Use of WLC (Weighted Linear Combination) to Determine Land Priorities for Dev...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Gorontalo Regency has the largest paddy field area
in Gorontalo province. The increase in population and the
high demand for land for the construction of residential areas,
trade areas and services, and the construction of accessibility
will put great pressure on paddy fields. Uncontrolled
conversion of paddy fields causes a decrease in paddy fields.
Paddy fields as a rice-producing container should be
maintained and protected so that the paddy needs in
Gorontalo Regency are still fulfilled. Optimization of paddy
fields needs to be done by the Gorontalo Regency government
as an effort to increase the area of paddy fields. This study
aims to determine priority lands for the development of paddy
fields in Gorontalo Regency. Determination of priority land
for growing wetland uses using the Weighted Linear
Combination (WLC) method based on geographic information
systems (GIS). The parameters used consist of driving factors
and inhibiting factors. Types of land use that have land rent
are forests, shrubs and moor. The criteria that influence the
development of paddy field use are the distance from the
paddy fields, the distance from the bush, the distance from the
moor, the distance from the river and the distance from the
small road. Land that has a high priority for the development
of paddy land use is 6,656 ha (3.01%), medium priority land is
4,721 ha (2.16%), low priority land is 4,671 ha (2.14%) and
very low priority land for development in paddy field use is
202,155 ha (92.68%).
Identification and Monitoring the Change of Land Use Pattern Using Remote Sen...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Dhaka is one of the fastest growing megacities of the world with a dense population over 15 million.
Being the capital of a developing country like Bangladesh, it is experiencing multi-dimensional problems such
as over urbanization, traffic congestion, water logging, solid waste disposal, black smoke from brick kilns and
industrial emissions, sound pollution, pollution of water bodies by industrial discharge and the newly added
calamity, building collapse. Dhaka is a sheer example of having poor legislative actions, inefficient
management and lack of public awareness, which leads the urbanization to an unplanned and resource
consuming development. This paper presents an integrated study of urbanization trends in Dhaka City,
Bangladesh, by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). This study explores
the land use change pattern of Dhaka City Corporation over 1990-2010, through interactive supervised land
cover classification using Landsat images by ArcGIS 10. The remotely detected land use/cover change from
1990 to 2010 shows that Dhaka is gradually changing as vegetative cover and open spaces have been
transformed into building areas, low land and water bodies into reclaimed built up lands. These changes are
mainly governed by unplanned urban expansion.
Keywords - ArcGIS 10.0, Dhaka City Corporation, GIS, Land Use Pattern, Remote Sensing
Land Use Growth Simulation and Optimization for Achieving a Sustainable Urban...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Urban areas have been perceived as the source of environmental problems. To avoid improper land use allocation, negative sprawl effects, and other sources of environmental degradation, city planners need tools for simulating and optimizing their proposed plans. This study proposed a “what-if” analysis model that could help the planners in assessing and simulating their urban plans in Bekasi City, Indonesia. As part of Jakarta Metropolitan Area which exhibited a “post-suburbanization” phenomenon, this city faces many problems because of its high urban growth. Since the urban area has higher land use density than the rural area, especially on built-up class, it needs more consideration when allocating this kind of land use. Because each type of built-up class influences another type, it is difficult to allocate manually. Therefore, this study proposed a land-use optimization application to help planners finding the appropriate land use. This study showed that a model with simulation and optimization can be used to handle urban growth.
The Factors of Land use Conversion from Settlement Area to Commercial Area at...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Land use that does not conform to its city plan is a common phenomenon that happens on fast growing cities. Land use conversion usually caused by discrepancy between the reasoning that underlie a city plan and market's judgement. At the area around Ir. Soekarno Street / MERR that designed as a part of Surabaya City Ring Road, the land use is gradually changing from settlement area into commercial area. In urban planning, it is important to understand the cause of land use change in order to be able to handle the implication well. Therefore, the research objective was to identify the factors that affecting land use conversion from settlement area into commercial area at Ir. Soekarno Street/MERR, Rungkut Madya Street, and Medokan Ayu Street. The research's methods are descriptive. The descriptive analysis was used to describe the land use change pattern at Ir. Soekarno Street/MERR, Rungkut Madya Street, and Medokan Ayu Street. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyses the factors that affecting land use conversion from settlement area into commercial area. The result showed that the factors that affecting land use conversion are land's value, average income of the land owner, and land use in the surrounding area.
Green space suitability evaluation for urban resilience convertedShiva Pokhrel
The Kathmandu Metropolitan City is one of the fastest growing capital cities around. Excessive unplanned urban growth in the city leads to negative impacts on urban environments, publics, and communities. Metropolitan administrators and planners have been facing with impenetrability in making available of green space due to the unplanned urban growth tendency. The paper evaluates suitable sites for urban green space development using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based multi-criteria analysis methods with geographical information systems (GIS). Various spatial datasets were obtained from several organizations and further processed on the GIS environment for suitable site evaluation. After the analytical hierarchy process of a pairwise comparison matrix was created and criteria weights were calculated for different factors. Variables taken for this study are school point data, health facility's location data, emergency service's locations, water bodies, emergency road network data, land use/land cover data, population data, distance to existing park, and slope. The unit of a study is a metropolitan city. Evaluations demonstrate the spatial distribution of different not suitable areas, less suitable , moderate suitable, and highly suitable area respectively, of the 4.47 %, 7.19 % of the area are high and moderate suitable area, while the largest area 78.87 % is less suitable and 9.47 % are not suitable for the development of green open space. This finding could contribute a planner for spatial planning of green space development in KMC.
Use of WLC (Weighted Linear Combination) to Determine Land Priorities for Dev...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Gorontalo Regency has the largest paddy field area
in Gorontalo province. The increase in population and the
high demand for land for the construction of residential areas,
trade areas and services, and the construction of accessibility
will put great pressure on paddy fields. Uncontrolled
conversion of paddy fields causes a decrease in paddy fields.
Paddy fields as a rice-producing container should be
maintained and protected so that the paddy needs in
Gorontalo Regency are still fulfilled. Optimization of paddy
fields needs to be done by the Gorontalo Regency government
as an effort to increase the area of paddy fields. This study
aims to determine priority lands for the development of paddy
fields in Gorontalo Regency. Determination of priority land
for growing wetland uses using the Weighted Linear
Combination (WLC) method based on geographic information
systems (GIS). The parameters used consist of driving factors
and inhibiting factors. Types of land use that have land rent
are forests, shrubs and moor. The criteria that influence the
development of paddy field use are the distance from the
paddy fields, the distance from the bush, the distance from the
moor, the distance from the river and the distance from the
small road. Land that has a high priority for the development
of paddy land use is 6,656 ha (3.01%), medium priority land is
4,721 ha (2.16%), low priority land is 4,671 ha (2.14%) and
very low priority land for development in paddy field use is
202,155 ha (92.68%).
Identification and Monitoring the Change of Land Use Pattern Using Remote Sen...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Dhaka is one of the fastest growing megacities of the world with a dense population over 15 million.
Being the capital of a developing country like Bangladesh, it is experiencing multi-dimensional problems such
as over urbanization, traffic congestion, water logging, solid waste disposal, black smoke from brick kilns and
industrial emissions, sound pollution, pollution of water bodies by industrial discharge and the newly added
calamity, building collapse. Dhaka is a sheer example of having poor legislative actions, inefficient
management and lack of public awareness, which leads the urbanization to an unplanned and resource
consuming development. This paper presents an integrated study of urbanization trends in Dhaka City,
Bangladesh, by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). This study explores
the land use change pattern of Dhaka City Corporation over 1990-2010, through interactive supervised land
cover classification using Landsat images by ArcGIS 10. The remotely detected land use/cover change from
1990 to 2010 shows that Dhaka is gradually changing as vegetative cover and open spaces have been
transformed into building areas, low land and water bodies into reclaimed built up lands. These changes are
mainly governed by unplanned urban expansion.
