Plasmodium Falciparum

Plasmodium Falciparum
Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite. It is unique of the class of Plasmodium that is the foundation and cause malaria in individuals. There
are other Plasmodium species that can cause malaria in humans. Nevertheless P. falciparum is the most common, virulent, and deadly. P. falciparum
communicable by the female Anopheles mosquito.
P. falciparum life cycle is comprised of two hosts. A P. falciparum carrier female Anopheles mosquito injects sporozoites into the human, infecting their
liver cells. Once there infection and damage to red blood cells is critical to the parasites survival. Because red blood cells transport oxygen all over the
body, their destruction by P. falciparum causes basic functional devastation to the host....show more content...
falciparum, whereas in most other countries with malaria transmission, other, less virulent plasmodial species predominate. Almost every malarial
death is caused by P. falciparum.[ Malaria is caused by an infection with protozoa of the genus Plasmodium. The name malaria, from the Italian mala
aria, meaning "bad air", comes from the linkage suggested by Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1717) of malaria with the poisonous vapours of swamps. This
species name comes from the Latin falx, meaning "sickle", and parere meaning "to give birth". The organism itself was first seen by Laveran on
November 6, 1880 at a military hospital in Constantine, Algeria, when he discovered a microgametocyte exflagellating. Patrick Manson (1894)
hypothesised that mosquitoes could transmit malaria. This hypothesis was experimentally confirmed independently by Giovanni Battista Grassi and
Ronald Ross in 1898. Grassi (1900) proposed an exerythrocytic stage in the life cycle, later confirmed by Short, Garnham, Covell and Shute (1948),
who found Plasmodium vivax in the human liver.
Epidemiology of the major disease/organism. Around the world, malaria is the most significant parasitic disease of humans, and claims the lives of
more children worldwide than any other infectious disease. Since 1900, the area of the world exposed to malaria has been halved, yet two billion more
Get more content on HelpWriting.net

Malaria Case Study
Following the infected female Anopheles mosquito bite the incubation period varies. The type of Plasmodium parasite responsible for the infection
plays a big factor in the time frame. Antimalarial drugs may also increase the length of the Malaria incubation period. Estimated time frame is 9–14
days for Plasmodium falciparum, 12–18 days for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale and 18–40 days for Plasmodium malarie. Delays between
exposure and development of symptoms in patients can result in misdiagnoses or delayed diagnosis because of reduced clinical suspicion of the
healthcare provider (CDC, 2017. It's important to remind healthcare providers of any recent travel within 12 months to any malaria endemic areas.
Symptoms of...show more content...
Patients with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium ovale infections may experience additional relapses after months or even years without
symptoms. Relapses occur because these two parasites have dormant liver stage parasites that may reactivate (CDC, 2017). Treatment to prevent
chances of relapse is available. Patients should follow the treatment of their first attack.
Diagnosis
It is critical to obtain a history of recent or remote travel to an endemic area for patients with suspected Malaria. Also, it is important to acquire about
the patient's immune status, age, pregnancy status, medications, allergies and any medical conditions he or she may have. Diagnosis of Malaria
depends on the demonstration of parasites in the blood, usually by microscopy (CDC, 2017). Workup for Malaria depends on patient's chief
complaint. Patients will get labs drawn to check their hemoglobin, liver function, renal function, electrolytes, and white blood cells. Rapid HIV test
may be ordered in select cases. There are alternative diagnostic methods to blood smear testing. Alternative methods are typically used if laboratory
does not have sufficient experience in detecting parasites in blood smears. Rapid diagnostic tests give results within 15–20 minutes and are considered
qualitative tests. These tests detect one or more of the following antigens; Histidine–rich protein 2, Plasmodium Lactate Dehydrogenase and Aldolase.
Three other alternative tests are molecular techniques

