bursts and flooding which have caused widespread damage. Some key problems facing water management in the state are small land holdings, hilly terrain which limits irrigation, and low benefit-cost ratios for water projects. Climate change is also exacerbating issues like increased temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, glacier retreat and more frequent extreme weather events. Micro-irrigation is mentioned as one approach to help address water challenges in the mountainous state.
Remote sensing and census based assessment and scope for improvement of rice and wheat water productivity in the Indo-Gangetic basin - Xueliang Cai and Bharat Sharma, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka
Peri-urban Land Use Change in the Lagos MegacitySamuel Dekolo
This document summarizes a study that examined land use and land cover changes in Ikorodu, a peri-urban local government area of Lagos, Nigeria, using remote sensing imagery from 1990 to 2011. The study found a 672% increase in urbanized areas, accompanied by losses of 58% of forestland and 29% of agricultural land. Wetlands decreased by 6.28%. This indicates unsustainable sprawl that threatens rural livelihoods and sustainability. The study recommends adopting GIS and remote sensing in planning, strengthening related education, and preparing an Ikorodu Master Plan to guide development.
This document discusses how rapid urbanization in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) has impacted natural habitats and key ecosystem services over the period of 2000-2018. The author analyzes spatial and temporal data on land use/cover, population density, GDP, vegetation indices and other biophysical factors to assess changes. The results show that urbanization generally led to declines in ecosystem services, with negative spatial correlations between urbanization and services. However, relationships varied in urban and rural areas, and an overall trend of weak decoupling was observed as urbanization increased. The findings provide insights for sustainable urban planning and ecosystem protection in megaregions experiencing rapid development.
The document proposes a vision to manage the River Chitral in Chitral, Pakistan called Vision2030. The single focus of the vision is to transform the River Chitral from a destructive force to the most valuable asset of the local people through a 10-year master plan. This would be done by reclaiming land from the river and reviving wasted riverbeds, which could double the amount of cultivable land. The benefits would include recovering land, protecting life and property, enhancing agricultural production, generating electricity, promoting tourism, and positively impacting the environment. The document outlines steps to implement the vision that include studying the river's impacts, gaining community support, creating a master plan, securing funding, and ph
Schematic analysis of the green areas in al hillah cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of green areas in Al-Hillah City, Iraq. It finds that the total area of parks and green spaces is 1.4% of the city, much lower than standards in other places. The per capita share of green space is only 1.5 square meters per person. Access and amount of green space varies greatly between districts, from 13.2 square meters per person to as low as 0.3 square meters per person. The study concludes the city needs more green areas to meet environmental, health and recreational needs of its growing population.
26 nov16 water_productivity_in_agricultureIWRS Society
Water Productivity in Agriculture
Sharad K. Jain and Pushpendra K. Singh - Scientists
Water Resources Systems Division,
National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667
Land use planning: Panacea a Sustainable Lagos MegacitySamuel Dekolo
There is a trajectory between land use planning and sustainable development. Both concepts tend to deliberately use available societal resources in a rational way in order to meet future desired needs and aspirations. However, the lack of land use planning of megacities in developing countries has brought about various environmental and economic consequences which cannot be overlooked. The sprawling nature of the Lagos megacity is very alarming and to achieve sustainability, there is need to strike a balance between the spatial needs for human activities and available land through sustainable land use planning which is constant. This paper examines the theoretical underpinnings of land use planning, which seems to be dislocated from existing planning practice and emphasize the need for a holistic approach which transcends the traditional land use planning in order to achieve sustainable development.
The document discusses how an agricultural field called O'Bryan Ridge experienced unintended conversion of 31% of its land to wetlands due to erosion following flooding. Efforts were made to regrade and reshape the land, restoring the agricultural productivity to 70% by 2014, though 30% remained permanently lost. Further preparation of the land for future agricultural use is still needed.
This document presents a case study of the village Bhitarkotta in India. It discusses how [1] agriculture is the primary occupation but most land is unirrigated, leading to low productivity and poverty; [2] a diversion-based irrigation project was implemented to provide water for 30 acres of land, benefiting 25 households; [3] this resulted in increased crop area and yields, higher incomes, and less pressure on forest resources from slash-and-burn farming. The irrigation project helped boost the village's economy while protecting the local environment.
