03. Planning Water Resources Project.pdf

CE-402 Irrigation Engineering
1
03. Planning of Water Resources Project
B.Sc. Civil Engineering 8th Semester
Muhammad Ajmal (PhD)
Lecturer
Agri. Engg. Deptt.

Planning a Water resource Project
 Planning a Water Resource Project means
o To know about the water source,
o Water quantity needed for an area,
o How water should be applied to the plantation, and
o What must be the maximum capacity of a canal system.

The following basic information essential to know about the capacity of
canal at certain durations.
 Gross Commanded Area (GCA)
❖ The total area lying between drainage boundaries of a watershed which can be
irrigated or commanded by a canal system.
 Culturable Commanded Area (CCA)
❖ It is the area which is irrigated to grow crops. It is further classified as:
 Culturable Cultivated Area
❖ It is the area on which crop is grown at a particular time or in crop season.
 Culturable Uncultivated Area
❖ It is that area in which crop is not sown in a particular season.

 Crop Period
❖ It is the period required by a crop from the time of sowing to the time of
harvesting.
 Intensity of Irrigation
❖ Intensity of irrigation means the ratio of area under cultivation to the
total culturable area.
❖ If this intensity is more, more area is under cultivation, hence water
requirement is more.
 Base Period
❖ Base period for a crop refers to the whole period of cultivation from the
time when irrigation water is first issued for preparation of the ground
for planting the crop to its last water before harvesting and is denoted by
B.

 Delta (Δ)
❖ It is the total depth of water required during the crop period.
 Duty (D)
❖ It is the total area irrigated by a unit discharge running continuously
during the base period and its unit is area/discharge.
❖ Thus, duty gives the relationship between the volume of water and area of
the crop which it matures.
❖ For example, if one cumec of water is applied to 100 hectares of field
throughout the base period B days then the duty will be 100
hectares/m3sec-1 for B days.
 Kor Period and Kor depth
❖ Crops need maximum water at the start of 1st watering. The depth of such
water is kor water and the no. of days to apply such water is known as kor
period.

Relation between Duty (D), Base (B) and Delta (Δ)
 Delta (Δ)
Let, D = Duty of crop in ha/cumec
B = Base period of crop in days
Δ = Delta is depth of water in m.
❖ Now 1 m3/sec of water running continuously for a period of B days
provides a volume of:
[ (B x 24 x 60 x 60) x 1] m3
❖ Amount of water required to flood 1ha of land with a depth Δ m
= (1 x 104) m2 x Δ m
❖ Hence, the area in ha that can be irrigated by 1 m3/sec running for the
base period B days:
Total depth of water required, Δ = (B x 24 x 60 x 60)/(104 x D) = 8.64 B/ D
Hence, Δ = 8.64 x B/D

Relation between Duty (D), Base (B) and Delta (Δ)
Example:
Water is released at the rate of 5 cumecs at the head of a canal. If the duty at
the field is 100 hectares/cumec and the loss of water in transit is 30%, find
the area of the land that can be irrigated.
Given Data: Q = 5 m3/sec; D = 100 hect/cumec; losses = 30%;
Required: Area at field?
Solution:
Area = Duty * Discharge = D * Q
= [100 hectares/(m3/sec) * (5m3/sec)]
= 500 hectares at the upstream of canal.
Area at the field = (100-30)/(100) * 500 = 350 hectares Answer

Irrigation Efficiencies
❖Efficient use of water is essential for optimum utilization of water for crop
production. Various types of efficiencies are
 Water Conveyance Efficiency
❖ It is defined as the ratio of water delivered to a farm/filed to the quantity of
water diverted from a source. Such efficiency show the losses in conveyance
system.
❖ Mathematically
𝑬𝐜 =
𝑾𝒇
𝑾𝒓
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where
Wf is water delivered to farm, and
Wr is the water supplied or diverted from a source.

 Water Application Efficiency
❖ The ratio of the quantity of water stored into the root zone of the crop to the
quantity of water diverted to the field
❖ Mathematically
𝑬𝐚 =
𝑾𝒔
𝑾𝒇
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where
Ws is water stored in the root zone during irrigation, and
Wf is the water delivered to the field
Wf = Ws +Rf + Df
where Rf is the runoff from the farm, and
Df is the deep percolation. It an also be written as:
𝑬𝒂 =
𝑾𝒇 − (𝑹𝒇 + 𝑫𝒇)
𝑾𝒇
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎

 Water Use Efficiency
❖ It is defined as the ratio of water beneficially used to water delivered to the field
including leaching requirements.
❖ Mathematically
𝑬𝐮 =
𝑾𝒖
𝑾𝒅
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where
Wu is water used beneficially, and
Wd is the water delivered.

