AGEN 159 lec 3
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This document discusses irrigation efficiency and simple irrigation canal design. It defines irrigation efficiency as the ratio of water utilized by crops to water diverted for irrigation. There are different types of irrigation efficiency, including conveyance, application, storage, distribution, and use. The document also provides a problem calculating various efficiencies. It then discusses open canal design, describing common cross-sectional shapes like trapezoidal and noting that canals require freeboard and specific side and bottom slopes.
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Okay, let me solve this step-by-step:
Given:
Discharge of canal (Q) = 50 cumec
Let's assume:
Bed width (B) = x meters
Depth of water (D) = y meters
Cross-sectional area (A) = B*D + 1.5D^2
Wetted perimeter (P) = B + 3.6D
Hydraulic mean depth (R) = A/P
From the economical section condition:
R = D/2
Equating the two expressions of R and solving:
(B*D + 1.5D^2) / (B + 3
Designed CANAL
Canal design involves defining types of canals based on use and discharge. There are two main types - aqueducts for water supply and navigable waterways. Canals are also classified based on discharge into main, branch, major/minor distributaries and watercourses. Design considers canal shape, lining requirements, and layout to minimize curves and balance cuts and fills. Proper drainage systems including surface ditches and subsurface pipes are also important to control water levels and allow cultivation. Explicit equations have been developed for least-cost design of common canal shapes like triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal and circular.
Losses IN Canals
The document discusses water losses that occur in canals due to evaporation, percolation, and transpiration. It identifies the key causes of water losses for each category, such as temperature, soil permeability, and vegetation growth. Methods to reduce losses, such as efficient field irrigation practices and canal management, are also presented. In conclusion, transit water losses from the canal head to the fields are defined, and the three main causes and approaches to lower losses are recapped.
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This document discusses canals and their classification and design. It describes different types of canals including contour canals, which follow the contour lines of the land to minimize engineering works. The document outlines several steps for determining the depth and bed width of canals based on factors like area and peak discharge. It also lists considerations for aligning canals, such as minimizing costs, serving the intended irrigation area, and balancing cut and fill amounts.
types of canals
Canals are human-made waterways that allow boats and ships to pass between bodies of water. They are also used to transport water for irrigation and other human uses. Canals are classified in several ways, including whether the water source is permanent or temporary, the type of soil boundary, the financial purpose, water discharge volume, and canal alignment. The various types of canals include permanent canals, inundation canals, irrigation canals, power canals, and side-slope canals.
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Okay, let me solve this step-by-step:
Given:
Discharge of canal (Q) = 50 cumec
Let's assume:
Bed width (B) = x meters
Depth of water (D) = y meters
Cross-sectional area (A) = B*D + 1.5D^2
Wetted perimeter (P) = B + 3.6D
Hydraulic mean depth (R) = A/P
From the economical section condition:
R = D/2
Equating the two expressions of R and solving:
(B*D + 1.5D^2) / (B + 3
Designed CANAL
Canal design involves defining types of canals based on use and discharge. There are two main types - aqueducts for water supply and navigable waterways. Canals are also classified based on discharge into main, branch, major/minor distributaries and watercourses. Design considers canal shape, lining requirements, and layout to minimize curves and balance cuts and fills. Proper drainage systems including surface ditches and subsurface pipes are also important to control water levels and allow cultivation. Explicit equations have been developed for least-cost design of common canal shapes like triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal and circular.
Losses IN Canals
The document discusses water losses that occur in canals due to evaporation, percolation, and transpiration. It identifies the key causes of water losses for each category, such as temperature, soil permeability, and vegetation growth. Methods to reduce losses, such as efficient field irrigation practices and canal management, are also presented. In conclusion, transit water losses from the canal head to the fields are defined, and the three main causes and approaches to lower losses are recapped.