The document summarizes water resource development in Nepal's Koshi Basin. It finds that developing the basin's water resources through infrastructure like dams and hydropower projects could help meet future water demands under climate change and population growth scenarios. Modeling estimates the basin has over 8,000 million cubic meters of water storage potential and 29,000 gigawatt-hours of annual hydropower generation capacity. Water resource development could ease water stress, boost hydropower production to address Nepal's power shortage, and facilitate economic growth through regional power sharing agreements.
Sustainable city planning aims to design cities in a way that considers social, economic, and environmental impacts without compromising future generations' ability to enjoy the same benefits. This involves minimizing energy, water, food, waste and pollution outputs. Sustainable cities benefit from dense urban living that promotes social interaction and public transit use while reducing environmental impacts. Key methods for sustainable city planning include renewable energy sources, green spaces, efficient public transport, optimal building density, urban farming, and walkable neighborhoods. Sustainable architecture, drainage systems, and transportation modes can also contribute to more sustainable urban development.
Quality of Life in Slums of Nabadwip Town: A Comparative Studypaperpublications3
Abstract: Though urbanisation is an indicator of development, but it is also bitter fact that poverty is growing faster in urban areas than in rural areas. Around the world, approximately one billion people live in urban slums, which are typically overcrowded, polluted and lack basic services. The situation is worst in developing countries like India. The slums of Nabadwip town portray a pathetic picture of life in slums. Social problems, disparities, well being and quality of life are the new domains of geographic study in this post-modern era. Quality of life studies form part of human geography, radical geography, and welfare geography and of philosophical geography. The quality of life studies are becoming more relevant for inclusive development of society and country. This paper is an attempt to determine the quality of life statistically in slums of Nabadwip town. In general, Quality of Life (QOL) reflects the hopes and expectations of a person. Population and spaces both are important variables in the urban development of any region. The study is made to highlight the upgrading situation of slum dwellers rather than social problems of the slums in the Nabadwip town of the district of Nadia. The approach for the measurement of the QOL is derived by composite index and standard deviation etc.
Keywords: urbanisation, slum, Quality of life, composite index, standard deviation.
Title: Quality of Life in Slums of Nabadwip Town: A Comparative Study
Author: Surajit Das
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
Hyderabad Research Site_ Ms. Sreoshi SinghSaciWATERs
This document discusses water security challenges in peri-urban areas surrounding Hyderabad, India due to climate change and urbanization. It notes that population growth and expansion of Hyderabad city into surrounding areas is placing increasing pressure on water resources. Groundwater levels are declining and some areas are over-exploited. Villages visited depended solely on groundwater for supply and agriculture. Residents were unaware of impacts of climate change and growth on future water availability. Water infrastructure and management needs improvement to ensure long-term water security for the growing peri-urban population.
The document proposes a vision to manage the River Chitral in Chitral district to promote sustainable development. It suggests making river management the single policy focus by implementing a 5-year master plan. This would reclaim land from the river and revive wasted riverside lands, effectively doubling cultivable area. Benefits would include increased agricultural production, protected settlements, tourism promotion, and environmental improvements. A funding structure is outlined establishing a trust to issue land ownership bonds and facilitate financing, with support from donors, provincial and federal governments. The goal is to transform the river from a threat to the most valuable asset for local people.
This document summarizes a study examining farmers' complaints regarding China's land coupon approach for transforming rural housing land to farmland in Chongqing. It provides background on China's rapid urbanization putting pressure on farmland, with both urban expansion and rural construction reducing arable land. China's policy of balancing the reduction of rural construction land with the increase of urban built-up area is described. The study analyzes farmers' complaints about the land coupon process in Chongqing to understand issues in farmland reclamation policy implementation from their perspective.
1. The population in the Girna river basin in Nashik district has steadily increased from 689,000 in 1961 to 1,635,000 in 2001, with the population density increasing from 118 to 280 persons per square kilometer over this period.