Keywords - ArcGIS 10.0, Dhaka City Corporation, GIS, Land Use Pattern, Remote Sensing
Land Use Growth Simulation and Optimization for Achieving a Sustainable Urban...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Urban areas have been perceived as the source of environmental problems. To avoid improper land use allocation, negative sprawl effects, and other sources of environmental degradation, city planners need tools for simulating and optimizing their proposed plans. This study proposed a “what-if” analysis model that could help the planners in assessing and simulating their urban plans in Bekasi City, Indonesia. As part of Jakarta Metropolitan Area which exhibited a “post-suburbanization” phenomenon, this city faces many problems because of its high urban growth. Since the urban area has higher land use density than the rural area, especially on built-up class, it needs more consideration when allocating this kind of land use. Because each type of built-up class influences another type, it is difficult to allocate manually. Therefore, this study proposed a land-use optimization application to help planners finding the appropriate land use. This study showed that a model with simulation and optimization can be used to handle urban growth.
The Factors of Land use Conversion from Settlement Area to Commercial Area at...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Land use that does not conform to its city plan is a common phenomenon that happens on fast growing cities. Land use conversion usually caused by discrepancy between the reasoning that underlie a city plan and market's judgement. At the area around Ir. Soekarno Street / MERR that designed as a part of Surabaya City Ring Road, the land use is gradually changing from settlement area into commercial area. In urban planning, it is important to understand the cause of land use change in order to be able to handle the implication well. Therefore, the research objective was to identify the factors that affecting land use conversion from settlement area into commercial area at Ir. Soekarno Street/MERR, Rungkut Madya Street, and Medokan Ayu Street. The research's methods are descriptive. The descriptive analysis was used to describe the land use change pattern at Ir. Soekarno Street/MERR, Rungkut Madya Street, and Medokan Ayu Street. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyses the factors that affecting land use conversion from settlement area into commercial area. The result showed that the factors that affecting land use conversion are land's value, average income of the land owner, and land use in the surrounding area.
Green space suitability evaluation for urban resilience convertedShiva Pokhrel
The Kathmandu Metropolitan City is one of the fastest growing capital cities around. Excessive unplanned urban growth in the city leads to negative impacts on urban environments, publics, and communities. Metropolitan administrators and planners have been facing with impenetrability in making available of green space due to the unplanned urban growth tendency. The paper evaluates suitable sites for urban green space development using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based multi-criteria analysis methods with geographical information systems (GIS). Various spatial datasets were obtained from several organizations and further processed on the GIS environment for suitable site evaluation. After the analytical hierarchy process of a pairwise comparison matrix was created and criteria weights were calculated for different factors. Variables taken for this study are school point data, health facility's location data, emergency service's locations, water bodies, emergency road network data, land use/land cover data, population data, distance to existing park, and slope. The unit of a study is a metropolitan city. Evaluations demonstrate the spatial distribution of different not suitable areas, less suitable , moderate suitable, and highly suitable area respectively, of the 4.47 %, 7.19 % of the area are high and moderate suitable area, while the largest area 78.87 % is less suitable and 9.47 % are not suitable for the development of green open space. This finding could contribute a planner for spatial planning of green space development in KMC.
The importance of geospatial data to calculate the optimal distribution of re...Paula Díaz
Díaz, P., Masó, J. (2013). The importance of geospatial data to calculate the optimal distribution of renewable energies.
Poster in EGU General Assembly 2013, Session ERE – Energy, Resources and the Environment, Vienna, April 2013.
Soil Liquefaction Potential Maps for Earthquake Events in Yangon, Myanmarijtsrd
The soil liquefaction is one of the main topics of geotechnical engineering associated with the strong earthquakes. The study area has been selected in Yangon City because it is most populated density area and located near the active faults and the rivers. The main objective of study is the development of liquefaction potential maps as a prominent feature for site planners and decision makers to reduce loss of lives. The borehole data including ground water table, Standard Penetration Test (SPT), blow counts, wet density and fine content etc. have been collected from the 530 representative sites in Yangon City. The safety factor of soil liquefaction is evaluated by using National Center of Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) Method (1997). The Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) is proposed by Luna and Frost Method (1998) to predict the potential of liquefaction at sites. The proposed liquefaction potential map is analyzed by using Geographic Information Software. The development of liquefaction potential maps is associated with 1%, 2%, 5%, 10% and 20% of probabilities of exceedance in 50 years. Zar Lee Tint | Nyan Myint Kyaw | Kyaw Kyaw"Soil Liquefaction Potential Maps for Earthquake Events in Yangon, Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12747.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/12747/soil-liquefaction-potential-maps-for-earthquake-events-in-yangon-myanmar/zar-lee-tint
Environmental Policy for Road Transportation: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Ca...Shamsuddin Ahmed
This paper explores the efficacy of environmental protection in road transportation that produces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a result of vehicle travel frequencies in a region. Road transportation deduces the highest contributor of carbon emissions coupled with human interventions in the economic growth sectors that rather bear a perilous condition in property management exclusively in urban settlements or impervious lands. An association among the selected variables where population erraticism echoes a basic determinant of road transportation for energy use and vehicle travels increasingly succeeds carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions. Trends in regional gas emissions depict two pragmatic paradigms. First, at least four principal components are coherent and overriding in regional environmental protection to fulfil the common goal of measuring and monitoring climate smart land use. Second, a plausible land transportation policy pooled with environmental regulations is a complex one from economic development perspective as the higher the regional economic growth relates relatively higher GHG emissions in nature. It can be concluded that environmental protection from GHG is virtually regulated by three influences: population, energy usages, and vehicle travels which are deemed to be the spatial dimension of reducing global carbon emissions being caused from road transportation in a region.
Key Aspects of Land Governance: A Policy Framework for Developing CountriesShamsuddin Ahmed
Abstract: This research examines the key aspects of land governance and suggests a policy framework to determine the efficient use of land resources with respect to geographic, economic, and social phenomena of a developing country. It primarily obliges two capacities: the assessment of land use variability, and the identification of development strategies for land use delimitation. Land governance allows local level land use politically, economically and socially transformative, and contributes better physical environment and revenue generation. In a developing country, it is rather sparse from land use regulations to the municipal and rural land use with accessible
implications of housing, farming lands, and public assets. The central argument is that developing countries should have given more responsiveness to land governance for sustainable land use that is a key for agriculture, livelihoods, transits, local food security and poverty alleviation. Despite the fact that the local government and rural development agencies are utilitarian for managing the public goods, they do not always meet the government expenditures mostly because of political, economic, or ecological constraints. This paper warns six strategies and concludes that land management needs an informed policy model capable of monitoring and appraising the impacts of land use towards integrated land governance.
LAND USE /LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION AND CHANGE DETECTION USING GEOGRAPHICAL I...IAEME Publication
Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. Geographical information system and image processing techniques used for the analysis of land use/land cover and change detection of Sukhana Basin of Aurangabad District, Maharashtra state. The tools used ArcGIS10.1 and ERDAS IMAGINE9.1, landsat images of 1996, 2003and 2014. From land use / land cover change detection it is found that during 1996-2014, water bodies cover have loss of 4 Sq. Km. Barren land have 146 Sq.Km. loss and forest area with 96 Sq.Km. loss. It is found that urbanization area has gain of 51 Sq.Km. and agricultural land cover also have gain of 195 Sq.Km.
Detecting Urban Change of Salem City of Tamil Nadu, India from 1990 to 2010 U...drboon
Unplanned city growth is an indicator of rapid industrialization, which usually reduces the quality of the environmental health of a region - sometimes disastrously. Monitoring provides the planners and decision - makers with required information about the current state of development and the nature of changes that have occurred. The study on development of urban lands and the changes in the land use and land cover in Salem city, Tamil Nadu has been monitored by using IRS LISSII III(1991)and IRS-LISS III 2010) satellite data, the Town and Country Planning map(1994) and Survey of India Topo-sheets (1972) with limited field checks. This study highlights the changes in urban development. Mapping of the urban changes in the study area have been interpreted in view of developing urban land with different classes.