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This document classifies canals based on several factors:
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- Size (main canal, branch canal, major/minor distributaries, water courses) based on discharge rates
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This document discusses canal irrigation and various aspects related to canals. It describes different types of canals based on their source of water supply (permanent, inundation), alignment (watershed, contour, side slope), discharge (main canal, branch canal, distributaries), and whether they have lining or not. It also discusses canal cross-sections and their components like side slopes, berms, freeboard, banks, etc. Further, it covers water losses in canals through evaporation, seepage and percolation. Different types of canal lining methods are also outlined including concrete, shotcrete, brick and various earth-based methods.
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This document provides guidelines for designing irrigation channels, including:
1. Typical canal cross-sections, side slopes, berms, freeboard, banks, and other design elements are described.
2. Methods for calculating balancing depth to minimize earthworks and borrow pits are outlined.
3. The design procedure is demonstrated through an example that involves plotting longitudinal sections, calculating discharges and losses, and using Garret's diagram to determine channel dimensions.
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This document discusses different types of channel plans/patterns for water movement, including straight channels, meandering channels, and braided channels. It also defines sinuosity and describes geometric features of meandering channels. Several factors that affect the design of irrigation canals are outlined, including water discharge, sediment discharge, sediment size, slope, and bed characteristics. Empirical, semi-empirical, and rational approaches for designing earthen canals are briefly introduced.
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This document discusses different types and classifications of canals used for irrigation. Canals are classified in several ways, including by their source of water (permanent, non-perennial, inundation), function (feeder, carrier, distribution, hydel, navigation), size and importance in a network (main, branch, major/minor distributors, water courses), alignment (ridge, contour, side slope), financial role (protective, productive), soil type traversed (alluvial, non-alluvial), and whether they have lining or not (lined, unlined). The key purpose of canals is to transport water from its source to irrigate agricultural lands.
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This document discusses the design of irrigation channels. It covers several key points:
1) The design of irrigation channels involves selecting the channel alignment, shape, size, bottom slope, and whether lining is needed. The design determines the cross-sectional area, depth, width, side slopes, and longitudinal slope.
2) Non-alluvial channels are excavated in soils with little silt, like clay or hard loam. They are designed based on maximum permissible velocity to prevent erosion. Manning's equation or Chezy's equation are used.
3) An example problem demonstrates designing a trapezoidal channel in non-erodible material to carry a discharge of 15 cubic meters per second with a
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This document discusses canal irrigation and various aspects related to canals. It describes different types of canals based on their source of water supply (permanent, inundation), alignment (watershed, contour, side slope), discharge (main canal, branch canal, distributaries), and whether they have lining or not. It also discusses canal cross-sections and their components like side slopes, berms, freeboard, banks, etc. Further, it covers water losses in canals through evaporation, seepage and percolation. Different types of canal lining methods are also outlined including concrete, shotcrete, brick and various earth-based methods.
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This document provides guidelines for designing irrigation channels, including:
1. Typical canal cross-sections, side slopes, berms, freeboard, banks, and other design elements are described.
2. Methods for calculating balancing depth to minimize earthworks and borrow pits are outlined.
3. The design procedure is demonstrated through an example that involves plotting longitudinal sections, calculating discharges and losses, and using Garret's diagram to determine channel dimensions.
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This document discusses different types of channel plans/patterns for water movement, including straight channels, meandering channels, and braided channels. It also defines sinuosity and describes geometric features of meandering channels. Several factors that affect the design of irrigation canals are outlined, including water discharge, sediment discharge, sediment size, slope, and bed characteristics. Empirical, semi-empirical, and rational approaches for designing earthen canals are briefly introduced.
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Rain Water Harvesting & A Case Study of Urban Flooding in Agra
The document discusses the importance of rainwater harvesting given the growing water crisis. It notes that while Earth has abundant water, only a small portion is available for drinking. Fresh water sources are being overexploited and polluted. Rainwater, which is the purest source of water, goes unused. The document then describes various rainwater harvesting techniques like recharge pits, trenches, and percolation tanks that can be used to collect and store rainwater or recharge groundwater. It emphasizes the critical roles of citizens and local authorities in implementing rainwater harvesting solutions to help address water scarcity issues.
Canal Regulation & Canal Types
This document discusses different types of irrigation canals and structures used to regulate water flow in canal networks. It describes:
1. The main types of canals - main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and water courses. Distributaries are further divided into major and minor types.