2. The land use in the basin has changed between 1990-1991 and 2000-2001, with net sown area increasing by 0.76% but forest area decreasing by 0.3%, fallow land decreasing by 0.99%, and cultivable waste land decreasing by 1.71%.
3. Growing population is the main factor for changing land use in the basin, putting pressure on existing resources and leading to more land being used for non-ag
Impacts of Land-use Transformationon Agriculture land in Afghanistan,Kabul ci...IEREK Press
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Land Conversion for New Urban Growth and Its Impact –From Dwellers' Point of View- A Case Study from New Town Kolkata
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 4 Issue 11 || November. 2015 || PP.01-06
www.ijhssi.org 1 | P a g e
Land Conversion for New Urban Growth and Its Impact –From
Dwellers’ Point of View- A Case Study from New Town Kolkata
1
Puspita Sengupta, 2
Dr. Subhra Chattopadhyay
Assistant Professor of Geography, Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi Mahavidyalay,Haora
Associate Professor of Geography, Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata
Abstract- New Towns are usually built up at metro-periphery with an eye to accommodate overspill population
and functions of metro city. These are self-sufficient planned towns having a full range of urban economic and
social activities, so it can provide employments for all of its inhabitants as well as a balanced self-content social
community could be maintained. In 3rd
world countries New Towns are often built up from scratch i.e. on the
area having no urban background and therefore it needs a massive land conversion from rural to urban. This
paper aims to study the implication of such land title transfer on original habitats with a case study. The study
has been conducted at Jatragachhi Mouza (i.e. lowest ordered administrative rural unit), NewTown, Kolkata.
Once Jatragachhi Mouza of Rajarhat Block; N24 Parganas was rural in character, now it is located at the
heart of New Town Kolkata. It is observed in this study that cultivation was the mainstay of livelihood for
majority of resident. There was a dramatic rise in irrigated area pointing out agricultural prosperity. Ascending
women’s literacy rate as found in this rural mouza obviously indicates a constant social progress. Through land
conversion, this flourishing agricultural land has been transformed into urban area with highly sophisticated
uses. Such development may satisfy educated urban elite but the area loses its functional linkages with its
surroundings and fails to prove its actual growth potentiality. The physical linkages (like past roads and
irrigation infrastructure) which had developed through time to support the economy become defunct. Historicity
of this original site is demolished. Losses of the inhabitants of the area who have been evicted are also immense
and cannot be materially compensated. Therefore, ethos of such new town planning through land conversion is
under question. Need for an integrated approach for rural and urban development planning is felt in this study.
I. Introduction
Crisis of land is the root of many urban problems especially in metropolitan cities. The quantity of land is
limited; the requirements of land for the civilized life keep growing. Extreme pressure on land creates awe-some
situations in metropolitan life especially in the third world countries. To mitigate this problem of land crisis,
huge amount of rural land beyond the metropolitan boundary is often acquired by the state for the sake of New
Town Planning. Such acquisition is obviously associated with land conversion from one title to other.
Consequently such conversion causes the eviction, sometimes forced and distressed eviction of the dwellers
from their original place and occupation. This pathetic part is shadowed under the glow of Planned New Town.
An in –depth Study is needed to understand the spatial and societal change of the original habitat that happens
due to land conversion for such Planned Urban Growth.
Aim: This paper aims to study the implication of such land title transfer on original habitats with a case study at
Jatragachhi, New Town, Kolkata.
Objectives of the study:
To identify the land use change due to land acquisition.
To understand the demographic changes in terms of change in sex ratio, literacy, and occupational
pattern
To identify the change in infrastructure
To study perception of the local people about impact of land transfer and New Town Planning
Land Acquisition and Land Use Changes: Jatragachhi which was purely rural area is now being acquired for
development of New Town Kolkata. Acquisition has started since 2002. But land registration or mortgage was
strictly restricted since 1999. 217.73 Hectare of land (74%) has been acquired so far. This is only cultivated
land. But some residential plots with standing buildings are also demarcated as cultivated land (plot no:
802,819etc.) and have been acquired. Compensation value is fixed as 6000/-and 8000/-per 1.6 decimal land and
3000 for low fishery cum agricultural land (90.58$, 120.77$ and 45.29$ respectively dated 13.9.2015). Claimers
have to collect the compensation compulsorily within three months from the day of notification. Otherwise it
would be returned to the District Treasury office and it would to claim in court with full proofs. It will be a
lengthy and expensive process. Such forced acquisition agitated peasants. Demarcation of acquired land by
2. Land Conversion for New Urban Growth and Its…
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HIDCO officials could not be done without the help of police force. The poor, distressed cultivators had no
other option but to collect their compensation and vacated their land. Several court cases have been suited and
some peasants still refuse to collect compensation. Land uses which was practiced so long was overhauled.