Should neighborhood effect be stable in urban geosimulation model? A case stu...Beniamino Murgante
Should neighborhood effect be stable in urban geosimulation model? A case study of Tokyo - Yaolong Zhao, Fei Dong and Hong Zhang - School of geography South China Normal University Guangzhou, P.R.China
Urban planning processes in lagos executive summaryIsmaila Aro
The publication is the result of a year long research process led by Fabulous Urban, Zurich, with local experts and final year students’ examining the relation between urban policies, urban interventions, the role of governance and the different actors in Lagos. The publication looks at four case studies with detailed overviews, graphics and analysis demonstrating that strategic adjustments in the overall politics and policies guiding the urban development of Lagos are needed to reach out to all Lagos residents who is at the center of the urban and economic development
A High Resolution Land use/cover Modelling Framework for Europe: introducing ...Beniamino Murgante
A High Resolution Land use/cover Modelling Framework for Europe: introducing the EU-ClueScanner100 model
Carlo Lavalle, Claudia Baranzelli, Filipe Batista e Silva, Sarah Mubareka, Carla Rocha Gomes, - European Commission Joint Research Centre (Ispra, Italy)
Eric Koomen - Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Maarten Hilferink - Object Vision, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
The importance of geospatial data to calculate the optimal distribution of re...Paula Díaz
Díaz, P., Masó, J. (2013). The importance of geospatial data to calculate the optimal distribution of renewable energies.
Poster in EGU General Assembly 2013, Session ERE – Energy, Resources and the Environment, Vienna, April 2013.
Soil Liquefaction Potential Maps for Earthquake Events in Yangon, Myanmarijtsrd
The soil liquefaction is one of the main topics of geotechnical engineering associated with the strong earthquakes. The study area has been selected in Yangon City because it is most populated density area and located near the active faults and the rivers. The main objective of study is the development of liquefaction potential maps as a prominent feature for site planners and decision makers to reduce loss of lives. The borehole data including ground water table, Standard Penetration Test (SPT), blow counts, wet density and fine content etc. have been collected from the 530 representative sites in Yangon City. The safety factor of soil liquefaction is evaluated by using National Center of Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) Method (1997). The Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) is proposed by Luna and Frost Method (1998) to predict the potential of liquefaction at sites. The proposed liquefaction potential map is analyzed by using Geographic Information Software. The development of liquefaction potential maps is associated with 1%, 2%, 5%, 10% and 20% of probabilities of exceedance in 50 years. Zar Lee Tint | Nyan Myint Kyaw | Kyaw Kyaw"Soil Liquefaction Potential Maps for Earthquake Events in Yangon, Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12747.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/12747/soil-liquefaction-potential-maps-for-earthquake-events-in-yangon-myanmar/zar-lee-tint
Environmental Policy for Road Transportation: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Ca...Shamsuddin Ahmed
This paper explores the efficacy of environmental protection in road transportation that produces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a result of vehicle travel frequencies in a region. Road transportation deduces the highest contributor of carbon emissions coupled with human interventions in the economic growth sectors that rather bear a perilous condition in property management exclusively in urban settlements or impervious lands. An association among the selected variables where population erraticism echoes a basic determinant of road transportation for energy use and vehicle travels increasingly succeeds carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions. Trends in regional gas emissions depict two pragmatic paradigms. First, at least four principal components are coherent and overriding in regional environmental protection to fulfil the common goal of measuring and monitoring climate smart land use. Second, a plausible land transportation policy pooled with environmental regulations is a complex one from economic development perspective as the higher the regional economic growth relates relatively higher GHG emissions in nature. It can be concluded that environmental protection from GHG is virtually regulated by three influences: population, energy usages, and vehicle travels which are deemed to be the spatial dimension of reducing global carbon emissions being caused from road transportation in a region.
Key Aspects of Land Governance: A Policy Framework for Developing CountriesShamsuddin Ahmed
Abstract: This research examines the key aspects of land governance and suggests a policy framework to determine the efficient use of land resources with respect to geographic, economic, and social phenomena of a developing country. It primarily obliges two capacities: the assessment of land use variability, and the identification of development strategies for land use delimitation. Land governance allows local level land use politically, economically and socially transformative, and contributes better physical environment and revenue generation. In a developing country, it is rather sparse from land use regulations to the municipal and rural land use with accessible
implications of housing, farming lands, and public assets. The central argument is that developing countries should have given more responsiveness to land governance for sustainable land use that is a key for agriculture, livelihoods, transits, local food security and poverty alleviation. Despite the fact that the local government and rural development agencies are utilitarian for managing the public goods, they do not always meet the government expenditures mostly because of political, economic, or ecological constraints. This paper warns six strategies and concludes that land management needs an informed policy model capable of monitoring and appraising the impacts of land use towards integrated land governance.
LAND USE /LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION AND CHANGE DETECTION USING GEOGRAPHICAL I...IAEME Publication
Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. Geographical information system and image processing techniques used for the analysis of land use/land cover and change detection of Sukhana Basin of Aurangabad District, Maharashtra state. The tools used ArcGIS10.1 and ERDAS IMAGINE9.1, landsat images of 1996, 2003and 2014. From land use / land cover change detection it is found that during 1996-2014, water bodies cover have loss of 4 Sq. Km. Barren land have 146 Sq.Km. loss and forest area with 96 Sq.Km. loss. It is found that urbanization area has gain of 51 Sq.Km. and agricultural land cover also have gain of 195 Sq.Km.
Detecting Urban Change of Salem City of Tamil Nadu, India from 1990 to 2010 U...drboon
Unplanned city growth is an indicator of rapid industrialization, which usually reduces the quality of the environmental health of a region - sometimes disastrously. Monitoring provides the planners and decision - makers with required information about the current state of development and the nature of changes that have occurred. The study on development of urban lands and the changes in the land use and land cover in Salem city, Tamil Nadu has been monitored by using IRS LISSII III(1991)and IRS-LISS III 2010) satellite data, the Town and Country Planning map(1994) and Survey of India Topo-sheets (1972) with limited field checks. This study highlights the changes in urban development. Mapping of the urban changes in the study area have been interpreted in view of developing urban land with different classes.
Should neighborhood effect be stable in urban geosimulation model? A case stu...Beniamino Murgante
Should neighborhood effect be stable in urban geosimulation model? A case study of Tokyo - Yaolong Zhao, Fei Dong and Hong Zhang - School of geography South China Normal University Guangzhou, P.R.China
Urban planning processes in lagos executive summaryIsmaila Aro
The publication is the result of a year long research process led by Fabulous Urban, Zurich, with local experts and final year students’ examining the relation between urban policies, urban interventions, the role of governance and the different actors in Lagos. The publication looks at four case studies with detailed overviews, graphics and analysis demonstrating that strategic adjustments in the overall politics and policies guiding the urban development of Lagos are needed to reach out to all Lagos residents who is at the center of the urban and economic development
A High Resolution Land use/cover Modelling Framework for Europe: introducing ...Beniamino Murgante
A High Resolution Land use/cover Modelling Framework for Europe: introducing the EU-ClueScanner100 model
Carlo Lavalle, Claudia Baranzelli, Filipe Batista e Silva, Sarah Mubareka, Carla Rocha Gomes, - European Commission Joint Research Centre (Ispra, Italy)
Eric Koomen - Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Maarten Hilferink - Object Vision, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
The Evaluation of Land Use Evolution and Ecological Sensitivity of Guangzhou ...AI Publications
The dynamic stability of the local ecological environment is related to changes in land use patterns and ecological sensitivity. The study aims to identify the land use characteristics and dynamic change features in Guangzhou City using RS and GIS technology. We choose six ecological sensitivity factors, such as land use type, elevation, watershed buffer, vegetation cover, slope, and slope direction, and use the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to obtain the results of single-factor and comprehensive ecological sensitivity. The findings indicate that, in terms of land use, the area of four types—forest land, grassland, arable land, and unused land—decreased from 2000 to 2020, while the area of water bodies and construction land rose, with a minimal overall change. According to total ecological sensitivity, very sensitive areas make up the majority of the total area and are primarily found along the northern township boundary; very low-sensitive and mildly sensitive areas are mostly found in the south and center. In order to encourage the development of an ecological civilization in the city, Guangzhou City must establish the idea of harmony between people and the land and increase the ecological conservation function.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Tai...Universität Salzburg
Current presentation summarizes spatial analysis studies of Taipei urban growth using ENVI GIS based image classification. The presentation consists in two parts. The first part describes the city, urban and social settings and gives a brie history of the development in 20th century. The second part is focused don the GIS based technical description of the algorithms of image analysis: classification of the multi-temporal Landsat TM series of the selected stud area of Taipei, Taiwan. Methodology aims at spatio-temporal analysis of urban dynamics in study area during 15 years (1990-2005). Research objective: application of geoinformatic tools, remote sensing data and application of methodology to spatial analysis for urban studies, a case study of Taipei. Current presentation consists in 2 parts: 1) Overview of the environmental research problem, urbanization and characteristics of Taipei. Consequences of urban sprawl for the global cities, such as Taipei; 2) Detailed technical description of the GIS part: remote sensing data capture, pre-processing, algorithm processing, image classification and spatial analysis. The spatial analysis performed by means of GIS ENVI enabled to use satellite images for social and urban studies. The spatio-temporal analysis was applied to Landsat TM images taken at 1990 and 2005. Built-in functions of the mathematical algorithms (K-means) enabled to process raster Landsat TM images and to derive information from them.