Malaria Is A Threat Of Malaria
Malaria, just the very name rings with menace. It is a life threatening disease cause by parasites transmitted from infected bites of female mosquitoes.
Now if you live in any area that is humid, hot, and prone to rain or near water and has mosquitos you are at risk for contracting this parasite. Normally
Africa, South America, Middle East, rarely developed countries. About 3.2 billion people, almost half of the world's population, are at risk ofmalaria.
Granted we live in a time where in the United States malaria is rare to hear about these days but in developing and undeveloped countries, Malaria
is a very real threat. Malaria has been plaguing societies for years. Only recently has the Unites States and other countries been able to make it a rare
instance due to control of mosquitos. The symptoms of malaria was first described in Chinese writings, the Nei Ching (2700 BC). It became widely
known in Greece, Hippocrates noted the principle symptoms. In the Susruta, a Sanskrit medical treatise, the symptoms of malaria were described and
attributed to certain bites of insects. Some Roman writers thought the diseases were attributed to swampy areas. In the New World, Indians told
Spanish missionaries of the medical bark they used to treat the fevers of those infected with malaria. With the bark it actually cured the wife of the
Viceroy of Peru. After this the bark from that tree was called Cinchona after the countess. The antimalarial, quinine, derives from this bark and

Malaria Essay
Malaria
Malaria parasites have been with us since the beginning of time, and fossils of mosquitoes up to thirty million years old show that malaria's vector has
existed for just as long. The parasites causing malaria are highly specific, with man as the only host and mosquitoes as the only vector. Every year,
300,000,000 people are affected by malaria, and while less than one percent of these people die, there are still an estimated 1,500,000 deaths per year.
While
Malaria was one of the first infectious diseases to be treated successfully with a drug, scientist are still looking for a cure or at least a vaccination today
(Cann, 1996). Though many people are aware that malaria is a disease, they are
unaware...show more content...
Here, sexual forms of the parasite develop in the stomach of the Anopheles mosquito completing the parasites life cycle (Herman, 1996).
People infected malaria have several symptoms including fever, chills, headaches, weakness, and an enlarged spleen (Herman, 1996). The amount of
time for symptoms to appear differs depending on the form of the parasite. Those infected with Plasmodium falciparum experience symptoms after
about twenty–four hours, those infected with Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale produce symptoms after a forty–eight hour interval, and after
seventy–two hours
Plasmodium malariae begin causing fever and chills (Cann, 1996).
Most malaria cases seem to cluster in the tropical climate areas extending into the subtropics, and malaria is especially endemic in Africa. In
1990 eighty percent of all reported cases were in Africa, while the remainder of most cases came from nine countries: India, Brazil, Afghanistan,
Sri–Lanka,
Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and China. Globally, the disease circulates in almost one hundred countries causing up to 1,500,000 deaths
annually (Cann, 1996).
Because there is no definite cure for malaria, scientists are trying their hardest to contain the parasite to where it now exists. The range of a vector from
a suitable habitat is fortunately limited to a maximum

Why Is Malaria So Deadly
Malaria is considered one of the deadliest pandemics in the world. It kills 1 million people every year, and kills a child every 30 seconds. Ebola and the
Black Death look wimpy compared to it, even when we know how to cure Malaria. But why is it so deadly, and how can we stop it? Malaria is found
around the equator, mostly on the continent of Africa. 3.6 billion people live in Malaria exposed areas. That means about 50% of the population is
exposed, while 300–400 million people get it every year. Malaria is a parasite, meaning it really isn't a disease. Mosquitoes spread the Malaria parasite
by biting an infected person. When they do that they take the blood containing the parasite, and the parasite then lives in it saliva. Then the next time
the bite someone, the parasite then travels into its' next host. Malaria can only thrive in areas that are warm because it has to live all year to be able to
spread....show more content...
When blood cells get infected they become sticky, which causes the blood to stick to your veins. Then eventually it leads to clogging your
bloodstream. As this happens over time, your blood flow is decreased, which can lead to complications. In other words, organs that need blood get
deprived of oxygen and die. Some organs, like the Brain and Lungs, are required to live, which is why it is so deadly. Some of The symptoms include
headaches and rapid changes in temperature. Extreme cases lead to impaired consciousness, comas, and