2. The primary structures used to regulate water flow - head regulators at the head of canals, cross regulators along canals, and outlets that deliver water to water courses from distributaries.
3. Additional structures like falls used to lower water levels across changes in ground elevation, escapes to discharge excess water, and tail escapes at canal ends.
Chapter 1
This document provides definitions and information about different types of irrigation methods. It begins by defining irrigation and listing factors that influence its importance such as insufficient rainfall. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of irrigation. The main types of irrigation discussed are surface irrigation methods including border flooding, check flooding and furrow irrigation. Sub-surface irrigation methods like basin flooding are also covered. Other irrigation methods like sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation are described along with their benefits and limitations. The document concludes by discussing considerations for irrigation project surveying such as availability of water sources and selection of sites for barrages or dams.
GROUND WATER RECHARGE TECHNIQUES BY CH.APPARAO (Research Associate, ARS, ATP)
Ground water recharge is the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means. Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment of recharge of ground water. Other sources include recharge from rivers, streams, irrigation water etc. An unconfined aquifer is recharged directly by local rainfall, rivers, and lakes, and the rate of recharge will be influenced by the permeability of overlying rocks and soils. A confined aquifer, on the other hand, is characterized by an overlying bed that is impermeable, and local rainfall does not influence the aquifer. It is normally recharged from lakes, rivers, and rainfall that may occur at distances ranging from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers.
presentation of industrial training irrigation (2).pptx
This document provides a summary of an industrial training report on the J.Chokkarao dhevadhula lift irrigation scheme in India. The key points are:
1. The training involved construction of the Nashkal wier, head sluice, and package 6 works, as well as the Dhevannapeta pump house and Dharmasagar pump house.
2. The overall project aims to lift 38.16 TMC of water from the Godavari River to irrigate over 6 lakh acres of drought-prone land across three districts.
3. The report discusses the importance of irrigation canals for carrying water from sources to fields, preventing water tables from dropping,
Sources and de mand and water supply
This document provides an overview of water supply engineering. It discusses various sources of water including surface sources like lakes, ponds, streams, rivers and storage reservoirs as well as groundwater sources like infiltration wells, infiltration galleries, springs, and tube wells. It describes these sources and explains selection criteria. The document also outlines the key components of a water supply scheme including collection, transmission, purification and distribution works. Public health engineering duties are listed as well as a flow chart of a typical water supply scheme.
Flow Irrigation & Lift Irrigation.pptx
Flow irrigation and lift irrigation are two common methods used in agricultural practices to ensure the efficient distribution of water to crops. These techniques play a crucial role in maximizing agricultural productivity by delivering water to fields, promoting plant growth, and supporting overall crop development. This presentation provides an overview of flow irrigation and lift irrigation, highlighting their key characteristics, advantages, and applications.
Irrigation Engineering
This document provides information about an irrigation engineering course taught by Engr. Ghulam Murtaza. It includes details about the instructor, course contents, textbooks, and introductory lectures. The course covers topics such as irrigation systems in Pakistan, water resources, types of irrigation, techniques of water distribution, the Indus Water Treaty, and features of the major rivers including the Sutlej, Ravi, and Chenab rivers.
Water resources and irrigation engineering pdf
1. The document is a set of lecture notes on water resource and irrigation engineering written by Saqib Imran for civil engineering students and engineers.
2. It defines irrigation engineering and water resources engineering, and discusses the history of irrigation. It also covers types of canal lining, irrigation efficiency, factors affecting duty of water, and methods to improve duty of water.
3. The notes are intended to provide knowledge on various topics in irrigation and water resources engineering for students and engineers working in the field.
Introduction of Irrigation & it's Methods with Crop classification
Introduction of Irrigation & it's Methods
Crop Classifications
Inland Navigation
Water Resources Engineering
03. Planning Water Resources Project.pdf
This document discusses planning and irrigation requirements for water resource projects. It defines key terms like gross commanded area, culturable commanded area, duty, delta, base period, and irrigation efficiencies. Duty is the area irrigated by 1 cumec of water running continuously during the base period. Delta is the total water depth required by a crop. The document provides delta values for various crops and discusses determining irrigation needs based on consumptive use, effective rainfall, and net/gross irrigation requirements. Examples are given to calculate delta for rice and wheat crops.