Land Use Land Cover Change Detection of Gulbarga City Using Remote Sensing an...ijsrd.com
Land use and land cover(LULC) recently these days became a major component to handle natural resources and managing changes occurring in the environment.which is due to expansion of the urban area it has lead to critical losses of agriculture land,vegetation land and water bodies.followed by this the urban sprawl created a environmental issues. For example :decreased air quality and increase in the temperature etc. Land use and land cover change is driven by human actions and also drives changes that limit availability of products and services for human and animals, and it can undermine ecological wellbeing also. Land use and land cover is an important component in understanding various interactions of the human activities with the environment and thus it is necessary to be able to simulate changes. Therefore, this study was aimed at understanding land use and land cover change in Gulbarga city. In this work we took Gulbarga city to study the urban expansion and LULC change that took place in 2001 and 2012 to know the changes happened in the year 2012 by comparing with data of 2001.remote sensing methodology is used in this study which provides major coverage mapping & classification of land cover features such as vegetation,soil,water,forest etc. A wide range of environmental parameters can be measured including the land use, vegetation types, surface temperatures , soil types, precipitation, phytoplankton, turbidity, surface elevation and geology.satellite images of two different years i.e 2001 and 2012 are taken in to consideration.after image processing classification is done so as to classify images in to various different land use categories.
Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Changes in Land Use in Lushan City over the ...PriyankaKilaniya
In the past two decades, with rapid urbanization and economic development, the land use structure of Lushan City has undergone significant changes, posing challenges to ecological security and food supply. It is necessary to explore its spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors to optimize land management. This study is based on land use data from 2000 to 2020 and uses GIS to analyze the spatiotemporal changes and transfer status of land use types. The main method is to use the land use transfer matrix and the single land use dynamic degree to study the land use change and its driving forces. The results indicate that the land use change in Lushan City is characterized by the conversion of arable land into construction land and the conversion of wetlands into water bodies. The area of arable land and wetlands has significantly decreased, while construction land and water bodies continue to increase. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the increase in construction land is concentrated in the central part of Lushan City. The driving factors of land use change in the city include the policy of returning farmland to forests and lakes, rapid economic development, changes in population, and the continuous promotion of the tourism industry.
CHANGING URBAN LAND USE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD QUALITY: EVIDENCE FROM FEDERAL CAPI...IAEME Publication
Land use change in more recent times is becoming a natural phenomenon in cities
of developing countries. Its causes and consequences were investigated with respect to
FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. The responses of registered estate surveying firms (ESFs)
practicing in FCT Abuja on the pattern of land use dynamics were obtained and
analysed by descriptive statistics such as simple distribution frequency (SDF) and
mean weighted score (MWS). Four major findings were discovered. Firstly, the
predominantly changing land use were agrarian and residential, secondly the
direction of change in land use revolves around public land use, residential, retail and
office property with prevailing observations of new development and redevelopment
involving renovations/rehabilitations and modifications/alterations. Thirdly the major
determinants of land use change were identified as economic and spatial political
factors and lastly the noticeable consequences had been arbitrary land/rental value,
landscape distortion and pressure on urban infrastructure among others. The study
recommended that policymakers and private stakeholders should encourage and
adhere to land use control measures to strike a balance between economic
development and land administrative system to foster a sustainable urban cities.
Land Consumption, Ecosystem Services and Urban Planning Policies: Preliminary...IEREK Press
In the contemporaneity, the issues of land or soil consumption and of the protection of areas that, within the urban areas, provide ecosystem services (ESs) is becoming increasingly important also in relationof the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. The concept of "Ecosystem Service" appears, in this respect, a fruitful support to define the land consumption effects on the loss of functionality and of settlement quality. Following this considerations the paper presents the first results of a research developed in Tuscany and commissioned by the Regional Government. The research aims to measure the loss of ESs in connection with land use / land cover transformations, and to verify the contribution of soil consumption to these variations. The research use methodologies for elaborating of the geographical data required for territorial governance, LUCL 2010/2016 and Land Cover Flow (LCF) model and the theoretical model of the “Capacity matrix” to provide ecosystem services.
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1Department of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B.1011, Esa-Oke. Osun State. Nigeria.
2,3Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, Postcode 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor. Malaysia.
4,5Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B. 1011, Esa-Oke. Osun-State. Nigeria.
1E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com , 2E mail:hisyamrasidi@gmail.com , 3E mail:ismailbinsaid@gmail.com , 4E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com
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The significance of neighbourhood in hosting a group of dwellings units and possessing adequate communal facilities could not be overemphasized in the study of people and place relationships. There are two main objectives of this study: (i) to study the neighbourhood’s associated challenges through the size, growth, and land use distribution, and (ii) to investigate the perceived inhabitants’ activities pattern within the neighbourhood. The objectives are explored through a morphological and GIS-based land use analysis of a rural neighbourhood in South-west, Nigeria. The town is studied in three transformation phases, dating back to five decades using ArcGIS version 10.3. The 1st phase spanned between the year 1910 to 1959, while the 2nd and 3rd phases ran through the year 1960 to 1999, and year 2000 to 2015 respectively. The exploration in this study is to document the diverse neighbourhood challenges, features, and prospects, which remain uninvestigated in the case study area for the past years. The first finding revealed that some challenges needed to be resolved in a bid to meet the residents’ current basic needs. The second finding indicated that the rural settlements in Nigeria emanated from the residents’ adaptation to the environmental conditions, cum transformation through human activities. Meanwhile, the third finding established that the human settlements evolved in connection to the local socio-economic, recreation and religious virtues of the traditional marketplace (Oja). In conclusion, human historical and social influences play a significant role in ameliorating the challenges associated with the spatial developments of the settlements. The implication of the study becomes vital to the major stakeholders and professionals in the built environment on the significance of enhancing the sustainable communities in Nigeria.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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Application of spatial calculating analysis model for land use conversion in colombo urban fringe
1. 2867
ISSN 2286-4822
www.euacademic.org
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH
Vol. I, Issue 9/ December 2013
Impact Factor: 0.485 (GIF)
DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+)
Application of Spatial Calculating Analysis Model
for Land Use Conversion in Colombo Urban Fringe
W. H. T. GUNAWARDHANA
K.G.P.K. WEERAKOON
Department of Estate Management and Valuation
University of Sri Jayewardenepura
Sri Lanka
Abstract:
Globally, the level of urbanization is rapidly increasing and
metropolitan areas are growing fast, creating extensive land use
changes and urban spatial expansion. In 2011, a total of 3.6 billion
people were urban dwellers, accounting for 52% of the world
population (UNDP, 2012). Simultaneously, it is important to access
spaces to accommodate this growth. Ultimate results of that is urban
fringe area gradually converting to provide access for this pressure
demand. Hence it is important to study the conversion of land into
urban uses as well as land use changing pattern, direction, and
changing intensity. Specific reasons for land use conversion and also
implication of land use conversion are very important to any party who
is interested in this scenario. Land use changing information is more
important to take the best decision when preparing land use
management plans. In any situation, land use changes are very
difficult to critically identify because of its complicated and dynamic
nature. Therefore, Town planners, Real estate developers and all
interested parties need to be aware of land use changes and its nature.
Due to lack of advanced analytical tools for land use management,
identification of land use changing pattern was a difficult task.