 Water Storage Efficiency
❖ The ratio of the water stored into the root zone during irrigation to the water needed
in the root zone before irrigation.
❖ Mathematically
𝑬𝐬 =
𝑾𝒔
𝑾𝒏
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where
Ws is water stored in the root zone during irrigation, and
Wn is the water needed in the root zone before irrigation.

 Water Distribution Efficiency
❖ Its evaluates the degree to which water is uniformly distributed throughout the
root zone. The more uniformly the water is distributed , the better will be the
crop response.
❖ Mathematically
𝑬𝐝 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎[𝟏 − 𝒚/𝒅]
where
y is the deviation in depth of water stored in the root zone during irrigation;
d is the average depth of water stored in the root zone during irrigation.

Determination of Irrigation Requirements of Crops
 In order to determine the irrigation requirements of certain crops the following
terms are used.
 Consumptive use or Evapotranspiration
❖ The depth of water consumed by evaporation and transpiration during crop
growth, including water consumed by accompanying weed growth.
 Effective Rainfall (Re)
❖ The part of rainfall during the growing period of a crop that is available to meet
the evapotranspiration need of crop.

❖ Consumptive Irrigation Requirements (CIR)
❖ It is the amount of irrigation water required in order to meet the
evapotranspiration needs of the crop during its full growth.
❖ It is, therefore, nothing but the consumptive use itself, exclusive of
effective precipitation, stored soil moisture, or ground water. When the
last two are ignored, then we can write
CIR = Cu – Re

 Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR)
❖ It is the amount of irrigation water required in order to meet the
evapotranspiration need of the crop as well as other needs such as leaching.
Therefore
NIR = Cu – Re + water lost as percolation in satisfying other needs such as
leaching.
 Field Irrigation Requirement (FIR)
❖ It is the amount of water required to meet ‘net irrigation requirements’ plus
the water lost in percolation in the field water courses, field channels and
in field applications of water.
𝑭𝑰𝑹 =
𝑵𝑰𝑹
𝑬𝒂

 Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR)
❖ It is the sum of water required to satisfy the FIR and the water lost as in
conveyance through distributaries up to the field.
𝐆𝐈𝐑 =
𝑭𝑰𝑹
𝑬𝒄
Where Ec is the conveyance efficiency
 Time Factor
❖ It is the ratio of the number of days the canal has actually run to the
number of days of irrigation Period.
❖ Like if the number of days of irrigation is 15 and canal run for 5 days.
Then Time factor = 5/15 = 0.33
 Capacity Factor
❖ It is the ratio of actual supply to full supply of the canal.

 Crop ratio
❖ The ratio of area irrigated in Rabi season to that irrigated in Kharif season
is known as crop ratio.
❖ The crop ratio is so selected that the discharge in the canal during both the
seasons may be uniform.
 Outlet factor
❖ It is defined as the duty at the outlet.

Example 1
If rice requires about 10 cm depth of water at an average interval of about 10 days. and
the crop period for rice is 120 days, find out the delta for rice.
Solution (Note)
Example 2
If wheat requires about 7.5 cm of water after every 28 days, and the base period for
wheat is 140 days, find out the value of delta for wheat.
Solution (Note)
18

Average Approximate Values of ∆ for Certain Important Crops in Pakistan
19
S. No Crop Delta on field
1. Suger cane 120 cm (48”)
2. Rice 120 cm (48”)
3. Tobacco 75 cm (30”)
4. Garden fruits 60 cm (24”)
5. Cotton 50 cm (22”)
6. Vegetables 45 cm (18”)
7. Wheat 40 cm (16”)
8. Barley 30 cm (12”)
9. Maize 25 cm (10”)
10. Fodder 22.5 cm (9”)
11. Peas 15 cm (6”)

Irrigation requirements of Certain Important crops
20
S.No Crop Period of growth
Average
water depth
required
(in cm)
Irrigation requirements and
remarks
Average quantity of
seed required
(kg/hectare)
Average quantity of
yield obtained
(kg/hectare)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
(i)
Kharif Crops
Maize (high yielding) June to Sept-Oct
45
Four or five watering .
Sensitive to drought and floods.
Responsible to fertilizers.
15 3,000
(ii)
Bajra (Spiked millets
or Pearl millets),
high yielding
July to Nov 30
Water should not stand.
Irrigation as required.
Resistant to drought and flooding.
3.75 2,000
(iii)
Juar (Great millets),
high yielding
Sown in July as
fodder and cut green
more than once.
30 Same as above 12.5 3,000
(iv) Ground-nut May to Nov-Dec 45 ‘Paleo’ reqd. before sowing. -- 1,600
(v) Cotton May-June to Nov-Jan 25-40
Three or four irrigations are
required. Damage up to the extent of
50% may be caused by flooding, rains
ets.
-- 500
(vi) Pulses like Arhar, etc. July-Aug to Nov-Dec 30 Irrigated when leaves get dries. 12.5 700
(vii)
Transplanted Rice
(Paddy), high yielding
July to Nov 125-150
Standing water of 5 to 8 cm gives
best results.
30 to 35 kg of seed is
sufficient to raise
nursery to transplant
one hectare.
4500
(viii) Til July-Aug to Oct-Nov --
Generally not irrigated but better to
irrigate once.
1.25 350