Impact of such acquisition of cultivated land for new urban growth on land and society are immense.
There was a stark change in land uses after acquisition. Most part of the mouza was agricultural land. (Fig-1 &
2) Settlements have developed along the main artery connecting Barasat and Basanti.
Till 2001, predominant use of the area was cultivation. It is evident from census records that cultivated land has
increased by 22ha or 8% from 1991 to 2001. It is interesting to note that during the same period irrigation has
expanded significantly. Irrigated area has increased from 2.02ha to227.3 ha. There is no cultivable waste. All
these facts indicate that the area is most suitable for cultivation and sufficient efforts have been made to improve
irrigational facilities. Besides, 2001 census record affirms that forest has been developed on 3.60 ha (1.25%)
land though there was no recorded forest during 1991. During the same period, area not available for agriculture
has decreased by 25.5ha or about 9% (Table-2).
Table 2: Land use Changes of Jatragachhi (1991-2001)
Fig1: Land Use Transfer From 1991-2001
Source: Census of India 1991, 2001
With expansion of irrigation, cultivation was done both in Aman and Boro season. Three crops were harvested
in a year. Two paddies, vegetables, mustard or lentil were grown. According to the report of the District
Agriculture office Productivity of paddy in this Block of Rajarhat is highest in the District i.e. 4392kg/Ha (2001)
But for the commencement of new town development, land acquisition is taking place in Jatragachhi. As on
12.11.2012, 217.73 hectares (74.84%) land area is acquired for the urban growth. This is solely agricultural land
(Table-3, Fig-2& 3).
This acquired fertile agricultural land is given for sophisticated urban use. According to 2013, 50% land has
been distributed to private housing developers, 15% is given for Eco Park in front of Financial Hub, 10% for a
lake, 15% for road development including glamorous six- lane artery and Jatrgachhi Metro Rail Station.
Table 3: Land Use Change of Jatragachhi 2001-2013
Source: Census report, 2001 & Primary Survey 2013
Year Forest Irrigated
Agricultural
Land [Hectares]
Unirrigated
Agricultural
Land [Hectares]
Total
Agricultural
Land [Hectares]
Culturable
Waste
Aarea not
Available for
Cultivation
[Hectares]
2001
1.25%
78.12% 6.88% 85% 0.00 13.75%
2013 0.00% 20%* 0% 20% *
0.00% 80%
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But these new development is obviously in cost of food grain production. Considering the average productivity
of paddy the loss of food grain (paddy) per year can be calculated as (217.73X2X4392) 1912540.32kg on in
average. Total agricultural land acquired for Kolkata New Town Planning was 3075 hectare. If even 30% loss of
food grain is accepted for mishandle and calamities average availability of paddy from the total acquired land
appears to be 467,9,01,673 Kg/year. Thus such land transfer is a serious threat to the food security.
Fig 2: Land Use of Jatrgachhi– 2001 Fig 3: Land Use Of Jatragachhi after Land Acquisition-2003
Source-Primary Survey
Data Source: District Land Revenue Office, N 24 Pgs
Fig 4: Changing Land Use of Jatragachhi-2013
Source-Primary Survey
Demographic Changes: It was found from analysis of census data that the density of population has increased
(1991-2011). But the sex composition remains the same. The literacy pattern is also changed. The decadal male
literacy growth rate is 8% and it is 16% for female during the period of1991-2001.It implies that a significant
spread of female education occurs in this area (Table-4). But this growth rate comes down to 7% in 2011.