Therefore it is required to use an accurate model to determine the land
use pattern and its future trend. Present GIS analysis provides a more
powerful platform for land based analysis. In this analysis it expects to
use Spatial Calculating Analysis Model for land use analysis
integrating GIS.
2. W.H.T. Gunawardhana, K.G.P.K. Weerakoon- Application of Spatial Calculating
Analysis Model for Land Use Conversion in Colombo Urban Fringe
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. I, Issue 9 / December 2013
2868
Key words: Land conversion, Urban land use, Urban fringe, Spatial
Calculating Model
1. Introduction
The history of urban growth and urbanization reveals that
urban areas belong to the most dynamic land cover types on
earth. It forces to socio and economic development (Thapa &
Murayama 2011) that leads to the land use and land cover
change in the urban-rural fringe. Regardless of the regional
economic importance, urban growth, particularly the expansion
of urban growth towards the periphery of urban areas has an
impact on the ecosystem (Hu et al. 2007; Thapa & Murayama
2010). It is evident that such trend of urban growth has an
impact on natural resources and on land cover dynamics at
large. (Thapa & Murayama 2010)
According to that land conversion in urban fringe area is
a continuous process and it is of timely importance to analyze
such a land conversion prior to making a decision to mitigate
the above problems. Manual calculation of existing changes
does not provide an exact picture of those changes. To obtain a
clear picture it is needed to be analyzed in a scientific way.
Over the last decade, GIS has grown dramatically and its
sophisticated analysis tools provide a better insight for different
kind of spatial analysis (Chang & Masser 2003). Most
researches applied GIS for identifying land use changes. In
2008, Xinchang et al. developed a spatial calculation model for
identifying land use changes in the urban fringe area.
Colombo suburban areas are highly dynamic areas, in
terms of land development and usage. Indeed, land market has
been boosted due to high demand for urban land during the last
two decades. According to that illegal land filling, conversion of
agriculture, marshy land and irregular land sub divisions and
fragmentation are some of consequences of this process
(Weerakoon et al. 2002). For instance, so far 1,600 hectares of
3. W.H.T. Gunawardhana, K.G.P.K. Weerakoon- Application of Spatial Calculating
Analysis Model for Land Use Conversion in Colombo Urban Fringe
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. I, Issue 9 / December 2013
2869
environmentally sensitive marshy lands have been filled by
private developers. In some areas, nearly 50% of agricultural
lands have been converted into urban uses (Ariyawansa 2008).
Further, rapid increasing land prices and uncontrolled land
markets stimulate poor land owners to sell their lands to
private developers which is relatively advantageous with
increasing land price than their existing land uses.
These rapid land use changes create some positive as
well as negative effects to the society and environment.
Different social, economical, political and environmental factors
are causes for that. However, urban fringe areas are converted
into urban uses at an alarming rate. This process threatens the
sustainable development and its impact is unable to be
measured. Hence, the land use changing pattern, intensity of
changes and its consequence cannot be adequately measured
due to lack of scientific methodology. So, it is very important to
have a scientific, systematic and reliable technique to evaluate
land conversion pattern of urban fringe area for decision
making (Chang & Masser 2003). This study aims to develop
some methodological approach for that.
2. Objectives of the Study
The General objective of this study is to develop a model to
analyze and calculate land use changes using a scientific
methodology during specific periods. For fulfilling this main
objective, following specific objectives were developed.
To analyze the land use changes during the 13 years
period.
To calculate the land use changing intensity using
Spatial Analysis Model for Land use Change.
4. W.H.T. Gunawardhana, K.G.P.K. Weerakoon- Application of Spatial Calculating
Analysis Model for Land Use Conversion in Colombo Urban Fringe
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. I, Issue 9 / December 2013
2870
3. Review of Literature
3.1 Land use
Land use is a business between man and natural environment.
Hence, Briassoulis (2008) stated that the land use change is the
result of a complex web of interactions between bio-physical
and socio-economic forces over space and time. The magnitude
of land use change varies with the time period being examined
as well as with the geographical area. Moreover, assessments of
these changes depend on the source, the definitions of land use
types, the spatial groupings and the data sets used (XinChang
et al. 2008). However land uses pattern changes are different
from area to area. Pattern of rural areas’ land use changes
totally different from urban land use change. Because land use
types are different from area to area (Majeed 1996). For
example while most rural areas land conversions are from
forest lands to agriculture lands, urban agricultural lands
being converted to residential, industrial uses etc. In any
situation land use changes are very difficult to critically
identify, because of its complex and dynamic nature (XinChang
et al. 2008).
Growth of urban areas depends on both economic and
non-economic factors (Harvey 2004). Economic factors are the
nature of existing economic opportunities in a nation
determined by the size and character of the future urban
population, level of income, consumption need and land use etc.
Non-economic factors are significantly interrelated with
economic factors and vice versa; those are population changes,
advanced in technology and policy changes etc. (Harvey 2004).
Ultimately those two factors cause urban growth and
simultaneously results in changing the existing land use
pattern.
Land use changes are the result of complex interactions
between human and biophysical driving forces that act over a
wide range of temporal and spatial scales (Baker 1989).
5. W.H.T. Gunawardhana, K.G.P.K. Weerakoon- Application of Spatial Calculating
Analysis Model for Land Use Conversion in Colombo Urban Fringe
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. I, Issue 9 / December 2013
2871
Deriving those changes is a complex process due to its
complexity. Modeling of land use changes (as a function of its
biophysical and socio-economic driving forces) provides insights
into the land use changes and its effects (Weerakoon et al.
2008).
3.2 Land use change Models
Models are a formal representation of reality and also
sometimes it represents theory of a system of interest
(Briassoulis 2008). The representation of reality is expressed
through the use of symbols and formulas (XinChang et al.
2008). Models of land use change can play an instrumental role
in impact assessment of past or future activities in the
environmental and/or the socio-economic spheres. Models of
biophysical and/or human processes operate in a temporal
context, a spatial context or both. When models incorporate
human processes, the human decision making dimension
becomes important. In reviewing and comparing land use
change models along these dimensions, two distinct and
important attributes must be considered: model scale and
model complexity (Lambin 1994).
Time step or duration is the smallest temporal unit of
analysis for change to occur for a specific process in a model.
Duration is the length of the time that the model is applied. For
example, in a model of forest dynamics, tree height may change
daily. Hence, Model scale is very much important when
preparing spatially explicit land use models and statistical
models or any. Because it is always the reliability of the model
depends on model scale (XinChang et al. 2008). There are
important interactions possible between temporal complexity
and human decision making (Ojima et al. 1994). For instance,
some human decisions are made in short time intervals. The
decision of which road to take on the way to work is made daily
(even though many individuals do not self-consciously examine
this decision each day). There are four main categories of
6. W.H.T. Gunawardhana, K.G.P.K. Weerakoon- Application of Spatial Calculating
Analysis Model for Land Use Conversion in Colombo Urban Fringe
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. I, Issue 9 / December 2013
2872
models distinguished like spatial interaction models (Spatially
explicit land use models), statistical and econometric models,
optimization models and integrated models. All these models
can be identified as numerical models or conceptual models.
3.3 Numerical model for Land use changes.
Numerical models are one of the best methods that can be used
to calculate land use changes. According to Bruce and Maurice
(1993), Land-use changes during a certain period can be shown
by calculating the average changing ratio of land-use model in
the researched region. The principle of this theory is based on
general mathematical calculation for finding some changes over
time. For an example, calculation of Population growth rate,
Death rate etc.
The mathematical expression for measuring land use
change can be formulated as follows;
CRi = (TA (i, t2) - TA (i, t1)/TA (i, t1)/ (t2-t1)*100%
Where, CR is changing Rate, TA is Total Area, i is Land use
type and t is time (year).
For instance when applying above expression for land
use change of paddy during 1990 – 2000, it is as follows;
CRPaddy = (TA (Paddy, 2000) - TA Paddy, 1990)/TA (Paddy, 1990)/ (2000-1990)*100%
The main advantages of the calculating model are shortness
and simplicity and we can use it without complicated
professional analysis. It is used in both professional and non-
professional reports and academic papers.
But the disadvantage is obvious as well.
1) This model ignores the fixity and distinctiveness of land-
use spatial position, and cannot reflect the spatial
process and interrelated attributes of changing land-use
dynamic.