Canal structures
Introduction
Mechanism of Regulation Works
Canal Falls
Cross regulator
Dis tributary Head Regulator
Canal escapes
Canal Outlets
Canal structures
Introduction
Mechanism of Regulation Works
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26 nov16 irrigation_water_use_efficiency
The document discusses irrigation water use efficiency in India. It makes the following key points:
1. Irrigation accounts for over 80% of water use in India but efficiency is only 38-40% for canals and 60% for groundwater. Improving efficiency could irrigate 14 million more hectares.
2. Major issues affecting efficiency include outdated irrigation technologies, inadequate infrastructure design and maintenance, and lack of water management.
3. Options to improve efficiency include modernizing irrigation systems, conjunctive surface and groundwater use, watershed management, precision land leveling, drip/sprinkler irrigation, and deficit irrigation tailored to crop needs. Increasing efficiency 10% could irrig
Computation of irrigation efficiency
This document discusses various irrigation efficiencies and concepts. It defines water conveyance efficiency as the efficiency of water delivery from its source to the field, which can approach 100% for closed pipelines. Application efficiency refers to the percentage of applied irrigation water stored in the crop's root zone. Other efficiencies discussed include storage, distribution, and uniformity coefficients which measure how evenly water is applied across a field. Formulas are provided to calculate net irrigation depth, gross water needs, and irrigation interval based on soil properties and crop water requirements.
Water harvesting
This document is a presentation on rainwater harvesting by M.Saeed Ullah for his 5th semester Agronomy class. It discusses the benefits of rainwater harvesting including reducing water bills and improving groundwater. It describes the basic components and concepts of a rainwater harvesting system including catchment, transportation pipes, filters, storage tanks, and recharging groundwater. Key factors in designing and maintaining an effective system are discussed such as roof selection, pipe sizing, filters, storage tanks, and regular cleaning. Rainwater harvesting helps supplement water sources and promotes groundwater sustainability.
WREII Canals Head Works and Distribution system
1. Canals are artificial channels constructed to carry water from rivers or reservoirs to irrigate fields. Canals can be classified based on their source of supply, financial output, function, boundary material, discharge importance, and alignment.
2. Losses in canals include evaporation, transpiration, and seepage. Evaporation losses depend on climatic factors and canal design. Seepage losses are a major source of loss in unlined canals.
3. An ideal canal cross-section aims to balance excavated and filled material. It includes side slopes, berms, freeboard, banks, and may include service roads.
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Agen 159 lec 2
This document provides an overview of irrigation and various irrigation methods. It defines irrigation as applying water to soil to supply moisture for plant growth. Irrigation is needed where rainfall is insufficient or unevenly distributed. The main methods discussed are surface irrigation techniques like flooding, check basins, border strips and furrows. Sub-surface irrigation maintains an artificial water table. Modern methods like sprinkler and drip irrigation are also covered, along with their advantages of reducing water losses and allowing fertilizer application. A variety of factors determine the suitable irrigation method for different crops, soils, landscapes and water availability.
Agen 159 lec 7b
This document discusses water requirements for different crops and related issues. It provides information on crop water requirement (CWR), which includes evapotranspiration (ET) and other unavoidable losses. For rice, the CWR also includes seepage and percolation losses. The document discusses methods to estimate reference evapotranspiration and crop coefficients to calculate crop ET. It provides crop water requirements and irrigation water requirements for various crops including rice, wheat, maize and potatoes in Bangladesh. The document also discusses effective rainfall and methods to calculate irrigation water requirements.
Agen 159 lec 7
This document discusses water requirements for crops and related concepts. It defines crop water requirement as the depth of water needed for normal crop growth. Crop water requirement considers factors like evapotranspiration, rainfall, and soil water contribution. Determining crop water requirements is important for planning irrigation. Net irrigation requirement refers to the amount of irrigation water needed to bring the soil moisture to field capacity, while gross irrigation requirement includes losses and is the total amount of water applied.