Infectious Disease: Malaria Essay
Section 1
Malaria
General Information
Malaria is a common infectious disease found mainly in the tropics but in rare circumstances can be found in temperate areas. Depending on the
circumstances malaria can be either life threatening cause serious illness.
It is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium species(in text reference). These parasites are carried by mosquitoes which become infected after biting
someone who has malaria. Malaria is then passed on to others when the infected mosquito bites another person. In rare cases malaria can be passed to
another person through blood transfusions, organ donations or shared needles.
On average there are around 300–500 million people who become infected with malaria every year, with most of the...show more content...
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms that are usually associated with yellow fever include fever, poor appetite, nausea, chills, muscle pains in the back and headaches abdominal
back pain. These symptoms usually subside after five days. These symptoms sometimes reoccur. Abdominal pain and liver damage starts causing
yellow skin. There also is a higher chance of kidney problems. About 15–15% then proceed to the 'toxic' stage of which around 50% then die around 14
days after catching yellow fever.
Dengue Fever
General Information
Dengue fever is a mosquito–transmitted virus, it is a Flavivirus which is the same genus as yellow fever. There are five different varieties of the virus
and being infected usually gives lifelong immunity to that particular variety and short–term immunity to the other varieties. However this also
increases the risk of having a severe reaction to the other types, this risk rises with exposure to another type and so on.
Symptoms and Treatment
Symptoms from the virus include headaches, back pain, joint pains, fever and a skin rash, which is similar in appearance to measles. A small
percentage of infections the disease develops into a life threatening dengue haemorrhagic fever, which results in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets
and blood plasma leakage. The other life threatening possibility is dengue shock syndrome; this

Characteristics Of The Malaria
Malaria is starting to become one of the worlds most common infectious diseases and problem to peoples health around the world. This report will
highlight the importance of learning the signs and symptoms of the Malaria disease, how to prevent becoming infected with it and how to treat it if
someone does come in contact with it. It will also describe the characteristics of the four major types of Plasmodium that affects humans along with the
the complete classification, pathogenesis, how it is transmitted from one host to another, and who and what country is affected most from this
infectious disease. Within the Malarian disease, there are many species of the Plasmodium parasites, and only 4 of those species affects the human
population. Those species include the Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae (Wiser, 2011). There
is various differences between these four, but they do all have one thing in common and that is that they all form rings. The Plasmodium falciparum has
numerous rings that are smaller, it has no trophozoites or schizonts, it is also a crescent–shaped gametocyte. The Plasmodium vivax has a enlarged
erythrocyte, Schuffner's dots, and ameboid trophozoites. The Plasmodium ovale is similar to the Plasmodium ovale, it has compact trophozoites,
fewer merozoites in schizont, and elongated erythrocytes. The Plasmodium Malariae is a compact parasite and it has merozoites in rosette (Wiser,
2011). To further identify this infectious disease, it can be broken down into its taxonomic classification. It starts with the Kingdom being Protista,
Subkingdom being Protozoa, the Phylum being apicomplexa, the Class is sporozoasida, Order is eucoccidiorida, Family is plasmodiidae, Genus being
plasmodium and the species being falciparum, malariae, ovale, and vivax. (Keas, 1999). The mechanism of Malaria is from a Plasmodium parasite, that
originate in female Anopheles mosquitoes, that can spread into humans from the bites of the infected mosquitoes (Mohandas & An, 2012). Among the
"Plasmodia species... only 4 of the over 100 species of plasmodia are infectious to humans. The majority of cases and almost all deaths are caused by
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax,

Malaria And Its Effects On Human History Essay
Malaria is an ancient disease caused by parasites in the genus Plasmodium. Mosquitoes infected with a malaria parasite have been found preserved in
approximately 30–million–year–old amber (Mehlhorn, et al.), and the malaria antigen has been detected in the tissues of Egyptian remains dating back
to 3200 BC (Miller, et al.). There are many examples where malaria epidemics have had a significant impact on human history, and this is especially
evident during the many wars throughout history. As far back as the fourth century A.D., Attila the Hun's invasion of Rome was stopped because of
malaria (Kakkilaya). During the Revolutionary War, malaria helped the Americans win their independence because many of the British armies were
too sick to fight (McNiell). During World War I, British, French, German, and American armies were unable to fight because of malaria (Kakkilaya).
A French commanding general when ordered to attack was reported to have replied, "Regret that my army is in hospital with malaria" (Kakkilaya).
In World War II, early during the Pacific campaign, more soldiers fell to malaria than to enemy ("Institute of Medicine"). Malaria Control in War
Areas (MCWA) was founded in 1942 to control malaria near military training bases in the United States ("Our History – Our Story"). After World War
II, MCWA went on to become the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Because the South was where most malaria transmission occurred and was where
the MCWA had been

Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa Essay
Malaria is blood disease caused by a parasite called Plasmodium. This disease occurs widely in poor, subtropical and tropical regions of the world. One
subtropical region that has been greatly affected by this disease is Sub–Saharan Africa. According to Olowookere, Adeleke, Kuteyi, and Mbakwe (2013)
malaria is one of the leading causes of death and illness in sub–Saharan Africa. It is important to be aware of the impacts this disease carries and how it
has greatly affected millions of people. This paper will explain the impacts of Malaria and discuss, compare, and contrast the malaria research
conducted by various researchers and reflect on the issue.
Many factors contribute to the high mortality from malaria in sub–Saharan Africa. One...show more content...
For the most part, all of the researchers findings agreed with each other, but some researchers found that certain measures would be more effective
than others. Fullman, Burstein, Lim, Medlin and Gakidou (2013) examined the impacts of using bed nets, spray, or even both to prevent
transmission. They found that people living in low and medium transmission areas had both insecticide treated bed nets and used indoor residual
sprays. They also found that the risk of malaria was reduced by 53% with the use of both these interventions (Fullman et al., 2013) However,
Olowookere et al. (2013) disagreed, suggesting that the use of insecticide treated nets and preventive education would decrease the spread of this
disease. Eisele, Larsen, Walker, Cibulski, Yukich, Zikusooka, and Steketee (2012) agreed with both researchers on the use of bed nets, stating that
over a 10 year scale–up of malaria prevention roughly "842,800 potential child deaths were prevented" (p. 96) and "roughly 831,100 of those
842,800 deaths were prevented through the contribution of insecticide treated bed nets" (p. 96) . Along with the rest of the researchers, Lim, Fullman,
Stokes, Ravishankar, Masiye, Murray and Gakidou (2013) found that "sleeping under bed nets reduced the malaria prevalence among children by 24
%"(p. 8) and "the ownership of one bed net would reduce child mortality by 23%" (p. 8).
The methods used for

Malaria Essay
Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most
infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes–fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of
mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred
million adults and children (around nine percent of the world's population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children
are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world's cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases
...show more content...
Also, only female mosquitoes can distribute the disease, as male mosquitoes do not feed on humans.
Mosquitoes pass malaria to humans through their salivary glands. Once the parasites have entered the blood stream, they go to the liver. In the liver
they mature and undergo reproduction, forming merozoites. These merozoites enter the blood stream and inject themselves into red blood cells. Once
inside the blood cells, they reproduce rapidly and within forty–eight to seventy–two hours, the blood cell bursts, releasing hemoglobin into the blood
stream. It is the destruction of these blood cells and the hemoglobin released into the blood stream that actually causes most of the symptoms.
While the most common way malaria is transmitted is from mosquitoes to humans, there are other ways of catching the disease. One way is from
mother to her unborn child. When a disease is contracted this way it is said to have been transmitted congenitally. Another way is during blood
transfusions. This is why it is important to be tested for diseases such as malaria before you give blood.
Malaria is diagnosed in two different ways. The most exact way is by an examination of the blood. To do this, a doctor would take a drop of blood,
stain it, and look at it under a microscope to see if there were any parasites in it. Diagnosing malaria by the symptoms it causes is not as exact as
blood examination, but is used a lot in Africa, where most cases are treated at

Malaria Essay
Malaria is regarded as one of the world's deadliest tropical parasitic diseases. It claims more lives than any other communicable disease except
tuberculosis. In Africa and other developing countries, it also accounts for millions of dollars in medical costs. Malaria, however, is a curable disease
if promptly diagnosed and adequately treated.
Malaria is a mosquito–borne disease caused by the parasite plasmodium. In recent years, most cases in the U.S. have been in people who have
acquired the disease after travelling to tropical and sub–tropical areas. Over 200 million cases worldwide are reported each year.
Estimates of deaths caused by malaria exceed 1 million each year, with the majority being African children. Other groups at risk...show more content...
Areas Stricken with the Disease
Malaria strikes poverty–stricken with the hardest blow. Malaria prevalent areas include some of the world's poorest nations. In Africa, medical costs
and related expenses have been estimated at 1–5% gross domestic product.
Farming communities are particularly affected as well. In rural areas, the rainy season is a time of intense agricultural activity, when poor families earn
most of their income. When malaria strikes at this time, these families are unable to make a living.
Malaria and Children
Malaria claims the life of a child every 30 seconds. This disease has reached epidemic proportions in many regions of the world, and continues to
grow unchecked. Malaria kills 3,000 children under five years of age every day. This rate exceeds the mortality toll from AIDS.
Young African are chronic victims of malaria, suffering an average of six bouts a year. Too often, severely afflicted children die less than 72 hours after
developing the symptoms. Of the children who survive, malaria also drains vital nutrients, impairing their physical and intellectual development.
Malaria is also particularly dangerous pregnant women. It causes severe anemia, and is a major factor contributing to maternal deaths in malaria
infected areas. Pregnant mothers who have malaria and are HIV–positive are more likely to pass on their HIV status to the unborn child.
Economic Costs
The estimated economic costs of malaria are enormous.