Table 4: Sex and Literacy Composition:
Yea
r
Total
Populatio
n
Male Female Population
density(Persons/
sq km)
Literates
Total Male Female
199
1
4254 2205(51.8%) 2049(48.2%) 1462 1443 946(65.6%) 497(34.4%)
200
1
5118 2652(51.8%) 2466(48.2%) 1759 3037 1740(57.3%) 1297(42.7%)
201
1
6890 3557(51.62
%)
3333(48.38
%)
2375 498
6
2706(54.27
%)
2280(45.73
%)
Source-Census of India 1991, 2001, 2011
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Change in Occupational Character: The worker and the non-worker ratio remain more or less same during
the period of 1991-2001. It has increased during 2011. Main workers in total workers have increased
fantastically from1991 to 2001(Table-6).Only 5.44% workers were marginal in 2001. But main workers have
reduced drastically during 2011. Marginal workers have increased from 5.44% to 30% during the period of 2001
to 2011. Such economic deterioration is obviously due to land transfer.
Table 5: Workers and Non-Workers Composition:
Year Total workers Main Workers Marginal Workers
1991 1330(31.26%) 1141(85.79%) 189(14.21%)
2001 1545(30.19%) 1461(94.56%) 84(5.44%)
2011 2623 (38%) 1838 (70%) 78(30%)
Source-Census of India 1991, 2001, 2011
Infrastructural changes:
The area was irrigated through Kestopur canal and Bagjola canal. A beautiful irrigation system through
underground piping was developed. The area was irrigated through River Lifting Irrigation system also. But
all these systems had been demolished even before acquisition started.
Grain Gola (grain store room), agricultural instruments of the cultivators are now of no use. But following
the traditional belief, farmers cannot sell those.
All cattle animals have been sold.
In past, the region was served by some unmetalled roads. These roads connect the important market
settlements of vegetables and rice. But now this mouza is connected with the other parts of the region with
modern transportation system. A major north south arterial road with a six lane divided carriageway is
functional near the Jatragachhi mouza. It passes through the area connecting it with Kaji Nasrul Islam
Sarani just off Baguihati at the one hand and Sector V of Bidhan Nagar on the other.
The regional road connection across the Vidyasagar Setu and Vivekananda Setu and Nibedita Setu are
provided along the EM Bypass, Kona Express Way and Belgharia Express Way. This area is connected to
the remote parts of the N and S 24 Pgs by Rajarhat road in the north and Basanti Highway in the south.
There is a proposal for Eastern Expressway which is going to connect the whole of Kolkata Metropolitan
area.
The study area is within 6 km of Bidhannagar and Dumdum railway station, the most important railway
node providing interface and transfer facility of the sub urban railway system, circular railway. The
upcoming East –West Metro is also ending at Saltlake.
The study area is south to Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport at Dumdum. There is also a
possibility of an effective water transport system finally taking shape once Krishnapur canal is made
navigable all the year round.
Impacts on Habitants: To understand the impact of the land conversion on the residents of Jatragachhi a
primary survey has been conducted among the affected people. During land transfer compensation was given in
two ways- i) land price compensated and ii) rehabilitation of the displaced persons. Compensation, when paid, is
never been enough to replace what is lost. Nothing is exception in Jatragachhi. Occupational changes of these
people not only cause loss in income but also create identity crisis.
A primary survey has been conducted among the people whose agricultural land has been acquired but are not
displaced from Jatragachhi to understand how they maintain their livelihood. This is found that once settled
cultivators have been transformed into marginal workers (Table-6).
Table 6: Occupational Change of cultivators who lost their land but not displaced
Cultivators- 26% Security guard- 2%
Daily wage labourer- 24% Fruit seller- 2%
Grocery shop 7% Business (building material- 7%
Auto rickshaw puller- 14% Biri (indigenous cigar) making- 4%
Tailor 2% Mason- 10%
Others 2% Past occupation agriculture 100%
Source-Primary Survey
In the RR Site (Resettlement and Rehabilitation Site) (Fig-4) displaced 600 families have been resettled. But
they are not original habitants of Jatragachhi. They have been displaced from distant place. Due to displacement
majority of the people lose their work. Once who were engaged in primary activities, now have been
transformed into daily wage earner or informal workers like mason, carpenter, hand rickshaw puller, auto
rickshaw puller, house painter, sweeper (Table-7).
