PhD theory class presentation

1. Preparation of concentrate mixture and
Different forms of feed

2. INTRODUCTION
Computation of ration
It involves translating the recommendations contained in
the feeding standards into actual formulation of feed
mixtures and feeding practices.
It is very difficult to formulate rations, which follow
exactly the feeding standards because computing rations
is not from individual nutrients, but from various feeds
which contain many different nutrients in varying
proportions.

3. In computing rations, the dry matter energy (TDN, ME),
digestible crude protein (DCP), minerals, vitamin A along
with essential amino acids and B – vitamins are also
considered.
NRC standards give specific recommendations. Swine
have four groups for breeding stock and six weight
categories for market hogs.
Often, the same feed mixture can serve for many
categories and the only difference will be that of quantity.
When two or more feeds are to be blended into a mixture
containing definite percentage of nutrient, the Pearson
square method is usually used

4. This method is illustrated with the help of example
Formulation of a feed mixture for pigs in the weight
group of 20 – 35 kg incorporating maize, rice bran,
ground nut cake and fish meal.
Pigs of this group requires 16% CP & 3300 kcal/kg DE
CP % DE %
Maize 8.8 3488
Rice bran 13.0 2940
GNC 47.0 2845
Fish meal 60.0 3200

5. Separate the feeds into two groups. In group I include
rice bran, ground nut cake and fish meal. In the group II
only maize is included
CP % DE %
GNC 47.0 1
Fish meal 60.0 1
Rice bran 13.0 1
Total 120 3
Average 40

6. 16%
40% CP
8.8% CP
7.2 parts
24 parts
Pearson square method
31.2 parts
Group I
Group II

7. Group I on percentage basis:
7.2 X 100/31.2 = 23.1%
GNC = 7.7%
Fish meal = 7.7%
Rice bran = 7.7%
Group II (maize) on percentage basis:
24 X 100/31.2 = 76.9%

8. This means that if 7.2 parts of Group I mixture is blended
with 24 parts of group II the resultant mixture will have
16% CP. The concentrate mixture will be
% CP DE
GNC 7.7 3.619 219.06
Fish meal 7.7 4.620 246.40
Rice bran 7.7 1.001 226.38
Maize 76.9 6.767 2651.51
Total 100.00 16.007 3343.35

9. Guide lines of Swine feeding
Fine grinding of feeds for pig is not recommended
because such feed sticks to the feeder and there is
increased incidence of gastric ulcers.
Coarse grinding of cereals and millets is profitable than
to feed them as a whole.
Pelleting of feed is profitable if a ration is high in CF
content.
Soaking of small grains like sorghum 12 hours prior
to feeding improve their utilization by animal.
Cooking can also improved the utilization of starch
especially when tubers like potato and legumes
like soyabean are used as feed.

10. Feed Processing
Processing should be based on ingredients used and the
handling system
Poorly processed feeds can cause poor performance
Particle size variation
Inadequate blending
Poor feed utilization

11. Grinding or Rolling
Most common processing method
Relatively inexpensive, and easy to justify economically
Either hammer or roller mill
Measure fineness by microns
Uniform grind produces uniform mixing and
consumption
Feed efficiency improves as grind becomes finer
Too fine can cause palatability problems, handling
problems, dust, gastric ulcers
Growing pigs - 650-750 microns
Breeding herd - 750-900 microns

12. Pelleting
Improves growth rate and feed efficiency
Reduces dust, storage space
Destroys most feed borne pathogens
Can be expensive, pellet quality can be hard to maintain
Heat Processing
Can improve nutrient availability in some feeds
Time and temperature of processing is key

13. Meal diets vs. Pelleted or Crumbled diets
Feed wastage is 20% higher in meal diets
Decreased feed efficiency
Limited feed intake
Meal diets do not feed down & out of feeders easily
because of bridging
Advantages of pellet feed
Reduces waste
Less storage required
Better control of nutrient intake (each bite is the same)
Improved palatability and feed intake
Higher cost compared to meal form
May improve availability of some nutrients
Very appropriate for complete diets

14. Forms of feed delivered to pigs
Traditional dry, grind and mix rations:
The reason for grind and mix application is the abundant
supply of inexpensive cereal grains. Many small producers
first grind cereal grains raised on the farm and mix it with a
purchased supplement containing the protein source(s),
vitamins and minerals to form a complete diet. Compared
to liquid feeding systems, feeding a dry complete ration
has the advantage of offering the pig a consistent
complete feed with less management oversight and labor
on farm for feed preparation and delivery. The risk of mold
growth and spoilage should also be less in a dry feeding
system.

15. Liquid feeding systems
liquid feeding is a frequently utilized system to deliver
complete rations to all phases of swine. Generally the feed
provided in liquid form is approximately 20 – 30% dry
matter, and typically contains very inexpensive by-
products.
Care must be given to provide the correct environment for
liquid ingredients and liquid feeds. Liquid feeding systems
require unique management to prevent feed ingredients
and/or complete liquid feed from spoiling. Additionally,
liquid feeding systems may increase manure volume over
traditional dry feeding systems.