Understanding Malaria Essay
Understanding Malaria
For several years, I have had an interest in virology and the spread and characteristics of various infectious diseases. Though it makes sense not to
possibly induce a state of panic by informing individuals of illnesses that are not native to the area they live in and that they are not likely to contract,
I have always liked to remain informed out of my own curiosity and interest. Thus, I have decided to write about malaria.
Malaria kills more people than any communicable disease except for tuberculosis. It is caused by four species of parasitic protozoa that infect human red
blood cells. Four different types of these protozoa are known: protozoa falciparum, protozoa vivax, protozoa ovale, and...show more content...
Malaria, however, is not unique to Africa. There are a multitude of documented cases in Asia annually, particularly in countries such as India,
Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Malaria has also been known to occur in portions of Iran and the Middle East. Loweraltitude regions of South
and Central America also have their share of annual malaria cases, but control programs set up in those regions typically keep things under control.
Generally, North America, Europe, and the Carribean have been highly successful in the control and elimination of malaria, although isolated, rare
cases of local transmission have occured in Haiti, Turkey, and the Dominican Republic.
Medical treatment for malaria is available and the disease is curable if promptly diagnosed and treated well. This is crucial because those who have
malaria parasites available for mosquitoes to feed on are perpetuating the spread of the disease. However, if these people are treated with the
appropriate drugs, the parasites disappear from their bloodstream. This helps to reduce the transmission of the disease. Unfortunately, not everyone is
responsive to drug treatments for malaria and thus a variety of alternatives need to be available. Not everyone with malaria parasites in their
bloodstream shows the symptoms of malaria and the disease itself is becoming resistant to some of the drugs used to treat

Essay Malaria
Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most
infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes–fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of
mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred
million adults and children (around nine percent of the world's population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children
are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world's cases occur and where eighty percent of the...show
more content...
To contract malaria, a mosquito, but not just any mosquito must bite a human. The only type of mosquito that can infect humans with the malaria virus
is the Anopheles mosquito. While there are around three hundred eighty species of the Anopheline mosquito, only about sixty are actually able to
spread the disease to humans. Also, only female mosquitoes can distribute the disease, as male mosquitoes do not feed on humans.
Mosquitoes pass malaria to humans through their salivary glands. Once the parasites have entered the blood stream, they go to the liver. In the liver
they mature and undergo reproduction, forming merozoites. These merozoites enter the blood stream and inject themselves into red blood cells. Once
inside the blood cells, they reproduce rapidly and within forty–eight to seventy–two hours, the blood cell bursts, releasing hemoglobin into the blood
stream. It is the destruction of these blood cells and the hemoglobin released into the blood stream that actually causes most of the symptoms.
While the most common way malaria is transmitted is from mosquitoes to humans, there are other ways of catching the disease. One way is from
mother to her unborn child. When a disease is contracted this way it is said to have been transmitted congenitally. Another way is during blood
transfusions. This is why it is important to be tested for

Malaria Essay
Malaria
There are a great number of diseases that are endemic in many of the poorer, developing nations due to the lack of sanitation and disease prevention
programs in these areas. The steady increase of malaria epidemics in many of the African countries is a point of great concern, because this continent
is home to 90% of the world's total cases of this particular disease.
Malaria gets its name from "mal aria," meaning bad air, because patients used to blame the sudden illness on the poor air quality of the nearby
swamps. Scientists now know that malaria is a parasitic infection caused by a single–celled protozoan, Plasmodium. Of the four types of this parasite,
Plasmodium falciparum is recognized as the most...show more content...
This is largely due to the misuse of the prescription antibiotic and a lack of education on how to properly take the medication. The symptoms of malaria
will sometimes be alleviated in a very short time of taking the antibiotic and patients will stop refilling their prescription, assuming that they have been
cured. The medication should still be taken, however, to insure that the infection has been eliminated from the body completely, not to return again
with an increased severity as happens in some patients. The misuse of antibiotic drugs contributes to the growing number of resistant populations of
Plasmodium, a chief concern in the care of malarial patients, because these patients do not respond to the DDT antibiotics and, therefore, must seek
alternative methods of treatment.
Unlike that of many other diseases that, unfortunately, plague the world's population today, the technology exists for the prevention, treatment, and
cure of malaria and it is widely used. The prevalence of the disease in many of the tropical regions is due to the harsh reality that many of these people
cannot afford the antibiotics or mosquito repellents that could easily save their lives. The absence of effective sanitation programs is also a leading
cause of uncontrolled disease outbreaks because the bacteria or parasite has an increased available breeding ground. The only method of decreasing