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Table 7: Present Occupations of Displaced People
Daily
unskilled
wage
labors(helper)
Manson Carpenter Hand
rickshaw
puller
Auto
rickshaw
driver
Home
painter
Sweeper cultivator
17% 12% 10% 15% 14% 14% 9% 11%
Source-Primary Survey
Living Condition at Resettlement &Rehabilitation Site (R.R Site): Plots allotted at R.R. Site is very small in
size (Table-8). R.R. Site appears as congested slum with row housing separated by 4ft wide lane. Housing
condition is very poor. 84% houses are kuchha, made of mud and are thatched. Part of the area is not electrified.
There is no proper sewerage and safe drinking water supply. 669 families have to depend on two public tubes
well for drinking water.
Table 8: Allotment of Plot to the Displaced persons at R R Site
Plot Size (sq feet) 438 600 720
No: of allotted Plots 79 545 43
Source- HIDCO
Fig-6 Complains as stated by the residents of R.R. Site during primary survey
Source-Primary Survey
New Town in Dwellers’ View: 100% residents interrogated in Jatragachhi believe that New Town Planning has
no good effect in their life. It grabs their land and peace. It will serve only upper stratum of the society. But they
have been victimized. They are bearing the cost of new town as
Loss of assured food due to loss of agricultural land and cattle.
Drastic loss of income since they have been transformed into marginal workers.
Loss of utility of their agricultural machineries as well as their traditional knowledge about cultivation
Fear of hike in property tax
Damaging of natural and social environment
Water logging due to filling of agricultural land.
Abuse of fertile soil
Destruction of their excellent irrigation system
Increase of social and political tension
Loosening of social bondage
Forced eviction and encountering with police
Identity crisis
Psychological problems
Not a single responder supports this smart New Town Plan through conversion of arable land into urban area. It
is neither sustainable nor beneficial.
Conclusion: Jatragachhi, once a flourishing agricultural area is now transforming into central area of a New
Town following a vast acquisition of cultivated land and displacement. The state, of course has paid
compensation and offered some other facilities to these evicted people. But the losses of social identity as well
space identity of these displaced people are in compensable.
Moreover, role of agricultural land as a producer of food is denied. Besides, agricultural land around the city
could act as Green Belt for the city.
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Infrastructure as well as functional linkages which had developed through a way of life are worthy of respect
and protection. These cannot be brutally demolished.
A deep understanding of uniqueness of a place and place assets are at the base of spatial planning. Therefore,
how habitants value the place (rather than planner) is important. But their voices are unheard in state directed
spatial planning.
Town and country planning department is looking after spatial planning. Urban planning of different forms
especially for metropolis is done by the department. Country (rural) planning rarely attended. Rural region
surrounding the city develops in interest of the city and thus loses its original identity. Several social as well as
environmental problems are thus generated. This story of land conversion in Jatragachhi for development of
Rajarhat New Town has pointed these problems. It is realized from this study that rural-urban planning in
integrated fashion is necessary as a policy for sustainable spatial planning.
References:
[1] Chambers R., (2005).Ideas for Development, Earthscan in the UK & USA
[2] Law S., Harper C., Marcus R.,(2003).. Research for Development: SAGE publication,
[3] Roy U., K., (2005). Development of New Townships: A Catalyst in the Growth of Rural Fringes of Kolkata Metropolitan Area
(KMA), Paper for the Annual Conference of HUDCO
[4] Sengupta S., (Aug 2008).A History of the Brutal Rajarhat Land Acquisition Bengal’s New IT Hub, Sanhati
[5] India: Social Development Report 2008..Oxford University Press,India
[6] Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation (HIDCO). New Town Rajarhat Project Report; Government of West Bengal:
Kolkata, India, May, 1999.
[7] District Census Handbook, North And South 24 Parganas, Series 26, Part XII A and B, Village and Town Directory, 1991
[8] Ibid- 2001
[9] PCA ,North and South 24 Parganas -2011