21
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
(i)
Rabi Crops
Wheat (ordinary)
Oct to March-April 37.5
Three-four watering of 7-10 cm
depth.
80-100 1500
(ii) Wheat (high yielding) Oct to March-April 45 Five-six watering of 7-10 cm depth. 100-125 4000
(iii) Gram (high yielding) Sept-Oct to March 30 Irrigated when leaves get dry. 12.5 3500
(iv) Barley Oct to Mar-April 30
Two watering; one at jointing and
another at booting stage.
120 1300
(v) Potatoes Sept-Oct to Feb 60-90
Usually irrigated ; sown in high hills
upto early April. Second crop in
plains is sometimes, taken in Feb-
April.
15,000 35,000
(vi) Tobacco Oct-Feb to Feb-May 60 Four to five watering. 4,500
(vii) Linseed i.e Alsi Oct-Nov to March 45-50
Irrigated at intervals of 15 days.
Resistant to drought but damaged by
frost and flooding.
700
(viii) Mustard Oct to Feb-Mar 45 Watered at intervals of 7-10 days 33 1000 to 1600
Overlapping crop generally classified under Rabi crop
(i) Sugercane Feb-March to Dec-March 90 5 or 6 waterings of 10 cm or more 500 25,000 – 30,000

Example 3
Find the delta for a crop when its duty is 864 hectares/cumec on the field. The base period of this crop is 120
days.
Solution (Note)
Example 4 (Punmia)
An irrigation canal has gross commanded area of 80,000 hectares out of which 85% is culturable irrigable.
The intensity of irrigation for Kharif season is 30% and for Rabi season is 60%. Find the discharge required
at the head of canal if the duty at its head is 800 hectares/cumec for Kharif season and 1700 hectares/cumec
for Rabi season.
Solution (Note)
Example 5 (Punmia)
A watercourse has a culturable commanded area of 2600 hectares, out of which the intensities of irrigation for
perennial sugar-cane and rice crops are 20% and 40% respectively. The duty for these crops at the head of
watercourse are 750 hectares/cumec and 1800 hectares/cumec respectively. Find the discharge required at the
head of watercourse if the peak demand is 20% of the average requirement.
Solution (Note) 22

Example 6 (Punmia)
The left branch canal carrying a discharge of 20 cumecs has a culturable commanded area of 20,000
hectares. The intensity of Rabi crop is 80% and the base period is 120 days. The right branch canal carrying
a discharge of 8cumecs has a culturable commanded area of 12,000 hectares, intensity of irrigation of Rabi
crop is 50% and base period is 120 days. Compare the efficiencies of the two canal systems.
Solution (Note)
Example 7 (Punmia)
A watercourse has a culturable commanded area of 1200 hectares. The intensity of irrigation for crop A is
40% and for B is 35%, both the crops being Rabi crops. Crop A has kor period of 20 days and crop B has a
kor period of 15 days. Calculate the discharge of the watercourse if the kor depth for crop A is 10 cm and for
crop B is 16 cm.
Solution (Note)

Example 8 (Punmia)
A watercourse commands an irrigated area of 600 hectares. The intensity of irrigation of rice in this
area is 60%. The transplantation of rice takes 12 days, and total depth of water required by the crop
is 50cm on the field during the transplantation period. During the transplantation period, the useful
rain falling on the field is 10 cm. Find the duty of irrigation water for the crop on the field during
transplantation, at the head of the field, and also at the head of the distributary, assuming losses of
water to be 20% in the watercourse. Also calculate the discharge required in the watercourse.
Solution:
Note:
❖ Rice seed is initially germinated in separate seed beds.
❖ Afterwards, Seedlings (young plants) of rice are thrust (transplanted) by hand in another
previously prepared land.
❖ Preparation of land for rice crop includes its thorough saturation before ploughing, so as to
puddle and soften the surface soil.
❖ Transplantation takes about 10-15 days; requires large quantity of water, i.e. 30-60 cm on the
field.