Malaria Research Paper
Malaria is a serious disease caused by a parasite. Infected mosquitoes spread it. Malaria is very common throughout the world. In the United States,
the main risk is to persons traveling to tropical and subtropical countries where malaria is a problem. There are four different types of malaria caused
by four related parasites. The most deadly type occurs in Africa south of the Sahara Desert. The symptoms characteristic ofmalaria include fever,
chills, muscle aches, and headache. Cycles of chills, fever, and sweating that recur every 1, 2 or 3 days are typical. There can sometimes be vomiting,
diarrhoea, coughing and yellowing (jaundice) of the skin and whites of the eyes. The treatment for malaria depends upon the geographic area where a
person has been infected with the disease. Different areas of the world have malaria types that are resistant to certain medications.
Malaria is a disease which can be transmitted to people of all ages. It is caused by parasites of the species Plasmodium that are spread from person to
person through the bites of infected mosquitoes. Malaria is a parasitic disease that involves infection of the red blood cells. Of the four types of
malaria, the most serious type is falciparum malaria, which can be life–threatening. The other three types of malaria (vivax, malariae, and ovale) are
generally less serious and are not life–threatening. The scientific name of...show more content...
Jaundice.
3. Stools, bloody.
4. Muscle pain.
5. Anemia.
6. Headache.
7. Nausea and vomiting.
Treatment of Malaria
Prevention of malaria what is practiced in epidemic areas is by spraying insecticides like DDT. Many new drugs are available for malaria, however

most of the drugs are derived from Quinine derivatives. Malaria often requires treatment with medicine (antimalarial medications). Most of the time
antimalarial medications effectively treat the infection; however, some malaria parasites may survive because they are in the liver or are resistant to the

Malaria Research Paper
Defined by Merriam–Webster Dictionary, "Malaria is a kind of intermittent and remittent disease that spreads into the red blood cells of a human
being once coming in contact with the disease." The parasite is a part and prime focus of the disease, then sets in the red blood cells and damages the
entire human body (Webb 281).Malaria is a disease that was not as common in the old world as it is in the new world. Due to rampant progression in
transport and infrastructure, the threat of malaria has increased staggeringly. This is because malaria is effective in any given population.
However, it is mostly found when looked after, except in places which are more complex and sophisticated since barring such locations would cause
mass panic in the...show more content...
Insecticide–treated nets have been experimented in Africa and have proved to be successful in completely cutting the threat of malaria within Africa
by 50% (NFL 3). The fact that even a single percept is dropping in the threat of malaria is reason enough to allow such an innovation to be
implemented against the disease in Africa. However, to implement insecticide–treated nets, it is also important to ensure that such nets are distributed
without corruption or biased opinions within the region (Jr. 13). Once this method is applied, no matter how costly it may prove to be, it is sure to
cure the repeated and drastic problem of