For example, the following two changes is taking place
7. W.H.T. Gunawardhana, K.G.P.K. Weerakoon- Application of Spatial Calculating
Analysis Model for Land Use Conversion in Colombo Urban Fringe
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. I, Issue 9 / December 2013
2873
with spatial locations and attributes different, but
acreage completely the same: On one hand, barren
unused land is reclaimed far from the city; on the other
hand, a field of high quality is converted into land for
civil construction near the city. The two changing
processes counteract each other and cannot reflect the
actual condition when we analyze the dynamic changing
of the region.
2) This model cannot calculate and compare the active
degree of land-use changes, that is to say, it cannot
distinguish the “hot” or “sensible" district, as it has no
spatial characters.
3.4 Spatial Calculating Analysis Model
Spatio-temporal changes of land use analysis are significant for
identifying dynamic changes in a certain period. “The general
analysis of the quantity, structure and environment of land-use
change is useful to perceive the trend and character of land-use
spatio-temporal change”, Xinhang et al. (2008). From time to
time, the quantitative spatial information analysis is applied to
identify different kind of spatial changes of land use (Hussain
et al. 1996; Udayasena and Wijesekera 2008). For instance,
some lands of adjoining industrial area change to paddy
cultivation to arable land, other part of that area adjoin arable
land converted to industrial purposes in the same extent. In
this case land uses contradict with each other and cannot
identify the real changes. Hence, most scientists in the last
decade combine statistical calculations with geographic
properties using GIS overlay analysis. Xinhang et al. (2008)
mentioned to calculate land use changes using spatial
calculation model. According to him land use changes
contradict with other types of land uses, therefore we need to
identify the unchanged part, converted part and increased part.
Land uses can be categorized under these three categories
using GIS overlay analysis. That research explained these three
8. W.H.T. Gunawardhana, K.G.P.K. Weerakoon- Application of Spatial Calculating
Analysis Model for Land Use Conversion in Colombo Urban Fringe
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. I, Issue 9 / December 2013
2874
categories as follows:
I. Unchanged part- Same land use pattern exists during
case study period. This result in keeping the same
extent of subject use as in the beginning.
II. Converted part-Some specific land use has changed
into another use by the end of case study period. That
conversion of use is considered as the converted part.
This results in reducing the subject use extent and
increase another use or uses.
III. Increased part- The accumulated area for subject land
use pattern during the case study period. For example,
Agricultural area might be increased by clearing the
forest area. Then, it can be seen an increased area of
agricultural land (Xinhang et al. 2008). Further study
illustrated that situation in the following figure 1.
As a whole, land use changes are represented by either
converted part or increased part. At the same time, there is a
close relationship between these two. Because converted part
results in increasing another use and vice versa.
Xinchang et al. (2008) state results obtained from
spatial calculation model are used to find out why the situation
can take place by combining social and economic situations. The
result indicates the calculating analysis model of spatial
information and can derive a more accurate procedure of spatial
transference and increase all kinds of land from a microcosmic
angle. By this model and technology it is easy to conduct the
research of land use spatio-temporal structure evolution more
systematically and more deeply, and can obtain a satisfactory
result. And also in the case of application of these models GIS
can be used as a tool.
4. Methodology
On the basis of literature review and analysis, a model will be
proposed that will be able to improve to analyze the Land use
9. W.H.T. Gunawardhana, K.G.P.K. Weerakoon- Application of Spatial Calculating
Analysis Model for Land Use Conversion in Colombo Urban Fringe
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. I, Issue 9 / December 2013
2875
changes in urban fringe area using GIS (Geographical
Information System). On this basis GIS plays a major role to
analyze existing situation compared with the past situation.
Further, field survey data collection (Discussion with villagers)
is used to correct doubtful areas of existing data. Hence, this
study consists of the following areas.
Study area consists of several GN divisions. And also
land use changes differ from each GN division. Hence all GN
divisions are selected to study. Therefore, Selected Sample is
the total area of Homagama Pradeshiya Sabha (HPS).
General objective of the research is to calculate the land
use changing rates for each use during 1981 to 2004. According
to the literature review, basically it requires collecting
secondary data and in case of the need, primary data for
verifying the secondary data. Therefore, based on availability of
secondary data, it has selected land use data in 1981 and 2004,
where 1981 data has to be moderated so that it is compatible
with 2004 data structure. Because in 1981 HPS area was
different from 2004 PS limits. Study is mainly based on field
survey for identifying land use changes and boundary
differences.
Though both data sets are past in 1981 and 2004, those
are different in extent and boundaries. And also 2004 data are
in digital format and in 1981 data are abstracted from a paper
map. Therefore, 1981 data has to be converted into digital
format using GIS and doubtful areas need to be checked.
Because, some Paddy land which appeared in 1981 has changed
into Rubber land. Generally, Paddy lands are not used for
Rubber cultivation. Likewise, general overview of accuracy of
the data should be rechecked and updated by using a field
survey. 1:2000 land use map prepared by the survey
department of Sri Lanka was use as a base map for analysis.
4.1 Development of Spatial Calculation Model
As discussed in the literature review, a Spatial Calculating
10. W.H.T. Gunawardhana, K.G.P.K. Weerakoon- Application of Spatial Calculating
Analysis Model for Land Use Conversion in Colombo Urban Fringe
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. I, Issue 9 / December 2013
2876
Analysis model is a modification of numerical model for
measuring the land use changes. Hence, disadvantages of using
a numerical model can be minimized. Because it concerns not
only the state of beginning and end of a particular use but also
the variation of such uses throughout the study period.
The spatial calculating analysis model is based on GIS
overlay. It compartmentalizes the case study area land
(Homagama PS Area) into three spatial parts: like unchanged,
converted and increased areas. Following figure 4.1 illustrates
the concepts of Converted, Unchanged and Increased areas,
where LUi means the selected land use category. For example
Agriculture, Built up areas etc.
Figure 4.1 Land use classification according Spatial Calculating
analysis Model
Source: Developed based on spatial calculation model, XinChang et al, (2008)
By this model it is possible to evaluate the numerical model and
dynamic degree model for existing calculating changing speed
of land use. Furthermore the result rise reviving the calculating
analysis model of spatial information in order to predict the
dynamic changing level of all sorts of land. More concretely
speaking, the model is mainly to know the changing area and
changing speed (increased or decreased) of different land
classifications to clearly show the spatial distribution of
Unchanged Area
Increased Area
[LUi, 2004-UCi]
Converted Area
[LUi, 1981-UCi]
UC i
11. W.H.T. Gunawardhana, K.G.P.K. Weerakoon- Application of Spatial Calculating
Analysis Model for Land Use Conversion in Colombo Urban Fringe
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. I, Issue 9 / December 2013
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changing urban lands. The result will benefit the planning and
management of land-use of HPS area in the future.
I. Unchanged part-Here, it can be seen that a particular
use remains unchanged during the case study period.
This results in keeping the same extent of subject use as
in the beginning. For example, unchanged Agricultural
land area during 1981-2004. GIS is used as a tool to
select this unchanged area. Accordingly, each similar
land use categories from 1981 and 2004 are taken and
overlapped to select the common area of each and it is
called the unchanged area of each category during 1981
to 2004, because these common areas are constant
during the study period.
II. Converted part- Some specific land use has changed
into another use by the end of the case study period
(1981-2004). For example, Agricultural land in 1981 has
converted into residential use by 2004. That conversion
of use is considered as converted part area of Agriculture
use. This results in reducing the subject use extent and
increase another use or uses.
4.2 Calculation of dynamic land use change rate for
converted area
Converted area means the area that has changed into another
use during the study period. For example 977.76 ha of Coconut
land has changed into another type of use by 2004. Hence, the
intensity of such a change can be measured by the following
formula.
CRi = (TA (i, 1981)-UCi)/TA (i, 1981)/ (2004-1981)*100%
In that model CR is converting rate per year, i is a particular
land use type, UC is unchanged area of relevant land use type
and TA is total area of that land use type.
III. Increased part- The accumulated area for subject land
use pattern during the case study period. For example,
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Agricultural area might be increased by clearing the
forest area. Then it can be seen an increased area of
agricultural land. Similarly, increased area is
accumulated or adjoined area of selected land use
category into another use during the research period.