16. There are three main types of liquid feeding systems:
1) Mixing high moisture ingredients to create a complete
diet;
2) Remixing a dry complete diet with water; and
3) Feeding a liquid ingredient in addition to a dry
complete feed.
The first type of liquid feeding system involves producers
receiving and mixing a variety of liquid ingredients from
food, fermentation, or other industries into a single
complete feed.

17. Once on-farm or at a centralized feed mill, these
ingredients are stored separately and then mixed in the
proper ratios with vitamin and mineral sources to achieve
the desired level of nutrients to be delivered to the pigs.
Once mixed, the slurry is then pumped via feed lines to
troughs in the pens for consumption.
These systems can allow for the use of wet ingredients
(i.e. dairy products, brewers grain, corn distiller solubles,
high moisture corn, bakery waste, etc.) that potentially
can be purchased more economically on a dry matter
basis so the manufacturer does not have the expense to
dry the ingredient.

18. The second type of liquid application is mixing of a
complete dry diet with water to create a slurry of similar
consistency to a traditional liquid feeding system. Once
mixed, the complete slurry diet can be immediately
pumped for feeding, or the slurry can have a mixture of
microbes added and then be stored for a period of time to
allow for fermentation prior to feeding.
The advantage of this type of liquid feeding system is the
producer does not need storage for both dry and liquid
ingredients on site. The disadvantage of remixing a
complete dry feed with water is extra labor and expense
of recreating the slurry from a dry complete feed.

19. The third type, producers can utilize a mixture of dry
complete feed delivered to pigs as well as a liquid
ingredient(s) separately. In this case, liquid ingredients are
delivered on farm and pumped directly to pigs as a water
and nutrient source. This can be done via existing water
lines or separate lines.
Salt content of the liquid ingredient should be evaluated
and adjusted for in the complete ration that is fed. This
scenario allows a producer to utilize a liquid ingredient,
such as liquid whey or spent ice cream that may be
purchased economically without having to remix the
entire diet into a liquid form.

20. Dry Feeding Systems
Conventional dry feeder:
The most common feeder design used in nursery, growing
and finishing pigs is a conventional dry feeder.
This feeder type has storage capacity of dry feed before it
allows via gravity into the feeder opening for consumption

21. Wet-dry feeder:
The concept of a wet-dry feeder is to provide both feed
and water in the same pan
This type of feeder is characterized by having larger,
deeper feed pans to capture water that is accessed most
generally via a nipple waterer located on the side or at the
bottom of the feed pan.
One advantage of wet-dry feeders is decreased water
wastage

22. Swine Feeding Programs (Feeding systems)
Complete Diet System
In this feeding system, complete commercially mixed diets
are purchased from a feed manufacturer and delivered to
the farm either in bulk or in bags and are fed directly
without further processing.
The complete diet system is generally the most
expensive, This system is better suited to the smaller
producer and hobby farmer.

23. Complete Protein Supplement System
This is a popular system suited to most swine operations.
In this system, a complete protein supplement is
purchased and mixed with ground grain on the farm. The
complete supplement provides supplemental protein as
well as vitamins and minerals to complement corn or
other grains
The complete protein supplement system is simple and
less expensive that of the complete diet system.
Disadvantages include the lack of flexibility in diet
formulation and lack of knowledge about the quality of
the supplemental ingredients.

24. Basemix System
This is another popular system commonly used in swine
operations. This system involves purchasing the vitamins,
trace minerals, salt, supplemental calcium and
phosphorus in a mixed premeasured form to be added to
ground grain and a supplemental protein source.
The advantages of the basemix system is its relative
flexibility, simplicity, and quality assurance. For those
producers who can purchase soybean meal in bulk, this
system can be more economical than either the complete
diet or complete protein supplement system.

25. Premix System
This system is the most complex but least expensive and
involves the use of many different ingredients – vitamin
and trace mineral premixes, salt, phosphorus source,
calcium source, protein source and grain.
The advantages of this system are its economy, flexibility
and control over ingredient quality. However, this system
is usually better suited for larger operations as bulk
purchases of the lesser used ingredients can result in
significant savings in the mixed feed

26. Methods of feeding of swine
Full feeding by hand or self feeding:
In self feeding grains and supplements may be offered
free choice in separate compartments/completely mixed
balance ration may be self fed. The pigs have excellent
ability to balance their rations if the grains and
supplements are offered separately.
It is generally more profitable than the controlled feeding.
Self feeding has been proved to be more efficient and
economical method of producing market pig. The pigs fed
by this method to gain faster body weight and requires
less fed and labor.

27. Restricted/controlled feeding: It is not economic one since
it decreases the rate and economy of gain. However diets
can be reduced to about 80% of the full feed without any
serious effect.
Wet Vs. Dry feeding: Large scale pork producers prefer dry
feeding where as backyard pig producers give wet feed
because of the limited quantity of feed involved. Pigs
generally like wet feed, when pigs are given wet feed the
feed should consists of three parts of water to one part of
dry fed.
Floor Vs Trough feeding: Pigs some times are fed on floors
instead of troughs. With the floor feeding cost of feeding
equipments and the cleanliness factor gets reduced. Dry
feeds alone can be used for floor feeding.