African trypanosomiasis
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Biology 51 Lecture Report: The deadly parasite from tsetse fly Credits to all sources that the reporter used.....
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African trypanosomiasis
- 1. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (African Tryponosomiasis) Bio 51: Parasitology Lecture REPORTER: Dades, Dyan D.
- 2. References: • Murray, P.R., K.S. Rosenthal, G.S. Kobayashi and M.A. Pfaller. 2000. Chapter 76: Blood and Tissue Protozoa. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. Mosby Publishing. St. Louis Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness). 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/biology.html Odero, R. 2015. African trypanosomiasis. Medscape. Retrieved from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228613-overview#a5
- 3. The Culprit! Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Class: Zoomastigophora Order: Kinetplastida Family: Trypanosomatidae Genus: Trypanosoma Species: T. brucei Subspecies: T. b. gambiense
- 4. Life Cycle
- 5. The Vector Glossina palpalis, commonly known as Tsetse fly, is the carrier of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- 6. Brief Description: The African trypanosomiasis is a deadly disease caused by the Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and trasnsmitted by the tsetse fly.
- 7. Causes • A bite from an infected tsetse fly causes African trypanosomiasis . • Blood transfusions are a rare cause of parasitic transmission. • In rare cases, accidental transmission in the laboratory has been implicated.
- 8. Epidemiology Limited/distributed only to Central and West Africa
- 9. Symptoms Short term symptoms Long term symptoms 1. Occasional Ulcer 1. Lethargy 2. Fever 2. Tremors 3. Myalgia 3.Meningoencephalitis 4. Athralgia 4.Mental retardation 5. Lymph Node Enlargement 5. General Deterioration Final Stages of the Disease 1. Convulsions 2. Hemiplegia 3. Comatose State 4. DEATH
- 10. Laboratory Diagnosis • Thin and thick blood smears • Centrifugation of heparized samples and anion-exchange chromatography • Serologic test • Immunofluorescence • ELISA • agglulation
- 11. Treatment, Prevention and Control Acute stages: 1. Suramin 2. Pentamidine 3. Difluoromethylorithine Chronic Stages: 1. Melarsoprol 2. Tryparsamide with suramin 3. Difluoromethylorithine
- 12. Treatment, Prevention and Control 1. Control Breeding Sites 2. Insecticides 3. Treatment of Human Cases
Editor's Notes
- For further reading: Hemoflagellates- any parasitic flagelatte protozoan that lies in the bloodstream The infective stage of the organism is the trypomastigote which is present in the salivary glands of transmitting tsetse fly The organism at this stage has a free flagellum and an undulating membrane running the full length of the body The trypomastigotes enter the wound created by the fly and find their way in blood and lymph eventually invading cells. Reproduction of the trypomastigotes in blood is by binary or longitudinal fission These trypomastigotes in blood are then infective for biting tsetse flies in the midgut of which further reproduction occurs The organisms then migrate to the salivary glands where an epimastigote form (with a free flagellum but only a partial undulating membrane) continues reproduction to the infective trypomastigote stage Tsetse flies became infective 4 to 6 weeks after feeding on blood from a diseased patient.
- Life cycle: 1. Tsetse fly takes a blood meal (injects metacyclic trypomastigote) during a blood meal of the mammalian host, an infected tsetse fly (genus Glossina) injects metacyclic trypomastigotes into skin tissue. The parasites enter the lymphatic system and pass into bloodstream 2. Injected metacyclic trypomastigotes transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes are carried to the other sites inside the host, they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes are carried to the other sites throughout the body reach other blood fluids (e.g. lymph, spinal fluid) and continue the replication by binary fission. 3. Trypomastigotes multiply by binary fission in various body fluids eg. Blood lymph and spinal fluid the entire life cycle of African trypanosome is represented by extracellular stages. The tsetse fly becomes infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on an infected mammalian host. Trypomastigotes in blood Testse fly takes a blood meal (bloodstream trypomastigotes are ingected) in the fly’s midgut, the parasite transform procyclic trypomastigotes mulitiply by binary fission 6. Bloodstream trypomastigotes transform into procyclic trypomastigotes in tsetse fky’s midgut. Procyclic trypomastigotes multiply by binary fission leaves the midgut and transform into epimastigote 7. Procyclic trpomastigotes will transform into epimastigotes the epimastigotes reach the fly’s salivary gland and continue multiplication by binary fission 8. Epimastigotes will transform into metacyclic trypomastigotes the cycle in the fly take appox. 3-4 weeks. Humans are main reservoirs of T.b. gambiense
- Sometimes spelled tzetze and also known as tik-tik flies Are large biting flies that inhabit much of Mid-continental Africa between the Sahara and the Kalahari deserts That live by feeding on the blood of vertebrate animals and are the primary African biological vectors of trypanosomes which cause human sleeping sickness and animal trypanosomiasis also known as nagana Tsetse have been exclusively studied because of their disease transmission. These flies are multivoltine, typoically producing about four generations yearly and upo to 31 generations total over their entire lifespan They are different fro housefly but can be distinguished by various characteristics of their anatomy. Tsetse fold their wings completely when they are resting so that one wing rests directly on top of the other over the abdomen Have long proboscis which extends directly forward and is attached by a distinct bulb to the bottom of their head
- Also known as Sleeping disease is found in 24 countries in west and central Africa. This form currently accounts for over 98% of reported cases of sleeping sickness and causes a chronic infection A person can be infected for months or even years without major signs of the disease. When more evident symptoms emerge, the patient is often already in an advanced disease stage where the CNS is affected
- Is limited to tropical west and central Africa, correlating with the range of the tsetse fly vector