For an example, some Paddy area in 1981 has been
converted into Residential use by 2004. That area is
called as increased area of Residential use etc.
As a whole, land use changes are represented by either
converted part or increased part. At the same time, there is a
close relationship between these two. Because converted part
results in increasing another use and vice versa.
4.3 Calculation of dynamic land use change rate for
increased area
Dynamic land use changes the rate of increased area of a
particular use, which measures the intensity of increase of a
particular land use type. This is also calculated using following
formula and result is in a percentage.
IRi= (TA (i, 2004)-UCi)/TA (i, 1981)/ (2004-1981)*100%
Here, IRi means the increasing rate percentage of a particular
land use pattern. All other variables are similar to converted
rate calculation formula.
4.4 Aggregate model for land use change analysis
To get a reasonable conclusion about land use changing speed
of a selected use, it is important to consider both conversion and
increasing parts. Therefore, Total changing speed or aggregate
land use change percentage is calculated as follows;
ARi= (TA (i, 1981)-UCi)/TA (i, 1981)/ (2004-1981)*100% + (TA (i, 2004)-UCi)/TA (i, 1981)/
(2004- 1981)*100%
ARi= CRi+ IRi
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5. Data Analysis
5.1 Case study area
Homagama Pradeshiya Sabha (HPS) is situated in the Western
Province of Sri Lanka within the Colombo district. It is located
21 Km away from the City of Colombo along the High level
road. The high growth in the City of Colombo during the past
decades has made an impact on Homagama to be developed as
a service center. Location of residential clusters, the Industrial
parks of Katuwana, Panagoda and Meegoda, Diyagama
International Sports Stadium, Main interchange of Southern
Highway, Nano Technology Park, Information technology park,
Godagama economic development center are the main service
centers attracted to the growth of this area. In the Colombo core
area plan, Homagama has been categorized as a fourth order
township. Further, Godagama, Habarakada, Meegoda and
Polgasowita are important sub-centers in the area. Homagama
is also linked and has interrelationship with the surrounding
service center of Athurugiriya, Kaduwela, Malabe,
Maharagama, Kottawa, Piliyandala, Horana, Padukka, Ingiriya
and Hanwella.
Figure 1: Location of case study area
Leg
en
d
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This area is predominantly an agricultural area and it consists
of a low residential density of 14 persons per Ha. During the
last inter censual period, population growth rate has been
increased up to 2.92% per annum. This growth rate is higher
when compared with the other local authorities in Colombo
district.
5.2 Existing Land Use Pattern
According to Homagama Development Plan, the land extent of
Homagama Pradeshiya Sabha area is 13,820 ha. Out of the
total land extent 48% (6572 ha.) is under residential use.
Agricultural use is 36% (4949 ha.) The agricultural land use is
decreasing with the growth of population. However,
agricultural sector is dominant in the local economy. The
existing land use pattern is shown in the following table 1 and
figure 1.
Land Use Extent (Ha) Percentage as a total land
1. Residential 6,572 47.56
2. Commercial 92.5 0.67
3. Industrial 379.5 2.74
4. State & Institutional 471 3.41
a)Security 220 1.59
b)Religious 64 0.46
c)Education 158 1.14
d)Parks & Play grounds 7 0.05
e)Cemeteries 22 0.15
5.Roads 756 5.47
6. Agriculture Lands 4,949 35.81
a. Paddy Fields 1,996 14.74
b. Coconut 744 5.38
c. Rubber 1,960 14.18
d. Other 249 1.8
7.Water Bodies 344 2.49
a. Reservoirs 40 0.28
b. Marshes 304 2.19
8. Excavations/ Quarries 93 0.67
9. Bare lands 163 1.17
Total Land Extent 13,820 100
Table 1 Land use in Homagama PS Area-2007
Source: Urban Development Authority
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In 2007, HPS area was updated and boundaries were changed.
So, 2007 land use map cannot be compared with the 1981 map.
Therefore 1981 and 2004 maps were selected for application of
spatial calculation model. The model illustrated the land use
changes of a 13 years period. But land use categories are
different in those two years; hence before applying the model it
should be converted to common land use categories. According
to that land use categories on two different years can be
classified as follows in figure 2.
Figure 2: Landuse Map Homagama
Source: Urban Development Authority
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Figure 3: Land use pattern of Homagama PS Area in 2004.
Land use pattern in1981
Description Area Ha Category Area Ha
Coconut 1345.42
Agriculture 7682.13
Other Plantation 261.54
Paddy 3287.27
Rubber 2787.90
Commercial 24.26
Built up Area 5587.63
Industrial 110.96
Residential 4185.39
Jeep or Cart Track 370.31
Main Road (A) 50.34
Main Road (B) 43.48
Minor Road 552.15
Defense Use 214.93
Religious 8.96
School 26.87
Ela 30.18
Environmentally sensitive areas 166.86
Marsh 106.74
River 27.76
Water Hole 2.18
Bare Land 470.92
Other uses 583.21
Clay Pits 16.93
Quarry 60.03
Scrub 18.05
Cemetery 15.27
Parks & Playgrounds 2.00
Total Area 14019.82
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Land use pattern in 2004
Description Category Area Ha
Coconut
Agriculture
6400.83
Other Crops
Paddy
Rubber
Commercial
Built Up Area 6979.60
Industrial
Residential
Local Road
PRDA Road
PS Road
Railway
RDA Road
Defense Use
Religious
School
Marshy Land
Environmentally sensitive areas
290.73Water Body
Open Space
Other uses 348.62
Vacant Land
Clay Pits
Quarry
Cemetery
Parks & Playgrounds
Total Area 14019.78
Figure. 4: Changes of four major land use categories during 1981-2004
According to the above figure 4.3, in 1981 Agriculture was the
major land use category in Homagama PS area which was
about 54.8% of total area. However Agriculture use has reduced
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up to 45.54% of the total area by 2004. Secondly, Built up area
consists of 5587.63 Ha or 39.85% of total area in 1981 and it
has increased up to 49.78% by the year 2004. Hence, it is
obvious that the trend is to convert agricultural land into built
up areas like residential, commercial and industrial etc.
In addition to those, environmentally sensitive areas
and other uses like bare land, scrubs etc are 1.19% and 4.16%
respectively in 198. But by 2004 aforesaid other uses have
reduced and environmentally sensitive lands have increased.
Construction of new irrigation systems and declaration of
irrigation reservation areas caused to increase the areas which
are environmentally sensitive by 2004.
As in the above figures, it is only possible to determine
the changes of each category. For example agriculture uses are
being converted into built up areas etc. But it doesn’t give a
clear index to determine the conversion trend accurately. As
described in the literature review numerical models are not
reliable and accurate. Therefore “Spatial Calculating Analysis
Model” can use be used as follows;
6. Application
Data analysis is basically done by using GIS and MS Excel.
Here, when analyzing data, GIS is used as an analytical tool,
data processing tool and data presentation mode. Therefore, it
is possible to obtain reliable data so that it can be used to
prepare maps, charts etc.
6.1 Data Modification using GIS
In this study 2004 land use information are compared with the
1981 land use information. Basically, Spatial data are used to
calculate the spatial land use changing rates. Hence, both year
data should be in same area extent. Therefore, in 1981 data
need to be selected and a GIS data set has to be created similar
to 2004 area extent.
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And also in 1981 paper map doesn’t indicate the declared area
for Defense use. But actually that area should appear in 1981
data too. So such modifications are done prior to data analysis.
6.2 Data analyze using GIS
At first it needs to identify separate themes for each land use
category from both 1981 and 2004 data sets. For instance,
Agriculture uses themes in 1981 and 2004 etc. There are four
different themes for each land use category so that it is able to
compare one another.
Those are
Agriculture use
Built up areas
Environmentally sensitive areas
Other uses
6.3 Comparison of land use changes 1981-2004 in HPS
Area
When taken the whole built up area into consideration, an
important category of the land use change is residential. Other
land uses in built up area are not significant.
Total Land use changing rates during 1981-2004
When considering all the above information land use changing
rates for each category can be calculated using Spatial
Calculation Model. Hence it is easy to identify not only the total
conversion rates or intensity of land use changes but also
Converting rates and increasing rates for each land use
category. And also based on aggregate land use changing rates
(AR), it is possible to predict the future trend of each land use
changes in Hectare. Therefore, both extent and changing rate
need to be considered to get a comprehensive idea of changes.