Agen 159 lec 6
This document discusses water measurement techniques for intelligent water management. It explains why water measurement is important, discusses common units of measurement, and covers some basic mathematics related to water flow measurement. It then describes several common devices for measuring water flow, such as weirs, flumes, and meters. Specific devices covered in more detail include the Parshall flume and cut-throat flume. Examples of calculations involving flow rate, area, depth, and time are also provided.
Agen 159 lec 5
This document provides an overview of centrifugal pumps, which are the most common type of pump used for agricultural irrigation, accounting for over 75% of installed pumps. It describes how centrifugal pumps work by using an impeller to impart kinetic energy to water and increase pressure. The main components are the rotating impeller coupled to a shaft, and stationary components like the casing. Impellers can be classified based on flow direction, number of suctions, and shape. Centrifugal pumps are also classified based on energy conversion type, number of stages, impeller type, axis of rotation, and drive method.
AGEN 159 lec 4
This document discusses pumps and tube wells used for irrigation. It introduces Md. Nurul Kadir and the main features of pumps and different types of tube wells. Pumps are mechanical devices that increase liquid pressure to lift it from low to high levels. There are two main types of pumps: positive displacement and variable displacement. Tube wells are a type of water well where a steel pipe is bored into an aquifer, with a strainer at the bottom and pump at the top to lift water. Tube wells can range from shallow depths of 30-60m to deep depths of 60-300m.
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AGEN 159 lec 3
- 1. WELCOME Md. Nurul Kadir Lecturer Department of Agricultural Engineering
- 2. MAIN FEATURES IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY SIMPLE IRRIGATION CANAL DESIGN
- 3. IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY (Ei) • The ratio between irrigation water actually utilized by growing crops and water diverted from a source (as a stream) in order to supply such irrigation water. Usually expressed as a percentage
- 4. Different types of IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY • Efficiency of water-conveyance (Ec) • Efficiency of water-application (Ea) • Efficiency of water-storage (Es) • Efficiency of water use (Eu) • Water distribution efficiency (Ed)
- 5. Different types of IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY Efficiency of water- conveyance: Efficiency of water- application:
- 6. Different types of IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY Efficiency of water- storage: Water distribution efficiency
- 7. Different types of IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY Efficiency of water use
- 8. PROBLEM on IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY A stream of 130 litres per second was diverted from a canal and 100 litres per second were delivered to the field. An area of 1.6 ha was irrigated in 8 hours. The effective depth of root zone was 1.7 m. the runoff loss in the field was 420 cu.m. The depth of water penetration varied linearly from 1.7 m at the head end of the field to 1.1 m at the tail end. Available moisture holding capacity of the soil is 20 cm per metre depth of soil. It is required to determine the water conveyance efficiency, water application efficiency, water storage efficiency, and water distribution efficiency. Irrigation was started at a moisture extraction level of 50% of the available moisture. Reference: Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structure by S. K. Garg. P-33
- 9. SIMPLE IRRIGATION CANAL DESIGN OPEN CANALS An open canal, channel, or ditch, is an open waterway whose purpose is to carry water from one place to another. Channels and canals refer to main waterways supplying water to one or more farms. Field ditches have smaller dimensions and convey water from the farm entrance to the irrigated fields. According to the shape of their cross-section, canals are called rectangular (a), triangular (b), trapezoidal (c), circular (d), parabolic (e), and irregular or natural (f)
- 10. SIMPLE IRRIGATION CANAL DESIGN The most commonly used canal cross-section in irrigation and drainage, is the trapezoidal cross-section The freeboard of the canal is the height of the bank above the highest water level anticipated. It is required to guard against overtopping by waves or unexpected rises in the water level.
- 11. SIMPLE IRRIGATION CANAL DESIGN • The side slope of the canal is expressed as ratio, namely the vertical distance or height to the horizontal distance or width. For example, if the side slope of the canal has a ratio of 1:2 (one to two), this means that the horizontal distance (w) is two times the vertical distance (h) • A bottom slope of a canal