Essay on malaria
It is one of the ten deadliest diseases of all time. It effects men, women, children, and animals. It is in full force in Africa, India, Asia, China, South
America, and the Caribbean. This disease is malaria. Nearly 40 percent of the world's population lives in areas that are effected by the disease.
Malaria is a serious, infectious disease spread by certain mosquitoes. It is caused by infection with the Plasmodium genus of the protozoan parasite.
More than one hundred species of this parasite exist. It is capable of infecting reptiles, birds, rodents, and primates. Four species infect human beings,
the most common being P.vivax and P. falciparum.
...show more content...
The period between the two is usually 8 and 12 days for falciparum malaria, and up to a month for other types. Symptoms from some strains of
P.Vivax may not be seen for up to 8–10 months.
The primary symptom of all types of malaria is the "malaria ague" (chills and fever). In most cases the fever has three stages. Uncontrollable
shivering for an hour or two, followed by a rapid rise in temperature as high as (106 degrees) which lasts for three hours. Then just as suddenly the
patient begins to sweat profusely. Other symptoms may include fatigue, severe headache, or nausea and vomiting. As the sweat goes away the
patient feels weak and falls asleep. In many cases this cycle of chills, fever, and sweating occurs every other day, or they may last for between a
week and a month. Those with the chronic form of malaria may have a relapse as long as 50 years after the initial infection.
Falciparum malaria is far more severe than other types of malaria because the parasite attacks all red blood cells, not just the young or old cells, as
do other types. It causes the red blood cells to become very "sticky". A patient with this type can die within hours of the first symptoms. The fever is
prolonged. So many red blood cells are destroyed that they block the blood vessels in vital organs (especially the kidneys) and the spleen can become
enlarged. There may be brain damage,

There are currently five distinct protozoan vertebrate Plasmodium species identified as causal agents of malaria in humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P.
ovalae, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi, with the most common, P. falciparum, accounting for approximately seventy percent of all cases. The female
Anopheles gambiae is a vector for all plasmodia of malaria, as observed by Ronald Ross in 1897 (Nobel Media, 2014) , and acquires the Plasmodium
by feeding on the blood of an already infected human. Subsequently, the Plasmodium multiplies, and migrates from the midgut of the insect to the
oesophagus, ready to be regurgitated into the bloodstream when the mosquito obtains a blood meal from a human (NIH, 2017) . Ultimately, once
inoculated by the...show more content...
Alternatively, in the P. vivax and P. ovale species, it is possible that the disease will prove asymptomatic, though not benign, for many months (Chen et
al, 2016) , as the sporozoites are able to remain 'dormant' in the liver as hypnozoites. However, it is more common that symptoms will appear within
one month of being bitten by a carrier mosquito (Herchline, 2017) .
The life cycle of the malaria plasmodia once inside the body is both complex and systematic (see Figure 1). For example, in the case of P. falciparum,
the parasite adheres to the vascular endothelium of the vital organs of its host, such as the liver, as well as subcutaneous adipose tissues, in a process of
cytoadherence. In the hepatic stage, the Plasmodium enters hepatocytes as a sporozoite, and multiplies, forming a schizont, which will rupture and
invade surrounding erythrocytes. The Plasmodium, in the form of a merozoite, then replicates by asexual intraerythrocytic reproduction, and changes
the antigenicity of an erythrocyte, causing it to adhere to neighbouring cells. Sequestration of erythrocytes in this manner can cause blockages within
the blood vessels; in the brain, this can lead to cerebral malaria– a fatal complication of malaria. Additionally, the congregation of erythrocytes
facilitates the movement of the Plasmodium from one cell to the next, encouraging the rapid replication of the parasite within cells.

Prevention And Treatment Of Malaria Essay
Malaria adversely affects millions of people around the world, especially in developing countries, due to the lack of awareness, deficiency of
prevention tools, and several other factors. Malaria has several effects on the people, including increased health costs, a rise in health problems in the
community, adverse effects on blood and blood donors, and loss of life.
Loss of Life
The deterioration of health and development of several serious symptoms, including fever, headaches, fatigue, and the loss of life are the most
prominent effects of malaria. Malaria causes thousands of preventable deaths each year around the world, including children and pregnant women
despite the prevention and treatment methods. Malaria is prevalent in many regions despite adequate preventive measures, especially developing
countries, including South Asia, South America, and Africa. Although developed countries also experience outbreaks of malaria, the death rate
relevant to the disease is considerably lower than developing nations due to effective policies and strategies. Although governments and healthcare
professionals can curb or alleviate the prevalence of the illness in many regions, thousands of people die due to malaria regardless of the measures. The
loss of life stemming from the sickness is a serious issue mainly because the government, community, and healthcare sector can save lives through
prevention, treatment, and awareness.
Effects on Blood and Blood Donors
Malaria can adversely

Plasmodium Falciparum

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Plasmodium Falciparum

Similar to Plasmodium Falciparum (10)

More from Pay For A Paper Worcester

More from Pay For A Paper Worcester (12)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Plasmodium Falciparum