For example by 2004 total agriculture area is about 6400
Ha and its changing rate is 3.86% p.a. Therefore, it can be
assumed that by 2005 agriculture use might change by 247 Ha.
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Further, this result can be analyzed according to
converting rate and increasing rate. In that scenario 146 Ha of
agriculture land is to be converted into another use by year
2005. Accordingly, Figure 3 indicates the land use changing
pattern of major four categories Agriculture, Built up Areas,
Environmentally sensitive area and other uses. However land
use changing pattern of main four categories (Figure 3) doesn’t
give a clear idea about its use. Hence, Table 3 indicates the
detailed analysis of each land use with Converting rates and
increased rates and ultimately aggregate land use changing
rates (AR) for each land use category. Therefore it is easy to
identify and predict the most endangered Agriculture use etc.
for example paddy land is more sensitive to change-66 Ha per
annum. Accordingly, changing pattern of each use can be
predicted using AR rates.
Also table 4 and 5 indicate detail land use changes
according to spatial calculation model.
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Figure 5: Main Categories of Land use changing during 1981-2004
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Following table suggests the predicted land use changes in the
future. Therefore, it is easy to identify the highly converting
uses, highly increasing uses etc. So, these results can be used to
prepare plans, policies, and regulations to make comprehensive
and sustainable development of Homagama PS area.
Land Use
Type
Land
area
2004 (Ha)
Convertin
g rate %
Predicted
area to
Convert
(Ha)
Increasi
ng rate %
Predicted
area to
Increase
(Ha)
Bare land 108.71 3.34 3.63 0 0.00
Coconut 1001.48 3.16 31.65 2.05 20.53
Commercial 55.39 0 0.00 5.58 3.09
Excavation &
Quarry 202.24 0.64 1.29 5.54 11.20
Industrial 169.12 0 0.00 2.28 3.86
Other Crops 221.38 3.95 8.74 3.28 7.26
Paddy 2792.42 1.52 42.44 0.86 24.01
Residential 6005.52 1.59 95.49 3.48 208.99
Roads 335.11 4.05 13.57 1.14 3.82
Rubber 2385.54 2.63 62.74 2.01 47.95
State &
Institutional 452.13 0 0.00 2.99 13.52
Marshy area 290.73 1.79 5.20 5.02 14.59
Table 3: Predicted land use changes per annum based on changing
rates
Above table mentioned the predicted land use changes in the
future and it will add more understanding to decision makers
about changing pattern of the area.
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Table 4: Land use changing rates based on Spatial Calculation
Analysis Model 1981-2004
According to the above table 4.3, Agriculture land use changing
rate is only about 3.86% per annum. Which is the lowest
changing rate compared with other uses. And also highest
changing rate of the water bodies are 6.81% per annum. But
the impact of these rates depends on the total area of each use.
Therefore that impact on each land can be identified in
“Intensity of Changing per Annum (Ha)” column in table 4.3.
LandUseType
Areain1981(Ha)
Areain2004(Ha)
Unchange
dPart
Converted
part
Increased
part
ChangingRate(AR)%
IntensityofChanging
perAnnum(Ha)
Area
TotalArea
%
Area
TotalArea
%
Convertin
gRate
Area
TotalArea
%
Increasing
Rate
Agricul
ture 7682.12 6400.83 3630.2 25.89 4051.91 28.9 2.29 2770.59 19.76 1.57 3.86 247.07
Built
up
Area 5587.63 6979.6 3123.9 22.28 2481.01 17.7 1.92 3873.05 27.77 3 4.92 343.40
Water
Bodies 166.86 290.73 98.14 0.7 68.72 0.49 1.79 192.59 1.37 5.02 6.81 19.80
Other
uses 583.26 348.62 189.77 1.35 234.65 0.87 2.93 0 0.86 1.18 4.12 14.36
Total
Area
14019.8
7
14019.7
7
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LandUseType
UnchangedPart
Convertedpart
Increasedpart
Changing
Rate(AR)%
Intensityof
changingHap.a
Area
TotalArea%
Area
TotalArea%
Converting
Rate
Area
TotalArea%
Increasing
Rate
Bare 108.7 0.78 108.7 0.78 3.34 0 0 0 3.34 3.63
Coconut 367.64 2.62 977.76 6.97 3.16 633.81 4.52 2.05 5.21 52.18
Commercial 24.26 0.17 0 0 0 31.14 0.22 5.58 5.58 3.09
Excavation
& Quarry 81.07 0.58 13.95 0.1 0.64 121.18 0.86 5.54 6.18 12.50
Industrial 110.96 0.79 0 0 0 58.16 0.41 2.28 2.28 3.86
Other Crops 23.92 0.17 237.62 1.69 3.95 197.47 1.41 3.28 7.23 16.01
Paddy 2139.91 15.26 1147.36 8.18 1.52 652.51 4.65 0.86 2.38 66.46
Residential 2651.9 18.92 1533.48 10.94 1.59 3353.3 23.92 3.48 5.08 305.08
Roads 68.75 0.49 947.53 6.76 4.05 266.35 1.9 1.14 5.19 17.39
Rubber 1098.73 7.84 1689.17 12.05 2.63 1286.8 9.18 2.01 4.64 110.69
State &
Institutional 268.03 1.91 0 0 0 184.1 1.31 2.99 2.99 13.52
Marshy area 98.14 0.7 68.72 0.49 1.79 192.59 1.37 5.02 6.81 19.80
Table 5: Separate Land use changing rates based on Spatial
Calculation Analysis Model 1981-2004
7. Conclusion
The spatial calculating analysis model can be used to analyze
the land use changes from a microcosmic aspect, taking the
converted and increased parts of land use changes into account
as well, which can actually reflect the land use changing
degree, especially the land use category that is increased and
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converted actively. At the same time, the model can calculate
the dynamic changing degree of all kinds of land use categories.
Based on the spatial calculating model, combining with the
regional characters in HPS area in the past twenty three years
1981-2004, the following conclusions can be made;
The spatial changing of land use and urbanization are
synchronous processes, and the urbanization agrees with the
principle of the spatial distribution. Most obviously agricultural
lands tend to convert to Residential and Commercial uses.
Hence, in HPS area both Residential and Commercial land uses
have increased by 5.58% and 3.48% per annum respectively.
Where the most significant scenario is Commercial land use in
1981 has not converted in to another use during the past
twenty three years. Hence, Converting rate of Commercial use
is 0%.
Paddy, Coconut and Rubber are the main agricultural
uses in Homagama PS area. However, the trend is all such
crops being converted into other uses like Residential,
Commercial etc. their converting rates are 1.52%, 3.16% and
2.63% per annum respectively for Paddy, Coconut and Rubber.
Meanwhile those uses are being increased by 0.86%, 2.05% and
2.01% per annum. Net result is again to decrease such uses.
Hence, self-sufficiency of the area is being diminished.
Specially, rise of paddy and coconut prices are seriously
harmful for the living standard of the poor.
Land use changing rate of other crops is 7.23% per
annum in which Converting rate is 3.95% per annum while
increasing rate is 3.28% per annum. Hence, the ultimate result
is to decrease the land use for other crops. This badly affects on
environmental as well as economical sustainability.
As far as the spatial land use changes are concerned, the
nature of land use in urban fringe is the most complex and
unstable. It has a great trend to be changed into land for
constructions. Without systematic control the built-up area will
be extended to a large scale, which will lead to the sharp
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decrease of greenery. In short, the utilization of land for
construction and the decrease of the greenery in the suburb will
arise numerous ecological and environmental problems.
Therefore it is important to reinforce the regulation of land use
control.
According to the analysis, different actions should be
taken to manage land use areas during the planning and
management of the land in the future. In Homagama area
where land use is much dynamic, town planners, local
authorities and property developers need to enhance the land-
use efficiency to make the best use of land when land-use
development, sustainable development, ecologic and
environmental protection are considered.
This model can be used to predicate land use changes in
the urban fringe. Its advanced numerical calculations suggest
improvement for future research.
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