Example 9 (Punmia)
Table below gives the necessary data about the crop, their duty and the area under each crop
commanded by a canal taking off from a storage reservoir. Taking a time factor for the canal
to be 13/20. calculate the discharge required at the head of the canal. If the capacity factor is
0.8, determine the design discharge.
Crop Base period
(days)
Area (hectares) Duty at head of canal
(hectares/cumec)
Sugar-cane 320 850 580
Overlap for sugar-cane (hot
weather)
90 120 580
Wheat (Rabi) 120 600 1600
Bajri (Monsoon) 120 500 2000
Vegetable (hot weather) 120 360 600

Solution:
Discharge required for crops:
Discharge for sugar-cane = 850/580 = 1.465 cumecs
Discharge for overlap sugar-cane = 120/580 = 0.207 cumecs
Discharge for wheat = 600/1600 = 0.375 cumecs
Discharge for Bajri = 500/2000 = 0.250 cumecs
Discharge for vegetables = 360/600 = 0.600 cumecs
Since sugar-cane has a base period of 320 days, it will require water in all seasons i.e. Rabi,
Monsoon & Hot weather.
Discharge required in Rabi = 1.465 + 0.375 = 1.84 cumecs
Discharge required in Monsoon = 1.465 + 0.25 = 1.685 cumecs
Discharge required in hot weather = 1.465 + 0.207 + 0.600 = 2.272 cumecs
Thus the maximum demand of 2.272 cusecs is in the hot weather.

The time factor = 13/20
Therefore,
Full supply discharge at the head of the canal will be
= 20272 x 20/13
= 3.32 cumecs
Since, Capacity factor = 0.8
Hence,
Design discharge = full supply discharge / capacity factor
= 3.32 / 0.8
= 4.15 cumecs

Example 10 (Punmia)
The base period, intensity of irrigation and duty of various crops under a canal system are
given in the table below. Find the reservoir capacity if the canal losses are 20% and the
reservoir losses are 12%.
Crop Base period
(days)
Area (hectares) Duty at the field
(hectares/cumec)
Wheat 120 4800 1800
Sugar-cane 360 5600 800
Cotton 200 2400 1400
Rice 120 3200 900
Vegetables 120 1400 700

Solution:
(i) Wheat
Discharge required = 4800 / 1800 cumecs
Volume of water required = (4800 / 1800) x 120 = 320 cumec-days
(ii) Sugar-cane
(iii) Cotton
(iv) Rice
(v) Vegetables

Hence, total volume of water required on the field for all crops = 320 + 2520 + 342 + 426 + 240 = 3848
cumec-days
1 cumec-day = 1 cumec flowing for a whole day
= 1 x 24 x 60 x 60 m3
1 hectare meter = 1 x 104 m2
Hence, 1 cumec-day = (1 x 24 x 60 x 60) / (1 x 104) hectare-meters
= 8.64 hectare-meters
Hence, total volume of water required on the field = 3848 x 8.64
= 33300 hectare-meters
Since losses in the canal system are 20%, the volume of water required at the head of canal = 33300 x (100/80)
= 41600 ha-m
Allowing 12 % reservoir losses,
The capacity of the reservoir = 41600 x (100/88) = 47300 ha-m
Note: Alternatively this problem can also be solved in a tabular form. (Next slide)

Crop
Base period
B (days)
Duty at the
field D
(ha/cumec)
Delta Δ =
(8.64 B)/D
Area
(ha)
Volume
= (Δ x A)
(ha-m)
Wheat 120 1800 0.576 4800 2765.0
Sugar-cane 360 800 3.890 5600 21800.0
Cotton 200 1400 1.235 2400 2965.0
Rice 120 900 1.152 3200 3690.0
Vegetables 120 700 1.480 1400 2070.0
Total 33290
Therefore, capacity of the reservoir = 33290 / (0.8 x 0.88) = 47,300 ha-m

32
Example 11
A stream of 135 L/s was diverted from a canal and 100 L/s were delivered to the field. An area of
1.6 hectares was irrigated in 8 hours. The effective depth of root zone was 1.8 m. the runoff loss in
the field was 432 m3. The depth of water penetration varied linearly from 1.8 m at the head end of
the field to 1.2 m at the tail end. Available moisture holding capacity of the soil is 20 cm per meter
depth of soil. Determine the water conveyance efficiency, water application efficiency, water
storage efficiency and water distribution efficiency. Irrigation was started at a moisture extraction
level of 50 percent of the available moisture.
Solution (Note)

03. Planning Water Resources Project.pdf

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03. Planning Water Resources Project.pdf